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Beaufort Group) in the Area Between Bedford and Adelaide, Eastern Cape Province, South Africa

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Beaufort Group) in the Area Between Bedford and Adelaide, Eastern Cape Province, South Africa Sedimentary environments and provenance of the Balfour Formation (Beaufort Group) in the area between Bedford and Adelaide, Eastern Cape Province, South Africa By Monica E. Oghenekome A dissertation submitted in fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in the Department of Geology, Faculty of Science and Agriculture, University of Fort Hare 2012 ABSTRACT The research examines the sedimentary environments and provenance of the Balfour Formation of the Beaufort Group (Karoo Supergroup) in the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa. This Formation occurs in the southeastern part of the Karoo Basin. It consists of sedimentary rocks, which are an alternating siltstone, shale and mudstone succession with subordinate interbedded sandstone and subsequently intruded by Karoo dolerite in the form of sills and dykes. Lithostratigraphically, the Balfour Formation is subdivided into five units namely, from the base to the top, the Oudeberg, Daggaboersnek, Barberskrans, Elandsberg and Palingkloof Members. The Balfour Formation is overlain by the Katberg Formation. This study involved field investigations in the vicinity of the towns of Bedford and Adelaide with integrated stratigraphical, sedimentological and petrological studies. A geological map was constructed after field investigations. Lithofacies of the Balfour Formation that were studied are characterised by sandstone facies (Sh, Sm, St, Sr, Sp) and fine-grained sediments (Fl or Fsm) which reflect point-bar, cut-bank, channel and floodplain deposits. Lithologically, the Oudeberg Member consists of sandstone of which some units are internally massive alternating with thin laminated siltstone and mudstone. The Daggaboersnek Member is characterised by regular, generally non- lenticular, overall stratification, in the Barberkrans Member consists of sandstone lithosomes, while the Elandsberg Member is an argillaceous unit, similar to the Daggaboersnek Member. The Palingkloof Member is composed predominantly of red mudstone that can be used to distinguish the Balfour Formation from the overlying Katberg Formation, which consists predominantly of sandstone. The stratigraphic sequence displays two fining upward megacycles of sedimentary deposits with change in the sediment supply pattern from low-sinuosity to high-sinuosity river i systems which reflect both braid and meandering deposits, respectively. Sedimentary structures in the sandstone units and the provenance of the Balfour Formation indicate that these deposits were produced by rivers flowing from the southeast with minor drift towards the northwest. According to the composition of the sediments and their sequence of deposition the Formation represents a fluvial environment. Mineralogical and grain size data from the sandstones of the various members of the Balfour Formation indicate the same source area of granitic, metamorphic and older sedimentary rocks and show no significant petrographic differences. The petrographic and geochemical investigations confirmed the sandstone to be feldspathic litharenite and ultralithofeldspathic sandstone. The palaeocurrent investigation indicates the main provenance to have been situated to the southeast of the Karoo basin. Heavy-mineral concentrations within the sandstones also give an indication that the source had a transitional arc plate tectonic setting. Keywords: Balfour Formation, sedimentology, lithostratigraphy, sedimentary environment, provenance ii DECLARATION I declare that this dissertation is my own work and it is hererby submitted for the degree of Master of Science at the University of Fort Hare. It has not previously been submitted for any degree or examination at any other University/Faculty and all the sources used or quoted have been acknowledged by complete references. Signature Monica E. Oghenekome Date: December 2012 Place: Alice, South Africa. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I am grateful to my supervisor Mr. C.J. Gunter for his consistent guidance, timely responses, valuable suggestions and unfailing encouragement throughout the research period. My sincere gratitude to Dr. Napoleon Q. Hammond at the South African Council for Geoscience for his unreserved sharing of his research knowledge and fatherly advice. I am indebted to all the Staff members of the Department of Geology, particularly to: Dr. O. Gwavava (Head of Department) for his consistent support and guidance throughout my stay at the University; Mr Luzuko Sigabi for administrative and logistical assistance throughout the study period. Mrs Vuyokazi Mazomba for helping me in many ways. Mr Eric Madi, and Mr Sonwabile Rasmeni for their valuable support. My gratitude to David Katemaunzanga, Velenjani Dube and Sikhulule Sinuka for their valuable support with the field work. Thanks to my colleagues, George Maneya, Malaza Ntokozo (Tk) and Liuji Yu for their consistent and invaluable encouragement. My gratitude to Dr. A. Y. Billay of the South African Council for Geoscience, Pretoria, and Mr and Mrs Fatoki for their support with the GIS part of the study. My thanks also goes to Mr. Elijah Nkosi of the South African Council for Geoscience for the technical laboratory services. Special thanks to the Govan Mbeki Research and Development Institute at the University of Fort Hare for funding my studies. I am greatly indebted to my spouse Mr Edmund Osikomaya for his patience and dedication in supporting me up to this level as well as his consistent asistance and encouragement. I am indebted to my parents, brothers and sisters for their consistent and invaluable encouragement. I would also like to thank all my friends and relatives who offered me their moral and expert advice throughout the research period. My special thanks go to Mr. Ajayi Emmanuel of the Chemistry iv Department, University of Fort Hare, Lami Babajide, Juwon Dele-oni, Idowu Seriki (Id), Nolon Gcanga and many others who supported me morally and otherwise. v TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT .......................................................................................................................................i DECLARATION ............................................................................................................................. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS............................................................................................................... iv TABLE OF CONTENTS .................................................................................................................. vi LIST OF FIGURES ........................................................................................................................... x LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................................................. x CHAPTER ONE ............................................................................................................................. xvi INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................. 1 1.1 Background ................................................................................................................................ 1 1.2 Research problem ....................................................................................................................... 2 1.3 Aims and objectives ................................................................................................................... 3 1.4 Rationale of study....................................................................................................................... 3 1.5 Significance of study .................................................................................................................. 4 1.6 Location ..................................................................................................................................... 4 1.7 Structure of dissertation .............................................................................................................. 7 CHAPTER TWO ............................................................................................................................... 8 LITERATURE REVIEW ................................................................................................................... 8 2.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................ 8 2.2 General geology of the Karoo Basin ........................................................................................... 9 2.3 Tectonic setting of the Karoo Basin .......................................................................................... 12 2.4 Geology of the Balfour Formation ............................................................................................ 15 2.5 Stratigraphy of Balfour Formation ............................................................................................ 16 vi CHAPTER THREE .......................................................................................................................... 19 METHODOLOGY........................................................................................................................... 18 3.1 Introduction .............................................................................................................................. 18 3.2 Desktop study ..........................................................................................................................
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