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Nigerian Veterinary Journal 38(3)

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Nigerian Veterinary Journal 38(3) Nigerian Veterinary Journal 38(3). 2017 Omonona et al. NIGERIAN VETERINARY JOURNAL ISSN 0331-3026 Nig. Vet. J., September 2017 Vol 38 (3): 215-225. ORIGINAL ARTICLE Parasites of African Mourning Dove (Streptopelia decipiens) and the associated Haematological and Biochemical Changes in Nigeria Omonona, A. O. 1; Ademola, I. O. 2 and Quadri, A. K. 1 1Department of Wildlife and Ecotourism Management, University of Ibadan. 2Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Ibadan, Nigeria. *Corresponding author: Email: [email protected]; Tel No:+2348037258481 SUMMARY The African Mourning Dove (Streptopelia decipiens), also called the Mourning Collared Dove is a pigeon that is predominantly distributed in Sub-Sahara Africa. Their interaction with man and other domestic and wild birds portends it as a potential carrier of zoonotic parasites but there is paucity of information on the parasites and haemato-biochemical profile of African mourning dove. This study therefore investigated the incidence, prevalence and identification of parasites of African mourning dove, and also evaluated the associated haematology and biochemical profiles. A total of 30 individuals of Streptopelia decipiens were purchased at Bode market in Ibadan from the stock of birds that were sourced from the Northern part of the country. Brush was used to scour the body of each bird to collect ectoparasites over a plain white-coloured paper while the contents of some sections of the gastro- intestinal tracts like crop, trachea, caecum and ileum were examined for endoparasites using the sedimentation method. Blood samples of the birds were also analysed for haemoparasites, haematological and serum biochemistry parameters. About 76.67% of the birds were positive for different parasites: endoparasites [Capillaria species (33.33%), Ascaridia species (26.67%), Raillietina species (6.67%), Eimeria species (3.33%), Davainea species (3.33%) and Amoebataeneaspesies (3.33%)] were found in 15(50%) of the samples while 16(64%) were positive for various haemoparasites (Plasmodium, 40%; Leucocytozoon, 24% and haemoproteus, 20%). No ectoparasites were found in the sampled birds. There were no significant differences in the haematological and serum biochemical parameters of the parasite groups except for cholesterol. This study documented different parasites associated with African mourning dove and the effect of these parasites on haematological and serum biochemistry parameters. There is need for more research work on the pathogens and diseases of African mourning dove. Key words: Cattle, Osun State, Parasitic Diseases, Occurrence. INTRODUCTION (peace) and for experimental purposes Pigeons (domestic) live alongside with (Cooper, 1984; Harlin, 1994). Pigeons humans and other species in nature. They (domestic) are some of the most common are bred as sources of food, hobby, symbol birds that have adapted to life in the city and 215 Nigerian Veterinary Journal 38(3). 2017 Omonona et al. seem to be everywhere in urban parasites and carries of zoonotic diseases environment. Unfortunately, bird lovers of (Baptista et al., 1992; Lack, 2003). Their the world feed them and they have interaction with man and other domestic and developed a dependence upon people wild birds portends them as potential (Bahrami et al., 2013). They play a role in carriers of zoonotic parasites (Adang et al., spreading some zoonoses to people as well 2008). The unhygienic environment may be as being reservoirs of many parasitic sources of infestation and infection with diseases of poultry (Kaminjolo et al., 1988; ecto- and endo-parasites in African Piasecki, 2006). Various parasites affect the Mourning Dove. Various parasites affect growth of pigeons, their development and their growth, development and productivity. productivity and at times, results in death. Over the years, different scientific According to American White Dove Release investigations have been carried out on the Association, pigeons are known to habour parasitic profile of wild birds (Murata, 2002; roundworms, hair worms, stomach wall Adang et al., 2008; Edosomwan and worms, gape worms and tapeworms and Ogbonnia, 2014; Omonona et al., 2014). these worm infections can cause droopiness, The myriads of parasite species have been weight loss, diarrhoea and breathing identified from free-range birds and the need problems in birds. Pigeons and doves were to evaluate parasitism in African Mourning used as messengers during war times and are dove is thus imperative (Permin et al., sometimes kept as pets (Baptista et al., 2006). Little or no information on the 1992; Lack, 2003). The African Mourning parasitic and haemato-biochemical Dove (Streptopelia decipiens), also called evaluation of African Mourning dove exist. the Mourning Collared Dove is found in Therefore this study was carried out to Sub-Saharan Africa excluding the lowland establish the prevalence and significance of forest of West Africa (Wells and Wells, gastrointestinal and blood parasites, 2001) and mostly found in the Northern part haematological and biochemical profiles of of Nigeria. Despite its name, it is not a close African Mourning dove in Nigeria relative of the North American Mourning Dove (Zenaida macroura) (Wells and Wells, MATERIALS AND METHODS 2001). Study Area The African mourning dove is one of the The study was conducted at Ibadan. Ibadan most widely distributed birds in Africa. is the largest city in West Africa and the Some of this species of animals have been second largest in Africa with an estimated domesticated for food and eggs and are population of over 2,550,593 million, eaten by people. Due to the fact that they growing rapidly with industries and feed on seeds and fruits, they can help in the residential houses. Ibadan city lies on the dispersal of seeds. Doves generally, often longitude 3°5' East of Greenwich meridian represent some aspect of the divine, and its and latitude 7°23' North of the Equator use has been shared, adapted and (Filani et al., 1994). reinterpreted across cultures and millennia to suit changing belief systems (Baptista et Collection of Birds and Sample Size al., 1992). Because they feed on cultivated A total of 30 pigeons (Streptopelia grains, they are often thought of as crop decipiens) were purchased from Bode pests. They are also pests in urban areas market, Molete, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria where they nest in man-made structures and in the months of October and November. their droppings can be a nuisance. They are The birds were in apparently healthy state, also known to serve as hosts to a number of quite active and acclimatized for about five 216 Nigerian Veterinary Journal 38(3). 2017 Omonona et al. days before the commencement of determined using the haemocytometric laboratory studies. method as described by Bartley (2001). The Globulin value was determined from the Collection, Examination and difference of the total protein and the Identification of Ectoparasites albumin values.The Albumin:Globulin Screening for ectoparasites involved a (A:G) ratio was determined from the thorough examination of the body of the albumin and globulin concentrations as birds including the head, cloacal, brachial, described by Lumeij, (2000). ventral, and femoral areas.The birds were examined for ectoparasites using bristle Haemoparasites: A drop of blood and brushes. Those with parasites were buffy coat was placed on a grease free glass identified and recorded. Also, samples of the slide and a thin blood smear was made from observed parasites were removed with a each blood sample, air-dried, fixed in thumb forceps or camel hair brush and methanol for 2-3 minutes, stained in transferred to a Petri dish containing 10% Romanowsky stain and rinsed in Phosphate farmol saline. They were cleared with buffered saline according to Jain (1986). lactophenol and fixed on a microscopic slide The smears were examined at X100 using a little quantity of polyvinyl alcohol magnification (oil immersion) on an and lactophenol solution before detailed Olympus binocular Microscope. morphological examination and identification using a compound microscope Gastrointestinal Tract (GIT) Parasites: (Lapage, 1962; Soulsby, 1982). The birds were euthanized using cervical dislocation and the gastrointestinal tracts Blood Sample Collection and Analysis (duodenum, caecum, ileum, crop), and Blood samples (1 mL) were collected from trachea were opened and the contents was the wing venipuncture into collected. Adult worms were recovered Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) from the contents and identified bottle. The blood samples were rocked morphologically under a stereo microscope. carefully with the anticoagulant, making the The contents of each segment was also blood to dissolve the dried lithium, thereby, examined using the sedimentation method preventing clotting. The sample bottles according to Then point et al. (1979) and were then taken to the laboratory and Khin-Khin, (2007) for the presence of processed immediately for haematological helminthes ova and protozoan oocysts. analyses. Haematological parameters such as packed cell volume (PCV), haemoglobin Statistical Analysis concentration (Hb) and red blood cell (RBC) The descriptive analysis of the counts were determined using standard haematological parameters was expressed techniques described by Coles (1986) and using mean as a measure of central Omonona and Emikpe (2011). Differential dispersion and the parasite prevalence was leucocyte counts were determined by calculated in percentage.
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