DOCSLIB.ORG

University of Southampton Research Repository Eprints Soton

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
University of Southampton Research Repository Eprints Soton University of Southampton Research Repository ePrints Soton Copyright © and Moral Rights for this thesis are retained by the author and/or other copyright owners. A copy can be downloaded for personal non-commercial research or study, without prior permission or charge. This thesis cannot be reproduced or quoted extensively from without first obtaining permission in writing from the copyright holder/s. The content must not be changed in any way or sold commercially in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders. When referring to this work, full bibliographic details including the author, title, awarding institution and date of the thesis must be given e.g. AUTHOR (year of submission) "Full thesis title", University of Southampton, name of the University School or Department, PhD Thesis, pagination http://eprints.soton.ac.uk UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHAMPTON Faculty of Engineering, Science and Mathematics School of Geography Palaeoecology of human impact in Northwest England during the early medieval period: investigating ‘cultural decline’ in the Dark Ages. Emily E. Forster Thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, September, 2010 UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHAMPTON ABSTRACT FACULTY OF ENGINEERING, SCIENCE AND MATHEMATICS SCHOOL OF GEOGRAPHY Doctor of Philosophy PALAEOECOLOGY OF HUMAN IMPACT IN NORTHWEST ENGLAND DURING THE EARLY MEDIEVAL PERIOD: INVESTIGATING ‘CULTURAL DECLINE’ IN THE DARK AGES. Emily Elizabeth Forster The period following the Roman withdrawal from England in AD 410 has long been considered a time of ‘cultural decline’, owing to the relative paucity of archaeological evidence relating to this time and the dismal state of affairs described by the Dark Age historians Gildas (c AD 540) and Bede (AD 731). Traditionally this period has been viewed as a time of chaos in which farmland was abandoned and the population declined, leading to woodland regeneration in many areas. In Northwest England, archaeological remains for the early medieval period (c AD 410-1066) are sparse. Early palynological studies in Cumbria, for which radiocarbon dates were often lacking or imprecise, frequently assigned major ‘woodland clearances’ to the Romano-British period, woodland regeneration phases to the early Dark Ages, ‘subdued’ agriculture to Anglo- Saxon farmers and pastoral clearances to the actions of Norse settlers. The overarching aim of this study has been to question the validity of the above interpretations through analysis of pollen and diatom records from six tarns within the English Lake District. Of the sites investigated, both Loughrigg and Barfield Tarns produced good records for the study period. The pollen curves for Loughrigg Tarn appear to support the traditional interpretation of woodland regeneration in the early post- Romano-British period, while at Barfield Tarn the pollen indicates a largely open landscape with limited evidence for agriculture. Drawing together the data from these sites with the small body of extant palaeoecological research relating to this period, it is clear that the timing and nature of land-use varied across the region. This highlights the importance of localised pollen studies, particularly as regards the relationship between vegetation records and archaeological remains. Pollen-vegetation simulation experiments using HUMPOL (Bunting & Middleton, 2005) were a useful aid to interpretation, raising important questions regarding ‘woodland regeneration’ signals in pollen diagrams. CONTENTS i. List of tables, maps and figures ii. Declaration of authorship iii. Acknowledgements iv. Abbreviations/conventions used in the text Introduction (pp1-3) Chapter 1: Background to the project and a review of the literature (pp4-88) 1.1. Cultural decline in the Dark Ages? Readdressing the evidence (p4) 1.1.1. Views of the past: theoretical considerations (p5) 1.2. The early Dark Ages: post-Roman and Anglo-Saxon England (p7) 1.2.1. The traditional view: abandonment, cultural impoverishment and Anglo- Saxon invasion (p8) 1.2.1.1. Gildas: The ruin of Britain (De Excidium Britonum) (p10) 1.2.1.2. Bede: The ecclesiastical history of the English Nation (p12) 1.2.1.3. The Gallic chronicle (p13) 1.2.2. Post-imperial Romano-British rule: continuity in a Romanised land (p13) 1.2.3. Limited Roman influence and no Anglo-Saxon invasion: continuity from Iron Age Britain through to early medieval England (p15) 1.2.4. Development of archaeological techniques (p17) 1.2.5. Climate change and environmental determinism (p19) 1.2.6. Summary of the early Dark Ages (p21) 1.3. The later Dark Ages: Viking England (p22) 1.3.1. Why did the Vikings attack? (p23) 1.3.2. Norse settlement and the Danelaw (p25) 1.4. The Lake District: landscape and history (p26) 1.4.1. The prehistoric landscape (5000 BC – AD 69)1 (31) 1.4.2. The Romano-British period (approximately AD 69 – 410) (p35) 1.4.3. Dark Age/early medieval Lakeland (approximately AD 410 – 1066) (p38) 1.4.3.1. Rheged (p40) 1.4.3.2. Mid- to late-Anglo-Saxon and Norse Cumbria (c AD 700 – 1066) (p41) 1.4.4. The middle and later medieval periods (AD 1066 – 1485) (43) 1.4.5. Tudor and Stuart times (AD 1485 – 1714) (p45) 1.4.6. From the Georgian Age to the present day (AD 1714 – 2010) (p46) 1.4.7. Summary (p47) 1.5. Palaeoecology: establishing the environmental context (p48) 1.5.1. Determining vegetation patterns through pollen analysis (p48) 1.5.1.1. Pollen recruitment, source area and representativity (p49) 1.5.1.2. Pollen modelling and simulation: R-values and underlying assumptions (p50) 1.5.1.3. Extended R-values, Pollen Productivity Estimates (PPEs) and fall speeds (p51) 1.5.1.4. HUMPOL v3, the Landscape Reconstruction Algorithm (LRA) and the Multiple Scenario Approach (MSA) (54) 1.5.1.5. Differences between sampling basins (p56) 1.5.1.6. Differential preservation (p57) 1.5.2. Detecting agriculture and grazing within the pollen record (p60) 1.5.2.1. Cereal pollen (p61) 1.5.2.2. Indicator species for anthropogenic activity (p61) 1.5.3. Changes in sediment accumulation and composition (p67) 1.5.4. Diatom analysis in relation to land-use (p68) 1.5.4.1. Disentangling diatom ecology (p69) 1.6. Previous palaeoecological work in Cumbria (p70) 1.6.1. Palynological work in Cumbria: summary of previous studies (p70) 1 Dates are based on the oldest archaeological remains in the area (Mesolithic) and the earliest date for the Roman invasion of Northwest England respectively. 1.6.1.1. Prehistoric and Romano-British human impact in Cumbria and the Lake District (p76) 1.6.1.2. The Dark Age Cumbrian landscape (p82) 1.6.2. Diatom analysis in the Lake District (p86) 1.6.3. Summary and project aims (p87) Chapter 2: Methodology (pp89-98) 2.1. Site selection, preparation and field methods (p89) 2.1.1. Fieldwork methods (p90) 2.2. Laboratory methods (p91) 2.2.1. Sediment description (p91) 2.2.2. Loss on ignition (LOI) (p93) 2.2.3. Spheroidal Carbonaceous Particle (SCP) extraction and counting (p94) 2.2.4. Pollen extraction and counting (p94) 2.2.5. Diatom extraction and counting (p96) 2.2.6. Radiocarbon sampling (p97) Chapter 3: Study sites (pp99-136) 3.1. Selection of study sites (p99) 3.2. Barfield Tarn (BFT) (p100) 3.3. Blelham Tarn (BLT) (p105) 3.4. Burney Tarn (BYT) and Burney Bog (BYB) (p111) 3.5. Little Langdale Tarn (LLT) (p118) 3.6. Loughrigg Tarn (LGT) (p124) 3.7. Tewet Tarn (TWT) (p132) Chapter 4: Results (pp137-207) 4.1. Barfield Tarn (BFT) (p138) 4.1.1. Sediment description (p139) 4.1.2. Pollen analysis (p140) 4.1.3. Diatom analysis (p143) 4.1.4. Age estimation (p145) 4.2. Blelham Tarn (BLT) (p146) 4.2.1. Sediment description (p146) 4.2.2. Pollen analysis (p146) 4.2.3. Diatom analysis (p148) 4.2.4. Age estimation (p150) 4.3. Burney Tarn (BYT) and Burney Bog (BYB) (p150) 4.3.1. Sediment description (p151) 4.3.2. Pollen analysis (BYB only) (p151) 4.3.3. Diatom assessment (p153) 4.3.4. Age estimation (p154) 4.4. Little Langdale Tarn (LLT) (p154) 4.4.1. Sediment description (p155) 4.4.2. Pollen analysis (p155) 4.4.3. Diatom analysis (156) 4.4.4. Age estimation (p158) 4.5. Loughrigg Tarn (LGT) (p159) 4.5.1. Sediment description (p159) 4.5.2. Pollen analysis (p159) 4.5.3. Diatom analysis (p163) 4.5.4. Age estimation (p165) 4.6. Tewet Tarn (TWT) (p165) 4.6.1. Sediment description (p166) 4.6.2. Pollen analysis (p166) 4.6.3. Age estimation (p168) 4.7. Summary of results (p169) Chapter 5: Modelling and analysis (pp209-259) 5.1. Landscape simulation: parameters, settings and choice of software (p209) 5.2. Barfield Tarn: radiocarbon dating and evidence for inwash (p212) 5.2.1. Vegetation and landscape management in the post-Romano-British and Anglo-Saxon periods (c AD 430-850) (p217) 5.2.1.1. BFT_LPAZ 1 Pollen simulations (p217) 5.2.2. Vegetation and landscape management in the later Anglo-Saxon and Norse periods (c AD 850-1100) (p231) 5.2.2.1. BFT_LPAZ 2 Pollen simulations (p231) 5.3. Loughrigg Tarn: age-depth modelling (p237) 5.3.1. Vegetation and landscape management in the late- to post-Romano- British and early Anglo-Saxon periods (c AD 300-630) (p240) 5.3.1.1. LGT_LPAZ 3b Pollen simulations (p242) 5.3.2. Vegetation and landscape management in the Anglo-Saxon and Norse periods (c AD 630-1066 AD) (p251) 5.3.2.1. LGT_LPAZ 3c Pollen simulations (p251) Chapter 6: Discussion (pp261-282) 6.1. Summary of early medieval Barfield Tarn (p262) 6.2. Summary of early medieval Loughrigg Tarn (p264) 6.3. Early medieval Lakeland (p267) 6.4. Benefits and limitations of modelling and simulation techniques in pollen analysis (p274) 6.4.1.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • 11E5: Dubmill Point to Silloth
    Cumbria Coastal Strategy Technical Appraisal Report for Policy Area 11e5 Dubmill Point to Silloth (Technical report by Jacobs) CUMBRIA COASTAL STRATEGY - POLICY AREA 11E5 DUBMILL POINT TO SILLOTH Policy area: 11e5 Dubmill Point to Silloth Figure 1 Sub Cell 11e St Bees Head to Scottish Border Location Plan of policy units. Baseline mapping © Ordnance Survey: licence number 100026791. 1 CUMBRIA COASTAL STRATEGY - POLICY AREA 11E5 DUBMILL POINT TO SILLOTH 1 Introduction 1.1 Location and site description Policy units: 11e5.1 Dubmill Point to Silloth (priority unit) Responsibilities: Allerdale Borough Council Cumbria County Council United Utilities Location: This unit lies between the defended headland of Dubmill Point and Silloth Harbour to the north. Site overview: The shoreline is mainly low lying, characterised by a wide mud, sand and shingle foreshore, fronting low lying till cliffs and two belts of dunes; at Mawbray and at Silloth. The lower wide sandy foreshore is interspersed by numerous scars, including Dubmill Scar, Catherinehole Scar, Lowhagstock Scar, Lee Scar, Beck Scar and Stinking Crag. These scars are locally important for wave dissipation and influence shoreline retreat. The behaviour of this shoreline is strongly influenced by the Solway Firth, as the frontage lies at the estuary’s lower reaches. Over the long term, the foreshore has eroded across the entire frontage due to the shoreward movement of the Solway Firth eastern channel (Swatchway), which has caused narrowing of the intertidal sand area and increased shoreline exposure to tidal energy. The Swatchway currently lies closer to the shoreline towards the north of the frontage. There is a northward drift of sediment, but the southern arm of Silloth Harbour intercepts this movement, which helps stabilise the beach along this section.
    [Show full text]
  • Newlands Valley Walk
    Newlands Valley Walk You can start this walk from virtually anywhere in the Newlands valley; I started from a couple of our Lake District cottages at Birkrigg on the Newlands Pass. Walk down the road in the direction of Keswick, you will soon come to a tight bend at Rigg Beck where the ‘Old Purple House’ used to stand. There is now a Grand Designs style house on the site but the purple colour remains on the roof garden and the front door. Carry on along the pass till you come across a gate on the right hand side and a finger post indicating a footpath beyond the gate. The path leads down into the valley fields and across a minor road. A track climbs up the other side of the valley and emerges at Skelgill. Walk through the farmyard and turn immediately back on yourself to join the path that runs alongside Catbells, towards the old mines at Yewthwaite. After about half a mile, the path descends into Little Town where you can enjoy a well earned cup of tea at the farm tea room. Now there are two options from Little Town. For a longer walk, go back up onto the track and carry on down the valley. This will take you to the old mines at Goldscope where you can peer into the open shafts on the side of Hindscarth. Alternatively you can walk along the road towards Chapel Bridge and stroll down the lane to the pretty little church. The church serves tea and cake on weekends and during the summer.
    [Show full text]
  • River Derwent Catchment Board
    The floods of the Lake District - Part I Item Type monograph Authors Hudlestone, F Publisher River Derwent Catchment Board Download date 11/10/2021 04:16:00 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/1834/22169 The River Derwent Catchment Board consider these figures and facts should be placed on record for present and future use of Catchment Boards and Internal Drainage Boards. They do not necessarily agree with statements made therein as no opportunity has yet presented itself for full discussion of matters mentioned which concern various parts of the area under their jurisdiction. January, 1935 Copyright by F. Hudleston, Hutton John, Penrith. Cockermouth: "West Cumberland Times " Printing Office. 6 Appendices, 2 Graphs and 1 Map to F. Hudleston, "Floods." "A"—Rainfall in inches and in percentages of an average year's rainfall. "B"—Thirlmere "graph" of Rainfall and Run-Offs used as basis of calculations. "C"—Calculated discharge of water at Portinscale. "D"—Calculated discharge of water at Ouse Bridge. (with longitudinal section of the River there). "E"—Calculated discharge of water at Cockermouth. (with longitudinal section of the River there). "F"—Calculated discharge of water of the River Greta at Bull-field Corner. and two graphs called No. 9 and No. 6 and a Map of the Isohyetal lines in the Derwent River Catchment. RIVER DERWENT CATCHMENT BOARD It is barely a hundred years since the artificial draining of Agricultural land in Great Britain was systematically taken in hand because the growth of population increased the demand for food. At first everybody concerned put his energies into "field drainage" while the effect upon main rivers was not considered, but as time went on and towns absorbed all the increase in population (which is now four times as great as that of 1811) the effect of Land Drainage became evident, and floods of the greater rivers grew more sudden and were the cause of serious inconvenience to the population dwelling in the houses along their banks.
    [Show full text]
  • Peat Database Results Cumbria
    Allonby, Cumbria Record ID 528 Authors Year Tooley, M. 1985b Location description Deposit location Deposit description Deposit stratigraphy Associated artefacts Early work Sample method Depth of deposit 14C ages available No Notes Moor log. Bibliographic reference Tooley, M. 1985b 'Sea level changes and coastal morphology in North-west England' in 'The Geomorphology of North-west England', (ed.s) Johnson, R., 94-121, Manchester: Manchester University Press. Coastal peat resource database (Hazell, 2008) Page 1 of 23 Annas Mouth, Cumbria Record ID 527 Authors Year Tooley, M. 1985b Location description Deposit location SD 0768 8841 Deposit description Deposit stratigraphy Associated artefacts Early work Sample method Depth of deposit 14C ages available +6.6 m OD No Notes Bibliographic reference Tooley, M. 1985b 'Sea level changes and coastal morphology in North-west England' in 'The Geomorphology of North-west England', (ed.s) Johnson, R., 94- 121, Manchester: Manchester University Press. Coastal peat resource database (Hazell, 2008) Page 2 of 23 Barrow Harbour, Cumbria Record ID 406 Authors Year Kendall, W. 1900 Location description Deposit location [c. SD 217 653 - middle of harbour] Deposit description Deposit stratigraphy Buried peats. Hard, consolidated, dry, laminated deposit overlain by marine clays, silts and sands. Valves of intertidal mollusc (Scrobularia) and vertebrae of whales in silty clay overlying the peat. Associated artefacts Early work Sample method Depth of deposit 14C ages available No Notes Referred to in Tooley (1974). Bibliographic reference Kendall, W. 1900 'Submerged peat mosses, forest remains and post-glacial deposits in Barrow Harbour', Tranactions of the Barrow Naturalists' Field Club, 3(2), 55-63.
    [Show full text]
  • Copeland Unclassified Roads - Published January 2021
    Copeland Unclassified Roads - Published January 2021 • The list has been prepared using the available information from records compiled by the County Council and is correct to the best of our knowledge. It does not, however, constitute a definitive statement as to the status of any particular highway. • This is not a comprehensive list of the entire highway network in Cumbria although the majority of streets are included for information purposes. • The extent of the highway maintainable at public expense is not available on the list and can only be determined through the search process. • The List of Streets is a live record and is constantly being amended and updated. We update and republish it every 3 months. • Like many rural authorities, where some highways have no name at all, we usually record our information using a road numbering reference system. Street descriptors will be added to the list during the updating process along with any other missing information. • The list does not contain Recorded Public Rights of Way as shown on Cumbria County Council’s 1976 Definitive Map, nor does it contain streets that are privately maintained. • The list is property of Cumbria County Council and is only available to the public for viewing purposes and must not be copied or distributed.
    [Show full text]
  • South Wales Group
    SOUTH WALES GROUP "LEEKIE'S BLETHER" JUNE 2021 A NEWSLETTER FOR SOUTH WALES LDWA GROUP MEMBERS WRITTEN BY SOUTH WALES LDWA GROUP MEMBERS. THECOMMITTEE Chair Jason Winney [email protected] Secretary Simon Pickering [email protected] Treasurer Judith Fox [email protected] Walks Secretary Sara Down [email protected] Challenge Walk Coordinator Vacant THEOTHER VOLUNTEERS Facebook Jason Winney [email protected] Website Gerry Jackson & Sara Down [email protected] Twitter David Morgan [email protected] Merchandise Judith Fox [email protected] Newsletter David Morgan [email protected] In This Issue Chair's Update p3 "A Literary Guide To The Black Walk Secretary's Update p3 Mountains and Wye Valley Part 2" p8 "Mother Nature Usually Wins" p5 "Leekie's Brain Teazer" p11 "Deafening Solitude" p12 "Leekie Meets" p14 The South Wales LDWA Group ALWAYS needs walk leaders. No walk leaders = no walks = ???? Please contact Sara Down if you want to lead a walk for this wonderfully supportive group at: [email protected] Chair's Update Walk Secretary's Update The other day I stole myself away to spend the night in Hello everyone, Cwm Isaf, a quiet and hardly ever visited little valley, tucked away in the Black Mountains, here Covid is not in At the time of writing this I've just completed my first the dictionary, here the only words that exist here are walk of the year with the South Wales group and what a the sounds of the stream, the beating wings of a joy it was to be out with some of you.
    [Show full text]
  • The River Basin Districts Typology, Standards and Groundwater Threshold Values (Water Framework Directive) (England and Wales) Directions 2010
    The River Basin Districts Typology, Standards and Groundwater threshold values (Water Framework Directive) (England and Wales) Directions 2010 The Secretary of State and the Welsh Ministers, with the agreement of the Secretary of State to the extent that there is any effect in England or those parts of Wales that are within the catchment areas of the rivers Dee, Wye and Severn, in exercise of the powers conferred by section 40(2) and section 122(2) of the Environment Act 1995(a) and now vested in them(b), and having consulted the Environment Agency, hereby give the following Directions to the Environment Agency in connection with the implementation of— (a) Directive 2000/60/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council establishing a framework for Community action in the field of water policy(c); and (b) Directive 2008/105/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council on environmental quality standards in the field of water policy(d). Citation, commencement and extent 1.—(1) These Directions may be cited as the River Basin Districts Typology, Standards and Groundwater threshold values (Water Framework Directive) (England and Wales) Directions 2010 and shall come into force on 4 August 2010. Interpretation 2.—(1) In these Directions— ―the Agency‖ means the Environment Agency; ―the Groundwater Directive‖ means Directive 2006/118/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council on the protection of groundwater against pollution and deterioration(e); ―mixing zones‖ has the same meaning as in the Priority Substances Directive; ―the Priority Substances Directive‖ means Directive 2008/105/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council on environmental quality standards in the field of water policy(f); ―threshold value‖ has the same meaning as in the Groundwater Directive; and ―the Directive‖ means Directive 2000/60/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23rd October 2000 establishing a framework for Community action in the field of water policy.
    [Show full text]
  • ROCK ART BIBLIOGRAPHY (Current at July 2008) This Detailed Listing Contains Over a Thousand Publications on Rock Art
    ROCK ART BIBLIOGRAPHY (current at July 2008) This detailed listing contains over a thousand publications on rock art. It relates primarily to rock art in the counties of Durham and Northumberland but also includes many publications on rock art in other parts of Britain and Ireland, as well as on the recording, management, and conservation of carved panels, plus a number of theoretical studies. The bibliography was compiled by Northumberland and Durham Rock Art Pilot Project volunteer, Keith Elliott, with additional contributions from Kate Sharpe and Aron Mazel. Abramson, P. 1996 ‘Excavations along the Caythorpe Gas Pipeline, North Humberside’. Yorkshire Archaeological Journal 68, 1-88 Abramson, P. 2002 'A re-examination of a Viking Age burial at Beacon Hill, Aspatria'. Transactions of the Cumberland and Westmorland Antiquarian and Archaeological Society 100: 79-88. Adams, M. & P. Carne, 1997 ‘The Ingram and Upper Breamish Valley Landscape Project: interim report 1997’. Archaeological Reports of the Universities of Durham and Newcastle upon Tyne 21, 33- 36 Ainsworth, S. & Barnatt, J., 1998, ‘A scarp-enclosure at Gardom’s Edge, Baslow, Derbyshire’. Derbyshire Archaeological Journal 118, 5-23 Aird, R. A., 1911 ‘Exhibits’. Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Newcastle upon Tyne 3rd series 5(9), 102 Aitchison, W., 1950 ‘Note on Three Sculptured Rocks in North Northumberland’. History of the Berwickshire Naturalists’ Club 32(1), 50 Alcock, L 1977 ‘The Auld Wives’ Lifts’. Antiquity 51, 117-23 Aldhouse-Green, M., 2004 ‘Crowning Glories. The Language of Hair in Later Prehistoric Europe’. Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 70, 299-325 Allott, C. & Allot, K., 2006 ‘Rock Art Indoors’.
    [Show full text]
  • ED Profile Millom Without
    Millom Without Electoral Division Profile 2015 Overview of Electoral Division Millom Without is an Electoral Division within the District of Copeland. It is one of the larger geographical electoral divisions along the West coastal strip of Cumbria, with a total population of: 5,587 To the north of the electoral division lie the larger towns of Whitehaven, Workington and Egremont. Not as far north are the well-known nuclear site of providing the main source of employment for the area. Much of the division sits within the Lake District National Park and is home to many tourist attractions of the Western Lake District including Muncaster Castle & Gardens, Hardknott Pass, The Ravenglass & Eskdale Railway, Ravenglass Roman Bath House and West Lakes Adventure located in the Valley of Eskdale. The Division also houses: Drigg, the site of the UK’s national low level radioactive waste repository and the Military of Defence testing range, managed by QinetiQ Haverigg prison, the only prison in Cumbria which holds 632 Category C male prisoners. Hardknott Pass at the far end of the Eskdale Valley which vies with Rosedale Chimney in North Yorkshire for the title of steepest road in England, with both achieving a gradient of 1 in 3 (about 33%). The Dunes at Esk Estuary, & Eskmeals which are sites of Special Scientific Interest, and the Drigg Coastline, a Designated Special Area of Conservation (SAC) Most of the population commute out of the area for employment, but the largest employers in the area are the Low Level Waste Repository, the testing
    [Show full text]
  • Ennerdale and Kinniside Community Led Plan Questionnaire
    Ennerdale and Kinniside Community Led Plan Questionnaire Ref No. Community Led Planning This extract, from ACTion with Communities in Cumbria The Planning Group is responsible for developing the Guidance Sheet, explains what community led planning plan, including action plans, while the Parish Council is: will ensure that action plans are being worked towards, monitoring progress on the action plans. ‘A Community Led Plan (CLP) is a plan for the community, by the community. The Parish Council will need to prepare or up-date the community led plan every five years. The plan can be ‘It sets out a vision for the future based on widespread local used by community groups and businesses to consultation, with actions for how this can be achieved. demonstrate support or need for projects/activities, when applying for funding. ‘CLPs can cover anything the community feels is important to them, from more notice boards around the We aim to prepare a plan that reflects the views and village, through to the creation of affordable wishes of parish residents. We want everyone who lives housing. in the parish to feel that the plan belongs to them, and we hope that those of you who have an interest in a ‘Community Led Planning produces an action plan particular issue will get involved in the relevant actions. owned and delivered by the community, with support as appropriate from local authorities and other agencies. Some of the actions will fall within the responsibility of ‘CLPs are usually initiated by the Parish Council and can the Parish Council, while others will need to involve or cover one or more parishes.’ be referred on to other agencies, e.g.
    [Show full text]
  • Neolithic Studies Group 'Spring' Meeting Lake District and North
    Neolithic Studies Group ‘Spring’ Meeting Lake District and North Cumbria 17-19 September 2021 This year’s ‘Spring’ Meeting will take place in the Lake District and Cumbria, starting on the evening of Friday 17th September and concluding mid-afternoon on Sunday 19th. We will continue to watch Boris’ announcements closely and will alter plans accordingly. The meeting will be based in Penrith, Cumbria. This year’s organiser is Emma Watson. On Friday evening at 7pm, the Little Martindale room in the North Lakes Hotel will play host to introductory talks, with a cash bar nearby (https://www.northlakeshotel.co.uk/). On Saturday 18th, we plan to set off at 9:30 (at the latest). We will be visiting all the Neolithic monuments (and possibly a few Bronze age ones (sorry!!)) along the A6 southbound from the A66 towards Shap. These include: two henges (a Type I and a Type II); Trainford Brow Early Neolithic long barrow; at least 4 stone circles – Gunnerkeld, Kemp Howe, Oddendale and Gamelands; and the ‘lost’ Shap Neolithic stone avenue. As the distance is minimal (a total of 40 miles for the full day), we plan to travel together by pooling available cars. To this end, it would be really useful if you could provide an indication of your travel arrangements on the attached booking form so we can establish that we have enough cars to accommodate everyone. On Saturday evening at 7:30pm, a meal has been organised in the Little Martindale room in the North Lakes Hotel at £30.00 per person for a 3-course meal, plus coffee and mints.
    [Show full text]
  • George Douglas Campbell Eckton
    I Great Langdale Valley, Cumbria: An Analysis of the viability of road-user charging as a Demand Management Tool for motor-vehicle dependent recreation George Douglas Campbell Eckton This thesis is submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for a Master of Arts (by Research) degree awarded by the University of Central Lancashire. November 2002 ABSTRACT This research was focused on analysing the potential application of road-user charging to the Transportation Demand Management Strategy for Great Langdale Valley in the Lake District National Park. There were three research objectives: firstly, to investigate the response of motorists to the hypothetical imposition of monetary road-user charges for entry to Great Langdale Valley (Bovaird et al, 1984); secondly, observe the impact of road-user charging on the host community of Great Langdale Valley (Holding, 1998); thirdly, to examine the suitability of the Contingent Valuation Methodology to elicit monetary preferences for road-user charging in a non-laboratory setting. The research methodology employed to elicit behavioural responses to certain price levels for road use was the Contingent Valuation Method (Mitchell and Carson, 1989). Three stakeholder samples were surveyed: visitor, resident and business operator samples. All three were administered with mail-back questionnaires containing hypothetical Contingent Valuation scenarios. Willingness To Pay (WTP) questions to elicit monetary preferences for road use were posed to the visitor and resident samples, whereas the business operator sample respondents were asked for their Willingness To Accept (WTA) a compensation payment for the potential impact of the road-user charging scheme on their trade. The research findings determined that a road-user charge would result in a considerable reduction in the visitor sample's intention to use a private motor-vehicle on the Great Langdale valley road network.
    [Show full text]