VOLUME 24 / NUMBER 3 / 1982

Published by THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF SCIENCE

Editor MINZE STUIVER

Associate Editors To serve until January 1, 1984 STEPHEN C PORTER Seattle, Washington To serve until January 1, 1985 W G MOOK Groningen, The Netherlands HANS OESCHGER Bern, Switzerland To serve until January 1, 1987 RONALD B DAVIS Orono, Maine

Editor at Large IRVING ROUSE New Haven, Connecticut

Managing Editor RENEE S KRA

KlIne Geology Laboratory Yale University New Haven, Connecticut 06511 ISSN: 0033-8222 NOTICE TO READERS AND CONTRIBUTORS Since its inception, the basic purpose of Radiocarbon has been the publication of compilations of 14C dates produced by various laboratories. These lists are extremely useful for the dissemination of basic 14C information. In recent years, Radiocarbon has also been publishing technical and interpretative articles on all aspects of 14C. The editors and readers agree that this expansion is broadening the scope of the Journal. Next year we will publish the Proceedings of the Eleventh International Radiocarbon Conference which was held in Seattle, Wash- ington, June 20-26, 1982. We also published the Proceedings of the Tenth International Radiocarbon Conference in 1980. Another section is added to our regular issues, "Notes and Comments". Authors are invited to extend discussions or raise pertinent questions to the results of scientific investigations that have appeared on our pages. The section will include short, technical notes to relay information concerning innovative sample preparation procedures. Lab- oratories may also seek assistance in technical aspects of radiocarbon dating. Book re- views will also be included for special editions. Manuscripts of radiocarbon papers should follow the recommendations in Sugges- tions to Authors.* All copy (including the bibliography) must be typewritten in double space. Our deadline schedule is: For Date Vol 25, No. 2, 1983 Jan. 1,1983 Vol 25, No. 3, 1983 May 1, 1983 Vol 26, No. 1, 1984 Sept. 1, 1983 General or technical articles should follow the recommendations above and the editorial style of the American Journal of Science or the Proceedings of the Tenth International Radiocarbon Conference. Date lists should follow the format shown in the most recent issue of RADIOCARBON. More detailed instructions are available upon request. Separate mailings have been discontinued. Half life of °C. In accordance with the decision of the Fifth Radiocarbon Dating Con- ference, Cambridge, 1962, all dates published in this volume (as in previous volumes) are based on the Libby value, 5570 ± 30 yr, for the half life. This decision was reaffirmed at the 9th International Conference on Radiocarbon Dating, Los Angeles/La Jolla, 1976. Because of various uncertainties, when 14C measurements are expressed as dates in years BP the accuracy of the dates is limited, and refinements that take some but not all un- certainties into account may be misleading. The mean of three recent determinations of the half life, 5730 ± 40 yr, (Nature, v 195, no. 4845, p 984, 1962), is regarded as the best value presently available. Published dates in years BP, can be converted to this basis by multiplying them by 1.03. AD/ BC Dates. In accordance with the decision of the Ninth International Radiocarbon Conference, Los Angeles and San Diego, 1976, the designation of AD/BC, obtained by subtracting AD 1950 from conventional BP determinations is discontinued in Radio- carbon. Authors or submitters may include calendar estimates as a comment, and report these estimates as AD/BC, citing the specific calibration curve used to obtain the estimate. Meaning of 814C. In Volume 3, 1961, we endorsed the notation 0 (Lamont VIII, 1961) for geochemical measurements of 14C activity, corrected for isotopic fractionation in samples and in the NBS oxalic-acid standard. The value of 819C that entered the calcu- lation of 0 was defined by reference to Lamont VI, 1959, and was corrected for age. This fact has been lost sight of, by editors as well as by authors, and recent papers have used 6°C as the observed deviation from the standard. At the New Zealand Radiocarbon Dating Conference it was recommended to use 6°C only for age-corrected samples. With- out an age correction, the value should then be reported as percent of modern relative to 0.95 NBS oxalic acid (Proceedings 8th Conference on Radiocarbon Dating, Welling- ton, New Zealand, 1972). The Ninth International Radiocarbon Conference, Los Angeles and San Diego, 1976, recommended that the reference standard, 0.95 times NBS oxalic acid activity, be normalized to 61 C = -i9%. In several fields, however, age corrections are not possible. 614C and , uncorrected for age, have been used extensively in oceanography, and are an integral part of models and theories. For the present, therefore, we continue the editorial policy of using 0 no- tations for samples not corrected for age. * Suggestions to Authors of the Reports of the United States Geological Survey, 6th ed, 1978, Supt of Documents, U S Govt Printing Office, Washington, DC 20402.

1 RADIOCARBON Editor: MINZE S'rUIVER Managing Editor: RENEE S KRA Published by THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF SCIENCE Editors: JOHN RODGERS, JOHN H OSTROM, ROBERT A BERNER Managing Editor: MARIE C CASEY Published three times a year, in Winter, Spring, and Summer, at Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511. Subscription rate $75.00 (for institutions), $50.00 (for individuals), available only in whole volumes. The Proceedings of the 7`enth International Radiocarbon Confer ence, vol 22, nos. 2 and 3, are available for $60.0. The Proceedings of the Eleventh International Radiocarbon Conference will be $50.00. The price of the full volume 22, nos. 1-4, is $60.00 for individuals and $80.00 for institutions. All correspondence and manuscripts should be addressed to the Managing Editor, RADIOCARBON, Kline Geology Laboratory, Yale University, 210 Whitney Aye, PO Box 6666, New Haven, Connecticut 06511. Reprints. The minimum reprint order for each article will be 50 copies without cover. No reprints will be furnished free of charge unless page charges are paid. The cost of additional copies will, of course, be greater if the article is accompanied by plates involving unusual expense. Copies will be furnished with a printed cover giving the title, author, volume, page, and year, when specially ordered. Page charges. Each institution sponsoring research reported in a technical paper or a date list, will be asked to pay a charge of $80.00 per printed page, due when galley proof is returned. Institutions or authors paying such charges will be entitled to 10 free reprints without covers. No charge will be made if the author indicates that his institution is unable to pay them, and payment of page charges on an article will not in any case be a condition for its acceptance. Back issues and price lists may be obtained from the office of RADIOCARBON. Missing issues will be replaced without charge only if claim is made within three months (six months for India and Australia) after the publication date. Claim for missing issues will not be honored if absence results from failure by the subscriber to notify the Journal of an address change. Illustrations should include explanation of symbols used. Copy that cannot be repro- duced cannot be accepted; it should be capable of reduction to not more than 10 by 17.5, all lettering being at least 1/6 inch high after reduction. When necessary, one large map or table can be accepted, if it will not exceed 17.5 inches in width after re- duc;ion. Line drawings should be in black India ink on white drawing board, tracing cloth, or coordinate paper printed in blue and should be accompanied by clear ozalids or reduced photographs for use by the reviewers. Photographs should be positive prints. Photostatic and typewritten material cannot be accepted as copy for illustrations. Plates (photographs) and figures (line drawings) should each be numbered consecutively through each article, using arabic numerals. If two photographs form one plate, they are figures A and B of that plate. All measurements should be given in SI (metric units). Citations. A number of radiocarbon dates appear in publications without laboratory citation or reference to published date lists. We ask that laboratories remind submitters and users of radiocarbon dates to include proper citation (laboratory number and date- list citation) in all publications in which radiocarbon dates appear. Radiocarbon Measurements: Comprehensive Index, 1950-1965. This index, covering all pubished "C measurements through Volume 7 of RADIOCARBON, and incorporating revisions made by all laboratories has been published. It is available to all subscribers to RADIOCARBON at $20.00 US per copy. List of laboratories. The comprehensive list of laboratories at the end of each volume appears in the third number of each volume. Changes in names or addresses should be reported to the Managing Editor by May 1. Index. All dates appear in index form at the end of the third number of each volume.

11 Vo124, No. 3 Radiocarbon 1982

CONTENTS

BM Richard Burleigh, Keith Matthews, and Janet Ambers British Museum Natural Radiocarbon Measurements XIV ...... BM Richard Burleigh, Janet Ambers, and Keith Matthews British Museum Natural Radiocarbon Measurements XV ...... Gif Georgette Delibrias, M T Guillier, and Jacques Labeyrie Gif Natural Radiocarbon Measurements IX ...... SFU D E Nelson and K A Hobson Simon Fraser University Radiocarbon Dates I ......

Z Dugan Srdoc, Nada Horvatincic, Bogomil Obelic, and Adela Sliepcevic Rudjer Boskovic Institute Radiocarbon Measurements VII ...... List of Laboratories ...... 372 Index to Volume 24 ...... 384

111 [RADIOCARBON, VOL 24, No. 3, 1982, P 229-261] Radiocarbon

1982

BRITISH MUSEUM NATURAL RADIOCARBON MEASUREMENTS XIV RICHARD BURLEIGH, KEITH MATTHEWS, and JANET AMBERS Research Laboratory, The British Museum, London WC 1 B 3DG, England The following list consists of dates for archaeologic and some geologic samples, mostly measured from January 1978 to December 1979*. The dates were obtained by liquid scintillation counting of benzene using the laboratory procedures outlined in previous lists (see, eg, BM-VIII, R, 1976, v 18, p 16). The dates are expressed in radiocarbon years relative to AD 1950 based on the Libby half-life for 14C of 5570 yr, and are corrected for isotopic fractionation (8130 values are relative to PDB). No corrections have been made for natural 14C variations. The modern reference stan- dard is NBS oxalic acid (SRM 4990). Errors quoted with the dates are based on counting statistics alone and are equivalent to ± 1 standard deviation (± lu). Dates in this list reported to submitters or published elsewhere before the introduction of the new guidelines for rounding of computed figures have deliberately been left unrounded. From BM-XV onwards all BM dates will be rounded before publication in conformity with the recently recommended procedures (R, 1977, v 19, p 362). Descrip- tions, comments, and references to publications are based on information supplied by submitters. SAMPLE DESCRIPTIONS ARCHAEOLOGIC SAMPLES British Isles Hascombe series, Surrey Charcoal and carbonized grain samples from Iron age hillfort at Hascombe, 10km S of Guildford, Surrey, England (51° 10' N, 0° 35' W, Natl Grid Ref TQ 005386). Coll 1977 and subm by F H Thompson, Soc Antiquaries of London, for comparison of dates for grain and charcoal from same context (Otlet, Burleigh, and Clark, 1979; Thompson, 1979). 2060 ± 50 BM-1244A. Hascombe 81 C = -23.3% Carbonized grain, ref H77/2, from Pit 1 in Trench 2 (c f BM-1244B, below). * Dates obtained over part of this period for Bronze age samples from the British Isles formed a separate list, BM XII. 229 230 Richard Burlcigh, Keith Matthews, and Janet Ambers 1870 ± 80 BM-1244B. Hascombe S13C = -25.2% Charcoal, ref H77/2, separated from carbonized grain sample ref H77/2 (cf BM-1244A, above). 2050 ± 50 BM-1485. Hascombe S'sC = -24.9%0 Charcoal, ref H77/6/5, from lowest fill of Pit 2 in Trench 6. 1900 ±45 BM-1486. Hascombe 8C = -22.9%, Carbonized grain, ref H77/12/5, from fill of pit in Trench 12. 2160 ±45 BM-1487. Hascombe S13C = -26.2% Charcoal, ref H77/2/6, from fill of hearth in Trench 2. 1820 ± 50 BM-1489. Hascombe 813C = -25.2%x0 Charcoal, ref H77/6/5, from upper fill of Pit 2 in Trench 6. 1970 ± 50 BM-1490. Hascombe 8130 = -24.4%0 Charcoal, ref H77/13/5, from lowest fill of pit in Trench 13. 1960 ± 50 BM-1491. Hascombe 8130 = -25.O% Charcoal, ref H77/6/4, from lowest fill of Pit 1 in Trench 6. General Comment (RB): archaeol evidence suggests Hascombe was oc- cupied for short period ca 50 Be; within limits of error radiocarbon results agree with archaeol dating, but dates for grain and charcoal from same context differ (see Otlet, Burleigh, and Clark, 1979 for full discussion). 3656 ± 58 BM-1412. Pilsgate, Lincolnshire 6'C = -24.1%0 Charcoal from cremation burial at Barnack Rd, Pilsgate, Lincoln- shire, England (52° 40' N, 0° 25' W, Natl Grid Ref TF 049069) assoc with Food Vessel and Collared Urn (Pryor,1974). Coil 1971 and subm by F M M Pryor for Nene Valley Research Comm. Comment (RB): cf BM-868, 3522 ± 38 and BM-869, 3296 ± 50 (R, 1979, v 21, p 341) for other char- coal samples from same burial. 3884 ± 46 BM-1413. Sorisziale, Inner Hebrides 6130 = -19.8% Collagen from femorae from extended human burial in grave pit dug into sand dunes at Sorisdale, Coll, Inner Hebrides, Scotland (56° 40' N, 6° 30' W, Natl Grid Ref NM 273638) assoc with All-Over-Cord orna- mented Beaker, and found to one side of fragmentary stone setting, probably remains of house comparable with that at Northton, Harris, Outer Hebrides (Ritchie and Crawford, 1977-78; Simpson, 1976). Coil British Museum Natural Radiocarbon Measurements XI V 231 1976 and subm by J N G Ritchie, RCAHM Scotland, Edinburgh. Com- ment (JNGR): no material assoc with All-Over-Cord Beakers has pre- viously been dated in W of Scotland where these vessels are common; date is concordant and provides valuable chronol indication for number of sites. Off ham Hill, E Sussex Charcoal (Quercus sp) id by C Cartwright, from causewayed enclosure (Drewett, 1977) at Offham Hill, Lewes, E Sussex, England (500 50' N, 00 0' E, Natl Grid Ref TQ 398118). Coil 1976 and subm by P L Drewett, Sussex Archaeol Field Unit. 4925 ± 80 BM-1414. Offham Hill 613C = -23.6% Sample 0/II/4/2 from upper silting in segment 4 of inner ditch. 4740 ± 60 BM-1415. Offham Hill .3'C = -23.5% Sample 0/11/2/ 4 from primary silting of segment 2 of inner ditch. General Comment (PLD): dates fit well with earlier Neolithic pottery found assoc in ditch silts, and show that Offham is broadly contemporary with other dated earlier Neolithic enclosures in Sussex (Trundle, Bury Hill, Whitehawk and Combe Hill; Barkhale, though less well dated, may also be contemporary). 860 ± 60 BM-1442. Swildon's Hole, Mendip, Somerset S13C = -22.2% Collagen from metapodial of Equus (ref WSM 1977/62) from cave deposit, 6m below ground and ca 100m from entrance, in Swildon's Hole, 400m NE of Priddy Green, Priddy, Mendip, Somerset, England (51° 15' N, 2° 40' W, Natl Grid Ref ST 531513). Coil 1977 by Jane Wilson and subm by P J Andrews, Dept Palaeontol, British Mus (Nat Hist), as part of investigation of rate of movement of bone within cave systems, to help model process of formation of archaeol deposits in caves and fissures. Comment (RB): for additional dates, see BM-XV (forthcoming). 1040 ±40 BM-1506. Brixworth, Northamptendhi e 8130 = -26.8% Wood sample (scaffolding fragment, ref F17) from put-log hole in S clerestory of All Saints' Church, Brixworth, Northamptonshire, England (52° 20' N, 0° 50' W, Nat! Grid Ref SP 748712). Coll 1977.and subm by D Parsons, Dept Adult Educ, Univ Leicester, for Brixworth Archaeol Research Comm. Comment (DP): sample most probably is from original construction of clerestory, which is thus considerably later than usually accepted late 7th century date (ca AD 680) for body of church. 1850 ± 70 BM-1523. Canterbury, Kent 613C = -19.4% Collagen from right tibia of large domestic dog, id by Juliet Clutton- Brock, Dept Zoo!, British Mus (Nat Hist), from articulated skeleton 232 Richard Burleigh, Keith Matthews, and Janet Ambers lying on thin layer of silt overlying tessellated floor of 2nd century Roman building and constituting primary fill of 7th century Saxon hut, ° at Canterbury, Kent, England (510 15' N, 1 5' E, Natl Grid Ref TR 150570). Coll 1978 by Marion Day and subm by T Tatton-Brown, Dir, Canterbury Archaeol Trust. Comment (RB): date is ca 500 yr earlier than expected from stratigraphy; although articulated when found, skele- ton may have been redeposited from Romano-British levels in Saxon period.

Bigberry series, Kent Charcoal samples from brown loam filling (Layer 5) of water-hole in hillfort (Jessup and Cook, 1936) at Bigberry (Bigbury), 3km W of Canter- ° ° bury, Kent, England (51 20' N, 1 10' E, Natl Grid Ref TR 116576). Assoc with Belgic pottery and bronze strap-link. Coll 1978 and subm by F H Thompson, Soc Antiquaries of London,

2080 ±45 BM-1530. Bigberry S13C -24.3%0 Charcoal, ref Sample 1.

1920 ± 35 BM-1768. Bigberry S13C = -25.6%0 Charcoal, ref Sample 2. General Comment (FHT): BM-1530 is slightly earlier than expected, perhaps related to initial age of wood, but both results are close to con- ventional broad archaeol dating for particular style of assoc strap-link, to late 1st century Be-early 1st century AD; Sample 2 (BM-1768) was more closely assoc with strap-link stratigraphically than Sample 1 (BM-1530).

Spong Hill series, Norfolk Charcoal samples from Neolithic occupation site at Spong Hill, North. Elmham, Norfolk, England (52° 40' N,1° 0' E, Natl Grid Ref TG 980197). Coll 1972-1973 by R D Carr and subm by Frances M A Healy, Norfolk Archaeol Unit.

3810 ± 70 BM-1532. Spong Hill b`13C := - 25.6% Charcoal and nutshell from F123, pit containing possible cremation with pot-Beaker/Food Vessel and smaller pot with perforated base.

4650 ±80 BM-1533. Spong Hill 513C/ ;- - 25.0%0 Charcoal from Pits F9, F12, F17, F18, and F20, assoc with plain Neolithic bowl and (except F12) Mildenhall-style pottery and related flint work. British Museum Natural Radiocarbon Measurements XIV 233 4950 ± 120 BM-1534. Spong Hill S13C = -24.7% Charcoal and burned acorns from Pits F3, F4, F7, F8, F16, F24, F32, F36, and F49, assoc with plain Neolithic bowl and Mildenhall-style pottery and related flint work. 4990 ± 80 BM-1535. Spong Hill 813C = -24.1% Charcoal from Pit Fl 18, assoc with plain Neolithic bowl pottery and related flint work. 3700 ±90 BM-1537. Spong Hill 81 C = -22.4% Charcoal and burned acorns from F10, assoc with struck flint. General Comment (FMAH): BM-1533, -1534 relate to single cluster of pits and post-holes containing apparently homogeneous material. Disparity between these determinations, which overlap only at 2 standard devia- tions, is surprising and may be attributable to bulked samples. Both dates are consistent with establishment of Mildenhall style of decorated Neo- lithic bowl by 3000 bc, indicated by date of 3145 ± 49 be (BM-770; R, 1976, v 18, p 32) for bulked sample of charcoal from pits containing sherds of Mildenhall ware on Eaton Heath, Norwich (Wainwright, 1973). 110 ± 70 BM-1538. Beeswax candle 813C = -25.9%, Wax (id as beeswax by IR spectrometry) from large fragment of candle in colln of Dept Greek and Roman Antiquities, British Mus (reg no. 1851 8-13 364; Bull, 1965, fig 332, p 590), reputedly found in marble tomb at Vaison, Vaucluse, France ca 1829 (de Witte, 1840) with another fragment now in Leningrad Mus, and presumed to be Roman. Subm 1979 by D M Bailey, British Mus. Comment (RB): date shows candle is not Roman and was made shortly before acquisition by British Mus. 3740 ± 210 BM-1546. Grime's Graves horse 8C = -21.4% Collagen from fragmentary cranial bones from skull of adult domestic horse (mare >35 yr old, id by Juliet Clutton-Brock, ref ARC 79 5017), deliberately buried in pit cut ca lm into chalk debris from Neolithic flint mine at Grime's Graves, Weeting, Thetford, Norfolk, England (52° 30' N, 0° 40' E, Natl Grid Ref TL 816898). Coil 1976 and subm by G de G Sieveking, Dept Prehist and Romano-British Antiquities, British Mus. Comment (RB): result dates one of few known examples of domestic horse from late Neolithic to early Bronze age contexts in British Isles (R, 1979, v 21, p 41-47; Clutton-Brock and Burleigh, in press; Burleigh et al, ms in preparation). Stonehenge series, Wiltshire Red deer antler and human bone from fill of ditch at Stonehenge, Amesbury, Wiltshire, England (51° 10' N, 1° 50' W, Nat! Grid Ref SU 234 Richard Burleigh, Keith Matthews, and Janet Ambers 122422). Coil 1954 by R J C Atkinson (antler) and 1978 by J G Evans (bone), Dept Archaeol, Univ Coil, Cardiff; subm by J G Evans. 3715 ± 70 BM-1582. Stonehenge 13C -21.8% Collagen from left femur of human skeleton (burial) inserted into upper level of secondary fill of Stonehenge I ditch (1.2m below surface), assoc with 3 barbed-and-tanged flint arrowheads, an archer's stone wrist- guard, and bluestone fragments (Atkinson and Evans, 1978). Sample dates burial, stratigraphically earliest occurrence of bluestone chips on site, and upper part of environmental sequence in fill of ditch. 4410 ±60 BM-1583. Stonehenge 13C -22.7% Collagen from beam of red deer antler (Cervus ela phus L) from ca 30cm above base of Stonehenge I ditch (Atkinson, 1956). With BM-1617, below, provides initial date for environmental sequence from earliest known constructional phase of site. 4390 ± 60 BM-1617. Stonehenge 'C -22.7% Collagen from tine of red deer antler (Cervus elaphus L) from base of Stonehenge I ditch (Atkinson, 1956). With BM-1583, above (different antler), provides initial date for environmental sequence from earliest kno:n constructional phase of site. General Comment (JGE): BM-1582 accords well with expected dating of assoc artifacts: archer's stone bracer of Al type (Clarke, 1970, p 570) and flint arrowheads of Conygar Hill and Sutton C type (Green, 1980). BM- 1583, -1617 provide support for view of Stonehenge I as Class 1 henge transitional between earlier causewayed enclosure and fully developed monument (c f date for antler from bottom of ditch, 1-2328, 4130 ± 105: R, 1968, v 10, p 288-289, and date for antler from Stonehenge Avenue, BM-1164, 3678 -'- 68: R, 1979, v 21, p 341-342). BM-1583, -1617 also pro- vide good chronol basis for environmental sequence recovered from ditch sediments. Experimental dating of shells of terrestrial Mollusca (land snails) Shell carbonate (aragonite) from terrestrial Mollusca compared with dated charcoal from same context or with independent archaeol evidence, as part of program for investigation of suitability of land snails for dating of sites where more conventional materials are absent, in particular on chalklands of S Britain (Burl&gh and Kerney, 1982). Brook series, Kent Shells (Pomatias elegans [Muller] and Cepaea nemoralis [L]) id by M P Kerney, from buried soil containing charcoal dated to 4540 ± 105 (BM-254: R, 1973, v 13, p 169; Kerney, Brown, and Chandler, 1964; Kerney, Preece, and Turner, 1980) at Devil's Kneading Trough, Brook, Kent, England (51 ° 10' N, 0° 55' E, Natl Grid Ref TR 076452). Coil 1976-1977 and subm by M P Kerney, Dept Geol, Imperial Coil, London British Museum Natural Radiocarbon Measurements XIV 235 and Richard Burleigh. 14C activity expressed as %c rel BM-254 (4540 ± 105). d = -61.5 ± 15.0%0 BM-1255. Brook 813C = -6.6% Shells (Pomatias elegans) from 80 to 100cm in buried soil (same level as charcoal dated 4540 ± 105, BM-254). Apparent date 5050 ± 85 bpi. =-182.2±10.0% BM-1332. Sample B 613C = -6.8%o Shells (P elegans) coll live, AD 1930, S England. Apparent date 1635 ±- 55 bp. = +218.5 ± 9.0% BM-1333. Brook b`13C = -6.4% Shells (P elegans) coil live, AD 1976. z= +262.0 ±- 9.0% BM-1483. Brook 613C = -8.9% Shells (Cepaea nemoralis) coil live, AD 1977. 0 = -47.4 ± 13.0% BM-1484. Brook 13C Shells (C nemoralis) from 80 to 100cm in buried soil (same level as charcoal, BM-254, and fossil shells of P elegans, BM-1255, above). Ap- parent date 4930 ±- 75 bp. General Comment (RB): dates for fossil shells suggest incorporation of 5 to 10% dead carbon. This error may be acceptable for some dating applications though not in general for archaeol purposes; more compari- sons between shells and charcoal or other materials are needed (see Burleigh and Kerney, 1982, for full disCUSSion). Blackgang series, Isle of Wight, Hampshire Shells (Ccni uclla virgata [d1 Costa]) id by R C Preece, from slope deposit at Gore Cliff, Blackgang, Isle of Wight, Hampshire, England (50° ° 35' N, 1 20' W, Natl Grid Ref SZ 493764). Coil 1978 and subm by R C Preece, Dept Geol, Imperial Coll, London, in attempt to date 1st ap- pearance of C virgata in S Britain, and history of landslipping and early agriculture in Blackgang area (Preece, 1980). 130 ± 50 BM-1481. Blackgang 61JC= -8.1% Shells (Cernuella virgata) coll live, AD 1978. 3940 ± 65 BM-1482. Blackgang 613C = -5.8°% Shells (C virgata) from 240 to 250cm in slope deposit containing arti- facts dating to 1st century Be to late 2nd century AD (see Preece, 1980, p 261-262). British convention for uncorrected radiocarbon dates 236 Richard Burleigh, Keith Matthews, and Janet Ambers General Comment (RCP): based on these measurements, this sp appears to incorporate high proportion (ca 50%) dead carbon (Preece, 1980, p 262-263). Late Pleistocene/early Holocene mammalian extinctions Samples are part of study of latest dates of survival of larger ter- restrial mammalian sp now extinct in British Isles (R, 1976, v 18, p 30-31; Clutton-Brock and Burleigh, in press.) Littleport series, Cambridgeshire Bone and peat samples from excavation of skeleton of Bos primigen ins at Lowe's Farm, Littleport, near Ely, Cambridgeshire, England (52° 25' N, 0° 20' E, Natl Grid Ref TL 599960). Coll ca 1960 by E S Higgs and F W Shawcross and subm 1978 by G N Bailey, Dept Archaeol, Univ Cambridge (bone samples) and V R Switsur, Sub-Dept Quaternary Re- search, Univ Cambridge (peat sample). 3850 ± 60 BM-1443. Lowe's Farm, Littleport 81C = -28.4%o Humified structureless peat (Fen peat), ref Q-464 (Cambridge Lab no., but sample not previously dated), from 0 to 3cm below skeleton of Bos rimigenius. 12,170 ± 85 BM-1444. Bone 613C = -23.7%0 Collagen from sternal bones from colln of Cambridge Mus Archaeol and Anthropol, presumed to be from skeleton of Bos prim igenius from Lowe's Farm, Littleport, but date indicates bones are from another animal. 3340 ± 45 BM-1469. Lowe's Farm, Littleport 613C = -20.9% Collagen from left horizontal ramus of mandible of Bos primigen ins. Mandible articulated with skull from Lowe's Farm, identifiable from photograph in excavation rept (Shawcross and Higgs, 1961); sample of bone from occipital region of skull and from mandible had similar S13C values (-21.17 ± 0.4, -20.85 ± 0.4) but 813C of misassoc sternal bones (BM-1444, above) differed (-23.72 ± 0.2%). General Comment (RB): dates for peat (BM-1443) and mandible of Bos rimigenius (BM-1469) agree with stratigraphic evidence from site (Shaw- cross and Higgs, 1961) and BM-1469 provides late date for survival of Bos primigenius into Bronze age (Clutton-Brock and Burleigh, in press). BM-1444 evidently dates bones inadvertently misassoc during storage in Cambridge Mus. 3578 ± 48 BM-1445. Beckford, Worcestershire 81sC = -22.2%0 Collagen from 1st thoracic vertebra of Bos rimigenius (ref BP/IA) from Beckford Iron age site, in gravel pit NE of Beckford village, Worces- tershire, England (52° 0' N, 2° 0' W, Natl Grid Ref SO 983363). Coll 1973 British Museum Natural Radiocarbon Measurements XI V 237 and subm 1978 by P F Whitehead, Pershore, Worcestershire. Found in loam overlying Devensian gravel aggradation within Iron age enclosure. Comment (PFW Sc RB): antedates Iron age occupation and may derive from fill of Bronze age ditch (Britnell, 1975); latest date so far obtained for Bos rimigenius in Britain is BM-731, 3245 ± 37 (R, 1982, v 24, p 151; Burleigh and Clutton-Brock, 1977). 3400 ± 100 BM1524. Wilburton, Cambridgeshire 81C = -23.2%0 Collagen from right horn core of Bos primigenius (ref CMAE 1919 95A) found in assoc with Beaker burial at Wilburton, near Ely, Cam- bridgeshire, England (52° 20' N, 0° 10 E, Natl Grid Ref TL 490750), from colln of Cambridge Mus Archaeol and Anthropol. Coll ca 1847 and subm 1979 by C A Shell, Dept Archaeol, Univ Cambridge. Comment (RB) : dates assoc Beaker (Shell and Burleigh, in press) and adds to series of late records for Bos rimigenius in Britain (cf BM-731, 3245 ± 37: R, 1982, v 24, p 151; Burleiggh and Clutton-Brock, 1977, and BM-1469, above; Clutton-Brock and Burleigh, in press). 4200 ± 220 BM-1525. Burwell, Cambridgeshire S13C = -23.6%0 Collagen from left horizontal ramus (ref D33665b) of mandible of Bos primigenius skull found near village of Reach, Burwell Fen, Burwell, Cambridgeshire, England (52° 15' N, 0° 20' E, Natl Grid Ref TL 565665), from colln of Sedgwick Mus, Cambridge. Coil ca 1860 and subm 1979 by C L Forbes, Dept Geol, Univ Cambridge. Broken Neolithic chipped and polished flint axe head lodged in frontal bone of skull (Babington, 1863; Carter, 1874; Godwin, 1978, p 61, p117; Hughes, 1896, p 129, 130, figs 3, 4; Reynolds, 1939, p 26). 36,000 ± 1900 BM-1526. Sandford Hill, Mendip, Somerset 81C = -18.3%0 Collagen from skull of cave hyena (Crocuta crocuta spelaea), part of large assemblage of hyena and reindeer remains, from cave earth deposit, Sandford Hill cave, Mendip, Somerset, England (51° 20' N, 2° 50' W, Natl Grid Ref ST 422591), from colln of Taunton Mus (Boyd Dawkins, 1874, p 292). Coil ca 1820 by W Beard and subm 1979 by A Turner, Environmental Archaeol Unit, Univ York. Comment (AT): faunal re- mains from other Mendip sites of Wookey Hole and Uphill Cave, indicate abundance of hyena, woolly rhinoceros, and horse in area before last glacial max. Date for hyena skull from Sandford Hill cave falls within same period; reindeer remains from site are ungnawed and probably of later date. 3760 ± 60 BM-1585. Hemp Knoll, Wiltshire bl C = -21.3% Collagen from scapula of Bos primigenius from fill of Ditch 1 (eroded chalk capping of barrow, NE Quad, Layer 2), Hemp Knoll round barrow, 5km SW of Avebury, near Marlborough, Wiltshire, England (51° 25' N, 1° 55' W, Natl Grid Ref SU 069673). Coil 1965 by Maureen Robertson- Mackay and subm 1979 by Caroline Grigson, Odontological Mus, Royal 238 Richard Burleigh, Keith Matthews, and Janet Ambers Coil Surgeons, London (Grigson, 1980; Robertson-Mackay, 1980). Com- ment (CG): result confirms date of 3745 ± 135 (NPL-139, unpub) for charcoal from central grave in mound, and agrees with archaeol evidence (Robertson-Mackay, 1980, p 147). Cyprus Lemba Lakkous series Charcoal samples from occupation site at Lemba Lakkous, 4.5km NNW of Paphos, Paphos list (34° 50' N, 32° 20' E) assoc with new pottery styles, figurines, metalwork, and architectural units (Peltenburg, 1979a, b; 1980). Samples, together with those from Kissonerga Mylouthkia (below), are part of study on series of 3rd millennium be sites in W Cyprus, and give 1st 14C determinations from area (Burleigh, 1981a; Peltenburg, 1981). Coil 1976-1977 and subm by E J Peltenburg, Dept Archaeol, Univ Edinburgh. 3890 ± 50 BM-1353. Lemba Lakkous $13C -26.i% From Area II, floor of House 2 at E end of settlement. 3970 ±45 BM-1354. Lemba Lakkous 8' 3 C -24.2% From stump (presumed roof-support) in Pit 6, House 2.1. 4000 ±45 b13C BM-1541. Lemba Lakkous == -23.7%0 From Area II, Sq L34a, Feature 2. 4050 ± 50 BM-1541A. Lemba Lakkous 6'3C == -24.0/0 Repeat of BM-1541, above, with fresh sample. 4090 ± 90 BM-1542. Lemba Lakkous 13C == -25.1%0 From Area II, Sq L34c.2, Feature 2. 5000 ± 260 813C BM-1543. Lemba Lakkous == -23.8% From Area I, Bldg 8.1. General Comment (EJP): dates, with those from Kissonerga Mylouthkia (below), relate to 1st sizeable exposures of Chalcolithic sites in Cyprus and to earliest human settlement and burials in W of island. Dates indicate persistence of Erimi culture for prolonged period, overlapping transition to Bronze age in N of island (Peltenburg, 1981). Kissonerga Mylouthkia series Charcoal samples from coastal site at Kissonerga Mylouthkia, 7km NNW of Paphos, Paphos list (34° 50' N, 32° 20' E). Samples are part of Lemba Archaeol Project (c f Lemba Lakkous, above). Coil 1977 and subm by E J Peltenburg. British Museum Natural Radiocarbon Measurements X I V 239 4765 ± 55 BM-1473. Kissonerga Mylouthkia 6130 = -24.3%0 From area around hearth in Feature 1, Level 2. 4665 ± 50 BM-1474. Kissonerga Mylouthkia 8130 = -24.2% From Feature 1, Level 11. 4815 ± 60 BM-1475. Kissonerga Mylouthkia 6130 = -25.4%0 From Level 13, an early cut in Feature 1. 4650 ± 50 BM-1476. Kissonerga Mylouthkia 613C = -21.2% From several layers in Feature 16, assoc with specialized bowl bases filled with red ocher. 4790 ±80 13C BM-1539. Kissonerga Mylouthkia = -23.1% o From Feature 16.1. 4740 ± 50 6130 BM-1540. Kissonerga Mylouthkia = -23.6% 0 From Feature 16.4. General Comment (EJP): for typologic reasons, these midden holes were thought to vary considerably in age, but these dates assign them to one period, helping to bridge gap of 500 radiocarbon yr between end of late Neolithic (BM-849, 5224 ± 78: R, 1977, v 19, p 146; St-350, 5150 ± 130: R, 1959, v 1, p 43) and part of Chalcolithic Erimi culture (St-202, 4630 ± 80, St-203, 4540 ± 80: Ostlund, 1957; St-338, 4480 ± 150: R, 1959, v 1, p 43; Peltenburg, 1981). Kyrenia ship series Samples from submerged wreck of Greek merchant ship of 4th cen- tury BC found 1.6km NE of Kyrenia (35° 20' N, 33° 20' E). Coil 1969 and subm by M L Katzev, Inst Nautical Archaeol, Am School Classical Studies, Athens (Katzev, 1974a, b; 1976; 1978; Swiny and Katzev, 1971). 2210 ±40 BM-1588. Kyrenia ship 6130 = -26.9% Almonds from cargo of ship. 2205 ± 70 BM-1588A. Kyrenia ship 6130 = -26.9% Remeasurement of BM-1588, above. 2630 ± 45 BM-1639. Kyrenia ship 6130 = -24.7%Q Wood from strake from stern of ship. General Comment (MLK): cf date for almonds P-1621, 2124 ± 60 and P-1622, 2222 ± 43, date for wood from hull of ship (R, 1971, v 13, p 363-364). BM-1639 is much earlier than expected and may reflect age of 240 Richard Burleigh, Keith Matthews, and Janet Ambers timber (Aleppo pine; life span 400 to 500 yr) at time of use; P-1621 and BM-1588, -1588A date wreck of ship.

Ecuador 6900 ± 250 BM-1584. Punin cranium S13C Collagen from bone removed from vault of human cranium (ref AMNH 998271) found in same deposit as extinct Pleistocene fauna in bank of ravine, Quebrada Chalan, near Punin, Riobamba (1° 45' S, 78° 40' W). Coil 1923 by G H H Tate and subm 1978 by D R Brothwell, Inst Archaeol, Univ London, from colln of American Mus Nat Hist, New York (Sullivan and Hellman, 1925). Comment (RB): although Hoffstetter (1952) concluded Punin cranium postglacial and not assoc with Pleisto- cene fauna from Punin beds, closer dating had possible bearing on early man in New World (Brothwell and Burleigh, 1980). Result is earliest direct 11C date so far obtained for human skeletal remains from South America, but postdates other evidence for man's presence in subcontinent by at least 5000 radiocarbon yr. Egypt Tell Edfu series Charcoal samples from stratigraphic sequence at Tell Edfu, halfway between Luxor and Aswan, Upper Egypt (25° 0' N, 32° 50' E). Coil 1978 and subm by M Bietak, Osterreichische Botschaf t Kairo, Vienna. 2840 ± 50 BM-1226. Tell Edfu s1$C =_ -25.5/0 Charcoal, ref Sample C2, Stratum b. 1690 ± 60 BM-1227. Tell Edfu b'3C =_ -24.7%0 Charcoal, ref Sample C9. 3860 ± 60 BM-1228. Tell Edfu -25.4%0 Charcoal, ref Sample C l, Stratum c. 3400 ± 70

BM-1229. Tell Edfu sl C =_ -25.6%0 Charcoal, ref Sample C3, Stratum c. 3500±60 BM-1230. Tell Edfu 613C =_ -26.1%0 Charcoal, ref Sample C6, later than Stratum f. 4030 ± 60 BM-1231. Tell Edfu 8"C = -26.1% o Charcoal, ref Sample C4, Stratum e. 3830 ± 60 BM-1232. Tell Edfu 81sC =_ -25.6%0 Charcoal, ref Sample C5, Stratum f. British Museum Natural Radiocarbon Measurements XI V 241 3790 ± 70 BM-1233. Tell Edfu 613C = - 25.4%0 Charcoal, ref Sample C8, Stratum f. 3800 ± 60 BM-1234. Tell Edfu 8IJC = Charcoal, ref Sample C7, later than Stratum f. General Comment (MB): dates are older than expected after calibration, but are in expected sequence. 3420 ± 80 BM-1420. Illahun bull 813C = -17.1% Hair from head of sacrificial bull (ref ARC 1979 5028) from founda- tion deposit of chapel of Sesostris II, 12th Dynasty (1897-1878 Be), at Illahun, near Cairo (29° 15' N, 31° 0' E), from colln of British Mus (Nat Hist). Coil ca 1920 by W M Flinders Petrie and subm 1978 by Juliet Clutton-Brock, to confirm attribution to 12th Dynasty (Petrie, Brunton, and Murray, 1923). Pretreated with methanol, acetone, and dilute acid. Comment (RB): calibrated date of ca 1790 ± 110 Be (Clark, 1975) is consistent with 12th Dynasty (Burleigh and Clutton-Brock, 1980a). Tarkhan tunics series Samples from two batches of linen, ref UC. 28614B including child's garment (tunic), from Mastaba 2050, and UC. 28616C two tunics, one a child's, from Late Period cemetery at Tarkhan, near Cairo (29° 40' N, 31° 15' E). Batches were labeled separately as 1st Dynasty (ca 3100 Bc) and Late Period (22nd Dynasty; early 1st millennium BC). Measurements were made to check correct assignment of labels. Coll 1912 by W M Flinders Petrie, but tunics remained undiscovered until 1977 when linen was cleaned and conserved. Subm 1978 by H S Smith and Rosalind Hall, Dept Egyptol, Univ Coll, London. 3700 ± 40 BM-1496. Tarkhan tunic 6C = -24.1 Sample of linen from Batch 286160. Calibrated date (Clark, 1975) ca 4110 ± 75 BP: 2160 BC. 3850 ± 50 BM-1497. Tarkhan tunic 'C = -24.5%,, Sample of linen from Batch 28614B. Calibrated date (Clark, 1975) ca 4310 ± 80 BP: 2360 BC. General Comment (RH): dates fall at end of Old Kingdom and are very unexpected as there is no recorded occupation of site at that time; pos- sibly ransacking of Mastaba 2050 took place in 5th or 6th Dynasties, much earlier than Petrie believed. If so, dates provide closer tie between Tark- han tunics (Hall, 1982; Landi and Hall, 1979) and nearest parallels, tunics of 5th Dynasty date found by Petrie at Deshasheh (Hall, 1981). Mummified cats series Linen wrappings from mummified domestic cats from Gizeh, near Cairo (30° 0' N, 31 ° 10' E), from colln of British Mus (Nat Hist). Coll ca 242 Richard Burleigh, Keith Matthews, and Janet Ambers 1905 by W M Flinders Petrie (exact provenance unknown) and subm 1979 by P Armitage and Juliet Clutton-Brock, as part of archaeozool study of mummified domesticated animal remains (Armitage and Clutton-Brock, 1980; 1981). 2220 ± 40 BM-1547. Mummified cat wrapping S13C = - 22.2%0 Linen from wrapping of mummified domestic cat, ref BM(NH) 1979 5022 (pretreated with dilute acid, hydrogen peroxide, and dilute am- monia). 2110 ±45 BM-1548. Mummified cat wrapping 6'C = -22.9% Linen from wrapping of mummified domestic cat, ref BM(NH) 1979 5002 (pretreated with dilute acid, hydrogen peroxide, and dilute am- monia). General Comment (RB): dates confirm attribution of these cats to late (Ptolemaic) period (Burleigh, 1980a). Modern BM-1550. Badari &'C _ -19.5% Collagen from right metatarsal of domestic ass from prehistoric site of Badari, near Asyut (27° 05' N, 31° 25' E), from colln of British Mus (Nat Hist). Coll ca 1925 by G Caton-Thompson and G Brunton and subm 1979 by Juliet Clutton-Brock. Comment (JC-B): Badarian or Predynastic date (ca 5500 bp) for ass remains from Egypt would be important to hist of early animal domestication (Clutton-Brock and Burleigh, in press), but these remains are evidently intrusive. France Gare de Couze aeries, Dordogne Collagen from samples of fragmentary ungulate bone (principally 1?angi f cr tarandus) id by F Prat, from Magdalenian levels at La Gare de Couze, near Lalinde (44° 50' N, 0° 45' E). Coil 1962 and subm 1979 by F Bordes, Quaternary Inst, Univ Bordeaux, for comparison with previous measurements for samples from La Gare de Couze, Lv-391, 10,900 ± 230 (R, 1970, v 12, p 554) and Ly-975, 12,430 ± 320; Ly-976, 11,750 ± 310 (R, 1976, v 18, p 78), which suggest high proportion of reindeer surviving into Allerod in SW France (Bordes, 1973; Bordes and Fitte, 1964; Bordes, Fitte, and Laurent, 1963; Fitte and de Sonneville-Bordes, 1962; Prat, 1962). 8260 ± 130 BM-1613. Gare de Couze 8 C =_ -22.5% 0 Sample from Trench F, Magdalenian VI level. 10,190 ± 200 BM-1614. Gare de Couze 613C -- -22.3%0 Sample from Trench F,Magdalenian VI level. British Museum Natural Radiocarbon Measurements XIV 243 11,230 ± 180 BM-1615. Gare de Couze 81C = -21.1 %o Sample from Trench G, Magdalenian VI level. 12,540 ± 75 BM-1616. Gare de Couze 8130 = -20.1%0 Sample from Trench H, Magdalenian V level. General Comment (RB): dates are in strat sequence, but all are later than expected. BM-1613 seems quite anomalous for Magdalenian culture in France; even BM-1614 is surprisingly late for reindeer fauna and assoc industry (dated bone was fragmentary and id to reindeer, at least for BM-1613, may not be certain). BM-1615 provides min date for engraved stone plaque from base of Level G1 (Bordes and Fitte, 1964; Bordes, Fttte, and Laurent, 1963). BM-1616 agrees with Ly-975 (12,430 ± 320: R, 1976, v 18, p 78) from same provenance. In relation to earlier dating at Gare de Couze, however, BM-1613-1616 do little to elucidate true age of reindeer fauna and assoc Magdalenian industry in Levels B-Gl (abstracted from extended comment by G de G Sieveking, Dept Prehist and Romano- British Antiquities, British Mus). Greece Assiros series Charcoal samples from prehistoric tell site at Assiros Toumba, 25km NE of Thessaloniki (40° 50' N, 23° 0' E). Coll 1975-1976 and subm by K A Wardle, British School Archaeol, Athens, and Dept Ancient Hist and Archaeol, Univ Birmingham. 2800 ± 75 6130 BM-1426. Assiros = -25.6% 0 Charcoal, ref 10/HB/1474, early Iron age destruction debris (Phase 2). Expected date ca 950 BC. 2920 ± 75 BM-1427. Assiros S13C = -23.6%0 Charcoal, ref 24/ JF/ 1288, from final Bronze age destruction level (Phase 5). Expected date ca 1100 BC. 2900 ± 70 BM-1428. Assiros 6130 = -24.7%0 Charcoal, ref 218/JJ/2416, from final Bronze age destruction level (Phase 6), assoc with Mycenaean LHIIIC pottery. Expected date ca 1125 BC. 2940 ± 80 BM-1429. Assiros b13'C = -24.1% Charcoal, ref 402/JJ/2453, from late Bronze age occupation level (Phase 7), assoc with Mycenaean LHIIIC pottery. Expected date ca 1175 BC. 244 Richard Burleigh, Keith Matthews, and Janet Ambers 2930 ± 50 BM-1430. Assiros 81:C == -25.O% Charcoal, ref 77/JA/1451, from late Bronze age occupation level (Phase 8), assoc with Mycenaean LHIIIB pottery. Expected date ca 1250 BC. 2840 ± 45 BM-1431. Assiros 813C = -23.4%0 Charcoal, ref 439/ JA/2023, from late Bronze age occupation level (Phase 11). Expected date older than 1350 Be. 2960 ± 40 BM-1432. Assiros 6130 =- -24.8%0 Charcoal, ref 379/ JC/2147, from occupation level antedating My- cenaean pottery. Expected date ca 1450 Be. 2930 ± 55 BM-1433. Assiros S13C = -23.8%0 Charcoal, ref 202/KA/2201, 205/KA/2221, 207/KA/2223, 208/KA/ 2224, 209/KA/2224, from presumed middle Bronze age occupation levels. Date uncertain, possibly earlier than 1500 Be. General Comment (KAW): few satisfactory correlations have yet been made between 14C dates for Aegean LBA sites and those established by pottery chronol; at Assiros imported and locally made Mycenaean pottery allows close reference to S Greek sequence (Catling, 1981; Wardle, 1980). After calibration (Clark, 1975) dates from later phases of site lie close to those estimated from pottery; those from earlier phases do not seem sufficiently old (by 250 yr or more). All samples appeared to be from construction timbers. India Sultanganj Buddha series Charcoal (partly rice husks, Oryza sativa) separated from clay core of bronze figure of Buddha from Sultanganj, near Bhagalpur, Bihar (25° 15' N, 87° 0' E), found during railway construction ca 1860 and now in colln of Birmingham Mus, England. Samples coil and prepared (sieving and hydrofluoric acid treatment to remove silica and concentrate carbon content) by N J Seeley, Inst Archaeol, Univ London, and subm by W Zwalf, Dept Oriental Antiquities, British Mus. Buddha (height 2.4m) is largest surviving bronze from ancient India and is work of outstanding artistic merit presumed to date to Gupta period, ca AD 400. Quartz grains from core of Buddha dated to ca AD 550 by thermoluminescence (Fleeting, 1979, p 207). 1280 ± 80 BM-1212. Sultanganj Buddha 'C = -24 5% Sample A, charcoal from core of Buddha (sieved and treated with hydrofluoric acid). British Museum Natural Radiocarbon Measurements XIV 245 1620 ± 80 BM-1478. Sultanganj Buddha 613C = -22.7% Sample B, charcoal from core of Buddha (sieved and treated with dilute acid to remove carbonates, but not treated with hydrofluoric acid). Sample combusted at Harwell lab. General Comment (WZ): metal Buddha image found in ruins of mon- astery at Sultanganj, Bihar, in 1861, is largest surviving metal sculpture of Indian antiquity and probably most important single Indian object outside subcontinent. Before 9th century AD Indian metal sculpture of all sizes is uncommon. Thus, it is difficult to determine how far removed in time this image is from late 5th century stone prototypes, carved at Sarnath in neighboring Uttar Pradesh (Asher, 1980; Ashton, 1950; Chandra, 1972; Cunningham, 1882; Harris, 1864; R Mitra, 1864; S K Mitra, 1979; Smith, 1911; Schroeder, 1981). Indian Ocean Indian Ocean series Samples of bone and eggshell of giant tortoises (Geochelone spp) from Indian Ocean region (Aldabra, Assumption, Madagascar (Malagasay Republic), Mauritius, Seychelles). Subm 1977-1979 by E N Arnold, Dept Zool, British Mus (Nat Hist), to elucidate various aspects of hist of giant tortoises in area (Arnold, 1979; Burleigh, 1979; Stoddart and Peake, 1979). Dates listed geographically by island groups rather than in strict lab no. order. 2035 ± 35 BM-1628. Giant tortoise S13C = -27.3% Collagen from humerus of Geochelone abrupta (cf G gigantea), from Ampoza, S Madagascar (22° 15' S, 44° 45' E). Coll 1931 by E White, Vernayf Archbold Exped (White, 1930). 1250±50 BM-1399. Giant tortoise 813C = -13.9% Collagen from bony carapace of Geochelone grandidieri, from near Nossi Ve, SW Madagascar (23° 40' S, 43° 37' E). Coll by A Last, ref BMNH(Z) 1978.773. 1490 ± 230 BM-1397. Giant tortoise 613C = -24.8% Collagen from anterior part of plastron of Geochelone inepta, from Mare aux Songes, Mauritius (20° 15' S, 57° 30' E). Coll ca 1890, probably by T Sauzier. 1580 ± 250 BM-1398. Giant tortoise 6'C = -24.6% Collagen from anterior part of plastron of Geochelone gad owi (= G triserrata), from Mare aux Songes, Mauritius (20° 15' S, 57° 30' E). Coil ca 1890, probably by T Sauzier. 246 Richard Burleigh, Keith Matthews, and Janet Ambers 1308 ± 85 BM-1331. Giant tortoise eggshell S13C = -22w Eggshell of Geochelone gigan tea, from phosphatized calcareous sands, Dennis I., N rim of Seychelles Bank (3° 50' S, 55° 40' E). Coil 1927 by J FIornell. _ +356.3 ± 10.0% BM-1389. Giant tortoise eggshell 8130 = -11.1% Eggshell of modern Geochelone gigantea, from Aldabra (10° S, 46° E). Coil ca 1976 by I Swingland, Royal Soc Exped. Dated to determine apparent age/14C activity of contemporary tortoise eggshell (see Burleigh, 1979). 1570 ± 120 BM-1514. Giant tortoise eggshell 6C = -7.7% 0 Eggshell of Geochelone gigantea, from Assumption I. (9° 45' S, 46° 30' E). Coil 1964 by R Honneger. 1530 ± 120 BM-1515. Giant tortoise eggshell 6130 = -6.0/0 Eggshell of Geochelone gigan tea, from Assumption I. (9° 45' S, 46° 30' E). Coll 1964 by R Honneger. 1140 ± 100 BM-1516. Giant tortoise eggshell 6130 -10.6% Eggshell of Geochelone gigan tea, from Assumption I. (9° 45' S, 46° 30' E). Coil 1977 by S Blackmore and M Walker, Royal Soc Exped. General Comment (ENA); of Madagascar samples, date for G abrupta (BM-1628) falls between two dates given by Mahe and Sourdat (1973) for deposits in which this form has been found, and date for G grandi- dieri (BM-1399) is substantially later than that obtained by these authors for this sp (ca 2260 ± 129 hp, increasing possibility that it survived long enough to be exterminated by 1st human colonizers, ca 1100 yr ago. Rothschild (1915) suggested that two extinct Mauritian tortoises were pres- ent in different periods, but strat information does not support this view and dates obtained for Mare aux Songes material (BM-1397, -1398) suggest that these two spp were synchronous. Occurrence of G gigan tea on some islands to N of Madagascar has sometimes been attributed to human agency, but fossil evidence suggests natural presence on at least Aldabra. Dates of material from Dennis I. (BM-1331) and Assumption I. (BM-1514 to -1516) indicate that tortoises were present there long before Europeans reached area. Indonesia Leang Burung series Aragonitic shells of freshwater gastropod (Brotia perfecta) id at British Mus (Nat Hist), from cave of Leang Burung 2, Kampung Tompok- balang, Maros list, S Sulawesi (5° 0' S, 119° 40' E). Coll 1975 and subm by I C Glover, Inst Archaeol, Univ London. Samples dated to check whether acceptable results are obtainable from shells in absence of char- coal from archaeol levels (Glover, 1977; 1979). British Museum Natural Radiocarbon Measurements XIV 247 20,150 ± 250 BM-1492. Leang Burung b13C = -10.4%0 Sample LB/ 2 D(10)19, from Trench 10, Sq D, Spit 19, Layer IIIa. 0 = + 159.2 ± 10.0% BM-1493. Leang Burung S13C = -11.0%0 Living specimens coil from adjacent stream, measured to give esti- mate of hardwater correction to BM-1492, above. General Comment (RB): 14C activity of modern shells suggests dead carbon contribution of ca 1350 yr to date for ancient shells (BM-1492), giving corrected archaeol date of ca 18,800 ± 250 bp, broadly consistent with other dates obtained by Groningen lab for shell from Leang Burung 2 and for charcoal and shell from nearby site of Ulu Leang 1 (Burleigh, 1981b; Glover, 1981; Mook, 1981). Iraq Tell es-Sawwan series Charcoal samples from Tell es-Sawwan, 10km S of Samarra, on E bank of R Tigris (34° 10' N, 43° 50' E). Coil 1969-1970 by W Yassin and subm by Diana Kirkbride-Helbaek, Inst Archaeol, Univ London. 7069 ± 66 BM-1434. Tell es-Sawwan 81C = - 25.4%0 Sample A, from Sq d/ 15i, Level III, 70cm from surface. 7015 ± 66 BM-1435. Tell es-Sawwan 613C = -25.3% Sample B, from Sq c/15j, fill between Levels II and III, 90cm from surface. 7052 ± 57 BM-1436. Tell es-Sawwan $1C = -25.8%0 Sample C, from fill of Room 477, Level IIIA. 7037 ± 69 BM-1437. Tell es-Sawwan 613C = -26.700 Sample D, from fill of Room 441, Level IIIA. 6900 ± 59 BM-1438. Tell es-Sawwan 1C = -26.5%0 Sample E, from center of Oven no. 1, Sq c/ 15i, Level III. General Comment (DK-H): cf dates for related sites in Iraq: Choga Mami, BM-483, 6846 ± 182 (R, 1977, v 19, p 151; Oates, 1972); Tell Shimshara, K-951, 7940 ± 150; K-960, 7300 ± 150; K-972, 7820 ± 150; K-981, 10,030 ± 160 (dates based on charred organic temper of potsherds; R, 1968, v 10, p 323; Mortenson, 1970), and for same site: P-855, 7456 ± 73; P-856, 7299 ± 86; P-857, 6808 ± 82. Ur series Wood samples (Sample A, Pinus sp, cf P pinea; Sample B, Cu pressus sp, e f C sempervirens) id by T Lawrence, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, 248 Richard Burleigh, Keith Matthews, and Janet Ambers from beams from ziggurat of Nabonidus at Ur (300 55' N, 46° 05' E), from colln of Dept Western Asiatic Antiquities, British Mus, assoc with inscribed cylinder seal dated 555-539 Bc. Coil 1854 by J G Taylor and subm 1977 by E Sollberger, British Mus. 2780 ± 40 BM-1446. Ur 613C =_ -21.7%0 Sample A, wood (Pinus sp). 2010 ± 40 613C BM-1447. Ur == -23.7% Sample B, wood (Cupressus sp). General Comment (ES): date for Sample A may be consistent with use or re-use in antiquity of older timber, but date ca 600 yr younger than ex- pected for Sample B is inexplicable. 5570 ± 60 BM-1458. Tell Madhhur 6'C =_ -21.5%0 Carbonized grain (ref 5F:308: Hordeum sp) id by Jane Renfrew, from destruction debris in Ubaid bldg (Sq 5Fa) at Tell Madhhur, 15km NW of Jalula, Diyala Governorate (34° 20' N, 45° 0' E). Coil 1978 by P J Watson and subm by j N Postgate, British Archaeol Exped to Iraq, Baghdad. Comment (JNP): few other radiocarbon dates are available for Ubaid levels in Mesopotamia. 3110 ± 35 BM-1477. Aqar Quf 6'C -23.2% 0 Reed rope from brickwork of 2nd stage of ziggurat at Aqar Quf, 15km W of Baghdad (33 ° 20' N, 43 ° 50' E). Coil 1976 by T A Fuller and J N Postgate and subm 1978 by j N Postgate as part of program to date Mesopotamian ziggurats and related bldgs using reeds from between mud-brick courses (c f BM-1416, 1102 ± 43: R, 1982, v 24, p 164; Burleigh, 1980b; Postgate, 1980). Comment (RB): calibrated date for BM-1477, 1450 ± 70 BC (from tables of Clark, 1975) agrees well with date of ca 1400 BC expected on archaeol grounds. 6930 ± 60 BM-1531. Arpachiyah S1C = -24.7%0 Charcoal (Tamarix sp) id by R Hubbard ref Ar 20-d, from Sq III, Level 15, at Arpachiyah, 10 km E of Mosul (36° 20' N, 43° 10' E), from levels underlying Middle Halaf deposits excavated ca 1935 by M E L Mallowan (Hijara, 1978; Hijara et al, 1980). Coil 1976 by I Hijara and subm by R N L Hubbard, Inst Archaeol, Univ London. Comment (RB): no other radiocarbon dates for Early Halaf; cf dates for Tell es-Sawwan, BM-1434-1438, this list, above. Spain 4090 ± 390 BM-1408. Son Matge, Mallorca 31'C -= -20.2%0 Collagen from limb bones of extinct goat-like ruminant, myotragus (Myotragus balearicus Bate) id by Juliet Clutton-Brock, from 350cm in British Museum Natural Radiocarbon Measurements XIV 249 fill of rock shelter of Son Matge (ABSM), Estret, Valldemosa, Mallorca, Baleares (39° 35' N, 2° 25' E). Coil 1975 and subm by W H Waldren, Donald Baden-Powell Quaternary Research Centre, Pitt Rivers Mus, Univ Oxford and Dir, Deya Archaeol Mus and Research Centre, Deya de Mallorca. Comment (RB): myotragus (Bate, 1909) was thought to have become extinct at end of Pleistocene, but remains were later found in archaeol assoc (Waldren, 1966; hopper and Waidren, 1967); date confirms survival of myotragus into Neolithic period (Burleigh and Clutton-Brock, 1980b). Rascano series Collagen from samples of fragmentary animal bone from habitation levels in cave of Rascano, Santander Prov (43° 20' N, 4° 0' E). Coil 1974 and subm by J G Echegaray, Santander Mus (Barandiaran and Echegaray, 1979). Comment supplied by G de G Sieveking, Dept Prehist and Romano-British Antiquities, British Mus. Dates listed in stratigraphic rather than strict lab no. order. 10,558 ± 244 BM-1448. Rascano S"C = -2O.9% Sample 1, Level 1.2, Azilian. 10,486 ±90 BM-1449. Rascano 1sC = -20.0%0 Sample 2, Level 1.3, Azilian. 12,282 ± 164 BM-1450. Rascano 6"C = -19.6%0 Sample 3, Level 2.1, Magdalenian VI (Final). 12,896 ± 137 BM-1451. Rascano 61'C = -19.4% Sample 4, Level 2.3, Magdalenian V (Late). 15,173 x-160 BM-1452. Rascano 613C = -19.5% Sample 5, Level 3, Magdalenian IV (Middle). 15,988 ± 193 BM-1453. Rascano 6130 = -19.4%0 Sample 6, Level 4, Magdalenian III (Early). 15,540 ± 240 BM-1512. Rascano 613C = -18.8% Sample 6, Level 4, remeasurement of BM-1453, above, using fresh material. 15,191 ± 123 BM-1454. Rascano 13C = -19.5%. Sample 7, Level 4B, Magdalenian III (Early). 250 Richard Burleigh, Keith Matthews, and Janet Arnbers 15,465 ± 204 BM-1479. Rascano $13C = -19.2% Sample 7, Level 4B, remeasurement of BM-1454, above, using fresh material. 16,560 ± 131 BM-1455. Rascano 13C = -19.4% Sample 8, Level 5, Magdalenian III (Early; archaic). 15,970 ± 212 BM-1480. Rascano 6130 = Sample 8, Level 5, remeasurement of BM-1455, above, using fresh material. 16,530 ± 300 BM-1513. Rascano 13C = -19.8% Sample 8, Level 5, remeasurement of BM-1455 and BM-1480, above, using fresh material. + 140f0 29,100 --1200 BM-1456. Rascano 813C = -20.4%0 Sample 9, Level 7. + 1287 25,657 -1109 BM-1456A. Rascano 813C = -20.4%e Repeat measurement of BM-1456, above. >27,150 BM-1457. Rascano 613C = -20.1%a Sample 10, Level 9, possible Aurignacian level. General Comment (GdeGS): stratigraphy of Rascafio cave comprises 10 layers (Levels 1-10, numbered downwards from surface; Barandiaran and Echegaray, 1979; Echegaray, 1979; Echegaray and Barandiaran, 1981). These include thick and semi-continuous series of rapidly accumulated Azilian and Magdalenian occupation deposits, including breccia (Level 4B) with assoc Magdalenian industry, and underlying series of cave deposits (Levels 6-10) with fewer traces of human occupation that may have accumulated over longer period (Barandiaran and Echegaray, 1979, fig 1); assemblage in Level 9 may be attributable to Aurignacian period. Bates for these levels are in stratigraphic order except for Levels 4B (breccia) and 5. Level 4B appears to be of same age as Level 4 and is assoc with same stage of Magdalenian industry. Level 5 is earlier than oldest date for Level 4 as result of remeasurement. BM-1456, -1456A, -1457 show that there is considerable stratigraphic disconformity between Azilian and Magdalenian occupations and earlier Levels 6-10 at Rascano, and confirm that these earlier levels must have accumulated over con- siderable period. Dates for Azilian and for different stages of Magdalenian British Museum Natural Radiocarbon Measurements XIV 251 are comparable to dates obtained from other sites in N Spain (c f Altamira and el Juyo, Level VI). Dates for Level 4 at Rascano (Nlagdalenian III) support conventional dating for this period in preference to later dates for Magdalenian III inferred at el Juyo (I-10,736, 13,920 ± 240; I-10,738, 14,440 ± 180; Klein et al, 1981, p 18). 10,634 ± 121 BM-1494. Riera 8130 = -2O.5% Collagen from fragmentary bone, probably Cervus elaphus, from Level 3 (Level 27 in final numbering scheme) in cave of La Riera, Posada de Llanes, Asturias (43° 25' N, 5° 50' W), assoc with transitional final Magdalenian/early Azilian industry. Coil 1978 and subm by L G Strauss, Univ New Mexico and G A Clark, Univ Arizona. Comment (LGS): date confirms chronol sequence established for site by other 14C dates (Ly-1646, 10,340 ± 560; GaK-6982, 10,890 ± 430; Clark and Strauss, 1979; Strauss and Clark, 1978; Strauss et a1, 1980). 2360 ± 90 BM-1507. Son Muleta, Mallorca 813C = -20.4% Collagen from mandibles (less teeth) of domestic goats from upper fill (SMLC-25-5Ocm) in lower cave of Son Muleta, Soller, Mallorca, Baleares (39° 35' N, 2° 25' 'E). Coil 1965 and subm by W H Waldren, for comparison with date for myotragus, BM-1408, above (Burleigh and Clutton-Brock,1980b). Ca'n Sargent series, Ibiza Collagen from samples of human bone from megalithic tomb of Ca'n Sargent, ca 15km from Ibiza city, SW Ibiza, Baleares (38° 50' N, 1° 25' E); 1st monument of pre-Talayotic period excavated on Ibiza (Topp, Fernandez, and Plantalamor, 1976). Coil 1978 and subm by Celia Topp and J Fernandez, Mus Arqueol, Ibiza. 2500 ± 100 BM-1510. Ca'n Sargent 8130 = -19.8% SW quad of megalith, 0.2m below surface. 2670 ± 60 BM-1511. Ca'n Sargent 8130 = --20.O% NW quad of megalith, 0.45m below surface. Fractionation correction estimated. General Comment (CT): dates are ca 1000 yr later than expected. Son Baronat series, Mallorca Wood sample (c f Picea sp or Larix sp) id by D F Cutler, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, from one of several wooden sarcophagi from cave of Son Baronat, Calvia, Mallorca, Baleares (39° 30' N, 2° 30' E). Coil 1978 and subm by W H Waldren and G Rossello-Bordoy, Dir, Mus Mallorca, Palma. 2350 ±' 35 BM-1517. Son Baronat 8130 Wood sample SB1, pretreated with dilute acid. 252 Richard Burleigh, Keith Matthews, and Janet Ambers 2390 ± 45 BM-1518. Son Baronat 81C =_ -24.6%0 Wood sample SB1 (same material as BM-1517), additional pretreat- ment with dilute alkali. General Comment (WHW): 1st time such burials, only found once before in Baleares, have been chronometrically dated. Chinflon series Samples of charcoal and wood from multi-period copper mining and smelting site at Chinflon, Huelva Prov (37° 40' N, 6° 40' W). Earliest use tentatively dated to Chalcolithic period (Rothenberg and Blanco Frei- jeiro, 1980). Coil 1979 and subm by B Rothenberg, Inst Archaeo-Metal- lurgical Studies, Univ London. 2650 ± 60 BM-1528. Chinflon 8130 = -23.7%a Charcoal, ref HP270, Sq Al, Level 2, habitation level. 3320 ± 130 BM-1529. Chinflon 813C =_ -23.6%0 Charcoal, ref HP267, Sq B1, Level 3, coil from wide area in lower levels of Sq B 1. 2830 ± 50 8130 BM-1599. Chinflon = -23.1% a Wood (from small branch ca 7.5cm diam of Quercus sp) id by D F Cutler, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, ref HP436 (cellulose fraction), from Mine 3, Layer 9. 2890 ± 50 BM-1600. Chinflon 6130 = -23.4%0 Charcoal, ref HP435, Sq B, Level 4, Loc 4. 2520 ± 210 BM-1601. Chinflon 6130 = -25.4% Charcoal, ref HP434. General Comment (BR): BM-1528, -1599, and -1600 indicate late Bronze age activity; provenance of BM-1529 is well above lowest deposits in mine. Result suggests extractive metallurgy at Chinflon could have begun con- siderably before late Bronze age. 3860 } 70 BM-1603. Pisotilla 8130 = -24.3% Charcoal, ref HP437, from Pisotilla, Huelva Prov (37° 40' N, 6° 40' W), assoc with Chalcolithic artifacts. Coil 1979 and subm by B Rothen- berg for comparison with Chinflon series, BM-1528, -1529, -1599 to -1601, above. Syria Tell Abu Hureyra series Charcoal samples from Tell Abu Hureyra, on R Euphrates, N Syria x(35° 50' N, 38° 25' E). Samples relate to Mesolithic settlement and British Museum Natural Radiocarbon Measurements XI V 253 aceramic Neolithic occupation (Moore, 1975). Colt 1973 and subm by A M T Moore, Donald Baden-Powell Quaternary Research Centre, Pitt Rivers Mus, Univ Oxford. 8666 ± 66 BM-1120. Tell Abu Hureyra b`13C = -22.4%0 Charcoal, ref Samples 14, 15, 16, 17, from aceramic Neolithic con- texts in Trench E. Comment (AMTM): result gives mean date for aceramic Neolithic occupation in Trench E. 14,792 ± 82 BM-1121. Tell Abu Hureyra S13C = -23.5%0 Charcoal, ref Samples 11, 12, 13, from Mesolithic contexts in Trench E. Comment (AMTM): result gives mean date for Mesolithic occupation and indicates Mesolithic settlement was contemporary with Natufian in Palestine as suggested by resemblance of flint assemblages. 9374 ± 72 BM-1122. Tell Abu Hureyra b`1JC = -25.7(0 Charcoal, ref Samples 1 and 5, from aceramic Neolithic contexts in Trench B. Comment (AMTM): result gives date for early aceramic phase of occupation in Trench B, shortly after founding of Neolithic settlement. 8676 ± 72 BM-1423. Tell Abu Hureyra S13C = -27.4%0 Charcoal, ref Sample 6, from floor surface just above natural subsoil in Trench C, N of Trench B. Comment (AMTM): result dates start of early aceramic occupation in Trench C, apparently several centuries later than in Trench B. 8190 ± 77 BM-1424. Tell Abu Hureyra 613C = -25.0%0 Charcoal, ref Sample 4, from fill in room belonging to final stages of occupation of building in Trench B. Comment (AMTM): result dates building of later aceramic Neolithic phase in Trench B, shortly before transition to ceramic Neolithic. 8393 ± 72 BM-1425. Tell Abu Hureyra 6"C = -26.7% Charcoal, ref Samples 8 and 9, from yard outside building in Trench C. Comment (AMTM): result gives date for later aceramic Neolithic phase in Trench C; date is consistent with BM-1424, above, for same phase in Trench B. Yemen Great Mosque of San'a series Wood samples from Great Mosque of San'a (15° 30' N, 44° 10' W), dated to verify age of mosque and date of inscription and restoration. Coil 1975 by P Costa and subm by R B Lewcock, Fac Oriental Studies, Univ Cambridge. 254 Richard Burleigh, Keith Matthews, and Janet Ambers 1160 ± 50 BM-1140. San'a 8130 = -24.2%0 Sample 1, wood from painted ceiling (W Riwaq), expected date, ca AD 1120. 1170 ± 60 BM-1141. San'a 8130 = -23.1%, Sample 2, wood from old ceiling, W side, expected date, ca AD 870. 1060 ± 50 BM-1142. San'a 6130 = -26.2%, Sample 3, wood bearing Kufic inscription, expected date, ca AD 870. Yugoslavia Late Medieval human skeletal series Collagen from series of samples of human bone (femorae; except BM- 1498, -1499, domestic animal bone) from late Medieval burials in Ras region at Gradina and Trgoviste, near Novi Pazar, Serbia (43° 10' N, 20° 15' E) and Trnjane-Staro Groblje, near Poiarevac, Serbia (440 40' N, 210 10' E). Coil 1976-19.77 and subm by S 7ivanovh, Dept Anatomy, St Bartholomew's Hosp Medical Coil, London, to date burials as part of anthropol study of Medieval population, including some individuals with pathologic lesions (Ercegovic-Pavlovic, 1975; MarjanDvic-Vujovic, 1980; Popovic, 1976; 2ivanovic, 1977; 1978; 1979a, b, C; Zivanovic and Burleigh, in press). 338 ± 53 BM-1393. Trgoviste 813C = -18.9% Adult male (ref 72) with Paget's disease, from grave 1.6m below sur- ace in ancient market place. Expected date, ca AD 1100. 944 ± 55 BM-1498. Gradina 8130 = -20.90 Quad G14.15 f H14-15, Horizon 4 (domestic animal bone). 836 ± 39 BM-1499.. Gradina 8130 = -18.90 Quad G 16-17 /H 16-17, Horizon 3, Layer 5 (domestic animal bone). 385 ± 50 BM-1500. Trnjane-Staro Groblje 8130= -17.1%, Ref TSG 344. Expected date, ca AD 1200. 950 ± 50 BM-1501. Trnjane-Staro Groblje 8130 = -18.5%, Ref TSG 342. Expected date, ca AD 1140-1180. 585 ± 40 BM-1502. Trnjane-Staro Groblje 8130 = -17.8%, Ref TSG 348. Expected date, ca AD 1140-1180. British Museum Natural Radiocarbon Measurements XIV 255 190 ±45 BM-1503. Trgoviste 8130 = -19.2% Ref 114. Expected date, ca AD 1100. 285 ± 50 BM-1504. Trgoviste S13C = -19.2%o Ref 115. Expected date, ca AD 1100. General Comment (SZ): later archaeol finds have shown that Trgoviste site in Ras region is much later than was originally expected and dates obtained for human remains correspond to those of archaeol finds. Dates of animal bone from Gradina (BM-1498, -1499) have been confirmed by finds of coins in same pit. Dates of human remains from Trnjane do not correspond with archaeol finds in respective graves, but fall within span of use of graveyard. 970 ± 70 BM-1394. elarevo 813C = -13.9%o Collagen from human bone (humerus, ref 244) from burial site at elarevo (45° 30' N, 20° 10' E). Coil 1973 and subm by S 7ivanovic. Comment (SZ): dates N Mongolian group (Khazars) that settled in Panonian region in early Medieval period (Bunardiic, 1978-1979; 7iva- novic, 1975). 450 ±45 BM-1505. Vinca 8130 = -16.1% Collagen from human bone sample from sec exposed by erosion at prehistoric site of Vinca (44° 50' N, 21° 10' E). Coil 1978 and subm by S 7ivanovh. Comment (RB): date, ca 6000 bp, expected for Vinca population. Sample represents intrusive late Medieval burial, supported by 8130 value indicating C4 plants (sorghum or possibly maize) in diet. 4050 ± 70 BM-1527. Bac g13C = -19.2% Collagen from human bone (ref Sonda 1, Layer 3, Grave 3) from early Neolithic (Starcevo) site at Bac, near Sombor (45° 40' N, 19° 15' E). Coll 1979 and subm by S Zivanovic. Comment (RB): result is much younger than expected date, 6500-7000 bp. Burial in Grave 3 belongs to later prehistoric period. BM-1589. Rudna Glava 6900 ± 1000 Collagen from antler fragment from 9.3m depth, E channel of Shaft no. 3, in early Eneolithic copper mine at Rudna Glava, NE Serbia (44° 20' N, 22° 10' E). Coll 1977 and subm by B Jovanovic, Inst Archaeol, Belgrade. Comment (RB): practically no material datable by 14C occurs in mines at Rudna Glava. Large error is due to small size of sample. Broadly dates initial phase of mining in Central Balkans and Carpathians and is 1st available date for oldest copper mining in SE Europe (Jovano- vic, 1976; 1978; 1980), previously dated by finds of Vinca pottery found in shafts. 256 Richard Burleigh, Keith Matthews, and Janet Ambers

GEOLOGIC SAMPLES Amber and copal series Amber (succinite) and copal (resin) from Baltic (ca 570 N, 19° E), Burma (ca 20° N, 95° E), Lebanon (ca 34° N, 35° E), and E Africa (ca 7° S, 38° E). When copal samples, BM-1243, -1418 below, proved modern, amber from various sources was checked to verify not within 14C age range. Subm by P E S Wl alley, Dept Entomol, British Mus (Nat Hist). Modern BM-1243. E African copal 813C = -25.7% Suggested Pleistocene age. >40,900 BM-1417. Burmese amber 8130 = -20.2%a Ref Ins 19103, Tertiary (Miocene) age. Modern BM-1418. E African copal b13C = -23.3% Ref In 25790, shipped from Dar es Salaam, ca 1925. Suggested Pleis- tocene age. >40-000 BM-1439. Baltic amber 613C = -24.3% Ref 100, Tertiary (Eocene/Oligocene) age. >40,000 BM-1440. Burmese amber 8130 = -20.4% Ref 19135, Tertiary (Miocene) age. >40,000 BM-1441. Lebanese amber 8130 = -21.5% Possible Lower Cretaceous age. General Comment (PESW & RB): BM-1243, -1418 confirm suggestion of recent rather than Pleistocene age for some copals; dating of these impor- tant for study of insect inclusions. Modern results for copal raised ques- tion of age of certain amber specimens (BM-1417, -1439, -1440, -1441), but these proved clearly beyond 'C range, as expected. Few dates previously obtained for copal (A-593, 20 ± 140: R, 1966, v 8, p 18; UCLA-686, 2830 ± 80: R, 1965, v 7, p 357; WIS-41, 3750 ± 100: R, 1965, v 7, p 403; A-593, WIS-41 from Mexico; UCLA-686 from Angola). No other 14C measure- ments pub for amber. Mediterranean marine core series Planktonic foraminiferal shells from sea floor ooze from 850m depth in Cilician basin, N of Cyprus, E Mediterranean (35° 30' N, 33° 20' E). Coil 1972 by L R Johnson and subm 1977 by H A Buckley, Dept Min- eralogy, British Mus (Nat Hist), to confirm correlation between micro palaeontol and mineralogic changes and Late Glacial and Postglacial cli- matic change (Buckley, Easton, and Johnson, 1974). British Museum Natural Radiocarbon Measurements XIV 257 4720 ± 170 BM-1421. Cilician basin core 8130 = -1.0%0 Core BM 1973,0,17, 56 to 68cm, shell carbonate; foraminifera indicate climatic optimum. 10.440 ± 400 BM-1422. Cilician basin core 81SC= -1.1%0 Core BM 1973,0,17, 110 to 120cm, shell carbonate; foraminifera indi- cate end of glacial conditions. General Comment (HAB): plankton change from cold to warm water sp correlates with time scale of change from glacial to warmer conditions on land, and with independent palaeomagnetic measurements.

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(RADIOCARBON, Vot. 24, No. 3, 1982, P 262-290] BRITISH MUSEUM NATURAL RADIOCARBON MEASUREMENTS XV RICHARD BURLEIGH, JANET AMBERS, and KEITH MATTHEWS Research Laboratory, The British Museum, London WCIB 3DG, England The following list consists of dates for archaeologic and geologic samples mostly measured over the period from January 1980 to June 19811. The dates were obtained by liquid scintillation counting of ben- zene using the laboratory procedures outlined in previous lists (see, eg, BM VIII, R, 1976, v 18, p 16). Dates are expressed in radiocarbon years relative to AD 1950 based on the Libby half-life for 14C of 5570 yr, and are corrected for isotopic fractionation (613C values are relative to PDB). No corrections have been made for natural 14C variations (although in some instances approximate calibrated dates taken from the tables of Clark (1975) have been given in the comments where this aids interpretation of results). The modern reference standard is NBS oxalic acid (SRM 4990). Errors quoted with dates are based on counting statistics alone and are equivalent to ± 1 standard deviation (± lo-). Descriptions, comments, and references to publications are based on information supplied by the persons who submitted the samples. SAMPLE DESCRIPTIONS ARCHAEOLOGIC SAMPLES A. British Isles Late Pleistocene/early Holocene mammalian extinctions and related samples Bone or antler samples (collagen fractions) from larger terrestrial mammals now extinct in Britain, dated as part of investigation of latest dates of survival of these spp in British Isles (R, 1976, v 18, p 30-31; R, 1982, v 24, p 236-238; Clutton-Brock and Burleigh, in press). Darent gravely series, Kent, England Bone and antler from Darent gravels, Sevenoaks (51° 20' N, 0° 10' E, Natl Grid Ref TQ 525550). Coll 1978 and subm by D L Harrison, Har- rison Zool Mus, Sevenoaks. 980±80 BM-1618. Darent gravels 8130 = -22.9% Metapodial of Equus sp, ref HZM 15.9217. 9778 ± 80 BM-1619. Darent gravels 613G = -23.O% Metapodial of Equus sp, ref HZM 8.8535. 115 ± 35 BM-1672. Darent gravels (313G = -22.5/0 Metapodial of Equus sp, ref HZM 92.10007. 1I)ates obtained over part of the same period for Bronze age samples from the British Isles formed a separate list, BM XII (R, 1981, v 23, p 14-23). 262 Richard Burleigh, Janet Ambers, and Keith Matthews 263 700 ± 60 BM-1673. Darent gravels s13C = -22.9% Metapodial of Equus sp (unreg). 9760 ± 70 BM-1674. Dareni. grave ; 8130 = -22.O% Fragmentary antler of Rangi f er tarandus, ref HZM 12.10462. 150 ± 60 BM-1675. Darent gravels 81 C = -22.5% Fragmentary antler of Dama lama, ref HZM 2.9766. General Comment (RB): although 4 of these samples are of Medieval- modern date, BM-1619 is latest direct date so far obtained for horse in British Isles until re-introduced as domestic animal in late Neolithic, ca 2000 bc; BM-1674 provides additional late date for reindeer (cf dates for remains of reindeer from Anston Stones Cave, Yorkshire, BM-439: 9850 ± 115; BM-440a: 9940 ± 115; BM-440b: 9750 ± 110; R, 1971, v 13, p 167). Overall age range of samples reflects depositional hist of gravels, but samples selected for dating on basis of sp id, not stratigraphy (Har- rison et al, 1981). 5230 ±60 BM-1676. Tolpits Lane, Hertfordshire, England 8"C = -21.4% Fifth lumbar vertebra of Bos primigenius (ref GL 1971-5) from ca lm depth in peaty deposits overlying Pleistocene gravels forming terrace for R Colne at Tolpits Lane, Rickmansworth (51° 40' N, 0° 30' W, Nat! Grid Ref TQ 076942). Coil 1971 by Rickmansworth Hist Soc and subm 1980 from colln of Dept Zool, British Mus (Nat Hist). Comment (RB): asscc with part of frontal bone and left horn core (ref ARC 1975 5277) wi' h cut-marks round base resulting from skinning or removal of horn with flint tools; pollen from skull (id by G W Dimbleby) indicated Zone VIIa (7500-5000 bp). 11,560 ± 110 BM-1735. Feltwell, Norfolk, England 8130 = -20.3%0 Radius end nlna (ref X. 10 075.) of Ran ifer tarandus (id by A Lister) from Feltwell Fens, near Littleport (52° 30' N, 0° 30' Natl Grid Rcf TL 650900). Coil ca 1870 by j Baker and subm 1980 by A Lister, Dept Zool, Univ Cambridge, from Cambridge Zoo! Mus colln. 15,170 ± 160 BM-1794. Ballybetagh, Ireland "C = -23.7%0 Fragmentary antler of Megaceros giganteus (ref NMI 58:1976) from Eallybetagh bog, near Dublin (53° 20' N, 6° 15' W). Coil 1976 from marl beneath peat, correlated with Allergd and subm by A Lister from colln of Natl Mus of Ireland, Dublin. Comment (RB): paraffin wax used to conserve specimen may not have been completely removed and may ac- count for date somewhat earlier than expected (c f BM-1840, -1904, below). 264 Richard Burleigh, Janet Ambers, and Keith Matthews 38,850 ± 2500 BM-1805. Creswell Crags, Derbyshire, England 613C = -19.7%o Fragmentary antler of Rangi f er tarandus from Cresswell Crags, Work- ° ° sop (53 20' N, 1 10' W, Nail Grid Ref SK 570700). Subm by J E Scott, Dept Medical Biochem, Univ Manchester Medical School, from Man- chester Mus colln. Comment (RB): dated as part of investigation of sur- vival of biopolymers in fossil material (Scott and Hughes, 1981). 4020 ± 90 BM-1827. Lough Gur, Ireland 8130 = -22.7%0 Mandibular ramus of Sus scro f a from Lough Gur, Grange, Co Lim- erick (52° 30' N, 8° 30' W). Coll ca 1864 and subm 1980 from British Mus (Nat Hist) colln (ref Palaeo 38096). Comment (RB): dated in at- tempt to establish early occurrence of wild boar in Ireland, but date is too late to be relevant to this problem. 10,920 ± 250 BM-1840. ROSE 1597 6130 = -21.7% Rib of Megaceros giganteus (ref ROSE 1597) from Ireland (exact provenance unknown) from specimens originally in colln of Royal Coll Surgeons of England, now in British Mus (Nat Hist). Comment (RB): result agrees with expected date; c f BM-1794, above, BM-1904, below. 8620 ± 80 BM-1841. Seamer Carr, N Yorkshire, England 8130 = -23.2%0 Rib of Bos primigenius from complete skeleton from Seamer Carr, Seamer, 4.8km W of Scarborough, Vale of Pickering, N Yorkshire (540 15' N, 0° 30' W, Natl Grid Ref TA 030835). Coll 1980 and subm by R T Schadla-Hall for N Yorkshire Co Council, to compare with date for Star Carr (Q-14: 9557 ± 210, R, 1959, v 1, p 69). 11,380 ± 280 BM-1904. Megaceros 8130 = -18.7% Fragments of antler of Megaceros gigan tens from colln of Ulster Mus, Belfast, N Ireland. Subm by Margaret Jope, Dept Geol, Queen's Univ, Belfast, to provide direct date for specimen used in study of structure of collagen in fossil material. Comment (RB): c f BM-1794, -1840 above. Thatcham series, Berkshire, England Samples from gravel exposures at Thatcham, near Newbury (510 20' ° N, 1 20' W, Natl Grid Ref SU 503664). Part of interdisciplinary study by Kennet Valley Res Committee on depositional processes and paleo ecol of region (Cheetham, 1975; Bryant and Holyoak, 1980; Holyoak, 1980). All samples except BM-1358, -1388 coil 1977 and subm by D Holy oak, Dept Geog, Univ Reading and Kennet Valley Res Committee. 9280 ± 90 BM-1358. Thatcham 8130 = -26.7% Wood, PW/ 1, from in situ tree stump at base of valley peat directly on gravels at Thatcham reed beds. Measured to check date of earliest British Museum Natural Radiocarbon Measurements X V 265 Mesolithic site (Wymer, 1962; Churchill, 1962). Coil 1972 and subm by P Worsley, Dept Geog, Univ Reading and Kennet Valley Res Committee. 11,930 ± 80 BM-1388. Thatcham S13C = -8.7%0 Calcium carbonate from central zone of compact oblate tufa nodule, mean diam ca 25cm, from extensive tufa deposit, ca 2m thick, overlying valley peat and gravel at Thatcham reed beds. Coil 1977 and subm by Richard Burleigh to obtain estimate of apparent age of tufa. Comment (RB): 613C value suggests no major dissolution or precipitation occurred after initial deposition; subtracting 5570 yr for 50% contribution by dead carbon gives crude age of ca 6400 yr for tufa. 9910 ± 80 BM-1402. Thatcham S13C = -14.4%0 Wood, G9aDTH (mainly Salix spp, id by D Holyoak) from lens of silty sand in cross-bedded valley bottom gravels at Thatcham reed beds Site 9a. Measured to date assoc molluscan and macroscopic plant fossils (Kerney, 1977). Comment (DH): date places silt lens at beginning of Flandrian. Plant macrofossils and snail shells suggest cold open climate. Surprisingly late date agrees with biol and stratigraphic evidence suggest- ing flood plain retained open vegetation after higher ground had many trees (Holyoak,1978). 9100 ± 70 BM-1459. Thatcham S13C = -28.5%o Humified wood, DTH-a5-40cm, from narrow band of tufa in peat from Lower Way Gravel Pits, assoc with plant macrofossils and mollusca. Comment (DH): study of long series of exposures establishes that tufa seam results from over-bank deposition from channel in fen. Tufa was deposited early in pollen zone V, molluscan zone b (Kerney, 1977). + 900 10,650 - 810 BM-1460. Thatcham 613C = -25.0%0 Wood, DTH-a5-16cm, from beneath gravel at Lower Way Gravel Pits, assoc with pollen, plant macrofossils, and mollusca. Fractionation correction estimated. Measured to compare assoc material with that from Thatcham Mesolithic site. Comment (DH): pollen zone IV, molluscan zone z or perhaps early a. 8160 ± 560 613C BM-1634. Thatcham = -27.1% o Charcoal, DTH Tha6h, from autochthonous tufa in palaeochannel, 50 to 60cm above river gravels at Thatcham reed beds. Comment (DH): samples from same level as pollen spectrum transitional between zones V and VIa. 266 Richard Burleigh, Janet Ambers, and Keith Matthews 9560 ± 260 BM-1635. Thatcham 613C = -27.1% Wood, DTH Tha6d, from autochthonous mud/tufa in palaeo- channel, 20cm above river gravels at Thatcham reed beds, 40cm lower than BM-1634, above. Comment (DH): pollen and molluscan spectrum very similar to that surrounding DTH Tha6h, BM-1623, above. 9380 ± 80 BM-1636. Thatcham S13C = -26.6% Wood, DTH ThaBj (Betula, id by D Holyoak) from top 10cm of fluvial gravels underlying fen peat at Thatcham reed beds. Comment (DH): pollen from this level zone IV; molluscan zone z. 9170 ± 140 BM-1637. Thatcham S1 C = -25.0%a Wood, DTH Tha80 (Pinus, id by D Holyoak) from humified fen peat ca lm thick at Thatcham reed beds and measured to date early Boreal pollen and plant microfossil spectra. Comment (DH): pollen from this level zone V; molluscan zone b. General Comment (DH): c f BM-1135: 8929 ± 71 and BM-1136: 9228 ± 100; R, 1979, v 21, p 345 also for Thatcham, and dates for Brimpton B 11'1-1638, -1874 below.

Brimpton series, Berkshire, England Samples from gravel pit NE of Brimpton (51° 20' N, 1° 10' W, Natl Grid Ref SH 567652). Part of investigation of Kennet Valley terraces (Cheetham, 1975; Bryant and Holyoak, 1980; Holyoak, 1980). Coil 1979 (BM-l638) and 1980 (BM-1874) and subm by D Holyoak.

27,400 ± 1250 BM-1638. Brimpton 'C = -24.4% Sample DTH Br 64, plant debris comprising stems, leaves, and seeds of variety of herbs and small shrubs (id by D Holyoak), sieved from clay and silt lens in fluvial gravels. Comment (DH): pollen shows open her- baceous vegetation in region. Plant macrofossils and mollusca suggest open conditions with cold climate. Date is surprisingly early.

29,500 ± 460 BM-1874. Brimpton 613C = -27.0% Small twigs (Salix spp, id by D Holyoak) from silty clay forming channel fill at top of London Clay, beneath 2m of bedded river gravels. Comment (DH): assoc pollen, plant macrofossils, Coleoptera and Mol- lusca, show open vegetation in region with cold climate. Confirms BM- 1638, above. General Comment (DH): cf dates for Thatcham BM-1135, -1136, R, 1979, v 21, p 345 and BM-1358, -1388, -1402, -1459, -1460, -1634 to -1637, above. British Museum Natural Radiocarbon Measurements Xh 267 Milfield North series, Northumberland, England Charcoal from Pit 2, one of terminal pits in double pit row, in pit alignment near henge monument at Milfield North (Harding, 1981), Wooler (55° 35' N, 2° 10' W, Natl Grid Ref NT 934351), assoc with Grooved Ware pottery. Coil 1978 and subm by A F Harding, Dept Ar- chaeol, Univ Durham. 3740 ± 50 BM-1650. Milfield North 613C = -25.7%0 Sample 1978/128 from Layer 11. 3770 ± 50 BM-1652. Milfield North b`13C = -25.4%0 Sample 1978/125 from Layer 12. 3610 ± 80 BM-1653. Milfield North 8130 = -23.8%0 Sample 1978/124 from Layer 13. General Comment (AFH): measurements represent late dates for Grooved Ware, probably because of redeposition. Contemporaneity with dates for henge (BM-1149: 3774 ± 39, -1150: 3801 ± 62; R, 1979, v 21, p 346) pre- sumably indicates pits are part of same building activity and may be connected with henge in function. 1740 ± 35 BM-1678. Southwark, London 813C = -23.6% Cellulose from wood (Alnus glutinosa, id by A Slack) from timber raft at sub-base of Roman Wading St, Southwark, London (51 ° 30' N, 0° 10' W, Natl Grid Ref TQ 326797). Coil 1979 and subm by M Dean, Southwark and Lambeth Archaeol Excavation Committee. Lingey Fen series, Cambridgeshire, England Collagen from animal bone and antler from Lingey Fen, Grant- chester, near Cambridge (52° 10' N, 0° 10' E, Natl Grid Ref TL 450585), found during construction of Cambridge W Bypass, at crossing of R Cam. Full stratigraphic control of samples not possible as colln made during brief intervals when construction work suspended, but bones fall into two groups from "upper" and "lower" peat, both with similar faunal assemblages, many slightly abraded by river transport. Coll 1980 by M Miller, T Miller, and J Pullinger, and subm by A J Legge, Dept Extra Mural Studies, Univ London. 4630 ± 50 BM-1707. Lingey Fen 8130 = -22.O% Left mandible of Bos primigenius. Fractionation correction estimated. 6370 ± 70 BM-1708. Lingey Fen 81 C = -22.0% o Proximal metatarsal of Bos primigenius. Fractionation correction estimated. 268 Richard Burleigh, Janet Ambers, and Keith Matthews 2050 ± 50 BM-1709. Lingey Fen 613C = -24.0%0 Horse tibia from upper peat. 2620 ± 40 BM-1711A. Lingey Fen 613C = -21.8%a Collagen from red deer antler (Cervus elaphus) from base of lower peat, obtained by standard extraction method, (dilute HC1). 2560 ±45 BM-1711B. Lingey Fen S13C = -22.6%o Collagen from part of same antler used for BM-17l lA, above, ex- tracted using method developed by Longin (1970). General Comment (AJL): BM-1711A, -1711B date earliest phase of peat accumulation (cf BM-1709 from upper peat). Remains of Bos primigenius (BM-1707, -1708) apparently redeposited from earlier sediments. Detailed rept on assemblage will be pub (Legge, ms in preparation). Molluscan zonation samples Charcoal assoc with terrestrial Mollusca (land snails) dated to provide time scale for molluscan and plant biostratigraphy and comparison with dates for shells of selected spp of land snails from same horizons (Burleigh and Kerney, 1982; Kerney, Preece, and Turner, 1980; dates for snails to follow). 7880 ± 160 BM-1736. Caerwys, Clwyd, Wales S13C = -26.6% Charcoal from 390 to 393cm (base of buried soil) in profile through tufa deposit (53° 15' N, 3° 20' W, Natl Grid Ref SJ 105730). Coil 1980 and subm by R C Preece, Dept Geol, Imperial Coil, London. Comment (RCP): dates base of molluscan zone c (sense Kerney, Preece, and Turner, 1980), although sequence very condensed at this level. 4480 ± 100 BM-1737. Binel Point S13C = -27.2%0 Charcoal from buried soil (lower soil) within landslip complex at ° Binel Pt, near St Lawrence, Isle of Wight, England (50° 35' N, 1 15' W, Nail Grid Ref SZ 545765). Coil 1980 and subm by R C Preece. Comment (RCP): molluscan assemblage from this soil is assignable to zone d (sensu Kerney, Preece, and Turner, 1980); date also provides chronol for hist of landslipping in area. 3190 ± 170 BM-1738. Millpark, Co Offaly, Ireland S13C = -26.1%a Charcoal from 120 to 140cm in soil horizon within tufa deposit at Millpark, near Roscrea (53° 0' N, 7° 50' W). Coil 1980 and subm by R C Preece. Comment (RCP): molluscan assemblage for this level contains many woodland snails (c f zone d). Fuller discussion given in Preece and Robinson (in press). British Museum Natural Radiocarbon Measurements X V 269 3410 ± 80 BM-1795. Castlethorpe, Lincolnshire, England 6C = -26.5% Charcoal (mainly Quercus sp, id by J F Levy) from clearance horizon in upper levels (60 to 85cm) of tufaceous deposit near Castlethorpe (53° 30' N, 0° 30' W, Nati Grid Ref SE 988075). Coll 1980 and subm by R C Preece. Comment (RCP): dates temporary forest clearance horizon (zone e). 7940 ± 180 BM-1837. Rodney Stoke, Somerset, England 813C = -24.9% Charcoal from 163 to 153cm, in tufa, Pit 2 at Manor Farm, Rodney Stoke, near Cheddar (51° 15' N, 2° 45' W, Natl Grid Ref ST 480499). Coll and subm by M J Willing, Dept Geog, Univ Sussex. Comment (RCP): dates base of zone d. Freshwater shell series Shell carbonate (id as aragonite by x-ray diffraction) from Marga- ritif era auricularia (Spengler), id by R C Preece, large pearl mussel now extinct in Britain (Jackson and Kennard, 1909; Kennard, 1943; Kennard, Salisbury, and Woodward, 1925), from bed of R Thames in W London, England (51 ° 30' N, 0° 15' W, Natl Grid Ref TQ 220780). Coll 1980- 1981 by E A Jarzembowski, Dept Entomol, British Mus (Nat Hist) (BM- 1800 from BM(NH) colln, 1910) and subm by M P Kerney and R C Preece, Dept Geol, Imperial Coll, London, Shells were well-preserved, but only innermost layers were used for dating; outer layers were removed by sandblasting followed by leaching with dilute acid. 4860 ± 40 BM-1798. Freshwater shell carbonate $13C = -10.1%0 From bed of R Thames at Hammersmith. 4340 ± 45 BM-1799. Freshwater shell carbonate 13C = -10.50 From bed of R Thames at Putney. 4140 ± 50 BM-1800. Freshwater shell carbonate = -9.6%a From bed of R Thames at Mortlake. General Comment (RB): shells of M auricularia have been dredged from R Thames in supposed assoc with Neolithic polished stone artifacts (Ken- nard, 1923), although Ipswichian (last interglacial) occurrence of sp in Britain is also recorded (Kerney, 1958). Modern specimens coll live from European rivers at known dates are being sought for estimate of apparent age of shell carbonate in this sp, but uncorrected result confirms Holocene age for shells from present bed of R Thames. More detailed discussion will be pub elsewhere (Preece et al, in press). Bone samples from caves Samples dated as part of investigation of rate of movement of bone within cave systems (formation of archaeol deposits in fissures). 270 Richard Burleigh, Janet Ambers, and Keith Matthews 1730 ± 60 BM-1808. Swildon's Hole, Somerset, England b13C 22.1% Collagen from femur of domestic ox (id by Juliet Clutton-Brock, Dept Zool, British Mus (Nat Hist)) from Swildon's Hole, Priddy, Mendip (51° 15' N, 2° 40' W, Natl Grid Ref ST 531513), from beyond Sump no. 4 at depth ca 130m. Coil 1979 and subm by P J Andrews, Dept Palaeontol, British Mus (Nat Hist). Foel Fawr series, Dyfed, Wales Collagen from samples of bone and horn core of Bos prim igenius (id by Juliet Clutton-Brock) from floor of bone chamber, Foci Fawr cave, Llandovery (52° 0' N, 3° 50' W, Natl Grid Ref SN 734188). Coil 1979 by R R Murphy, Leicestershire Speleol Assoc and subm by P J Andrews. 5240 ± 80 BM-1809. Foel Fawr 6C = -22.8%0 Fragmentary tibia of Bos primigenius (ref Sample 2). 5210 ± 130 BM-1810. Foel Fawr S13C = -22.8% Fragment of horn core of Bos primigenius (ref Sample 1). 5100 ± 360 BM-1903. Foel Fawr 6C = -22.9%0 Fragmentary long bone of ungulate, probably Bos primigenius (ref Sample 3). General Comment (PJA): sample from Swildon's Hole came from deep within cave and almost certainly reached this position through aven immediately above, which reaches to within 5m of ground surface; three samples from Foci Fawr cave also entered through similar aven. Signifi- cance of these bone accumulations in caves, and their ages and rates of accumulation will be subject of forthcoming paper (Burleigh and Andrews, ms in preparation). Peninsular House series, London Charcoal from wine barrels destroyed in Great Fire of London (AD 1666), from buried cellar, Peninsular House (51° 30' N, 0° 10' W, Natl Grid Ref TQ 330810). Coil 1979 and subm by G Milne, Dcpt Urban Archaeol, Mus London. 150±40 BM-1824. Peninsular House 613C = -25.6%0 Barrel staves (Quercus sp). Comment (RB): calibrated date, AD 1685 ± 70 (Clark, 1975). 230 ± 35 BM-1825. Peninsular House 81 C = -25.9%0 Barrel hoops (Castanea sativa). Comment (RB): calibrated date, AD 1640 ± 70 (Clark, 1975). British Museum Natural Radiocarbon Measurements X V 271 Down Farm series, Dorset, England Charcoal from Bronze-age settlement site at Down Farm, Blandford Forum (50° 50' N, 2° 10' W, Natl Grid Ref ST 880075) assoc with se- quence of Deverel-Rimbury pottery, enclosure, and roundhouse. Coil 1979-1980 and subm by R Bradley, Dept Archaeol, Univ Reading. Com- ment supplied by R Bradley. 2680 ± 130 BM-1850. Down Farm S13C = -26.8%, From Ditch 1. 2730 ± 50 BM-1851. Down Farm $13C = -25.50 From burned layer between Layers 5 and 6. 2740 ± 40 BM-1852. Down Farm 6130 _ -25.6%a From burned flint dump. 2790 ± 45 BM-1853. Down Farm 813c = -25.6%0 From burned flint dump. 2800 ± 45 BM-1854. Down Farm 613C = -25.3%c From burned flint dump. General Comment (RB): results form completely consistent series appar- ently spanning main period of use of site and agree with results from nearby sites of Handley Barrow 24 (BM-1644 to -1649; R, 1981, v 23, p 20-21), and South Lodge Camp (BM-1917 to -1922; BM XVI, in press). For other dates from Bronze age sites in Britain, see BM XII, R, 1981, v 23, p 14-23. Vazon series, Guernsey, Channel Islands Wood (Alnus) from Vazon (49° 20' N, 1° 20' W, Natl Grid Ref WV 284796). Coil 1980 by D Keen and subm by I A Kinnes, Dept Prehist and Romano-British Antiquities, British Mus. 3190 ± 210 BM-1858. Vazon 6130 = -28.0%0 From 5cm below surface of foreshore peat. Comment (IAK): date is too young by comparison with BM-1859, below, SRR-437 (3989 ± 50, R, 1979, v 21, p 224), and pollen evidence from peat; c f many young dates from foreshore peats in Finisterre (Morzadec-Kerfourn, 1974). 4000 ± 50 BM-1859. Vazon b13C = -26.5%0 From center of 20cm rooted stump on surface of foreshore peat. Comment (IAK): outline pollen analysis confirms late middle Flandrian age. Date compares closely with SRR-437 (cited above) from foreshore peat at St Ouen's Bay, Jersey, also from rooted Alnus and Corylus. Pollen from this locality also suggests late middle Flandrian age (Keen, 1981). 272 Richard Burleigh, Janet Ambers, and Keith Matthews Les Fouaillages series, Guernsey, Channel Islands Charcoal from Neolithic mound of Les Fouaillages (Kinnes, 1982; Keen, 1981), Vale Parish (49° 30' N, 2° 30' W, Natl Grid Ref WV 5830). Coil 1980-1981 and subm by I A Kinnes. 3850 ± 50 BM-1891. Les Fouaillages 613C = -25.2%0 Sample 14/12 174, from mortuary complex. 5590 ± 50 BM-1892. Les Fouaillages 813 C = -23.5% Sample 17/10 F59 354, from primary mound assoc with decorated pot. 5510 ± 60 BM-1893. Les Fouaillages S13C = -25.5%o Sample 17/12 F59 354, from same context as BM-1892, above. 5280 ± 140 BM-1894. Les Fouaillages S13C = -24.8%0 Sample 16/09 F52 334, from floor of primary stone chamber. 4000 ± 60 BM-1895. Les Fouaillages S13C = -25.6% Sample 01/97 F56 359, from hearth. 5090 ± 50 BM-1896. Les Fouaillages 613C = -25.6%0 Sample 04/99 F55 358, from hearth. 3820 ± 50 BM-1897. Les Fouaillages S13C = -25.3%o Sample 05/96 F68 397, from posthole. General Comment (IAK): BM-1892, -1893 date construction of unique triangular mound with mortuary structures assoc with final Bandkeramik material of Fouaillages/Pinnacle style, and agree with expected chronol. BM-1894 provides broad dating for backfill of primary central chamber. BM-1891, -1895, -1897 are assoc with closure of later mortuary structure and final mound, with adjacent domestic site, and are consistent with rich Beaker-period assemblage; BM-1896 is clearly anomalous in this context. B. Canada Canadian Arctic series Collagen from samples of mammalian bone, antler, and horn from Bathurst and Ellesmere Is, Canadian High Arctic, Northwest Territories, Canada (ca 79° N, 75° W). Coll 1979 by A J Sutcliffe, D Gill, R McGhee, and P Schledermann (courtesy Polar Continental Shelf Proj) and subm by A J Sutcliffe, Dept Palaeontol, British Mus (Nat Hist), to help establish length of survival and processes of decay of bone and soft tissue on land surfaces underlain by deep permafrost and under prolonged seasonal snow cover, and to compare dates of remains of terrestrial and marine mam- mals (see, eg, McGhee and Tuck, 1976). British Museum Natural Radiocarbon Measurements X V 273 115 ± 40 BM-1751. Canadian Arctic S1C = -21.3% Walrus bone, ref BPMPS 1, from surface at Bache Peninsula Old Mounted Police Sta, Ellesmere I. Surface find assumed contemporary with occupation of MP Sta, ca 1926-1952. 360 ± 25 BM-1753. Canadian Arctic b`13C = -21.7% Walrus vertebra, ref ERS lb, from Eskimobyen, Knud Peninsula, Ellesmere I. One of group of assoc vertebrae including intervertebral disc, lying on ground surface and believed assoc with nearby Thule oc- cupation site. 1135 ±40 BM-1754. Canadian Arctic 13C = -17.8% Walrus bone, ref Sq-Fm-3f 1, from ground surface beside Dorset long house, Knud Peninsula, Ellesmere I. 155 ± 40 BM-1766. Canadian Arctic S13C = -23.9% Horn from skull of musk ox, ref 9, from surface, near High Arctic Research Sta, Bathurst I. 85 ±40 BM-1767. Canadian Arctic 81 C = -24.7% Horn core of musk ox skull, ref 9, dated by BM-1766, above. 870 ± 30 BM-1803. Canadian Arctic S1sC = -22.O% Caribou antler from permanently frozen floor of Thule House 3, Brooman Pt, Bathurst I. Part of assoc series of marine and terrestrial mammal remains impregnated with seal oil and frozen since deposition; removal of seal oil from collagen difficult, but apparently complete. Fractionation correction estimated. 800 ± 30 BM-1804. Canadian Arctic 6C = -22.O% Caribou antler from same context as BM-1803, above. Fractionation correction estimated. General Comment (AJS): BM-1754, -1803, -1804 agree with archaeol evi- dence (Schledermann,1978, 1981; McGhee, 1980). BM-1751, -1753 estimate apparent age for bone of marine origin; BM-1753, -1754 indicate long sur- vival of bone and assoc soft parts (BM-1753; intervertebral disc) in relative- ly unaltered state on arctic land surface; BM-1766, -1767 from same musk ox skull provide measurement of rates of differential weathering of bone and horn exposed on surface of ground. Further comparisons needed between BM-1803, -1804 (caribou antler) and assoc bones of whale, walrus, seal, polar bear, and arctic fox from same context, but these samples impregnated with seal oil found very difficult to remove by pretreatment. Taphonomic aspects will be discussed more fully elsewhere (Sutcliffe, ms in preparation). 274 Richard Burleigh, Janet Ambers, and Keith Matthews C. Crete Platyvola series Collagen from bone samples from Platyvola Cave used during Neo- lithic, Minoan, Post Palatial, and possibly later periods (Faure, 1969), W side of gorge above Plain of Kerameia, NE Skourachlada (35° 30' N, 24° 0' E). Coll 1980 by Tina McGeorge and subm by R Jones, British School at Athens, for Y Tzedakis, Archaeol Mus Chania. 4030 ± 50 BM-1813. Platyvola 6130 = -19.8%0 Sample 10, long bones from cleft. 3800 ± 50 BM-1814. Platyvola S13C = -20.O% Sample 13, mixed animal and human bones. 1040 ± 50 BM-1815. Platyvola g13C = -20.3%0 Sample 14, animal bones. 3800 ±40 BM-1816. Platyvola 613C = -20.2%0 Sample 32, animal and human bones. 4110 ± 50 BM-1826. Platyvola S13C = -21.30 Sample 54, human bones. D. Cyprus Kalavasos-Ayious series Charcoal from Chalcolithic site at Kalavasos-Ayious, SE of Kalavasos village, Larnaca Dist, S Cyprus (34° 40' N, 33° 20' E). Coll 1979 and subm by I A Todd, Cyprus Am Archaeol Res Inst, Nicosia (Todd, 1979a, b; 1981; in press). 4810 ±45 BM-1832. Kalavasos-Ayious S13C = -24.6% Sample 5 from NW area, Pit 2, 6.3. 4780 ± 140 BM-1833. Kalavasos-Ayious 13C = -25.5% Sample 6 from C 11 C, 6.1. 4800 ± 70 BM-1834. Kalavasos-Ayious 81C = -25.2%0 Sample 8 from NW area, Fl 17.4. 10,790 ± 80 BM-1835. Kalavasos-Ayious 6130 = -24.2%0 Sample 10 from C 11 B 6.1. British Museum Natural Radiocarbon Measurements X V 275 4180 ± 290 813C BM-1836. Kalavasos-Ayious = -25.1% c Sample 11 from C11C 6.2. General Comment (IAT): although series is not entirely consistent and BM-1835 must be discounted on archaeol grounds, dates indicate site is approx contemporary with Kissonerga Mylouthkia (BM-1473 to -1476, -1539, -1540, R, 1982, v 24, p 238-239) in Paphos region, as suggested by general appearance of site. Dates confirm impression from other sites on Cyprus of considerable gap in occupation after end of aceramic Neolithic and before onset of ceramic Neolithic/Chalcolithic occupation. Evidence from this site and Kissonerga Mylouthkia strongly suggests period char- acterized by pits followed by period characterized by lightly-built huts as at Lemba-Lakkous (BM-1353, -1354, -1541 to -1543, R, 1982, v 24, p 238). Groups coming from general area of Kalavasos may have been responsi- ble for sites such as Mylouthkia (Todd, in press). E. Egyp t Manchester mummy series Bone (collagen) and linen bandage from Egyptian human mummy no. 1770, adolescent female, from colln of Manchester Mus (acquired ca 1895; exact provenance unknown, but possibly from Hawara ca 29° N, 31 ° E). Coil 1975 during dissection of mummy and subm 1980 by A Rosalie David, Manchester Mus, to help settle question of possible re- wrapping of mummy (David, 1979). 2200 ± 85 BM-1602. Manchester mummy 1770 613C = -24.2% Collagen from left humerus (ref 1770169). 1860 ± 120 BM-1839. Manchester mummy 1770 813C = -24.1% Linen bandage from immediately below cartonnage. Ge?feral Comment (RB): collagen extracted from femur was poorly pre- served and may have been contaminated with older or younger material; dates do not agree with those obtained by Hodge and Newton (see David, 1979, p 137-147) of ca 770 be for bone from mummy 1770 and ca ad 380 for bandage (no lab nos.), although same trend for bones of mummy to appear older than bandage is observed. Tell el-Dab'a series Charcoal from Tell el-Dab'a (Bietak, 1979), N of Faqus, Markaz Faqus, Sharqiya Prov (30° 50' N, 31° 50' E). Coil 1978 and subm by M Bietak, Qsterreischisches Archaol Inst, Cairo. 3410 ± 60 BM-1726. Tell el-Dab'a 813C = -26.4% Sample 1. 3180 ± 50 BM-1727. Tell el-Dab'a 6130 = -21.0% Sample 2. 276 Richard Burleigh, Janet Ambers, and Keith Matthews 3880 ± 70 BM-1728. Tell el-Dab'a S13C = -26.9%., Sample 3. Deir-el-Bahri series Wood (Acacia sp, id by Rowena Gale, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew) and thong taken from wooden wheel from Middle Kingdom tomb at. Deir-el-Bahri, W bank of R Nile, Thebes (25° 40' N, 32° 40' E) in colln of Dept Egyptian Antiquities, British Mus (Reg no. EA29943). Coil ca 1896 by E Naville and subm 1980 by W V Davies, Dept Egyptian Antiq- uities. Dated in connection with centennial exhibition of Egypt Explora- tion Soc (1982). 3490 ± 40 BM1796. Deir-el-Bahri wheel 81 C = -26.3% Wood drilled axially from outer edge of wheel. 3520 ± 60 BM-1796A. Deir-el-Bahri wheel 813C = -26.3%., Repeat measurement of BM-1796 following measurement of BM-1797. 3310 ± 60 BM-1797. Deir-el-Bahri wheel 8"C = -13.4%0 Thong used to bind cracks in wheel. General Comment (RB): BM-1796, -1796A provide max age for wheel and may indicate date of manufacture as early as Middle Kingdom (mid- 12th Dynasty, ca 1910 Be), but date for thong (BM-1797), for which no age allowance needed, suggests most likely period of use within Second Intermediate Period, ca 1660 Be; full discussion will be pub elsewhere (Davies and Burleigh, ms in preparation). Gawasis series Samples from shrine at mouth of Wadi Gawasis, N of Quseir, on Red. Sea coast (26° 40' N, 34° 10' E) assoc with Pharaonic port (Sayed, 1977; 1978; 1980). Coil 1976 and subm by A M Sayed, King Abdulaziz Univ, Jiddah. 3230±45 BM-1844. Gawasis 1C = -23.3%a Knot of rope (Desmostachya sp, id by D Cutler, Royal Botanic Gar- dens, Kew), from beside shrine of Ankhow and assoc with texts of Sesostris I. Comment (AMS): date is surprisingly late, as Sesostris I began reign ca 1970 Be and there is no inscriptional evidence later than 1st half of 12th Dynasty, ca 19th century Be. 3555 ±40 BM-1845. Gawasis S13C = -22.5%.. Wood (Cedrus sp, id by D Cutler). Comment (AMS): cedar is not native to region. Date is in line with hieroglyphic texts of Sesostris I. British Museum Natural Radiocarbon Measurements X V 277 2880 ± 140 BM-1872. Bristol mummy no. H7386 8130 = -25.4% Wood from sarcophagus (ref H641) of human mummy of 21st Dy- nasty, ca 1065 BC, from Deir-el-Bahri (25° 40' N, 32° 40' E). Coil 1906 by E Naville and subm 1981 by D P Dawson and N Thomas, City of Bristol Mus, as part of project for dissection of mummy (c f Manchester Mummy Project, David, 1979; BM-1602, -1839, above). Comment (RB): provisional calibrated date of ca 1145 ± 150 Be (Clark, 1975) agrees with expected hist date when allowance made for probable age of wood. F. France Arcy series Collagen from partially burned animal bone from cave site at Grotte du Renne, Arcy, near Auxerre, Yonne (47° 40' N, 3° 50' E) assoc with Middle Palaeolithic industries (Leroi-Gourhan and Leroi-Gourhan, 1964). Coil 1960-1965 and subm by F Hours, Univ Lyons. Comment supplied by G de G Sieveking, Dept Prehist and Romano-British Antiquities, British Mus. 26,410 ± 440 BM-1817. Arcy 613C = -25.0%0 Sample VII. 10,500 ± 190 BM-1818. Arcy 613C = -28.0%o Sample XIII. 22,550 ± 350 BM-1819. Arcy 6130 = -24.3% Sample VIIIc. General Comment (GdeGS): cf GrN-1717: 30,800 ± 250 and -1742: 33,860 ± 250, R, 1963, v 5, p 166. These results differ from our present ideas of chronol of site. It seems likely that samples were either wrongly labelled or misassoc. G. Greece Servia series Collagen from bone samples (id by J Watson) from Neolithic and Bronze age levels at Servia, W Macedonia (40° 10' N, 22° 0' E). Coil 1972- 1973 and subm by Cressida Ridley, British School Archaeol at Athens (Heurtley, 1939; Ridley and Wardle, 1979). 6360 ± 190 BM-1885. Servia S13C = -23.2% Unit 3644. Bos from Early Neolithic level. 4040 ± 50 BM-1886. Servia S1C = -23.5% Unit 1228. Bos from Early Bronze Age I (Tatar) level in middle fill of N ditch. 278 Richard Burleigh, Janet Ambers, and Keith Matthews 6420 ± 120 BM-1887. Servia 813C = -21.O% Unit 2118. Genius from Late Neolithic (Larissa) yard floors. 3560 ± 70 BM-1888. Servia 813C = -17.3% Units 3408 and 3409. Bos and Genius from Early Bronze Age II level in Pit 1. General Comment (RB & JW): samples dated to resolve apparent strati- graphic anomalies of previous series (see BM-XI, R, 1979, v 21, p 348-349). BM-1885 comprised two articulating bones and should date unit more re- liably than single unassoc bone; BM-1886 was single scapula, probably also in situ. BM-1885 is, however, much later than expected for Greek Early Neolithic; BM-1887 is within expected range. BM-1886, -1888 are later than expected, but agreement of BM-1888 with previous date from same pit (BM-1108: 3694 ± 98, R, 1979, v 21, p 349) suggests Early Bronze Age II, later than previously thought. H. Iraq Tell Abada series Charcoal from levels in 'Ubaid Tell of Abada, near Al Miqdadiyah, E Iraq (34° 10' N, 45° 20' E). Coll 1979 by S A jasim and subm by Joan Oates, Girton Coll, Univ Cambridge (Aboud, 1979). 31,000 ± 1250 BM-1822. Tell Abada 813C = -25.9% Charcoal in clay matrix. Sample Abd 612, from fill of small room in Level 1. 5770 ± 45 BM-1823. Tell Abada 8130 = -26.9% Sample Abd 726 from fill between Levels II and III. General Comment (JO): BM-1822 invalidated by misassoc (expected date ca 6500 bp), possibly by contamination from "industrial" /kiln area in Level III. BM-1823 is later than expected; site is significantly earlier than Tell Madhhur, BM-1458: 5574 ± 55, (BM XIV, R, 1982, v 24, p 248). 2300 ± 50 BM-1856. Nimrud 8130 = -23.3% Charcoal (ref BP23) from Burnt Palace of Nimrud, Mesopotamia (36° 10' N, 43° 20' E) from box containing ingots of cuprite glass de- posited in British 1VIus Res Lab. Coll ca 1952 by M E L Mallowan and subm 1981 by Mavis Bimson, British Mus Res Lab. Comment (MB & RB): material was originally dated from archaeol evidence to 7th century BC, but later assigned to 2nd-3rd century Be (Arkell, 1957); correction of result for natural 14C variations and allowance of 50-75 yr for age of wood, yields date ca 350 BC and supports later dating if assoc of sample with glass is accepted. B; i; rash Mu. enm Natural Rad iocc bon Measurements X V 279 I. Jordan ,Jericho series Charcoal from Jericho (31° 50' N, 35° 30' E). Coil 1959 by Kathleen Kenyon and subm by T Holland, British School Archaeol, Jerusalem. BM-1787, -1789 from PPNA levels; BM-1769 to -1773, -1793 from PPNB levels; BM-1778 to -1784, -1791 from Bronze age levels; BM-1774, -1775 from Proto-Urban levels; BM-1790 from Iron age destruction level. 8700 ± 110 BM-1769. Jericho 813C = -23.3%0 Sample, ref SA.1010, JpM 7.11D, from Sq M, Phase XI.lvia, PPNB. 8680 ± 70 BM-1770. Jericho 8130 = -25.8%o Sample, ref SA.968, JpM 6.lla, from Sq M, Phase XI.lxa, PPNB. 8660 ± 260 BM-1771. Jericho 8130 = -23.6%0 Sample, ref SA.823, JpM 6.8, from Sq M, Phase XIII.Ixxa, PPNB. 8810 ± 100 BM-1772. Jericho 1113CQQ = -25.2%0 Sample, ref SA.751, Jp1VI 6.6b, from Sq M, Phase XIII.lxxiv-XIV.lxxv, PPNB. 8730 ± 80 BM-1773. Jericho 8130 = -26.4%0 Sample, ref SA.680, JpM 6.6, from Sq M, phase XIV.lxxvi, PPNB. 4380 ± 50 813C BM-1774. Jericho = -26.1% o Sample, ref 5.25, from Tomb A 94, Proto-Urban. 4480 ± 50 BM-1775. Jericho 81aC = -26.1%0 Sample, ref 5.21, from Tomb A 94, Proto-Urban. 4080 ± 70 BM-1778. Jericho 8130 = -23.6%0 Sample, ref SA.613, JpN 6.24, from Site N, Phase XV1.lxii-lxiii, Bronze age. 41.60 ± 80 BM-1779. Jericho 81.1G = -25.5% Sample, ref SA.724, JpN 5.53, from Site N, Phase XVI.lxii-lxiii, Bronze age. 3890 ± 60 8130 BM-1780. Jericho = -25.7% o Sample, ref SA.699, JpN 5.30, from Site N, Phase XVII.lxviiia, Bronze age. 280 Richard Burleigh, Janet Ambers, and Keith Matthews 4120 ±40 BM-1781. Jericho b`13C = -25.6%o Sample, ref SA.527, JpN 3.5, from Site N, Phase XIX.lxxvi-lxxviia, Bronze age. 3560 ±40 BM-1782. Jericho S13C = -26.2% Sample, ref CS.112, JpN 2.11, from Site N, Phase XX.lxxxa, Bronze age. 3940 ± 80 6130 BM-1783. Jericho = -26.1% o Sample, ref SA.966, Jp0 103.34, from Site 0, Phase XVIII.lviii, Bronze age. 3620 ±40 BM-1784. Jericho S13C = -25.3% Sample, ref SA.774, Jp0 110.9, from Site 0, Phase XXI.lxviii- XXII. l xix (a), Bronze age. 9280 ± 100 BM-1787. Jericho s13C = -26.0%0 Sample, ref SA.1090, JpF 201.25b from Sq F, Phase VIII A.xv, PPNA. 9200 ± 70 S13C BM-1789. Jericho = -27.1% o Sample, ref SA.822, JpF 111.9b, from Sq F, Phase IX.xx-xxia, PPNA. 3080 ± 40 BM-1790. Jericho S13C = -23.9% Sample, no ref no., JpH 155.2, from Sq H, Phase XII.Ii, Bronze age. 2040 ± 40 BM-1791. Jericho b13C = -26.3% Sample, ref S2, JpC 5.1 jb, from Site C, Phase XLVII-lxxii-lxxiii(l), Iron age destruction. 8660 ± 130 BM-1793. Jericho 813C = -25.5%, Sample, ref SA.755, JpD 103A.15, from Sq D, Phase XIV.xxxvii, PPNB. General Comment (RB): for check-list of all BM-, GL-, Gro-, GrN-, and P- dates for Jericho (55 dates) see Burleigh, 1981; full assessment of these and 19 supplementary dates in this list will appear in Jericho excavation mon, v 5 (Burleigh, ms in preparation). J. Norway 6460 ± 60 BM-1880. Grasvatn 6130 = -25.6% Clastic wood (Pinus) of 20 rings, from beneath peat just above SE shore of lake at Grasvatn, Nordland (66° 0' N, 14° 30' E), assoc with early phase of occupation by hunter-fishers and higher tree line than British Museum Natural Radiocarbon Measurements X V 281 present. Coil 1980 and subm by P Worsley, Dept Geog, Univ Reading. Comment (PW): result confirms that sample is probably standard drift log deposited on beach of lake soon after death of tree; allows calibration of uplift curve (Worsley, 1970; 1975). Sub-fossil tree trunks assoc with re- treat of Lapland pine forest are rarely preserved in peat bogs (Eronen, 1979); Grasvatn is one of these rare sites. C f Birm-117: 6990 ± 120 (R, 1970, v 12, p 398), date for charcoal from soil underlying peat bed. K. Pakistan Tarakai Kala Dherai series Charcoal samples from Kot Dijian period floors at Tarakai Kala Dherai, small mound on Tochi R, SW of Bannu City, Northwest Frontier Prov (33° 0' N, 70° 30' E), assoc with typical Kot Dijian assemblage. All samples from Trench IA except BM-1693. Coil 1979 and subm by K D Thomas, Inst Archaeol, Univ London and Cambridge Archaeol Mission to Pakistan. 3640 ± 80 BM-1690. Tarakai Kala Dherai 6130 = -24.1% Sample TRQ I A E7, from under degraded mud-brick. 3510 ± 60 BM-1691. Tarakai Kala Dherai 6130 = Sample TRQ I A Eli. 3680 ± 50 BM-1692. Tarakai Kala Dherai 613C = -24.0%0 Sample TRQ I A E67. 3810 ± 60 BM-1693. Tarakai Kala Dherai S13C = -24.3% Sample TRQ I BC E114, from occupation level in Tr IB to E of mud wall. 3770 ± 90 BM-1694. Tarakai Kala Dherai b`13C = -23.7% Sample TRQ I A E130, from deep sounding. 4060 ± 120 BM-1695. Tarakai Kala Dherai 6130 = -24.0%0 Sample TRQ I A E135, from deep sounding. General Comment (KT): dates are internally consistent and support theory that occupation of site was short-lived but continuous. Dates for other sites in Pakistan (Rehman Dheri, PRL-673 to -676, -679; Durrani, 1981; Kot Diji, P-179, -195, -196; Khan, 1981) suggest that Kot Dijian occupation ended ca 2500 Be. These results suggest later survival of Kot Dijian traits in N of Pakistan where there is no evidence for Indus Valley civilization. 282 Richard Burleigh, Janet Are bers, and Keith Matthews L. Spain 3270 ± 80° BM-1677. Ca Na Costa, Formentera, Baleares 13C = -18.9% Collagen from human bone fragments from Quad 4 of chambered tomb at Ca Na Costa, E of Es Pujoles (38° 40' N, 1° 30' E). Coil 1975 and subm by Celia Topp, Archaeol Mus, Ibiza (Tope, Fernandez, and f lanta?amor, 1976). Comment (CT): agrees with date for megalith of 19'0-1600 BC based on pottery analogies. 2290 ± 40 BM-1696. Son Oms, Mallorca, Baleares 613C = -22.1% Sample of carbonized grain (barley and wheat) from Talayotic settle- ment site at Son Oms, Palma (39° 30' N, 2° 30' E). Coil 1980 by G Rossello-Bordoy, Dir Mus Mallorca, Palma and subm by W H Waldren, Donald Baden-Powe11 Quaternary Res Centre, Pitt Rivers Mus, Univ Oxford and Dir, Deya Archaeol Mus and Res Centre, Deya de 11'Ia1lorca (Waldren, 1981). Comment (WHW): 1st time carbonized grain dated in Mallorca. Other dates for this site, Y-2666: 2490 ± 40, QL-20: 2920 ± 60, both unpub. BM-1697. Taula de Torralba d'en Salort, 2860 ± 45 Menorca, Baleares 8130 = -22.2% Sample of carbonized grain from central structure at Taula de Tor- ralba d'en Salort (40° 0' N, 4° 0' E). Coil 1980 and subm by W H Waldren. Comment (WHW): 1st time grain dated from Menorca; result correlates with date for similar grain sample of 3030 ± 70 (QL-unnum- bered, unpub). For other dates from site, see Waldren (1981). Ferrandell Oleza series, Mallorca, Baleares Samples from Beaker settlement site at Ferrandell Oleza, Valldemosa (39° 40' N, 2° 30' E) assoc with Beaker and indigenous Pretalayotic pot- tery and flint implements. Coil 1980 and subm by W H Waldren. 3090 ± 70 BM-1698. FerrandellOleza 6130 = -22.O% Collagen from bone sample, from Circle 1. 2430 ± 230 BM-1842. Ferrande1101eza 813C = -21.7% Collagen from bone sample, from Talayot 1, Ferrandell Oleza Youn- ger Settlement. 3950 ± 60 BM-1843. Ferrandell Oleza 613C = -23.9% Charcoal from E wall of central zone, of Beaker settlement directly assoc with Beaker ware. Comment (WHW): 1st time Beaker pottery and 14C date of 2000 be have been recorded from open-air settlement in Baleares; c f such S French sites as Lebous, La Couronne, and La Balance (Languedoc and Provence). For other dates from this site, see Waldren (1981). British Museum Natural Radiocarbon Measurements X V 283 20,880 ± 410 BM-1739. La Riera b`13C = -20.7% Bone fragments from Level 26 (now Level 1) at La Riera Cave, Po- sada de Llanes, Asturias (43° 25' N, 5° 50' W). Sample from basal level at site, assoc with possible Aurignacian lithic industry (Straws and Clark, 1978a, b; 1979; Straus et al, 1980). Coll 1978 and subm by L G Straus, Univ New Mexico. Comment (LGS): cf Ly-1783: 20,360 ± 450, unpub and BM-1494: 10,634 ± 121; BM XIV (R, 1982, v 24, p 251). Lithic indus- try must be either e irly Solutrean without points or late form of some other industry. Cueva de los Azules series Collagen from bone samples from Azilian levels at Cueva de los Azules, Cangas de Onis, Asturias (43° 20' N, 5° 0' W). Coll 1980 and subm by J Fernandez-Tresguerres, Oviedo. Comment supplied by G de G Sieveking, Dept Prehist and Romano-British Antiquities, British Mus. 10,330 ± 190 BM-1875. Cueva de los Azules 6130 _ -21.7%0 From Sec DIV. 10,700 ± 190 BM-1876. Cueva de los Azules g13C = -18.6% From Sec DIV. 11,190 ± 350 BM-1877. Cueva de los Azules 613C = -21.6% From Sec DIV. 10,720 ± 280 BM-1878. Cueva de los Azules 813C = -21.2% From Sec F III. 10,400 ± 90 BM-1879. Cueva de los Azules 8130 = -21.3% From Sec C VIII. General Comment (GdeGS): determinations were carried out on different levels within shell-midden, assoc with Azilian industry. These shell de- posits accumulate quickly and results suggest that different habitation levels represent successive stages of accumulation over short period. Num- ber of other dates for Azilian industry fall between 10,000-12,000 bp, in same interval as those of latest Magdalenian culture (incl prelim date 10,550 for this site, details not available). Present series of dates overlap, but as they are stratigraphically successive, they provide useful confir- matory evidence of existence of Azilian culture in this period. ornos de la Pena series Collagen from bone samples from Palaeolithic cave site containing parietal art (Breuil and Obermaier, 1912) at Hornos de la Pena, Santander (43 ° 15' N, 3 ° 40' W). Coil 1912 and subm 1980 by V Cabrera and F Bernaldo de Quiros, Dept Prehist, Univ Alcalca de Henares, Madrid. Comment supplied by G de G Sieveking. 284 Richard Burleigh, Janet Ambers, and Keith Matthews 18,230 ± 510 BM-1881. Hornos de la Pena 6130 = -20.0%a Sample 1. 19,950 ± 300 BM-1882. Hornos de la Pena 613C = -20.6%. Sample 2. 20,700 ± 350 BM-1883. Hornos de la Pena b`13C = -20.8% Sample 3. 24,120 ± 460 BM-1884. Hornos de la Pena 'C = -19.3% Sample 4. General Comment (GdeGS): dates appear to be in correct stratigraphic order and show that latest inhabitants were either of Solutrean or at most early Magdalenian culture; assoc material needs re-examination. M. Syria Tell Abu Hureyra series Charcoal from Tell Abu Hureyra, near village of Abu Hureyra, N Syria (35° 50' N, 38° 20' E). Coll 1972-1973 and subm by A M T Moore, Donald Baden-Powell Quaternary Res Centre, Pitt Rivers Mus, Univ Oxford (Moore,1975). 11,160 ± 110 BM-1718. Tell Abu Hureyra S13C = Sample E 303 306 from floor surface in Mesolithic settlement, near base of Mesolithic sequence. 9120 ± 50 BM-1719. Tell Abu Hureyra S13C = -27.0%a Sample E 254 197 from floor surface in Mesolithic settlement, near top of Mesolithic sequence. 21,940 ± 180 BM-1720. Tell Abu Hureyra S13C = -29.5%0 Sample D 68 57 from occupation level assoc with mud-brick house. 8410 ± 60 BM-1721. Tell Abu Hureyra 6130 = -26.2%a Sample D 42 47 from level assoc with bldg in early aceramic Neo- lithic phase. 8610 ± 50 BM-1722. Tell Abu Hureyra s13C = -26.4%0 Sample B 136 102 from occupation deposit assoc with mud-brick house in early aceramic Neolithic phase. 10,700 ± 500 BM-1723. Tell Abu Hureyra 813C = -25.7% Samples E 22 9 and E 22 11 from level assoc with mud-brick house just below ceramic Neolithic layers. British Museum Natural Radiocarbon Measurements X V 285 7900 ± 50 6130 BM-1724. Tell Abu Hureyra = -27.1% o Samples E 55 89 and E 55 92 from level assoc with mud-brick houses in late aceramic Neolithic. General Comment (AMTM): c f BM-1120: 8666 ± 66, -1121: 10,792 ± 82; -1122: 9374 ± 72, -1423: 8676 ± 72, -1424: 8190 ± 77, -1425: 8393 ± 72, BM XIV (R, 1982, v 24, p 252-253). Tell Brak series Samples from occupation site at Tell Brak, near El Haseke, NE Syria (36° 40' N, 410 0' E). BM-1758, -1759 from clay oven, probably Late Uruk/ Jamdat Nasr, BM-1760, -1763 to -1765 from burned house probably destroyed at end of Agada occupation (Mallowan, 1947; Oates, 1977). Coll 1978 and subm by D Oates, Inst Archaeol, Univ London. 3680 ± 50 BM-1758. Tell Brak 6130 = -24.3% Charcoal, Sample CHD 67. 3710 ± 60 BM-1759. Tell Brak 6130 = -25.7%0 Charcoal, Sample CHD 64. 4060 ± 50 BM-1760. Tell Brak 8130 = -26.3%0 Charcoal, Sample ER/2-27 (28) (BM no. 5). 4040 ± 70 BM-1761. Tell Brak 8130 = -25.4%0 Charcoal, Sample ST 1104 from floor and pit assoc with Ninevite V pottery. 3570 ± 40 BM-1763. Tell Brak 613C = -22.6%0 Burned grain, Sample ER/2-27 (BM no. 1). 3600 ± 40 BM-1764. Tell Brak 8130 = -24.8%0 Burned grain, Sample ER/2-274 (BM no. 4). 3540 ± 40 BM-1765. Tell Brak 6130 = -22.7%0 Burned grain, Sample ER/2-28 (No. 4) (BM no. 3). General Comment (DO): there are only two previous stratified Uruk dates, no Agada dates and no agreed detailed chronol for period as a whole, but present dates (BM-1758 to -1761, -1763 to -1765), even when corrected for natural 14C variations, do not conform with known broad hist dating; further samples are being measured in attempt to resolve this discrepancy and dates will be pub with full comment on both series in BM-XVI (in press). 286 Richard Burleigh, Janet Ambers, and Keith Matthews N. Turkey Can Hasan series Charcoal from Trench 49L in aceramic levels in Neolithic Mound III at Can Hasan, Anatolia (37° 30' N, 33° 30' E). Coll 1969 and subm by D H French, British Inst Archaeol at Ankara. 7660 ± 70 BM-1655. Can Hasan 6130 = -23.4%0 Sample 6 F. 7770 -}- 100 BM-1656. Can Hasan 6130 = -23.4% Sample 17 F. 7760 ± 90 BM-1657. Can Hasan 6130 = -24.6% Sample 28 F 3. 7760 ± 90 BM-1658. Can Hasan 6130 = -23.8%0 Sample 29 F. 7990 x-110 BM-1660. Can Hasan S13C = -23.1%0 Sample 63 F. 8050 ± 60 BM-1662. Can Hasan 613C = -23.9/0 Sample 148 F. 7940 ± 190 BMd663. Can Hasan 6130 = -23.1% Sample 149 F. 8120 } 110 BM-1664. Can Hasan 6130 = -24.9%0 Sample 156 F. 7990 ± 130 BM-1665. Can Hasan 8130 = -23.6%0 Sample 158 F. 8160 ± 110 BM-1666. Can Hasan 6130 = -23.8% Sample 162 F. 8360 ± 60 BM-1667. Can Hasan 613G' = -23.8%0 Sample 162 F 2. General Comment (DHF): samples are listed in stratigraphic order as excavated; for account of excavation and description of site, see French et al (1972) and Mellaart (1975, p 96-98, 285). C f dates from Chalcolithic mound, Can Hasan I: BM-151: 6880 ± 150, -153: 7190 ± 150, R, 1968, v 10, p 6, and other dates for Mound III: HU-9: 7874 ± 70, -10: 7796 ± 140, -11: 8584 ± 65, -12: 8543 ± 66 (Ergin, 1979). British Museum Natural Radiocarbon Measurements X V 287 0. Yugoslavia Doroslovo series Charcoal and human bone from Iron-age urnfield at Djepfeld, Doro- slovo, near Sombor, N Yugoslavia (45° 40' N, 19° 15' E). Coil 1979 and subm by S 7ivanovh, Dept Anatomy, St Bartholomew's Hosp Medical Coil, London. 2370 ±40 BM-1830. Doroslovo 613C = -26.4% Charcoal from urn containing cremated human remains in Grave 146. 2010 ± 70 BM-1831. Doroslovo 613C = -17.9% Collagen from human femur, from inhumation burial in Grave 18. General Comment (RB): date for charcoal (BM-1830) agrees with expected date for assoc late Hallstatt grave goods (Trajkovic, 1977) and probably represents main period of use of urnfield, but date for human bone from Grave 18 (BM-1831) is definitely later, perhaps reflecting change in burial practice from cremation to inhumation despite apparent continuity in style of grave goods (Burleigh and 7ivanovic, in press).

GEOLOGIC SAMPLES A. India Formation and weathering of late Pleistocene aeolian deposits Fossil coastal sediments series, Tirunelveli District Calcium carbonate (id as aragonite by thin sectioning and x-ray diffraction) from shells of land snails (Helix vittata) from 0.3m layer incorporated in upper surface of overlying aeolianite (cemented dune sand), altered in places to calcrete and overlain by dune sand reddened in situ to max depth lOm, from Poochikadu and Thiruchendur, Tirun- elveli Dist, Tamilnadu State, S India (8° 30' N, 78° 0' E). Coll 1977 and subm by Rita A M Gardner, Dept Geog, Univ Oxford (now Dept Geog, King's Coil, London). 21,000 ± 400 BM-1670. Thiruchendur 6130 = -8.2% Sample ref L/NW/42, in situ within upper layers of aeolianite, underlying modern dune deposit. 24,450 750 BM-1671. Poochikadu 61310- = -/ .6%0 Sample ref P1, in situ within upper layers of aeolianite, underlying red-weathered dune deposit. General Comment (RAMG): results date late Pleistocene even=s in SL India: 2nd of 2 phases of aeolian activity in later part of last glacial cor- relates with peak of aridity ca 22,000-17,000 BP id elsewhere in tropics. Thus, geomorphol evidence and dates show Monsoonal SE India drier than at present from 25,000-20,000 BP. Dates provide max age and dura- 288 Richard Burleigh, Janet Ambers, and Keith 1Vlatthews tion (<20,000 yr) for rapid weathering (reddening) of aeolian deposits overlying land snail layer (reddening and assoc dates may suggest change to slightly wetter climate in early Holocene). C f unpub dates for mollusks from raised littoral/lagoonal sediment (ca 6m asl) underlying aeolianite (SRR-1482; 38,000 + 1200/-1100) and raised lagoonal sediments (2 to 3m asl) to landward of deposits (SRR-1480: 4880 ± 50). For full discussion, see Gardner, 1981a, b; in press.

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Leroi-Gourhan, A and Leroi-Gourhan, A, 1964, Chronologie des Grottes D'Arcy-sur-Cure (Yonne): Gallia Prehistoire, v 7, p 1-35. Longin, R, ms, 1970, Extraction du collagene des os fossiles pour leur datation par la methode du carbone 14: Unpub doctoral thesis, Univ Lyons, France. Mallowan, M E L, 1947, Excavations at Brak and Chagar Bazar: Iraq, v 9, p 1-258. 11'IcGhee, R, 1980, Archaeology of the Eskimos: Popular Archaeol, v 2, pt 5, p 20-23. McGhee, R and Tuck, J A, 1976, Un-dating the Canadian arctic: Am Archaeol Soc Mem, no. 31, p 6-14. Mellaart, J, 1975, The Neolithic of the Near East: London, Thames and Hudson. Moore, A M T, 1975, The excavation of Tell Abu Hureyra in Syria-a preliminary report: Prehist Soc Proc, v 41, p 50.77, pls VII-VIII. Morzadec-Kerfourn, M-Th, 1974, Variations de la ligne de rivage Armoricaine au Quaternaire: Soc Geol et Min Bretagne Mem, no. 17. Oates, D, 1977, The excavations at Tell Brak, 1976: Iraq, v 39, p 233-244, pls IV-X. Preece, R C, Burleigh, R, Kerney, M P, and Jarzembowski, E A, in press, Radiocarbon age determinations of fossil Margariti fera auricularia (Spengler) from the River Thames in W London: Jour Archaeol Sci, in press. Preece, R C, and Robinson, J E, in press, The molluscan and ostracod faunas from postglacial tufaceous deposits in Co Offaly: Royal Irish Acad Proc B, in press. Ridley, C and Wardle, K A, 1979, Rescue excavations at Servia, 1971-1973-a prelim- inary report: British School Archaeol at Athens Ann, v 74, p 185-230, pls 26-28. Sayed, Abdel Monem, A H, 1977, Discovery of the site of the 12th Dynasty port at Wadi Gawasis on the Red Sea shore: Rev Egyptol, v 29, p 140-178, pls 8-16. 1978, The recently discovered port on the Red Sea shore: Jour Egyptian Archaeol, v 64, p 69-71, pl XI. 1980, Observations on recent discoveries at Wad! Gawasis: Jour Egyptian Archaeol, v 66, p 154-157, pl XXI. Schledermann, P, 1978, Preliminary results of archaeological investigations in the Bache Peninsula region, Ellesmere Island, NWT: Arctic, v 31, p 459-474. 1981, Ellesmere Island-Eskimo and Viking finds in the High Arctic: Natl Geog, v 159, no. 5, p 575-601. Scott, J E, and Hughes, E W, 1981, Chondroitin sulphate from fossilized antlers: Nature, v 291, p 580-581. 290 Richard Burleigh, Janet Ambers, and Keith Matthews Straus, L G and Clark, G A, 1978a, La Riera paleoecological project-preliminary report, 1977 excavations: Current Anthropol, v 19, p 455-456. 1978b, Prehistoric investigations in Cantabrian Spain: Jour Field Archaeol, v 5, 289-317. 1979, La Riera paleoecological project-preliminary report, 1978 excavations: Current Anthropol, v 20, p 235-236. Straus, L G, Clark, G A, Altuna, J A and Ortea, J A, 1980, Ice-age subsistence in north- ern Spain: Sci Am, v 242, no. 6, p 142-152. Todd, I A, 1979a, Vasilikos Valley Project, 1977-1978: an interim report: Dept Antiq- uities Cyprus rept 1979, p 13.68, pls I-IV. 1979b, Vasilikos Valley project: third preliminary report, 1978: Jour Field Archaeol, v 6, p 265-300. 1981, Current research in the Vasilikos valley, in Reade, J, ed, Chalcolithic Cyprus and Western Asia (British Mus occ paper 26): London, British Mus, p 57-68. in press, Jour Field Archaeol. Topp, C, Fernandez, J and Plantalamor, L, 1976, Ca Na Costa: a megalithic chamber tomb on Formentera, Balearic Islands: Univ London Inst Archaeol Bull, no. 13, p 139-175. Trajkovic, , 1977, Halstatska Nekropola kod Doroslova: Sombor, Gradski Muzej. Wardren, W, 1981, Radiocarbon determination in the Balearic Islands: Oxford, Donald Baden-Powell Res Centre. Worsley, P, 1970, An investigation into Holocene stratigraphy and archaeology of south- east Grasvatn, in Prelim rept 1968, Okstindan Res Proj, Reading, p 6-24. 1975, Some observations on lake ice-push features, Grasvatn, northern Scan- dinavia: Norsk geog tidsskr, v 20, p 11-19. Wymer, J, 1962, Excavations at Maglemosian sites at Thatcham, Berkshire, England: Prehist. Soc Proc, v 28, p 329.361. [RADIOCARBON, VOL 24, No. 3, 1982, P 291-343] GIF NATURAL RADIOCARBON MEASUREMENTS IX GEORGETTE DELIBRIAS, MARIE-THERESE GUILLIER, and JACQUES LABEYRIE Centre des Faibles Radioactivites, Laboratoire mixte CNRS-CEA, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France The following list includes 14C measurements of geologic samples, the majority of which pertain to sea-level variations, and of archaeologic sam- ples mainly from France, West Africa, and South America. Most of the dates were measured between 1972 and 1973 when installations were not modified. The technique used is described in Radiocarbon, 1972, v 14, p 280-320. Dates were calculated using the 14C half-life of 5568 years; modern standard is 0.95 of the NBS oxalic acid. Reported errors are one standard deviation for 2000 minutes measurements.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The authors would like to thank Mireille Rousseau and Rolande Kolbach for sample preparation, Michel Jaudon for technical assistance, and especially Vivian Hendy, for assisting with drafting the paper in English. SAMPLE DESCRIPTIONS I. GEOLOGIC SAMPLES Most samples were dated to study sea-level variations especially dur- ing the Holocene on different coasts of the world. A. France Marais de Cessieres series, Aisne Several profiles were studied by pollen analysis and 14C dates in two large acid peat bogs of Cessieres marsh (49° 33' 14" N, 3° 31' 38" E), to survey history of this marsh. Samples toll and subm 1969-1974 by F Morand, Inst Geog, Paris. Gif-1694. Marais de Cessieres, 410/110.115 4180 ± 140 Peat 1.1 to 1.15m below surface, Core 440. Pollen zone, Atlantic- Sub-boreal-Alnus abundant. Comment: at base of important detrital ac- cumulation corresponding to land clearing. Gif-1695. Marais de Cessieres, 040/105.110 1300 ± 100 Peat 1.05 to 1.lm below surface, Core 040. Comment: corresponds to period of deforestation and strong erosion (Morand, 1971). Gif-2779. Marais de Cessieres, 108/65 4220 ± 140 Peat 0.65m below surface, Core 108. Comment: much older than ex- pected. Gif-3046. Marais de Cessieres, 106/50 2300 ± 100 Peat 0.45 to 0.5m below surface, Core 106.

291 292 Georgette Delibrias, Marie-Therese Guillier, and Jacgues Labeyrie Gif-3047. Marais de Cessieres, 104.50/50 250 ± 80 Peat 0.45 to 0.5m below surface, Profile 104. Comment: dates reap- pearance of Sylva, Pinus, and Ericaceum. Gif-3048. Marais de Cessieres, 104.51/50 380 ±8 0 Peat 0.!m b e l ow sur f ace, P ro fil e 104 . Gif-3049. Marais de Cessieres, 104.44/50 Peat 0.5m b e l ow sur f ace, P ro fil e 104 . Gif-2228. llarais de Cessieres, 104.5/90 Peat 0.9m below surface, Profile 104. Gif-2230. Marais de Cessieres, 104.2/305 2820 100 Peat 3.05m below surface, Profile 104. Gif-3392. Marais de Cessieres, 104.30/310 4500 250 Peat 3.1m below surface, Profile 104. Gif -2780. Marais de Cessieres, 102.1/690-700 9100 300 Peat 6.9 to 7m below surface, Profile 102.1. Gif-2782. Marais de Cessieres, 102.1/800.810 4890 140 Peat 8 to 8.lm below surface, Profile 102.1, Pre-boreal zone. Comment: age inversion between Gif-2782 and -2780 in Profile 102.1 is unexplained. Gif-3390. Marais de Cessieres, 102.11/810 6720 ± 130 Peat 8.lm below surface, Profile 102.11. Comment: either rate of peat formaticn is very variable in Cessieres marsh or sample is contaminated. Gif-3391. Marais de Cessieres, 102.11/690 8840 ± 160 Peat 6.9m below surface, Profile 102.11. Comment: beginning of elm. Gif2783. Marais de Cessieres, 706/750.760 10,400 ± 400 Peat 7.5 to 7.6m below surface, Core 706. From bottom of 2nd large acid peat bog of Cessieres marsh. Gif-3389. Marais de Cessieres, 233/350 7870 ± 140 Peat 3.5m below surface, Core 233. Gif-3393. Marais de Cessieres, 743/285 9590 ± 170 Peat 2.85m below surface, Core 743. Comment: Boreal-Pre-boreal transition. General Comment: discrepancy sometimes observed between pollen analy- sis and 14C chronology may be attributed to heterogeneity of peat bog and to water transport of pollen. Foret de Fontainbleau series, Seine et Marne Vertical faces in large, currently worked sandpits, in forest of Fontain- bleau show some superficial Quaternary formations (greves) lying in situ on Stampian sand. These layered deposits of fine sand and gravels result Gif Natural Radiocarbon Measurements IX 293 from filling of valleys following formation of slopes from gelification (or frostwork) and solifluction (Puyfaucher and Collin, 1971). Bone frag- ments and well-defined brown organic horizons found in some secs were dated to establish chronology of alluvial periglacial Wurmian formations in S Parisian basin. Area lac in Plaine de la Justice, 15km SSW of La Ferte-Alais (48° 29' N, 20° 21' E), Plaine de Chanfroy (48° 24' N, 2° 34' E), and near Chailly-en-Biere (48° 27' N, 2° 37' E) at W border of foret de Fontainbleau. Gif-1905. Plaine de Chanfroy, C 1 22,100 ± 700 Fine humic sand at depth 4m. Coll and subm 1970 by F Morand. Comment: humic acids fraction dated, humin fraction absent. No traces of organic carbon, either soluble or insoluble, were found in overlying sand levels. This indicates that there is no infiltration of recent humic acids from superficial soil and, consequently, that dated organic carbon is probably not contaminated. Age of this level can be taken as true age. 14,440 ± 200 Gif-2509. Plaine de Chanfroy, l 8130 = -21.6% Bison rib in fluvial sandy level at depth 2.2m in same sand pit as Gif-1905. Coil and subm 1972 by A Puyfaucher, Inst Geog, Paris (Puy- f aucher and Amat, 1972). 30,200 ± 1100 Gif-2904. Plaine de la Justice, 16.8/1 8130 = -30.5°00 Upper part of black clayey organic horizon, probably marsh deposit, at depth 3.5m. Coil and subm 1972 by A Puyfaucher. Comment: humin fraction dated. Gif-2458. Plaine de la Justice, 16.8/11 ?35,700 Lower part of same horizon as Gif-2904. Comment: humin fraction dated. 23,350 ± 500 Gif-2510. Chailly-en-Biere, 2/7.11 8'3C = 23.i% Humic sandy level at depth 2.lm. Coll and subm 1972 by A Puy- faucher. Comment: humin fraction dated. Gif-2913. Chailly-en-Biere, 2/7.11 22,860 ± 500 Same level as Gif-2510. Comment: humic acids fraction dated. Agree- ment between dates for soluble and insoluble organic fractions of this paleosol confirms ages for fossil horizons in region. 20,900 ± 1100 Gif-2996. Chailly-en-Bii re, 2 S13C -28.2% Organic horizon, on millstone. Coil and subm 1974 by A Puyfaucher. Comment: humin fraction dated. Gif-2459. Chailly-en-Biere, 2/5 ?37,700 Black organic horizon, overlain by fine sand and gravels, lying on white sand of Fontainbleau. Comment: humin fraction dated. 294 Georgette Delibrias, Marie-Therese Guillier, and Jacques Labeyrie General Comment: dates distinguish periods of periglacial climate from more temperate episodes, indicated by dated paleosols, during recent wurm. Gif-2871. Erondelles, Somme 2070 ± 100 Shells (Cardium edule) in sand underlain by peaty level, at depth lm, S alluvial plains of low valley of Somme R (50° 5' N, 1° 55' E). Call and subm 1973 by M Ters, Inst Geog, Paris. Gif-2872. Salenelles, Somme 180 ± 90 Shells (Cardium edule) from sandy bar ca 4m above msl (50° 12' N, ° 1 34' E), Somme estuary. Coil and subm 1973 by M Ters. Gif-1771. Camiers, Pas-de-Calais 2910 ± 100 Sandy peat at top of beach between two brackish clay levels, 2.5m ° above msl (50° 33' N, 1 35' E). Coil and subm by H Mariette, Samer, Pas-de-Calais. Eastern Channel series Peat from 3 cores from submarine peat bogs off Le Treport (49° 59' ° N, 1 21' E), Eastern Channel. Coil and subm by J P Auffret, Dept Geol, Univ Caen. Gif -2865. Core 890 (2) 9870 ± 200 Peat, 21m below msl. Gif -2866. Core 890 (3) 8800 ± 170 Peat, 20.8m below msl. Gif-2867. Core 585 7470 ± 150 Peat, 18.7m below msl. General Comment: evidence of sea-level variations at beginning of post- glacial. Dates show sea level was lower than 21m before 8800 BP. Pollen analysis of cores increased understanding of vegetational history from late-glacial to Boreal-Atlantic transition (Huault and Auffret, 1975). Gif-2860. Lingreville 1, Manche 680 ± 80 Peaty level, 10cm thick, in sand dune, 0.4m above high sea level on shore (48° 57' N, 1° 31' W). Coil and subm 1973 by J P Lautridou, Centre Geomorphol, CNRS, Caen. Comment: corresponds to "Dunkergian III" transgression, in 13th century (Giresse and Lautridou,1973). Gif-2862. Lingreville 3, Manche 3880 ± 100 Tree trunk in white sands, 1.5m below high sea level, from beneath Lingreville 1. Coll and subm by P Lautridou. Comment: dates stage of Flandrian transgression. Dol-de-Bretagne series, Ille et Vilaine Flandrian deposits filling in depression corresponding to present marshes and polderlands around Dol-de-Bretagne (48° 33' N, 1° 45' w), Gif Natural Radiocarbon Measurements IX 295 Ille et Vilaine, consist of marine sediments, sands, and silts with inter- calated peat layers. '4C and pollen analyses show that peaty layers were formed at end of Boreal period towards 8200 BP, at end of Atlantic, and beginning of Sub-boreal between 3900 and 3450 BP, and during Sub- atlantic, from 3000 BP onwards. Dates suggest slowing of transgression (or even regression) to explain peat growth but because of differential com- paction of sediments under marshes, precise curve of variations of sea level cannot be drawn. Coll and subm 1970-1971 by G Delibrias. Pollen analysis by M T Morzadec, Univ Rennes (Delibrias and Morzadec, 1975). Measurements are above or below msl in meters. Gif-957. Boring S 11,+4.8m 3100± 110 Freshwater peat. Pollen zone VIIb-VIII. Sub-boreal. Gif-958. Boring S 11, +4m 3100 ± 110 Freshwater peat. Pollen zone VIIb-VIII. Sub-boreal. Alnus abundant, Fagus present. Gif-1835. Boring S 11, +1.8m 4400 ± 140 End of salty peat level. Pollen zone VIIb. Sub-boreal. Gif-953. Boring S 11, -l.lm 4800 ± 140 Salty peat. Pollen zone VIIb. Sub-boreal. Gif 954. Boring S 11, -1.95m 11,600 ± 650 Freshwater clayey peat. Pollen zone III. Postglacial, Pre-boreal. Gif-1837. Boring S 12, -1.3m 5500 ± 150 End of salty peat level. Pollen zone VIIb. Sub-boreal. Gif-955. Boring S 12, -1.7m 5600 150 Salty peat. Pollen zone VIIa-VLIb. Sub-boreal. Gif-1838. Boring S 12, -2.3m 7050 170 Salty peat. Pollen zone VIIa. Atlantic.

Gif-2185. Boring S 7, +3.2m 3000 100 Brackish organic sand. Pollen zone late VIIb. Atlantic. Gif-2186. Boring S 7, +2m 3860 110 Salty peat. Pollen zone VIIb.

Gif-2187. Boring S 7, -0.5m 5400 120 Freshwater peat. Pollen zone VIIb. Atlantic.

Gif-2188. Boring S 7, -IOm 8200 150 Peaty clay. Pollen zone Via. Boreal.

Gif-950. Boring S 10, +2.15m 3900 140 Salty peat. Pollen zone VIIb. Sub-boreal. 296 Georgette Delibrias, Marie-Therese Guillier, and Jacques Labeyric Gif-951. Boring S 10, -0.2m 6750 170 Salty peat. Pollen zone late VIIa. Atlantic. Gif-952. Boring S 10, -12m 9800 ± 230 Peaty silt. Pollen zone VIc. Boreal. Gif -2189. Boring S 8, +1.8m ± Brackish organic sand. Pollen zone VIIb. Sub-boreal. Gif-947. Boring S 8, +lm 5450 150 Salty peat. Pollen zone VIIb. Sub-boreal. Gif-948. Boring S 8, +0.25m 5450 ± 150 Salty peat. Pollen zone late VIIb. Sub-boreal. Gif-1833. Boring S 8, -9m 10,100 ± 230 Organic clay. No pollen. Gif -2184. Boring S 1, +1.8m 2390 100 Peaty soil. Pollen zone late VIIb. Sub-boreal. Gif-943. Boring S 1, +0.5m 5200 150 Salty peat. Pollen zone VIIa. Atlantic. Gif-944. Boring S 1, -0.25m 5000 150 Salty peat. Pollen zone Vila. Atlantic. Gif-946. Boring S 1, -3m 6800 170 Marine shells in brackish sand . Gif-931. Boring S 9, +2.7m 360 ± 90 Organic soil. Pollen zone VIII. Sub-atlantic. Gif -935. Boring S 9, 0.4m 4360 } 140 Salty peat. Pollen zone Vila-VIIIb. Limit Sub-boreal-Atlantic. Gif-936. Boring S 9, +0.2m 4480 ± 140 Salty peat. Pollen zone VIIa. Atlantic. Gif-1834. Boring S 9, -0.lm 5850 ± 150 Salty peat. Pollen zone Vila. Atlantic. Gif-937. Boring S 9, -0.2m 4250 ± 140 Salty peat. Pollen zone VIIa. Atlantic. Gif-940. Boring S 9, -9.3m 6900± 150° Broken shells in marine sand. No pollen. Gif-941. Boring S 9, -10.2m 6200 ± 150 Salty peat. Pollen zone VIc. Boreal. Gif-942. Boring S 9, -15m 11,600 ± 270 Broken shells in fluviatile sand. Gif Natural Radiocarbon Measurements IX 297 Gif-1879. Boring S 2, +3.5m 4400 ± 140 Salty peat. Pollen zone Vila. Atlantic. Ver-sur-Mer series, Calvados Peat from littoral peat bog cropping out on beach (49° 20' N, 0° 30' W). Coil and subm 1972 by C Larsonneur, Inst Geol, Univ Caen. Gif-2693. V 12 1080 ± 100 Pollen zone, Sub-atlantic. Gif-2695. V 32 1580 100 Pollen zone, Sub-atlantic. Gif -2694. V 28 2850 110 Pollen zone, end of Sub-boreal. General Comment: outcrop overlies archaeol level with Neolithic in- dustry. Saint Guinoux series, Dot, Ille et Vilaine Peat from tidal marsh of Dol at Saint Guinoux (48° 33' N, 1° 45' W). Coil and subm 1970 by F Verger, Ecole Pratique Haute Etudes, Paris (Verger, 1971). Gif-1686. Saint Guinoux, Do! 81 2720 ± 110 Peat at depth 1.7 to 1.95m, 1.1km SSW of Saint Guinoux under an- cient channel with reversed relief. Gif-1687. Saint Guinoux, Do! A 3550 ± 110 Peat at depth 2.8 to 2.9m, lkm SW of Saint Guinoux, under ancient channel with unreversed relief. Coil and subm 1970 by F Verger. General Comment: dated as part of geomorphol study of region; indicates relief inversion between 3500 and 2700 BP. Saint Mare-en-Treveneuc series, Cotes du Nord Peat and wood samples from cores in large peat bog covering fore- shore in small valley mouth, in cove of Saint Marc-en-Treveneuc (48° 40' N, 2° 50' W). Coll and subm 1971-1978 by M Ters. Deposit is ca 15m thick accumulation of peaty and sandy sediments. Dates enable study of sea level rises and development of vegetation during Holocene. Alts are related to msl. Present tidal range on coast is 12.85m. Gif-2979. S 2.14 >90 Peat, +7.85m. Gif-2607. M XII 2480 100 Peat, +6.35m. Gif-4523. D B 3820 110 Peat, +4.75m. 298 Georgette Delibrias, Marie-Therese Guillier, and Jacques Labeyrie Gif-4417. Fu 37 4500 110 Peat, +4.2m. Gif-2606. M XII 140 Peat, +1.15m. Gif-4416. A 8 5600 ± 120 Tree trunk, +0.5m. Gif -4524. D B 130 Peat, +0.35m. Gif-2978. B 2.2 6070 ± 130 Peat, -1.9m. Gif -2152. I 6400 130 Tree trunk, -1.85m. Gif-2527. 43 7050 160 Peat, -5.95m. Gif-3792. R 20 7060 ± 160 Peat, -7.3m. Gif -3097. C M 38 7370 ± 140 Peat, -7m. General Comment: palynol study indicates: upper part of peat, +7.45 to Sm is Sub-atlantic and Sub-boreal. Lower part of peat and underlying day are Atlantic. Some short-term oscillations of sea level during Holocene transgression were established, high levels ca 6200 BP at -8m, ca 4900 BP at -5m, ca 3350 BP at -2.5m, and low level occurred ca 7400 BP at -15m? just before minor transgression (Ters, 1973). Anse du Palus series, Cote du Nord Peat from peaty layer lying on shelly sand, 2m below msl (48° 40' Nr 2° 56' W). Coll and subm 1972 by M Ters. Gif-3474. Jab 1 3580 ± 110 Peaty black clay from top of peaty layer. Gif-3475. Job 44 5330 ± 140 Peat from base of peaty layer. Gif -2953. Croesty-en-Arzon, Morbihan 3130 ± 100 Peaty clay under marine sand, in marsh (47° 32' N, 2° 54' W). Coil and subm 1973 by M Ters. Comment: dates continental episode cor- related with minor regression of sea. °Gif-2528. Saint-Nazaire, Loire Atlantique 5220 ± 130 Oyster shells at depth 30m in sediments from Loire valley (47° 17' N, 2° 10' W). Coll and subm 1972 by M Ters. Comment: estimates rate of valley filling. Gif Natural Radiocarbon Measurements IX 299 Bretignolles series, Vendee Wood and peat on foreshore of beach of Bretignolles (46 ° 38 ' N, , ° 52' W). Coil and subm 1972-1974 by M Ters. Gif-3421. 85R 3430 ± 110 Tree trunk in situ, lm above msl, lying on peat dated at 4990 ± 120 (Gif-2109) and 4900 ± 1120 (Gif-2108) (R, 1974, v 16, p 65). Gif-2525. 14 5900 ± 140 Peat, 4m below msl. Gif-3420. La Grande Poissoliere, Vendee 7600 ± 170 Wood in peat layer intercalated between periglacial alluvium of Auzance R and Holocene alluvium inland (46° 24' N, 1° 40' W). Coil and subm 1974 by M Ters. Comment: dates beginning of valley filling result- ing from Holocene rise of sea. Sonneville series, Charente Typical formations of Charente region composed of deposits of al- " ternatingly fine- and coarse-layered sands are called grezes litees". They result from action of snow on slopes in limestone environment and from drift caused by a sheet flood phenomenon during periglacial period. These sandstone-like formations are often cut by organic horizons, pseudo-paleosols, resulting from soils developed on high part of slope during favorable climatic periods and swept down slope by action of snow when climatic conditions deteriorated. Dates obtained from mollusk shells and organic matter from paleosols. Coil in sandpit of Sonneville (45° 35' N, 0° 11' W) and subm 1972-1975 by Y Csuillien, CNRS, Paris (Guillien and Puissegur, 1969; Guillien, 1975). Gif-2417. Sonneville 3 26,600 ± 760 Mollusk shell from basal level of Upper Mesowurmian Paleosol 3. Continent: molluscan fauna is characteristic of cold steppe. Gif-2675. Sonneville 3 25,600 ± 900 Humid fraction from top of Upper Paleosol 3, same level as mollusks (Gif-2417). Comment: soluble organic fraction dated at 27,080 ± 350, Gif-2675bis, 81:'C = -25.3. Good agreement between two dates indicates that organic horizon is free of recent contamination. Gif-2951. Sonneville 3 26,590 ± 750 Humin fraction coil from same level as Gif-2675. Gif-3423. Sonneville 3 25,400 ± 1000 Humin fraction from basal level of Upper Paleosol 3. Comment: agrees within limits of statistical errors with other dates from this soil. Humic acids absent. Gif-3274. Sonneville 2 20,000 ± 600 Humin fraction from paleosol above Sonneville 3. Comment: humic acids absent. 300 Georgette Delibrias, Maric-Therese Guillier, and Jacques Labeyrie Gif-3273. Sonneville la + lb 21,600 ± 600 Humin fraction from paleosol above Sonneville 2. Comment: humic acids absent. Gif-3537. Sonneville II-III 8790 ± 400 Humin fraction from more superficial organic horizon. Comment: very low percentage of organic C, 0.06%. Gif-3538. Sonneville II-III, 20.21.22 9230 ± 400 Humin fraction, from same level as Gif-3537. Comment: very low percentage of organic C, 0.1%. Date confirms that of Gif-3537. Obvious circulation of water through this level suggests recent contamination. General Comment: dates approx end of soil development period and change in climatic conditions that initiated slope instability. Sonneville dates generally agree with known chronology for Upper Pleniglacial in Europe. Well-dated 1.4m thick Upper Paleosol 3, corresponds to im- portant Wurmian Interstadial ca 26,000 BP. Charente valley series, Charente Maritime Samples from muddy sediments of lower valley of Charente R, Charente Maritime. Coil and subm 1975 by C Gabet, Rochefort, Charente Maritime. Gif-3757. Brouage 1 2770 ± 100 Shells from shelly sand, 20m below msl at Brouage (45° 52' N, 0° 44'W). Gif-3758. Brouage 2 1790 ± 100 Shells from shelly sand, 23m below msl. Gif-3756. Rochefort, Vieille Forme 3530 ± 110 Shells from shelly sand, 25.4m below msl (45° 57' N, 00 57 W). Gif-3755. Rochefort, Corderie X30,000 Peaty sand overlying black clay, 28.2m below msl (45° 56' N, 0° 57'W). General Comment: samples dated to trace Holocene transgression on coast, but precise sea level is difficult to deduce from depth of these sam- ples coil in marshes and tidal channels where near-shore sedimentation is important factor. Dates show formation of estuary of Charente R. Gif-2555. Marsh of Arvert, Saintonge, Charente Maritime 4290 ± 120 Shells from ancient littoral offshore bar, 9m below msl (45° 47' N, ° 1 15' W). Coil and subm 1972 by C Gabet (1978). Comment: dates stage in formation of Marsh of Saintonge; difficult to relate to precise sea level. La Perroche series, Oleron Island Salty peat bog on strand overlying marine sand layer, S La Perroche (46° 54' N, 4° 18' W), Charente Maritime. Coil and subm 1972 by C Gabet (1974). Gif Natural Radiocarbon Measurements IX 301 Gif-2679. La Perroche 1 4920 ± 110 Peat at base, 1.3m below msl. Gif-2680. La Perroche 2 3600 100 Peat at 0.3m below msl. Gif-4234. La Perroche 3 1730 100 Peat from upper layer. General Comment: dates agree with known sea-level variations during Holocene on British and Channel littorals. Gif-2987. Tonnay, Charente 3660 ± 110 Oyster shells from Shelly deposit 0.6m thick, at 9m depth in maritime plain of Charente (45° 57' N, 0° 53' W). Coll and subm by C Gabet. Com- ment: dates stage in formation of maritime plain of Charente. Dates a little younger than expected from Neolithic industry assoc; difficult to relate to precise sea level. Saint Georges d'Oleron series, Oleron Island Littoral deposits from Marais des Salines (45° 58' N, 2° 16' W). Coll and subm 1974 by C Gabet to determine stages of forward advance of coast in NE part of isle. Gif-3382. Marais des Salines, l 2880 ± 100 Marine shells from offshore bar, La Moulinade 2km inland from coast, 2m above msl. Gif-3383. Marais des Salines, 2 2040 ± 90 Peat from sandy peat in marsh between shelly deposits, 4m below msl, on offshore bar. Gif 4393. Marais des Salines, 3 2710 ± 100 Marine shells from offshore bar off La Moulinade, 1.5m above msl. Gif-4394. Marais des Salines, 4 Modern Marine shells in marsh at foot of offshore bar, La Moulinade. Com- ment: shells probably deposited by very high tide. Gif-4395. Marais des Salines, 5 700 ± 90 Marine shells from offshore bar des Arceaux, 2.5m above msl. General Comment: dates trace formation of Marais des Salines, built from deposition of three shelly bars which were remains of ancient shorelines and by sediment-filled pond that formed between bars. Dates indicate stages of coastal aggradation in NE part of Oleron I. Gif -4418. Oleron Island 3430 ± 110 Peat layer between two marine deposits 0.5m below msl, in filling of small valley, Oleron I. Coll and subm by M Ters. Comment: dates minor regression of sea between two transgressive episodes. Probably dates same fluctuations of sea as Gif-2953 and -3421. 302 Georgette Delibrias, Marie-Therese Guillier, and Jacques Labeyrie Gif-2767. Bidart, Pyrenees Atlantiques >35,000 Wood from fossil tree trunk in coastal alluvial nappe deformed by tectonics, at Bidart (43° 26' N, 1° 36' W). Coil and subm 1973 by G Viers, Fac Lettres, Toulouse. Comment: date confirms old age of this formation. B. Spain and Portugal Gif-2707. La Franca, Asturias >35,009 Peat overlying marine pebble deposit on marine abrasion surface, covered by consolidated marine material 6 to 8m above msl, on beach of La Franca (43° 23' N, 4° 36' W). Coil 1970 and subm 1973 by G Mary, Coil Sci Univ, Le Mans. Comment: confirmed expectation that this is old level (probably Tyrrhenniam III) and not result of recent tectonic move- ments. Pollen analysis: Betula and Alnus dominant. Llano Ronanzas series, Asturias Peaty formation, 2.5m thick, on remote plateau at alt 250m in hinter- land, Llano Ronanza (43° 23' N, 4° 23' W), La Borbolla. Coil 1970 and subm 1972 by G Mary. Gif-2337. Llano Ronanzas 350 ± 80 Peat at 0 to 0.2m above surface. Gif-2336. Llano Ronanzas 1450 ± 90 Peat at 1.1 to l.5rn above surface. Gif-2335. Llano Ronanzas 3210 ± 100 Peat at 2.2 to 2.5m above surface. General Comment: Corylus abundant at all levels. Asturian coastal series, Spain Peat on beach and cliff of Jerra (43° 28' N, 3° 48' W) and of San Vicente de la Barquera (43° 23' N, 4° 24' W) on Asturian coast bordering Bay of Biscay, N Spain. Coll and subm 1970 to 1972 by G Mary. Gif-2635. Jerra 1 5880 ± 130 Peat from outcropping 60cm above present bar at cliff base. Corn- rnent: indicates marine environment. Gif-1893. Jerra 2 5250 ± 90 Submerged peat with hazelnuts, 25m from foot of cliff. Gif-2917. Jerra 3 5300 ± 120 Peat close to Gif-1893. Gif-3050. Jerra 4 5850 ± 200 Submerged peat, 150m from foot of cliff. Gif-2636. Rio Bederna, San Vicente de la Barquera Beach 4770 ± 110 Peat bog on pebble bar, 1.1 to 2m above high sea level, exposed at mouth of Rio Bederna. Gif Natural Radiocarbon Measurements IX 303 General Comment: Asturian coast, contrary to French coast, has kept traces of recent high sea levels (Mary, Medus, and Delibrias, 1975). Pollen in dated peats would indicate phytodynamic delay during Holocene with regard to French Basque country. Torremolinos series, Spain Shells from marine formation at Torremolinos (36° 38' N, 4° 30' W), near Malaga. Coll and subm 1972 by R Lhenaff, Inst Geog, Lille. Gif-2690. Torremolinos 1 1350 ± 90 Shells from bottom of red detrital continental formation, lying on. lumachelle. Gif-2691. Torremolinos 2 >30,000 Shells in lumachelle, 1 to 2m above msl. Azores series, Portugal Core K 11, 3550m depth (36° 47' 7" N, 27° 22' 3" W), near Azores islands, Atlantic Ocean. Subm 1972 by L Pastouret, CNEXO, Plouzane. Total inorganic carbon was used to date samples. Gif-2522. 5 to 16cm 4150 ± 110 Gif-2523. 61 to 75cm 21,850 ± 570

C. Austria Linz series Fossil wood from recent alluvial plains of Donau R, in Linz region. Coll by H Kohl and subm 1971 by M Leger, Inst Geog, Paris (Leger, 1965). Gif-2252. Pleschinger Au, 63 1490 ± 90 Fossil wood (Fagus sp), at depth 6 to 7m in alluvial plain of Donau (48° 19' N. 14° 20' E). Gif -2253. Pleschinger Au, 69 1440 ± 90 Fossil wood (Ulmus sp), at depth 6 to 7m in alluvial plain of Donau. Gif-2251. Pleschinger Au, 52 3640 ± 110 Fossil wood (Quercus sp), at depth 6 to 7m in alluvial plain of Donau. Gif-2249. Asten Fisching, 9 2390 ± 100 Fossil wood (Fraximus sp), at depth 10 to 1 im in lowest terrace at Asten Fisching (48° 14' N, 14° 25' E). Gif-2250. Asten Fisching, 10 2600 ± 100 Fossil wood (Ulmus sp), at depth 10 to llm in lowest terrace. Gif-2254. Hirschgasse, Linz, 75 12,100 ± 220 Fossil wood (Populus sp), in organic horizon in silty upper deposit of low terrace, at 2m depth, Hirschgasse (48° 18' N, 14° 16' E). 301 Georgette Delibrias, Marie-Therese Guillier, and Jacques Labeyrie D. North Africa Gif-1891. Sebkhet-en-Noual, Tunisia 300 ± 90 Ostrich egg shell from ground surface at top of terrace, Sebkhet-en- Noual (34° 24' N, 9° 52' E). Coil and subm 1970 by J P Ballais, Univ Caen. Comment: indicates recent existence of ostrich in region. Bou-Regreg series, Morocco Oyster shells in marine alluvium in mouth of Bou-Regreg wadi near Rabat (34° 02' N, 6° 51' W). Coil and subm 1973 by J Riser, Fac Sci St Jerome, Marseille. Gif-2851. Bou-Regreg 1 8770 ± 200 From base of oyster shell level, 25 to lm below msl. Gif-2852. Bou-Regreg 3 6490 ± 160 From top of same oyster shell level. General Comment: dates corroborate rapid rise of sea level during "Mel- lahien" (Flandrian on these coasts). E. West Africa Dakar, Core 40 S 43 series Samples from marine Core 40 S 43, 4.2km off Dakar (14° 36' 60" N, 17° 14' 58" W), at depth 15.8m, in old marigot (estuarine marsh). Coil by Mission Rosilda and subm 1973 to date Holocene transgression. Gif-2824. 340 to 330cm 8400 ± 180 Clayey peat with coarse sand from base of peat at bottom of core. Gif-2856. 300 to 290cm 8180 ± 180 Oyster shells from upper part of peat level. Gif -2823. 40 to 30cm 8150 ± 180 Peaty clay from top of core, separated from low peaty horizon by 1.5m oyster mud level. General Comment: dates suggest very rapid rise of sea level ca 8000 BP. Louti series, Cameroon Calcareous nodules in vertisol from low terrace of right bank of Mayo Loud R (10° 46' N, 13° 55' E), at Figuil, Benoue. Coil and subm 1971 by A Marliac, ORSTOM, Yaounde, Cameroon. 8400 ± 110 Gif-2233. Louti, 70 AK 911 S13C = -10.3%0 Calcareous nodules in ocher sandy-silty vertisol lying on pebble level at depth 2m, Profile 9. Site subject to seasonal floods. 14,720 ± 200 Gi1-2234. Louti, 70 AID 9111 813C = _9.4% Calcareous nodules 50cm below Gif-2233, Profile AK 9. Site subject to seasonal floods. Gif Natural Radiocarbon Measurements IX 305 9480 ± 120 Gif-2235. Louti, 71 F 2 his llla 613C 10.2% Calcareous nodules in gray-black vertisol, overlain by colluvium at depth 4m, Profile F 2. Above seasonal flood level. 15,320 ± 210 Gif-2236. Louti, 71 F 2 his lllb S13C = -10.7%a Calcareous nodules from 90cm below Gif-2235, Profile F 2. 8690 ± 110 Gif-2237. Louti, 71 F 2 his V c 613C = -8.9% Calcareous nodules from yellow sandy-silty horizon at depth 3m un- der Gif-2236, Profile F 2. Site may be subject to floods. 7030 ± 100 Gif-2238. Louti, 71 F 4111 a 6130 - -9.8%a Calcareous nodules in gray-black vertisol in sandy gritty colluvium at depth 7m, Profile F 4. Above seasonal flood level. 6450 ±90 Gif-2239. Louti, 71 F 4 V b 6130 = -11.7%a Calcareous nodules from 5m below Gif-2238, Profile 4. Above seasonal flood level. Gif-2240. Louti, 71 F 4 V Modern Organic matter from vertisol just above nodules Gif-2239, Profile 4. Comment: no carbonate in this level. Organic carbon content 0.1%x; in- active CO., added for measurement. General Comment: dates are inconsistent both within same profile and between profiles which may be caused by presence of Cretaceous cal- careous sediment in part of drainage basin, and by active formation of calcareous deposits in profiles (F4 and F2 bis) observed since 1971. Mod- ern age of organic matter from base of Profile F4, though not explained (Gif-2240) shows contamination of these levels. Study indicates unreli- ability of 14C ages for this type of material in equatorial regions. York Island series, Sierra Leone Vermets from York I. (8° 30' N, 13° 17' W). Coll and subm 1971 by J Laborel, Fac d'Aix, Marseille. Alts are above biol level of living vermets. Gif -2404. York I., SL 1 650 ± 90 Fossil formation, l ± 0.5m, found in fissure. Gif-2405. York I., SL 2 1420 ± 100 Fossil formation, 2 ± 0.5m. Gif-2406. York I., SL 3 740 ±90 Fossil formation, 1.5 ± 0.5m from Sussex Islet, between Freetow and York I. General Comment: if compared with results obtained for fossil vermets along coast of Brazil at same date, sea level seems 0.5 to lm higher on W African coast (Laborel and Delibrias, 1976). 306 Georgette Delibrias, Marie-Therese Guillier, and Jacgues Labeyrie Ivory Coast series Shells coil and subm 1973 by R Pomel, Dept Geog, Univ Clermont- Ferrand, to date recent minor transgression of littoral zone of Ivory Coast. Gif-2864. Dabou 1 2020 ± 100 Shells from shelly sand mounds (faluns) with lagoon shells and an- thropol deposits, at depth 2.5m, Dabou (5° 19' N, 4° 23' W). Gif -2863. Dabou 11 1970 ± 100 Shells from basal level of same shelly mounds as Gif-2864. Gif-3377. N'Gaty 1950 ± 90 Shells from falun, N'Gaty (5° 19' N, 4° 21' W). Gif-3379. Bandama >90 Oyster shell from falun on right bank of Bandama R near Lahou (5° 08' N, 4° 49' W). Gif-3360. Digboue >80 Oyster shell in falun, Digboue lagoon, near Balmer (4° 43' N, 6° 39' W). Comment for Gif-2864, -2863, -3360, -3377, -3379: samples date forma- tion of these anthropol deposits, positions of which suggest minor trans- gression. Gif-3361. Grand-Berebi 270 ± 80 Vermetidae, 0.5m above high sea level, Grand-Berebi (4° 39' N, 6° 55'W).

Gif-3362. Dogbale 1 760 ± 80 Vermetidae, 1.5m above high sea level, Dogbale-Oulidie (4° 37' N, 6° 57' W). Gif-3363. Dogbale 2 1920 ± 90 Vermetidae, 3m above high sea level. South Benin series Samples to study recent Holocene formation of S Benin, shoreline resulting from fluvial, lagoonal, and estuarine sedimentation. Gif-2847. N Aheme Lake 5700 ± 140 Peat at depth 160 to 200cm in Core L 4 b-l, ca lm above msl, from peat bog in ancient mangrove lagoon, probably developed at time of max of Nouakchottian transgression, N Aheme Lake (6° 36' N, 2° 00' E). Coll. and subm 1973 by P Germain, Lab Radioecol, Cherbourg (Germain, 1975). Gif-2848. S Porto-Novo 5430 ± 140 Peat at depth 150 to 200cm in Core P N 2 C-7, at ca msl, S Porto- Novo (6° 26' N, 2° 36' E). Coll and subm 1973 by P Germain. Gif Natural Radiocarbon Measurements IX 307 Gif-2849. Near Cotonou, C 1 2040 ± 100 Shells at depth 630 to 660cm in Core C 1, 1 to 2m below msl, in sandy seastrand near Cotonou (6° 21' N, 2° 25' E). Coil and subm 1973 by P Germain. Gif-2850. Near Cotonou, S 3 2750 ± 100 Shells at depth 970 to 1070m in Core S 3, ca 6m below msl in S sandy seastrand near Cotonou (6° 21' N, 2° 26' E). Coil and subm by P Germain. Comment: Gif-2849 and -2850 date levels corresponding to transition be- tween fine marine sandy deposit and coarser sedimentation which marks beginning of formation of littoral seastrand. Gif-3347. Bembe, P N 4 a 2670 ± 100 Shells in black clay from fluvial-lagoonal formation on left bank of Oueme R at Bembe (6° 32' N, 2° 32' E). Coil and subm 1974 by G Paradis, Univ Benin, Cotonou. Gif-3348. Zoumbodji 1250 ± 90 Shells (Area senelis), N coastal lagoon, Zoumbodji (6° 20' N, 2° 06' E). Coil and subm 1974 by G Paradis. Gif-3972. Cotonou, 13 3200 ± 100 Marine shells in coarse littoral sand, 12 to 13.5m depth, ca 6m below msl, Cotonou (6° 21' N, 2° 26' E). Coil and subm 1976 by G Paradis. Gif -3974. Cotonou, 15 1490 ± 90 Marine shells from shelly beds, 1.5m thick, in gray sand im above msl, from ancient beach (6° 21' N, 2° 23' E). Coil and subm by G Paradis. Gif -3973. Krake 830 ±90 Charcoal with pottery assoc at depth 0.6m, in sandy seastrand, Krake (6° 23' N, 2° 41' E). Coil and subm 1976 by G Paradis. Comment: sample of archaeol interest. Gif-3349. Kpodji la 970 ± 90 Shells (Mactra sp), from shelly sand level beneath clay, Kpodji (6° 23' N, 2° 35' E), Dahomey. Coll and subm 1974 by G Paradis. Gif-3350. Kpodji lb 1120 ± 90 Shells (Pachymeliana anrita), from same level as Gif-3349. General Comment: samples date environmental changes shown by sedi- ment and faunal studies (Paradis, 1975; 1978) resulting from change in lagoon formation. Ponta de San Jeronimo series, Sao Thome Island, Gulf of Guinea Lithotamnies from raised beach at Ponta San Jeronimo (0° 19' 55" N, 6° 44' 50" E). Coll by M Cornen and subm 1973 by P Giresse, Univ Perpignan. Gif-2998. Ponta de San Jeronimo, S T 1 100 Shells from base of raised beach, 0.5m above msi. 303 Georgette I)elibrias, Marie-Therese Guillier, and Jacques Labeyrie Gif-2999. Ponta de San Jeronimo, S T 2 2300 ± 100 Shells from top of raised beach, 1.5m above msl. General Comment: island is tectonically active and not suitable for study of small variations in sea level. Gif -2948. Pointe Noire, Congo 1890 ± 90 Charcoal lying on ocher sands covered by white sands at 5 to 7m ° above msl (4° 46' 30" S, 11 52' 10" E). Coll and subm 1973 by P Giresse. Comment: dates deposition of white sands at end of Holocene. Kouilou estuary series, Congo Six 30m borehole cores were taken in Holocene filling of Kouilou estuary valley to study most recent shoreline oscillations. Coil and subm 1974 by P Giresse. Gif-3451. Kouilou estuary, BK 1 D 610 ± 90 Organic remains in black clay, 6m below high sea level (4° 28' 40" S, 11° 36' E), in Core BK 1 D. Comment: sediment studies indicate this level corresponds to max of transgression. Gif-3453. Kouilou estuary, BK 2 H 920 ± 90 Peaty clay, 10.5m below high sea level (4° 28' 40" S, 11 ° 36' E), 50m from Core BK 1 D. Comment: corresponds to beginning of new marshy phase. Gif-3733. Kouilou estuary, BK 2 Y 6640 ± 140 Organic remains in gray clay, 19m below high sea level (4° 28' 30" S, 11 ° 43' 20" E). Gif-3735. Kouilou estuary, BK 3 H 8810 ± 180 Wood, 14.5 to 17.5m below high sea level. Gif-3734. Kouilou estuary, BK 61 ?35,000 Clayey peat, 26m below high sea level (4° 28' S, 11 ° 43' 20" E). Com- ment: corresponds to preceding transgression.

Gif-3452. Kouilou estuary, BK 1 L ?35,000 Peaty clay, 30m below high sea level (4° 28' 40" S, 11 ° 43' E). Com- ment: corresponds to preceding transgression. Gif-2949. "Cote Sauvage", Congo Modern Shels (Ostrea denticulata sp) from offshore bar, 3m above msl (4° 48' 37 S, 11° 51 10 E). Coll by G Kouyoumontzakis and subm 1973 by P Giresse. Comment: oyster shells are not good indicators of sea levels. Gif-3736. Congo, 1172 C ?25,000 Organic remains in clay at depth 50m on continental shelf (5° 32' S, 11° 56' E). Coil and subm 1974 by P Giresse. Comment: corresponds to preceding transgression. Gif Natural Radiocarbon Measurements IX 309 Gif-3449. Loango, Congo 520 ± 50 ° Organic clay, 0. r m below high sea level (4° 39' 30" S, 11 47' 25" E). Coll and subm 1974 by P Giresse. Comment: corresponds to slightly lower sea level than at present. Gif-3450. Songololo R, Congo 2920 ± 110 Organic clay, ca high sea level, from mouth of Songololo R (4° 45' 20" S, 11° 51' 00" E). Coll and subm 1974 by P Giresse. Comment: corre- sponds to slightly lower sea level than at present. Gif-2564. Congo, P G 596 11,980 ± 250 Am phistegines from sediment dredged from Congo continental shelf ° (4° 14' 5" S, 11 04' 6" E), at depth 112m. Subm 1972 by P Giresse. Com- ment: Am phistegines are large foraminifera living at depth of 55m or less. It can be deduced that sea level was ca -60m (Delibrias, Giresse, and Kouyoumontzakis, 1973). Gif-3479. Baia Forta, Angola 3400 ± 100 Shells (Area senilis) from midden at 20m above msl (12° 40' S, 13° 12' E), S W Benguela. Coll and subm 1974 by G Kouyoumontzakis, Lab Geol, Univ Brazzaville, Congo. Comment: corresponds to max of Nouakahottian transgression (Giresse, Kouyoumontzakis, and Delibrias, 1976). Gif-3477. Baia Azul, Angola 20,600 ± 400 Shells (Arca senilis), at 10 to 12m above msl (12° 38' S, 13° 15' E). Coll and subm 1974 by G Kouyoumontzakis. Comment: aberrant date that cannot be explained by recrystallization of shells, which were 100% aragonite; probably mixing of shells from different levels occurred. Gif-2944. Praia Amelia, Mossamedes, Angola GKAN 10 18,200 ± 400 Beach deposit with Strombusbubonius, Arca senilis, Conus spp, 1.5 to 2.5m above msl, Praia Amelia (15° 12' S, 12° 05' E), S Mossamedes. Coll by G Kouyoumontzakis and subm 1973 by P Giresse. Comment: date dis- agrees with known sea level at 18,000 BP; probably mixing of ancient and more recent shells occurred. Gif-3732. Angola, GKAN 54 >35,000 Marine shells from uplifted level at 20m above msl (12° 35' S, 13° 25' E). Coll and subm 1975 by P Giresse. Comment: corresponds to an- cient high sea level, probably from Ouljian transgression. Gif-2945. Ponta da Giraul, N Mossamedes, Angola 3430 ± 100 Broken shell in raised beach, at 5m above msl (15° 06' S, 12° 07' E). Coll and subm 1973 by P Giresse. Comment: dates one of raised beaches observed in S Angola, which disappear towards N Angola. Gif -2946. Praia des Conchas, N Mossamedes, Angola 3040 ± 100 Serpulides tubicoles lumachelle, 2 to 4m thick at 3m above msl (15° 05' S, 12° 08' E). Coil and subm 1973 by P Giresse. Comment: same as for Gif-2945 (Giresse, Kouyoumontzakis, and Delibrias, 1973). 310 Georgette Delibrias, Marie-Therese Guillier, and Jaegues Labeyrie Gif-2947. Baia Forta, Angola ?35,000 Shell interbedded in coarse sand, 2 to 3m above ms1 (12° 37' S, 13° 12' E). Coil and subm 1973 by P Giresse. Comment: corresponds to Ouljian transgression. Gif-3230. Praia Amelia, Angola 1620 ± 80 Marine shells, at 5 ± 2m above msl (15° 12' S, 12° 06' E). Coil and subm 1974 by G Kouyoumontzakis. Gif-3231. Paia des Conchas, Angola Modern. Shell remains, at 2 to 3m above msl (15° 05' S, 12° 08' E). Coil and subm 1974 by G Kouyoumontzakis. Comment: corresponds to high sea level. Gif-3478. Baia du Pipas, Angola ?35,000 Marine shells, at 15m above msl (15° 07' S, 12° 12' E). Coil and subm 1974.by G Kouyoumontzakis. Comment: corresponds to ancient high sea level, probably from Ouljian transgression. F. East Africa and Madagascar Gif-2559. N coast Ghoubhet al Karab, W Djibouti, Ethiopia 27,600 ± 1500 Shells sampled at alt lOm, from tectonically uplifted fringe reef, 60m high, N coast of Ghoubbat al Karab (11° 32' N, 42° 32' E), Tadjoura Gulf. Coil and subm 1972 by L Stieltjes, BRGM, La Reunion. Comment: incon- sistent with uplift rates of this littoral zone deduced from 430Th/234U dates. on corals (Faure, Hoang, and Lalou, 1980). Results from light contamina- tion of shells by recent carbon. Date must be taken as min (Stieltjes, 1973). Gif-2558. N coast Ghoubhet at Karab, W Djibouti, Ethiopia 7810 ± 150 Shells from lacustrine deposit assoc with max SE extension of Lake ° Asal (11 35' N, 42° 30' E), Tadjoura Gulf. Coll and subm 1972.by L Stieljes. Gif-2554. Ghoubbet al Karab, Afar, Ethiopia 7400 ± 110 Shells (Melania) from lacustrine sediments under basaltic flow, in open fissure in lava (11° 30' N, 42° 30' E). Coil and subm 1972 by M Marinelli, Inst Min Petrog, Pisa. Comment: eolian sediment is inter- bedded between lava and lacustrine deposit. Date is max for basaltic flow, one of last of Ghoubbet, which is probably younger than 7000 BP. With width of fissure at ca 40m it is possible to calculate min spreading rate of ca 1cm/yr for Asal ridge (Delibrias, Marinelli, and Stieljes, 1974). Fort-Dauphin series, Madagascar Fossil vermetid shells from Fort-Dauphin region (25° 01' S, 47° 00' E). Coil and subm 1973 by ] Laborel, Sta marine d'Endoume, Marseille. Alt given above biol level of living vermets. Gif Natural Radiocarbon Measurements IX 311 Gif2838. Fort Dauphin 1 980 ± 90 Fossil formation, 2 ± 0.5m. Gif-2839. Fort-Dauphin 3 1920 ± 90 Fossil formation, 2.5 ± 0. r m. Gif-2449. Sambava, Madagascar 2020 ± 90 Shells in sandy bar, at approx msl (14° 16' S, 50° 10' E), NE Mada- gascar. Coil and subm 1973 by R Battistini, Dept Geog, Univ d'Orleans. General Comment for Madagascar samples: evidence of high sea levels during Holocene is observed along coast of Madagascar. Tulear series, Madagascar Littoral samples from Tulear region, SW Madagascar. Coil and subm 1972 by M Pichon, Sta marine d'Endoume, Marseille. Gif-2520. Tulear, MP/D 29 1870 ± 100 Organogenic sandstone of recent formation dredged from depth 40 to 45m near Tulear (23° 24' 9" S, 43° 38' 4" E), SW Madagascar. Gif2519. Tulear, 4MP/A1 4800 ± 130 Thick pieces of Ae pyornis egg shells, coil from yellow dune largely consisting of quartz sands. Gif-2521. Tulear, 4-MP/A2 1530 ± 110 Thin pieces of Aepyornis egg shells, coil from white dune largely con- sisting of organogenlc limestone, near Tulear (23° 17' 8" S, 43 38 5" E). General Comment: eggs date littoral dune systems. Organogenic limestone in white dunes comes from coral indicating coral littoral formation be- tween 4800 and 1530 BP, existence of which is proven by dredged sample. Aepyornis is now extinct in Madagascar; birds were still extant when first Europeans arrived. Thinness of shells (Gif-2521) is considered evidence of degenerative stage of sp (M P). Gif-2391. Vavatenina region, Madagascar IFB13 2270 ± 90 B horizon from podzol lying on alluvial terrace (17° 27' S, 49° 20' E).

Coil and subm 1971 by F Bourgeat, Ecole Sup Nat Agron, Paris. Cor - ment: date is upper limit for end of terrace formation. G. Pacific Coasts Reef Island series, Bank Island Group, New Hebrides Samples of coral and shell from Reef I. (13° 37' S, 167° 32' E), Bank I. Group, New Hebrides. Coll and subm 1972 by A Guilcher, Fac Lettres Sci Humaines, Brest. Gif-2535. Reef 2 4320 ± 80 Coral, E Wosou, mid-tide level. Gif-2536. Reef 3 5980 ± 90 Coral, NE Wosou, mid-tide level. 312 Georgette Delibrias, Marie-Therese Guillier, and Jacques Labeyrie Gif-2531. Reef 8 4570 80 Shell (Tridacne), SW Wosou, just above mid-tide level. Gif-2532. Reef 17 4150 Shell (Pemphis), NW Reef I., mid-tide level. 80 Reef Reef Reef 45 6640 100 Coral, S Rowa I., mean high-tide level. Gif-2624. Reef 44 3270 100 Coral, S Rowa I., filling of pipe. Gif-2625. Reef 43 20,600 320 Coral, from outer edge of reef Rowa I. General Comment: dates indicate that old reef was formed during Holo- cene when sea level was 0.5m to 1.5m higher than at present. Seismicity of archipelago is high; thus it is impossible to know that alt of corals is due only to sea-level variations. All dated corals were in growth position except for Gif-2625, which results from mixture with older corals. Reef I. probably had shallow Pleistocene basement (Guilcher, 1974). Gif-3566. Farquhar I., Seychelles 3640 ± 100 Sample of coralline limestone 2.5m above sea level, from rim of Farquhar atoll (10° S, 51 ° E). Coil and subm 1975 by R Battistini. Com- ment: two U-Th dates for same coral sample, 4700 ± 600 and 3100 ± 700 BP (Battistini, Delibrias, and Laborel, 1976), show good correlation ob- tainable between 14C and U-Th dates for young coral samples. New Caledonia series Peat samples from mangrove peat bogs on W coast of New Caledonia. Coll and subm 1973 by F Baltzer, Fac Sci Orsay, Essonne. Gif-2929. Nessadiou 10 E 5930 ± 120 Peat (21 ° 38' 5,168° 28' 30" E). Gif2930. Marais de Mara, 4.1 5330 ± 120 Peat (21° 45' 5,165° 41' 30" E). Gif-2932. Boulouhari, 104 2900 ± 100 Peat (21° 55'S, 165° 56' E). Gif-2931. Marais de Mara, 4.2 430 ± 80 Peat (21° 45' S, 165° 41' 30" E). General Comment: dates stages of regression of sea during Holocene trans- gression. Gif Natural Radiocarbon Measurements IX 313 Gif-2392. La Reunion, LRZ443 1330 ± 90 B horizon from podzol (21 ° 6' 13" S, 55° 21' 26" E), 16 to 26 cm be- low surface, at alt 1650m. Coil and subm 1971 by C Zebrowski, ORSTOM, Paris. Gif-2393. La Reunion, LRZ463 2100 ± 90 B horizon from podzol (21° 10' 53" S, 55° 37' 50"), at depth 80 to 95cm from under volcanic ejecta. Coil and subm 1971 by C Zebrowski. Comment: dates upper limit of volcanic event. Vietnam series During Holocene transgression, sea submerged present coastal plains in Vietnam, especially Mekong Delta. Much archaeol and geol evidence of ancient coastline exists and indicates higher sea levels than at present (Fontaine and Delibrias, 1974). Coil and subm 1972-1974 by H Fontaine,, Serv Geol, Saigon. Gif-2647. Ben-Do 3000 ± 110 Organic remains in ceramic debris, from archaeol site in highlands Mekong Delta (10° 52' N, 106° 51' E). As lowlands were probably being submerged or were marshy, prehistoric people settled areas bordering Mekong Delta. Gif-2394. Rach-Nui 2400 ± 100 Shells in kitchen refuse, from site believed to be earliest settlement in lowlands of Mekong Delta (10° 33' N, 106° 40' 30" E). Gif-264$. Nha-Trang, Ire Island 3090 ± 110 Emerged coral from Nha-Trang, Ire I. Gif -2474. Ca-Na 2490 ± 100 Coral from "Terrace" (11° 20' N, 108° 51' E), ca 2m above msl. "Ter- races" are accumulation of cemented coral debris and shells on high. beach. Gif-2475. Ca-Na 4200 ± 110 Coral from "new terrace" (11 ° 20' N, 108° 52' 30" E), ca 2m above msl. Gif-2476. Ca-Na 900 ± 90 Shells and coral from "terrace", DQng-Hai (12° 30' N, 109° 18' E), 1.2m above msl. H. Brazil Bahia series Shelly sandstone from ancient littoral zone 1.5m above msl, near Bahia (13° S, 38° W). Coil and subm 1971 by T Da Silva, Univ Bahia, Salvador, Brazil. Gif -2149. Bahia 1 2150 ± 100 Calcareous cement of sandstone. 314 Georgette Delibrias, Marie-Therese Guillier, and Jacques Labeyrie Gif2150. Bahia 2 3780 ± 130 Shell extracted from sandstone. Comment: discrepancy between two ages means either successive recrystallization of cement results in younger dates, or older shells were cemented into sandstone. Gif-2957. Porto de Galinhas, Pernambuco 980 ± 90` Sandstone with Halimeda sp on coral slab, 0.5m above msl. Coll and subm 1973 by j Laborel. Comment: validity of date on carbonate from sandstone is impossible to evaluate because of possible incorporation of ancient carbonate; however, date is acceptable. I. Canada Quebec city area series Peat bogs from Quebec city area. Coll and subm 1970 by P Richard,, Univ Quebec, Chicontini, Canada (Richard, 1971). Gif-1756. Saint-Jean, lie d'Orleans, J? 1180 ± 1000 Peat from depth 70 to 85cm from Saint-Jean bog, 4.2m thick, on Orleans I., in St Lawrence R, E Quebec city (47° 56' N, 71° 56' W). Com- ment: pollen analysis indicates Tsuga canadensis max. Gif-1757. Saint-Jean, lie d'Orleans, J2 3800 ± 140° Peat from depth 270 to 285cm from same peat bog. Comment: pollen analysis indicates Fagus increase; Acer forest prevails. Gif-1758. Saint-Jean, lie d'Orleans, J3 6100 ± 160 Peat from depth 320 to 33cm from same peat bog. Comment: pollen analysis indicates Pinus strobes max, Acer, Tilia, and Fagus appearance. End of Betula forest. Gif-1759. Saint-Raymond, Portneuf, RAY 1 3550 ± 120 Peat from depth 270 to 285cm from Saint-Raymond peat bog, Portneuf (46° 53' N, 71° 48' W). Comment: high pollen frequency level, not correlated with j3 level as expected. Bottom of RAY profile dated to 7970 ± 140 BP (GSC-1400).

11. ARCHAEOLOGIC SAMPLES A. France issant series, Nord Littoral archaeol sites of interest to both archaeol and sea-level studies at Wissant (50° 53' N, 0° 42' E), Pas-de-Calais. Samples coll and subm 1969-1972 byH Mariette, Samer, Pas-de-Calais.

Gif-1598. Wissant 1 4520 ± 120 Shell (Cardium) from brackish clay level with scrobiculaire, on fore- shore at msl. Gif Natural Radiocarbon Measurements IX 315 Gif-1768. Wissant 2 3610 ± 110 Sandy peat lying on sand, at top of beach 2.7m above msl. Comment: considering tidal range of 7m, date corresponds to lowering of 0.8m be- low msl; agrees with assoc of Neolithic industry. Gif-2678. Wissant 3 1840 ± 90 Charcoal in clayey level in sand cliff; assoc with ceramics difficult to date by achaeol estimates. Hardelot series, Pas-de-Calais Samples from archaeol littoral site, interbedded in sand on beach (50° 36' N, 0° 45 E). Coll and subm 1969-1970 by H Mariette. Gif-1770. Hardelot 1 2740 ± 100 Humic sand, 7m above msl. Comment: agrees with assoc of 1st Iron age industry. Gif-1600. Hardelot 3 2950 110 Sandy peat, 6.5m above msl. Gif-1599. Hardelot 2 3000 ± 110 Sandy peat, 6m above msl. Gif-1769. Hardelot 4 2930 100 Peaty sand, 4m above msl. Comment: presence of potsherds of Bronze age should date sample some hundreds of years older. Gif-2557. Wimereux, Pas-de-Calais 3620 ± 110 Wood in peat containing tree trunks, at top of beach 3m above msl (56° 43' N, 00 81' E). Coil and subm 1971 by H Mariette. Comment: peat layer was between 2 levels of Neolithic and La Tene periods. Date is con- sistent with this archaeol evidence. Gif-2677. Etaples, Pas-de-Calais 3420 ± 100 ° Charcoal from site Etaples (50° 31' N, 1 38' E). Coil 1956 and subm 1972 by H Mariette. Comment: date agrees with Campaniforme ceramics assoc, similar to "Bell beaker" types from Netherlands (Mariette, 1959). Noisy-sur-Ecole series, Seine et Marne Charcoal from collective tomb of SOM (Seine-Oise-Marne) Neolithic type (48° 21' N, 2° 27' E). Coll and subm 1971 by M Brezillon, Antiquites Prehist, Paris. Gif-2241. Noisy-sur-Ecole, A 4480 ± 110 Charcoal cull in rectangular room at depth 1m, assoc with two human skeletons. Gif-2242. Noisy-sur-Ecole, B 4530 ± 110 Charcoal mixed with human bones around well, in 2nd elliptical room. 316 Georgette Delibrias, Maric-Therese Guillier, and Jacques Labeyrie -!-100 Gif-2243. Noisy-sur-Ecole, C 2970 Charcoal in well at depth 3 to 4m, under remains of domestic fauna, atypical stone industry, and pottery of Hallstatt period. General Comment: Gif-2241 and -2242 agree with archaeol evidence for SOM Neolithic civilization. Gif-2243 was expected to be 500 yr younger. Gif-2365. Cannes-Ecluse, Seine et Marne 1970 ± 70 Charcoal from Late Bronze age site at depth 70cm, "Les Bagneux" (48° 22' N, 3° 05' E). Coll by C Mordant and subm 1971 by M Brezillon. Comment: dates conflict with archaeol evidence; no explanation offered. Gif -2366. Misy, Seine et Marne 540 ± 60 Charcoal from Middle Bronze age site at depth 40cm, "Bois des Refuges", Misy-sur-tonne (48° 20' N, 3° 05' E). Coil by C Mordant and subm 197-1 by M Brezillon. Comment: date strongly conflicts with archaeol evidence. Gif-2721. Sevres, Hauts de Seine 5190 ± 130 Charcoal from gallery for flint quarrying from chalk formation (48° 20' N, 2° 27' E). Coil by J L Maire and subm 1972 by M Brezillon. Com- ment: date agrees with expected age. Gif-2723. Germigny-L'Eveque, Seine et Marne 3970 ± 120 Charcoal from hearth in collective tomb of SOM Neolithic type (48° 59' N, 2° 56' E). Coil by J Tarrete and subm 1973 by M Brezillon. Com- ment: date agrees with expected age. Gif-2169. Loisy-en-Brie, Marne 3690 ± 100 Bones from collective tomb in hypogeum of Loisy-en-Brie (48° 54' N, 4° E), in rich archaeol context of SOM culture. Subm by M joffroy, Saint-Germain-en-Lave. Comment: date agrees well with archaeol data. Gif-1604. Le Rozel, Manche 17,000 ± 700 Organic horizon in Upper Paleolithic rockshelter in natural fault in ° vertical cliff, at Pointe du Rozel (49° 28' N, 1 50' 30" W), coast of Go- tentin. Coll and subm 1970 by F Scuvee, Digosville, Manche. Comment: dated as expected although very poor industry of site did not allow ac- curate archaeol interpretation. Gif-2291. Gaignog Island, Landeda, Finistere 1470 ± 100 Charcoal from Dark age site in Gaignog I. (48° 35' N, 4° 35' W). Coil and subm 1971 by P R Giot, Fac des Sci, Rennes. Comment: charcoal is related to oldest enclosure of site. Gif-2293. Kera6eoet, Saint Segal, Finistere 970 ± 90 Charcoal from surrounding wall of camp of Kerascoet (48° 15' N, 4° 3' W). Coil by L E Gall and subm 1971 by R Sanquer, Fac Lettres, Brest. Comment: gives early medieval date for this type of circular camp. Gif Natural Radiocarbon Measurements IX 317 Saint-Urnel, Plomeur series, Finistere Littoral necropolis of Saint-Urnel, Plomeur (47° 55' N, 4° 20' W) is famous cemetery. Its numerous skeletons, interbedded in dune were well studied to determine origin of settlement in Brittany. Lying on Bronze age soil, it was first attributed to Iron age (Giot and Cogne, 1951). Sam- ples coil and subm 1971-1976 by P R Giot. Gif-2296. Saint-Urnel, S U 1 970 90 Human bones from upper level. Gif-2681. Saint-Urnel, S U 2 980 ± 90 Human bones from same level as Gif-2296. Gif-3079. Saint-Urnel, S U 1973 900 90 Charcoal from furnace used in bronze metallurgy for casting bells. Gif. 3584. Saint-Urnel, S U 74.109 1630 ± 90 Human bones from one of most ancient sepultures. Gif-3745. Saint-Urnel, S U 75, 7.8.9/CD 1300 90 Charcoal from oratory in center of necropolis. Gif-3795. Saint-Urnel, S U 74.61 1400 90 Human bones from ancient sepulture. Gif-4071. Saint-Urnel, S U 74151B 1310 90 Human bones under post hole of oratory. General Comment: dates necropolis to Dark age and High Middle age which is also period of arrival of Breton people in region (Giot and Mon- nier, 1977; 1978). Gif-2326. Saint-Servan, Ille et Vilaine 1860 ± 90 Wood from worked piece of machinery engine (Roman pump) from big tank embedded into gneiss rock, at Saint-Servan-Saint Malo (48° 38' N, 2° 02' W) (Langouet and Meury, 1973). Coll and subm 1971 by L Langouet, Fac Sci, Rennes. Comment: date agrees with expected age. Gif-2327. Kerbat-Plouye, Finistere 2380 ± 70 Charcoal from Iron age souterrain (underground tunnel) (48° 19' N, 3 ° 43' W). Coil and subm 1971 by C T Le Roux, Fac Sci, Rennes. Com- ment: fits with archaeol evidence. Kerlande series, Brandivy, Finistere Charcoal from late Bronze age site at Kerlande (47° 46' N, 2° 54' W). Coil by J Lecornec and subm 1971 by P R Giot. Gif-2379. Kerlande, C'2.27 860 90 Charcoal. Gif-2331. Kerlande, 1 90 Charcoal. 318 Georgette Delibrias, Marie-Therese Guillier, and Jacques Labeyrie Gif-2378. Kerlande, A'4.90 2820 ± 100 Charcoal. General Comment: Gif-2379 and -2331 date some recent periods of occu- pation of this enclosed site of Late Bronze age which were not revealed during excavation. Gif-2378 agrees with expected age (Lecornec, 1973). Kerviny barrow series, Poullan, Finistere Charcoal from Early Bronze age barrow (48° 3' 14" N, 4° 22' 51" W). Coll and subm 1971 by j Briard, Fac Sci, Rennes. Gif -2374. Kerviny 2 1760 ± 90 Charcoal from hearth.

Gif-2480. Kerviny 1 Modern Charcoal. Gif-2481. Kerviny 3 3510 ± 100 Charcoal. General Comment: only Gif-2481 gives expected age of barrow; Gif-2374 and -2481 indicate later re-occupations (Briard, 1972). Kerviny settlement series, Poullan, Finistere Charcoal from proto-historic enclosure beside barrow at Kerviny. Coil and subm 1971 by j Briard. Gif-2377. Kerviny 6 90 Charcoal. Gif -2375. Kerviny 4 90 Charcoal. Gif-2376. Kerviny 5 1600 ± 90 Charcoal. General Comment: dates indicate long and continual settlement of site. Gif-2380. Meilars, Penguilly, Finistere 2500 ± 100 Charcoal from barrow of Penguilly (48° 4' N, 4° 26' W). Coll and subm by J Briard. Comment: typical monument of Bronze age (Briard and Penziat, 1972). Gif-2381. Plourin-Ploudalmezeau, Milinigou, Finistere 950 ± 90 Charcoal from Bronze age sepulture of Milinigou (48° 30' 25" N, 4° 39' 37" W). Coll and subm 1971 by J Briard. Comment: dates re-use of monument. Gif-2382. Ploneis, Penanguer, Finistere 2380 ± 100 Wood from piles in ancient marsh (48° 03' N, 4° 13' W). Coll by J Garrec and subm 1971 by P R Giot. Gif Natural Radiocarbon Measurements IX 319 Gif-2383. Plouguerneau, Kerazan-Bras, Finistere 2350 ± 100 Charcoal from hearth under Roman bldg near Lilia, Plougerneau (48° 38' N, 4° 34' W). Coil and subm 1971 by R Sanquer, Fac Sci, Brest. Comment: slightly older than expected. Ploudaniel series, Finistere Charcoal from tombstones in Bronze age barrow at Kerno, Ploudaniel (48° 33' 24" N, 4° 19' 22" W). Coil and subm 1971 by J Briard. Gif -2292. Ploudaniel, Kerno A 2830 ± 110 Charcoal. Gif-2421. Ploudaniel, Kerno B 3450 ± 100 Charcoal. General Comment: Kerno B gives expected date for this Bronze age monu- ment; charcoal from Kerno A is probably contaminated (Briard and Gouletquer, 1972). Gif-2471. Grande Briere, Loire Atlantique 4680 ± 110 Human bones in sepulture at depth 0.9m in peat bog of La Grande ° Briere (47° 08' N, 1 96' W). Coil by G Bellancourt and subm 1972 by J L'Helgouach, Antiquites Prehist Pays Loire, Nantes. Comment: date is similar to those of peat and wood coil elsewhere in peat bog, dated by Sa-39-41-42-46:4630, 4480, 4100, 4260 BP (R, 1964, v 6, p 234). Gif2472. Pleneuf, Nantois, C®tes du Nord >40,000 Peaty silt in littoral cutting beneath 8m of sand, soils, silt, loess, and solifluction formations (48° 36' N, 2° 51' 20" W). Coll and subm 1972 by J L Monnier, Fac Sci, Rennes. Comment: consistent with geol estimate which places soil in Eemian interglacial. Gif2473. Kerjouanno, Arzon, Morbihan 2570 ± 100 Charcoal in old soil under dune of Kerjouanno (47° 32' N, 2° 52' W). Coil 1970 by P L Gouletquer and subm 1972 by P R Giot. Comment: un- related to Mesolithic site found under same dune. Gif-2631. Crann, La Foret-Landerneau, Finistere 7580 ± 110 Charcoal from quartzite chipping workshop in quarry (48° 25' N, 4° 21' W). Coil by P R Giot, B Hallegouet and J L Monnier and subm 1972 by P R Giot. Comment: date for crude lithic industry. Gif-2685. Les Touches, Mohon, Morbihan 2300 ± 100 Charcoal from Iron age souterrain (48° 35' N, 2° 32' W). Coll by j Lec:ornec and subm 1972 by P R Giot. Comment: date agrees with archaeol data.

Sr: i!U-JL r1e, Bouihriac series, Cotes du Nord Charcoal from different parts of barrow of Saint-Jude, at Bourbriac (48° 27' 18" N, 3° 8' 24" W). Coil and subm 1972 by j Briard (Briard et ci, 1977). 320 Georgette Delibrias,Marie-Therese Guillier, and Jacques Labeyrie Gif-2686. Saint-Dude, B 1 3780 100 Charcoal. Gif-2687. Saint-Dude, B 2 100 Charcoal. Gif-2688. Saint-Dude, B 3 3760 ± 100 Charcoal. General Comment: dates show that this early Bronze age monument was built in one phase. Gif-2689. Pont-Croix,l'inistere 1900 ± 100 Charcoal from Romano-Gallic villa, at Kervenennec, Pont-Croix (48° 2' N, 4° 33 W). Coll and subm 1972 by R Sanquer. Comment: appears slightly alder than expected from ceramics and coins found on site. Date was estimated at ca AD 250-275. Gif-2765. Longeville, Vendee 2610 ± 110 Charcoal from Hearth A IV with four whole pots, ca lm below high ° sea level, on beach of Longeville (46° 24' 15" N, 1 30' 12" W). Coil and subm 1973 by J L'Helgouach. Comment: date is appropriate for early Iron age in Vendee; shows sea level was lower than at present. Gif-2766. Athee, "la Petite Gaudiniere", Mayenne 390 ± 90 Wood from ancient gold mine at "la Petite Gaudiniere" (47° 52' N, 00 54' 20" W). Coil and subm 1973 by J L'Helgouach. Comment: date indicates recent exploitation of gold in Mayenne. Plussulien series, Cotes du Nord Charcoal from Neolithic factory for roughed-out axes of dolerites at Seledin, Plussulien (48° 13' N, 3° 03' W). Dates extend series from site, 1st series pub in R, 1974, v 16, p 17; Delibrias and Le Roux (1975). Coll and subm 1972-1976 by C T Le Roux. Gif-2682. Plussulien, N, SE 4940 120 Charcoal. Gif-2683. Plussulien, N, SW 120 Charcoal. Gif-2684. Plussulien, 02, NE 120 Charcoal. Gif-3098. Plussulien, 03, NW 110 Charcoal. Gif-4079. Plussulien, 1976 4730 ± 110 Charcoal. General Comment: dates and stratigraphic study provide coherent history of site. Three important phases of activity were id and dated from 4350 to 5270 BP (not calibrated). Gif Natural Radiocarbon Measurements IX 321 Gif-3550. Piedmont, Port des Barques, Charente Maritime 4290 ± 110 Wood from refuse pit on foreshore at Piedmont (45° 57' N, 1° 05' W). Coil and subm 1975 by C Gabet. Assoc with Artenac ceramics. Com- ment: confirms old age of Artenac culture. Gif-3702. Chatelaillon E 7, Charente Maritime 820 ± 90 Human bone found in monolithic sarcophagus of ancient necropolis of Chatelaillon (46° 4' N, 1° 5' W). Coil and subm 1975 by C Gabet. Com- ment: expected date: 7th century Av. Date may indicate re-use in Middle ages of this Merovingian sarcophagus. La Sauzaie series, Soubise, Charente Maritime Marine shells from Peu-Richardien site (45° 53' N, 0° 50' W). Coil by J Gachima and subm 1972 by Y Guillien. Gif-2608. La Sauzaie, 4 4410 ± 120 Marine shells from basal level, beginning of settlement. Gif-2610. La Sauzaie, 6 4360 ± 120 Marine shells. Gif-2609. La Sauzaie, 9 2930 ± 100 Marine shells from ashy level. Comment: date suggests late occupa- tion of site. General Comment: dates agree with Gif-1557:4500 ± 140 previously ob- tained for site. Gif-2610 (4360 ± 120) dates end of Peu-Richardien culture. Gif-2414. La Grotte du Loup, Brive, Correze >40,000 ° Carbonaceous earth from Level 5b in Grotte du Loup (45° 09' N, 1 32' E). Coil and subm 1972 by G Maziere, Limoges. Level attributed to Chatelperronian, ie, Upper Perigordian period. Grotte de Pegourie series, Caniac du Causse, Lot Samples from Grotte de Pegourie (44° 37' 30" N, 1° 39' E). Coil and subm 1972-1973 by R Seronie-Vivien, Bordeaux. Gif-2568. Grotte de Pegourie, C5 8450 ± 250 Gasteropod shells from Layer 5. Assoc with Azilian industry. Gif-2822. Grotte de Pegourie, C7 12,250 ± 350 Charcoal from Layer 7. From earliest Azilian occupation, just above late Magdalenian. General Comment: wide range of dates between these two levels may be due to some recent contamination. Grotte des Cloups series, Caniac du Causse, Lot ° Charcoal from Grotte des Cloups (44° 37' 55" N, 1 39' 45" E). Coil and subm 1975 by J Clottes, Dir Antiquites Prehist Midi-Pyrenees, Foix, Ariege. 322 Georgette Delibrias, Marie-Therese Guillier, and Jacques Labeyrie Gif-3569. Grotte des Cloups, Level 5 2750 ± 100 Charcoal from Late Bronze age level. Gif-3568. Grotte des Cloups, Level 2 3210 ± 110 Charcoal from Middle Bronze age level. Comment: consistent with dates of Middle Bronze age of Quercy region; Grotte du Noyer, 3150 ± 110, Gif-1631, and 3250 ± 110, Gif-1159 (R, 1972, v 14, p 280-320). Gif-3578. Grotte de la Cabilliere, Saint-Simon, Lot 2840 ± 100 Charcoal from hearth in Late Bronze age level (44° 42' 30" N, 1° 50' E). Coll by L Genot and subm 1975 by J Clottes. Gif -2396. "Petite Caougne", Niaux, Ariege 3110 ± 100 Charcoal from Chassean site (42° 51' N, 1° 35 E) at foot of cliff. Coll and subm 1979 by J Clottes. Capdenac-Le-Haut series, Lot Charcoal from Neolithic site with Chassean level, lm thick, contain- ing rich industry, at Capdenac-Le-Haut (44° 35' N, 2° 4' E). Coil and subm 1972-1975 by J Clottes. Gif-2632. Capdenac-Le-Haut 5100 ± 140 Charcoal from upper part of Chassean level. Gif-3713. Capdenac-Le-Haut, Level 9 4870 110 Charcoal. Gif-3714. Capdenac-Le-Haut, Level 16 120 Charcoal. Gif-3715. Capdenac-Le-Haut, Level 20 5140 ± 120 Charcoal. General Comment: dates indicate very short occupation of site; impossible to establish chronography of this important Chassean layer. Gif-3712. Capdenac-Le-Haut, Lot, Excavation B 2640 ± 90 Charcoal from 2nd excavation, lOm from main excavation. Very rich Late Bronze Age III industry. Coil and subm 1975 by j Clottes. Grotte des Eglises series, Ussat, Ariege ° Charcoal from Magdalenian site (42° 49' N, 1 37 E). Coll and subm by J Clottes. Gif -3922. Grotte des Eglises, Layer 1 2160 ± 90 Charcoal. Comment: date conflicts with expected Bronze age. Gif-4360. Grotte des Eglises, hearth 4610 ± 120 Charcoal from site without industry, separated from Layer 1 by sterile level. Comment: probable movement of Neolithic intrusion into supposed Bronze age level. Gif Natural Radiocarbon; Measurements IX 323 Gif-3923. Grotte des Eglises, Layer 8 his 12,900 ± 220 Charcoal from Magdalenian level. Comment: date agrees with 1st age, 11,800 ± 500, Gif-1434, obtained for level, using undersized sample (R, 1972, v 14, p 287). Grotte de Gaze! series, Salleles Cahardes, Aude Grotte de Gazel (43° 19' N, 2° 25' E) contains all archaeol levels from Medieval to Upper Magdalenian. Charcoal coil and subm 1970 by D Sacchi, CNRS, Carcassonne, Aude. Gif-2101. Grotte de Gaze!, Level 4 6810 ± 130 Charcoal. Comment: attributed to Epipaleolithic but probably con- taminated by overlying level. Gif-2653. Grotte de Gaze!, Level 5 10,080 190 Charcoal from important Epimagdalenian horizon. Gif-2654. Grotte de Gaze!, Level 6 10,760 190 Charcoal from important Epipaleolithic horizon. Gif-2655. Grotte de Gaze!, Level 7 15,070 ± 270 Charcoal from basal level of stratigraphy. Corresponds to Magdale- nian IV-V. General Comment: 1st chronologic data for Upper Paleolithic in W Languedoc. Dates agree with archaeol records. Grotte de Canecaude series, Villardonnel, Aude Samples from Canecaude cave (43° 19' N, 2° 19' E). Coil and subm 1969-1972 by D Sacchi. Gif-2402. Canecaude, Level 2/2 670 ± 80 Charcoal from hearth. Comment: date indicates intrusion of recent charcoal in this level attributed to Magdalenian III. Gif-2708. Canecaude, Level 2/2 14,230 ± 160 Bones from Magdalenian III level. Comment: dates agree with ar- chaeol evidence. Gif-2155. Canecaude, Level 2/1 20,800 ± 550 Bones from Magdalenian Level 2/1. Comment: date in strong conflict with expected age; may be explained by mixing with lower levels due to difficulty of coil in one level only. Gif-2709. Canecaude, Level 3 22,230 ± 330 Bones from Upper Aurignacian level. Gif-2710. Canecaude, Level 4 24,510 ± 400 Bones from Aurignacian level. 324 Georgette Delibrias, Maric-Therese Guillier, and Jacques Labeyrie Gif-2415. La Cauna d'Arques, Aude, A 8920 ± 200 Shells (Helix) from Level 2b, from "escargotiere" in cave (42° 55' N, 2° 23' E). Coil and subm 1972 by D Sacchi. Comment: date agrees with assoc Mesolithic industry (Sacchi, 1972). Gif -2416. La Cauna d'Arques, Aude, B 1480 ± 90 Charcoal from crucible of bronze foundry contiguous to Mesolithic "escargotiere", Level 2 (Gif-2415:8920 ± 200). Coil and subm 1971 by D Sacchi. Comment: date agrees with assoc protohistoric ceramics. Gif-2758. La Fontaine, Place du Palais, Avignon, Var 3750 ± 110 Charcoal in silt from open-air site at foot of Palais des Papes (43° 56' N, 4° 48' E). Coil and subm 1972 by j Courtin, Marseille. Comment: assoc with 20 to 30 entire vessels, with typical Chalcolithic characters. Gif-2759. San Sebastien, Plan de la Tour, Var 750 ± 110 Burned bones from Dolmen 2, Layer 1 (43° 21' N, 6° 33' E). Coil and subm 1972 by J Courtin. Comment: dolmen attributed to Chalcolithic period. Date probably corresponds to late occupation. La Baume Fontbregoua series, Salernes, Var Charcoal from La Baume Fontbregoua (43° 33' N, 6° 14' E) coil and subm 1972-1973 by J Courtin. Site is archaeol sequence, 8m thick, from SE France, containing level of Neolithic artifacts, 4m thick, with Chas- sean, Cardial, and Chalcolithic pottery levels, and level of Mesolithic and late Paleolithic hearths, 4m thick, at bottom. Excavation begun in 1969 and continued in 1972-1973. Some dates obtained for Neolithic levels are pub (R, 1974, v 16, p 32). Gif-2432. La Baume Fontbregoua, 9 5100 ± 110 Charcoal from Late Chassean industry. Gi.f-2433. La Baume Fontbregoua, 12 4880 110 Charcoal from Late Chassean industry. Gif-2434. La Baume Fontbregoua, 18 5040 110 Charcoal from Late Chassean industry separated from lower levels by falling stones. Gif-2435. La Baume Fontbregoua, 21 5430 ± 120 Charcoal from layer with abundant Chassean ceramics. Gif-2436. La Baume Fontbregoua, 25 5600 120 Charcoal from Chassean industry. Gif -2437. La Bauine Fontbregoua, 27 5420 120 Charcoal from Early Chassean industry, separated from lower level by falling stones. Gif-2754. La Baume Fontbregoua, 31 5660 ± 130 Charcoal from Middle Neolithic with Early Chassean industry. Gif Natural Radiocarbon Measurements IX 325 Gif-2755. La Baume Fontbregoua, 33 5610 ± 130 Charcoal from Middle Neolithic with Early Chassean industry. Gif-2756. La Baume Fontbregoua, 40 5690 ± 130 Charcoal from Early Neolithic with late Cardial industry. Gif-2757. La Baume Fontbregoua, 42 5690 ± 190 Charcoal from Early Neolithic with late Cardial industry. Gif-2988. La Baume Fontbregoua, 43 5700 ± 150 Charcoal assoc with late Cardial Neolithic industry. Gif-2989. La Baume Fontbregoua, 45 6180 ± 120 Charcoal from Early Neolithic with Cardial industry. Gif-2990. La Baume Fontbregoua, 47 6700 ± 100 Charcoal from Early Neolithic with Cardial industry, separated from lower level by lm sterile sand. Gif -2991. La Baume Fontbregoua, 51 100 Charcoal from Mesolithic industry. Gif -2992. La Baume Fontbregoua, 54 8400 ± 110 Charcoal from Mesolithic industry. Gif-2993. La Baume Fontbregoua, 61 9570 120 Charcoal from Early Mesolithic without microliths. Gif-2753. La Baume Fontbregoua, Hearth A 9410 160 Charcoal from S excavation. Early Mesolithic with archaic lithic in- dustry, without domestic fauna or pottery. Gif-2994. La Baume Fontbregoua, 70 11,200 ± 150 Charcoal from Late Paleolithic, with bone industry. General Comment: thickness of upper part of site provides good chronol- ogy of evolution of Neolithic industries in SE France. Dates agree with archaeol data for whole sequence (Courtin, 1973). Entzheim series, Sabliere Oesch, Bas Rhin Charcoal from pits of open-air Neolithic site at sandpit Oesch, Entz- heim (48° 32' 40" N, 7° 39' 45" E). Coil by G Schmitt and subm 1971 by A G Thevenin, Dir Antiquites Prehist Alsace, Strasbourg (Thevenin, 1970). Gif-2246. Entzheim, Pit 21 4300 ± 190 Charcoal at depth 0.8 to lm in loam. Assoc with late Neolithic ce- ramics called Micheleberg. Inert CO2 added for measurement. Gif-2247. Entzheim, Pit 21 4340 ± 190 Charcoal. Inert CO added for measurement. 326 Georgette Delibrias, Marie-Therese Guiltier, and Jacgues Labeyrie Gif-2386. Entzheim, Pit 55 3850 ± 110 Charcoal assoc with ceramics of Roessen-Michelsberg limit. Comment: date expected to be a little older than Gif-2246 and -2247. Sample prob- ably contaminated. Gif-2248. Entzheim, Pit 40 2390 ± 110 Charcoal at depth 0.8 to lm in loam. Comment (AGT): date ex- plained by re-occupation of site during La Tene period. Dberlag series, Haut Rhin Charcoal from Rockshelter Mannlefelsen I., Oberlag (47° 27' 25" N, 7° 14' 21" E) (Thevenin and Sainty, 1972). Subm 1972 by A G Thevenin. Lowest level of cave was dated by Nancy lab: 10,220 ± 330 (unpub) and intermediate levels by Lyon lab (R, 1978, v 20, p 19-57). Gif-2634. Oberlag, 0 B 5 5140 ± 140 Charcoal from Level G assoc with Rubane-Hinkelstein ceramics. Coll by J Sainty. Comment: date agrees with archaeol data for this industry. Gif-2387. Dberlag, 0 B, Sq V5 9030 ± 160 Charcoal from Level Q I assoc with Epipaleolithic Tardenoisian in- dustry. Coll by A G Thevenin. Gif-2530. Rochedane, Villars-sous-Dampjoux, Doubs 9210 ± 120 Bone from Level B in rockshelter at Rochedane (47° 42' N, 5° 25' E). Azilian industry with engraved pebble (Thevenin and Sainty, 1972). Coll and subm 1972 by A G Thevenin. Comment: dates for lowest level given by Evin, Marien, and Pachiaudi, 1978. B. Morocco Grotte de Taforalt series Grotte de Taforalt (34° 49' N, 2° 24' W) is in mt group of Beni- Snassen, alt 750m, 60km NW Oujda. Site has most extensive and complete stratigraphy of Upper, Middle Paleolithic, and Epipaleolithic of Ma- ghreb. From upper levels, above Epipaleolithic-Aterian transition, dates were obtained on charcoal; from lower levels charcoal remains were very rare and gasteropod shells were dated. Samples coll and subm from 1970 to 1972 by J Roche, CNRS, Paris. Gif-2267. Grotte de Taforalt, Level 10, F G 16.17 13,140 ± 150 Charcoal. Early Epipaleolithic level. Gif-2268. Grotte de Taforalt, Level 10, H 16.17 150 Charcoal. Gif-2269. Grotte de Taforalt, Level 11, 14,130 160 F G 16.17 14,020 ± 160 Charcoal, two determinations. Gif Natural Radiocarbon Measurements IX 327 Gif-2270. Grotte de Taforalt, Level 11, H 16-17 15,240 180 Charcoal. Gif-2271. Grotte de Taforalt, transition Level 11.12, H 15 15,700 ± 180 Charcoal. Gif-2272. Grotte de Taforalt, Level 12, H 16.17 180 Charcoal. Gif -2273. Grotte de Taforalt, Level 12, I J K 18.19 15,500 ± 180 Charcoal. Comment: date for same level obtained by Koln Lab: 16,050 ± 190 (Kn-1559). Gif-2586. Grotte de Taforalt, Level 14, H I 21,100 400 Charcoal. Gif-2587. Grotte de Taforalt, Levels 15.16, G 13.14 21,900 ± 400 Carbonaceous earth. + 2470 >32,370 -1890 Gif-2276. Grotte de Taforalt, H K 22 813C -11.8% Gasteropod shells, in transition level corresponding to Epipaleolithic- Aterian contact. +3200 >34,550 Gif-2277. Grotte de Tafora l t, Leve l 19 , - 2280 G K 19.20 S13C Gasteropod shells assoc with Upper Aterian industry. Gif-2588. Grotte de Taforalt, base, Level 19, M 20.21 >40,000 Carbonaceous earth. Gif-2589. Grotte de Taforalt, top, Level 19, M 20.21 >40,000 Carbonaceous earth. Gif-2278. Grotte de Taforalt, Level 21, 19,080 ± 250 I K 19.21 19,400 ± 250 613C = x7 Gasteropod shells, two determinations. Gif -2279. Grotte de Taforalt, Level 23, x40,000 G K 20.21 S13C = -7.6% Gasteropod shells assoc with Aterian industry. Gif-2280. Grotte de Taforalt, Level 26, 21,860 ± 330 1K19-21 6130 = -10.4% Gasteropod shells. 328 Georgette Delibrias, Marie-Therese Guillier, and Jacques Labeyrie General Comment: overlying levels previously dated by Sa-13: 10,800 ± 400 Level 2, L-399 E: 11,900 ± 240 Necropolis level, Sa-14: 12,070 ± 400 Level 6, Sa-15: 10,500 ± 400 Level 8 (R, 1964, v 6, p 233-250). Dates pros vide coherent chronology of occupation of cave by Epipaleolithic Mangrabins. Dates for shells are questionable. In Taforalt stratigraphy, two dates for Aterian Levels 21 and 26, respectively, 19,080 (Gif-2278) and 21,860 (Gif-2280) are obviously aberrant. Thinness of gasteropod shells prohibited complete removal of external part by acid pretreatment. Gif- 2276, 32,370 and Gif-2277, 34,550 BP are only min ages (Roche, 1976;. Delibrias and Roche, 1976). Grotte des Contrebandiers series, Temara Site is on Atlantic coast, in marine terrace at alt 14m, 17km SW Rabat (33° 24' N, 7° W). Grotto was filled with abundant remains of Epipaleolithic industry, and in Aterian level at bottom, inferior human maxilla and cranium, "The man of Temara", were found (Roche and Texier, 1976). Gif-2576. Grotte des Contrebandiers, Level 8, J K 20 22,630 ± 500 Marine shells. U-Th date: 137,000 ± 17,000 yr. Gif-2577. Grotte des Contrebandiers, Level 8, 12,500 ± 170 JK20 6130=-24.7% Bone splinters. Gif-2578. Grotte des Contrebandiers, Level 9, 35,200 ± 2100 J K 20 S13C +o.4% Marine shells. U-Th date: 138,000 ± 17,000 yr. Gif-2579. Grotte des Contrebandiers, Level 9, JH2O 14,460±200 Bone splinters: Gif-2580. Grotte des Contrebandiers, Level 10, 12,320 ± 600 J H 20 6130 30.8% Bone splinters. Undersized sample; inert CO2 added for measurement. Comment: probably not good date. Gif-2581. Grotte des Contrebandiers, Level 11, G 20 >40,000 Marine shells. Gif-2582. Grotte des Contrebandiers, Level 11, J 20 24,500 ± 600 Bone splinters. Gif-2583. Grotte des Contrebandiers, Level 12, G20 12,170 ± 160 Bone splinters. Gif Natural Radiocarbon Measurements IX 329 'Gif-2584. Grotte des Contrebandiers, Level 12, G 20 >35,000 Marine shells. Gif-2585. Grotte des Contrebandiers, Level 12, E 18 23,700 ± 1000 Carbonaceous earth. General Comment: sequence is dated by ages of bones which agree with archaeol research. Gif-2582: 24,500 BP for bones is confirmed by Gif-2585: 23,700 BP obtained for carbonaceous material and validates results. Yet, Gif-2583: 12,170 BP is aberrant for Level 12 and may be explained in two ways: either samples Gif-2582 and -2583 were confused or bones intruded from Level 10 into Level 12. 14C dates for shells are unacceptable as they disagree with dates of bones and U-Th dates for same shells. Dated shell- fish, then, were not consumed by inhabitants of cave but come from walls of cave, deposited into different levels during occupation of site. Gif-2576: 22,630 BP demonstrates recent contamination of shells in upper Level 8. Moreover, marine terrace where cave is, dated at 137,000 yr old, which means it belongs to Ouljian transgression; U-Th dates are from Hoang, CFR, CNRS, Gif-sur-Yvette. Tarfaya region series Littoral Neolithic sites are frequently found in SW Morocco. Region near Tarfaya, E Juby Cape was surveyed and many samples were coil in 1973-1974 by N Petit-Maire, CNRS, Marseille Luminy and L Ortlieb, ORSTOM, Paris (Delibrias, Ortlieb, and Petit-Maire, 1976). Gif-2905. Tarfaya region, Site F, 4 Modern Burned shell (Cymbium sp) from beach (27° 58' N, 12° 49' W). Gif-2906. Tarfaya region, Site F, 4 Modern Human bones. Gif -2908. Tarfaya region, Site 11/2 9450 ± 160 Charcoal at depth 0.7m in dune on beach (28° 01' N, 12° 30' W). Gif-2909. Tarfaya region, Site 11/la 10,430 ± 180 Human bones in burial site, depth 1.3m. Gif -2910. Tarfaya region, Site 11 / lb 6100 ± 120 Charcoal at depth 0.lm. Comment: Gif-2910 and -2909 are superim- posed in dune; Gif-2908 is dispersed more superficially. If date of bones is accurate and dates for collagen of bones are generally reliable, especially in arid regions, charcoal from ancient superficial site was probably buried at time of interment 6000 yr ago. Date of charcoal suggests that human occupation at Juby Cape dates to 10,000 yr ago (Charon, Ortlieb, and Petit-Maire, 1973). Gif-2911. Tarfaya region, Site 11 4450 ± 110 Charcoal on beach (27° 45' N, 13° 43' W) assoc with hippopotamus bones. 330 Georgette Delibrias, Marie-Therese Guillier, and Jacques Labeyrie Gif-2821. Tarfaya region 3300 ± 100 Charcoal in great littoral Kjokenmodding (shell midden), lkm S Tafaya. Coil by M Mateu. Gif-2912. Foum-el-Arjam 2360 ± 250 Human bones in barrow at Foum-el-Arjam, S Zagora (30° 22' N, 5° 50' W). Coll 1971 by A Simoneau. Subm 1973 by N Petit-Maire. Gif-3013. El Ouaar, Site G 3550 ± 120 Shells (Mytilus sp) at depth lm, coil from Neolithic site at E1 Ouaar (28 ° 10'N, 11 ° 52' W). C. West Africa Mauritania Important Neolithic sites with numerous sepultures and rich indus- try, similar to those in SW Morocco, were found distributed along ancient shores of Nouakchottian Sea in Mauritania. Two main sites, Chami and Tintane, were studied from 1970-1972 by N Petit-Maire (human morphol, ecol, and vertebrate paleontol), H Faure and L Hebrard, CNRS, Marseille (geol), P Elouard, Fac Sci, Lyon (vertebrate paleontol), E Maquet and C Lecour (ceramics). Because of wind erosion many skeletons were partly uncovered and splinters of bone were found scattered on ground surface. Dated bones came mainly from skeletons still underground at depth 10 to 100cm. Some Kjokkenmodding were also dated. In order to make statistical study of human ecology in Late Quaternary of W Africa, many dates were necessary to demonstrate that samples were contemporaneous (Petit-Maire, 1979). Chami series Samples coll from Neolithic sites on fossil dunes, 30km around Chami well (20° 4' N, 15° 58' W). Except where otherwise stated, samples coll 1970-1971 by N Petit-Maire. 3100 ± 120 Gif-1762. Chami, Fossil Dune 15a 8130 = -14.6%Q Faunal bones. Gif-1856. Chami, Fossil Dune 15a 3950 ± 80 Shells. Gif-1970. Chami, Fossil Dune 15a 140 Organic remains in ceramic debris introduced into clay at time of manufacture. Gif-2161. Chami, Fossil Dune 15a, H 7 2170 ± 100 Human bones. Gif-2162. Chami, Fossil Dune 15a, H 8 2500 ± 100 Human bones. Gif-2166. Chami, Fossil Dune 15a, G 2290 ± 130 Bones from large mammal. Gif Natural Radiocarbon Measurements IX 331 Gif-2488. Chami, Fossil Dune 15a 3450 ± 110 Shell (Gymbium) assoc with skull and jar. Gif-2492. Chami, Fossil Dune 15a 3500 ± 120 Charcoal remains in sand (? hearth) assoc with gray ceramics. Coil 1971 by G Delibrias. Gif-2163. Chami, Fossil Dune 15b, T1.1 2100 180 Human bones. Gif-2164. Chami, Fossil Dune 15b, T,-2 2360 ± 104 Shell (Cyrnbium) lying on ground above Sepulture T1. Comment: large Cymbium shells were often used for tomb marking. Dates obtained for shell and bones (Gif-2163) agree well. 2090 ± 120 Gif-2489. Chami, Fossil Dune 15b 613C = -16.8%o Human bones. Gif-2168. Chami, Fossil Dune 6, T 2450 ± 130 Human bones. Gif-2167. Chami, Fossil Dune 6, top 3310 ± 240 Human bones from sepulture at top of mound. 400± 90 Gif-1764. Chami, Fossil Dune 7, 5 S 13G = -23.1%,, Faunal bones found on surface. Comment: unrelated to ancient site occupation. 2500 ± 100 Gif-1765. Chami, Fossil Dune 7, 6 613G = -12.6%Q Human bones dispersed on surface. Gif-2165. Chami, Fossil Dune 7 6580 ± 350 Human bones from top of dune. Comment: inactive CO2 was added for measurement. One of the earliest dates found for Mauritania; requires confirmation. Gif-3060. Chami, Fossil Dune 7, top 3530 ± 220 Human bones. Gif-2333. Chami, Fossil Dune 7, GP 11 4190 130 Human bones dispersed on surface. Gif-2334. Chami, Fossil Dune 7 1870 ± 240 Organic remains in ceramic debris. Comment: undersized sample, in- active CO., was added for measurement. 3850 ± 120 Gif-2486. Chami, Fossil Dune 8 S1C 16.5%0 Human bones from sepulture with two skeletons. 332 Georgette Delibrias, Marie-Therese Guillier, and Jacqucs Labeyrie Gif-2487. Chami, Fossil Dune 8 3220 110 Shell (Gymbium) beneath skull. Gif-2491. Chami, Fossil Dune ha 2960 ± 110 Ostrich eggshell assoc with pearl in Sepulture T8. Gif-1763. Chami, Fossil Dune 1 2450 110 Human bones. Gif-1857. Chami, Fossil Dune 1 2380 200 Human bones. Comment: inactive CO2 was added for measurement. Gif-1859. Chami, Fossil Dune 1 1520 ± 140 Human bones. Tintane series Tintane site is similar to Chami site because of abundant Neolithic industry. At Tintane, sepultures appear with structured tombs and verte- brate faunal remains are absent. Samples coll 1970-1971 by N Petit-Maire except where otherwise stated. 2470 ± 100 Gif-1761. Tintane, Txx, 2 S1SC = -13.0%o Human bones from Sepulture Txx, at Tintane necropolis (20° 55' N, 16° 40' W). Gif -1824. Tintane, Txx, 52 2460 ± 10 Organic remains in ceramic debris, around Sepulture Txx. Com- ment: date agrees well with bones from Gif-1761. 3240 ± 100 613C Gif-2484. Tintane, S1 = -13.9%0 Human bones from Skeleton S. Coll 1971 by J M Casiez, Fac Sci,. Paris. Gif-2490. Near Tintane Modern Ostrich egg shell from surface, near Tintane (20° 49' N, 16° 07' W), near three large, half-buried, unbroken clay jars. Coll 1971 by G Delibrias. Comment: ostriches disappeared very recently from this region; egg shells are unrelated to site. 2810 ± 100 Gif-2493. Near Tintane 613C -21.0%0 Fine charcoal remains in sand at depth ca 20cm, same site as Gif- 2490, near three large unbroken clay jars. Coll 1971 by G Delibrias. Gif-2485. Tintane, N Fossil dune 3930 ± 80 Oyster shell on top of N Fossil dune. Gif-2494. Bade de L'Etoile 5730 ± 120 Shell (Area senilis) from Kjokkenmodding, 15km N Nouadhibou, (21° 02' N, 17° 02' W), ca 3m above msl. Coll 1971 by G Delibrias. Com- ment: dates occupation of Nouakchottian shoreline. Gif Natural Radiocarbon Measurements IX 333 Bale de Saint Jean series Kjokkenmodding with shells (mainly Arca senilis) and some ceramics but no furniture, chipped flint implements, or sepultures, at Cape Tafarit. Coil and subm 1971 by G Delibrias. Gif-2496. Tafarit 1 3220 ± 110 Shell (Arca senilis) from surface. Comment: Kjokkenmodding nearby was dated at 6130 BP, Ly-345. Large discrepancy between these dates may show successive occupations. Gif-2524. Tafarit 2 3410 ± 110 Shell (Arca senilis) at depth 1.5m beneath Gif-2496. Comment: shells mixed with black sand represent lowest level of midden deposit on sand- bar. Gif 2497. Tafarit 3 3080 ± 110 Sandy black soil from basal level of Kjokkenmodding dated by Gif- 2496 and -2524. Gif-2524 assoc with this sample. General Comment: dates indicate 400-yr occupation of site. Younger date for soil is probably age of last surface soil that gradually penetrated through shells, because 1st m is shell deposit only. Anate series, Agneitir Hills Sand dune bar, 10km along ancient Nouakchottian gulf at 15 to 20m above msl, covered by shells eaten by people living on coast at Anate, 24km from Nouanghar, near Cap Timiris. Gif-2498. Anate 4350 ± 120 Shells (Arca senilis) from surface. Gif -2499. Anate 4670 130 Shells (Arca senilis) at depth lm. General Comment: occupation lasted 600 yr at most. 40% of shells re- moved by acid before dating. Atlantic Sahara Human occupation during Holocene between Seguiet el Hamra and Cape Blanc along Atlantic coast of Sahara is mostly characterized by numerous shell middens. Traces of occupation by man are also abundant along coastal sebkhas (dry lagoons). As noted in Mauritania, evolution of Saharan coast and of human occupation are often parallel and closely re- lated to climatic variation. Samples coil 1973-1974 by N Petit-Maire and L Ortlieb. Gif-3259. Sebkha Amtal, 64280 2000 ± 90 Shell (Arca senilis) in midden on banks of Sebkha Amtal (23° 54' N, 16° 13' W). Gif-3260. Sebkha Akhful, RNT 114 4300 ± 110 Lagoonal shells in littoral sebkha, at depth 0.2m (26° 15' N, 14° 25' 334 Georgette Delibrias, Marie-Therese Guillier, and Jacgues Labeyrie Gif-3261. Sebkha Akhful, RNT 115 4030 ± 110 Shell (Arca senilis) in littoral sebkha, on surface (26° 15' N, 140 26' W). Gif-3262. Medano Santiago, RNT 83 3150 ± 100 Consumed shells (Mytilus sp) in continental deposit on coast, at depth 0.5m (26° 55' N, 13° 30' W). Gif-3264. Sebkha Amtal, RNT 138 3070 ± 100 Marine shells at base of fossiliferous sandy deposit, at depth 0.3m (23° 10' N, 16° 10' W). Gif-3265. Sebkha Amtal, RNT 137 3300 ± 100 Marine shells in same deposit as Gif-3264, at depth of 0.1 to 0.3m. Gif-3266. Sebkha Amtal, RNT 149 3070 ± 100 Littoral marine shells in green clay level, on surface (23° 10' N, 16° 10' W). Gif-3466. Sebkha Amtal, H 1 1780 ± 100 Human bones from sepulture in shell midden (23° 10' N, 16° 10' W). Comment: date too young because of Neolithic cultural context. Gif-3267. Sidi Bou-Maleh, RNT 200 >35,000 Marine shells in sandstone on shore at high tide level (28° 24' N, 11 ° 24' W). Comment: corresponds to ancient high sea level, probably Ouljian transgression. Gif-3269. Sebkha Laasailia, 63293 2740 ± 110 Human bones from sepulture under large flat stones (26° 55' N, 13° 30'W). Gif-3464. Sebkha Laasailia, H 6 Modern Human bones from sepulture in eolian sand above sebkha. Gif-3465. Sebkha Laasailia, H 10 3100 ± 110 Human bones from sepulture under large flat stones, on bank of sebkha. Gif-3461. Sebkha Edjaila, H 2 3020 ± 100 Human bones from sepulture in dune sand (21° 45' N, 16° 25' W). 'Gif-3462. Sebkha Edjaila, H 3 3310 ± 110 Human bones from sepulture near Gif-3463. Gif-3514. Sebkha Edjaila, SE 166 4440 ± 110 Lagoonal-marine shells at depth 0.2 to 0.5m, in bottom of sebkha, alt ca -0.5m (21° 45' N, 16° 25' W). Gif-3510. Sebkha Edjaila, SE 161 4850 ± 110 Shells (Cardium edule) interbedded in green clay at depth 0.15 to h5m, in bottom of sebkha, alt ca lm (21 ° 45' N, 16° 25' W). Gif Natural Radiocarbon Measurements IX 335 Gif-3508. Sebkha Edjaila, SE 170 540 ± 80 Shells (Area noae) from emerged lagoonal marine deposit at depth 0.3 to 0.5m, in bottom of sebkha (21° 48' N, 16° 27' W), alt ca Om. Com- ment: dates closure of the Nouackchottian paleogulf. Gif-3467. Sebkha Mahariat, H 11 1080 100 Human bones from sepulture in shell midden (22° 16' N, 16° 33' W). Comment: skull morphology very primitive; contradicts date. Gif-3503. Sebkha Mahariat, 4741 5360 120 Consumed shells (Area senilis) in fireplace on top of dune, on surface of offshore bar. Gif-3504. Sebkha Mahariat, 4841 6180 ± 130 Consumed shells (Area senilis, Cymbium sp) in shell midden from surface at top of ancient dune. Gif-3511. Sebkha Mahariat, SE 115 5040 ± 110 Shells (Cardium edule) in sand, alt ca lm, from bottom of sebkha, at depth. O.Sm (22° 14' N, 16° 35' W). Gif-3512. Sebkha Mahariat, SE 149 5250 ± 110 Shells from bottom of sebkha, close to surface, alt ca 2m. Gif-3515. Sebkha Mahariat, SE 108 4100 ± 110 Shells (Area senilis) in salty clay sediment from surface of bottom of Sebkha, alt ca Om. Comment: dates dessication of lagoon. Gif-3507. Sebkha Lemheiris, SE 138 4350 ± 150 Shells (Cardium edule, Arca senilis) from surface of bottom of sebkha (22° 06' N, 16° 48' W). Comment: dates dessication of lagoon. Gif-3505. Sebkha Lemheiris, SE 131 5810 ± 120 Lagoonal marine shells from green silty sand at depth 0.75m, in bot- tom of sebkha. Gif-3509. Sebkha Lemheiris, SE 137 6150 ± 130 Shells in littoral sandy deposit at depth 0.7m, in bottom of sebkha. Gif-3463. Sebkha Lemheiris 3740 ± 130 Human bones from sepulture under large flat stones (22° 06' N, 16°' 48' W) in dune sand. Gif-3468. Aadeim, 114 Modern Human bones from sepulture near Aadeim (25° 48' N, 14° 56' W). Gif-3513. Aadeim, SE 73 x35,000 Fragments of shells (Mytilus sp) in littoral silty deposit, 2m above msl on beach of Aadeim. Comment: probably corresponds to Ouljian transgression. 336 Georgette Delibrias, Marie-Therese Guillier, and Jacques Labeyrie Cameroon Gif-2232. Maroua 1720 ± 90 Charcoal from cutting-chipping factory cropping out of surface of Tsanaga plain at Maroua, Diamare Dept (10° 35' N, 14° 15' 14" E). Coil and subm 1971 by A Maniac, ORSTOM, Yaounde, Cameroon. Comment: late Neolithic industry. D. Syria Aswad series Charcoal from preceramic Neolithic site, Tell Aswad (33° 35' N, 36° 32' E). Two phases, Aswad II and Aswad I are discernible from their flints. Industry of upper level is similar to that of Ramadi, Syria, and flint in- dustry of lower level is similar to that of Munhata and Beidha sites, Palestine, assoc with baked-clay figurines of sitting women (de Contenson, 1976). Coil 1971-1972 by F Valla and subm by H de Contenson, Mission archeol Francaise Ras Shamra, Syria. Gif-2373. Aswad, W 1 8560 ± 110 Charcoal from last preserved level, in W part of site, at depth 0.3m, Aswad II. Gif-2369. Aswad, E 1 8540 ± 110 Charcoal from last occupation at depth 0.25m, in E part of site, Aswad II. Gif-2370. Aswad, E 2 9340 ± 120 Charcoal from middle of lower level, at depth 1.75m, Aswad I. Gif-2371. Aswad, E 3 9270 ± 120 Charcoal from lowest part of lower level, at depth 2.35m, Aswad I. Gif-2372. Aswad, E 4 9640 ± 120 Charcoal from beginning of occupation, at depth 2.45m, Aswad I. Gif -2633. Aswad, E 5 9730 ± 120 Charcoal from beginning of occupation, at depth 3.2m. General Comment: W part of site was studied by Groningen lab. Dates are from 8650 BP at 0.4m depth, GrN-6676, (compared with 8560 at 0.3m depth, Gif-2373), to 8875 BP at 1.3m depth, GrN-6678. Dates suggest shift of settlement W-ward, older settlement in E part of site (de Contenson, 1973). Ghoraife series Tell 15km N of Tell Aswad. Three stages were recorded at this site in 1974: uppermost stage, frequently disturbed by more recent sepultures, and two lower Neolithic levels with lithic industry and clay objects. These two levels provide interesting correlations with Aswad and Ramad nearby. Charcoal coil and subm 1974 by H de Contenson. Gif Natural Radiocarbon Measurements IX 337 Gif-3371. Ghoraife, Gil 1 6940 ± 190 Charcoal from depth 1.7m, dating end of continuous occupation of site. Comment: abundant rootlets suggest contamination. Gif -3372. Ghoraife, Gil 2 8150 ± 190 Charcoal from depth 3m. Phase II, faunal remains and bone industry, abundant obsidian. Gif-3374. Ghoraife, Gil 4 8400 190 Charcoal from depth 5.5m. Beginning of ancient Phase I. Gif-3375. Ghoraife, Gil 6 8460 190 Charcoal from depth 6m. Beginning of ancient Phase I. Gif -3376. Ghoraife, Gil 7 8710 ± 190 Charcoal from depth 6.2m. Phase I: bone industry and fauna scarce; lithic industry and baked clay figures similar to those of Aswad abundant in lower part of site. General Comment: dates, together with those of Aswad and Ramad (GrN dates) establish continuous chronologic sequence from beginning of 8th millennium to middle of 6th millennium (de Contenson, 1976).

E. Ethiopia Harrar series Charcoal from megalithic monuments near Dobba (4° 32' N, 47° 32' E). Coil and subm 1970.1973 by R Joussaume, Inst Paleontol Humaine, Paris. Gif-1895. Tehaffe 500 ± 80 Charcoal from Type II circular barrow, with circular rooms and exit passage. Comment: agrees with assoc industry. Gif-2397. Tehalalaka Modern Charcoal from Type I monument, with rectangular room under large slab. Comment: Type I megalithic monument was expected to be older than Type II. Some are still used as places of worship (Joussaume, 1971).

F. Central America La Lagunita series, Guatemala Samples from Pre-Classic site of La Lagunita (15° 17' N, 91° 50' W), in El Quiche area, W part of Guatemala Highlands. Coil and subm 1973- 1978 by H Lehmann and A Ichon, CNRS, Mission Sci Franco-Guatemal- tique, Guatemala (Ichon, 1977).

Gif-2834. La Lagunita T2, G9, -110 3960 ± 130 Charcoal under stone flags, Level -110, ceremonial Pyramid 5. Com- ment: no archaeol assoc. Date corresponds to Late Archaic period. 338 Georgette Delibrias, Marie-Therese Guillier, and Jacques Labeyrie Gif-2835. La Lagunita T3, S3, -590 1930 ± 100 Charcoal with offerings from Level -150, Pyramid 5. Comment: assoc with Pre-Classic industry. Corresponds to building stage of this structure. Gif-4553. La Lagunita, Cave C 48, B8/25 1610 ± 80 Charcoal in jar, N wall of underground room for offerings. Gif-4554. La Lagunita, Cave C 48, E4/10 1640 80 Charcoal in jar, W wall of cave. Gif-4555. La Lagunita, Cave C 48, C2/18 1650 ± 80 Charcoal in jar, S wall of cave. Gif-4227. La Lagunita, Cave C 48/108 1350 ± 90 Charcoal in earth floor of cave. Comment: disagrees with Late Classic ceramics from cave, well-dated by Gif-4553 to -4555. Gif-4556. La Lagunita, EJ 16 1900 ± 90 Charcoal in sterile level, from S-N trench in center of ceremonial place of La Lagunita site, at bottom of offering of stone statuettes. Gif-4228. La Lagunita, C44/183 1630 ± 90 Charcoal in ceramic bowl, at level of Tomb 4 of "La Pila 3", Level -30. Gif4229. La Lagunita, C44/B4.1 1480 ± 90 Charcoal in another ceramic bowl, in Tomb 4, Level -260. Gif4230. La Lagunita, C47/513 1640 ± 90 Charcoal in ceramic bowl with cover, in Pyramid 7, Level +520. Gif-4231. La Lagunita, C47/52 1870 ± 100 Charcoal from hearth in Pyramid 7, Level +160, assoc with Pre- Classic sepulture. General Comment: results agree with archaeol date for Cave C 48, but Gif- 4227 and those from Pyramid 7 indicate that ceremonial center of La Lagunita was at its height during Classic period, ca 1600 to 1700 BP. Gif- 4556: 1900 ± 90 and Gif-4231: 1830 + 100 confirm Pre-Classic settlement of site. San Anclres Sajcabaja series, Guatemala Samples from Pre-Classic monticule (artificial mound) (15° 10' N, 90° 57' W) in Quiche area, W part of Guatemala Highlands. Coll and subm 1971 by A Ichon. Gif-2833. San Andres F2 (A2) 2580 100 Charcoal in pit-hole, from oldest phase of building. Gif-2832. San Andres F2 (E3) 2510 ± 100 Charcoal on top of stone box, probably used as sarcophagus. Gif Natural Radiocarbon Measurements IX 339 Gif-2478. San Andres, Str 1 1750 ± 150 Charcoal, from 4th phase of building of monticule. General Comment: 3 of 5 building phases recognized in this structure were dated. Occupation of site lasted from Middle Pre-Classic to Late Pre-Classic periods. Dates agree well with bichrome ceramics industry found in these levels. Chimistan series, Guatemala Samples from Monticule 2 of site (15° 19' N, 91° 41' W). Coll and subm 1971 by A Ichon.

Gif-2836. Chimistan F3 G (-250) 2170 ± 100 Charcoal from level with abundant kitchen refuse just above sterile sand. Corresponds to first occupation of site.

Gif -2837. Chimistan F3 J (-130) 2200 ± 100 Charcoal from same level as Gif-2835. General Comment: this monticule is dated from beginning of Late Pre- Classic period, as expected from ceramics. Gif-2346. Nata, Code, Panama 1640 ± 90 Charcoal from refuse level assoc with potsherds of Giron and Escota styles, near Nata (8° 8' N, 80° 38' W). Coll and subm 1971 by R C Cooke, Inst Archaeol, London. Comment: this layer is overlain by level corre- sponding to beginning of polychrome pottery similar to those from Tonosi, Guatemala, suggesting close relations between countries. G. South America Huaneavelica series, Peru Charcoal from high alt sites in Huancavelica Dept, Central Andes. Coll 1970 and subm 1971 by M Julien and D Lavallee, CNRS, Paris. Dated to determine duration of "Intermediate Recent" period in Central Andes. Gif-1987. Chuntamarka, 3110 B 750 ± 90 Charcoal from floor of House B, 0.25m below ground level (12° 38' S, 75° 10' W), alt 4400m. Gif-1988. Laiwe, 3476 970 ± 90 Charcoal from floor of House B, 0.4m below ground level (12° 25' S, 75° 9' W), alt 3700m. Human burial place in same level. Gif-2604. Laiwe, 3475 720 ± 90 Charcoal from floor of House E, 0.4m below ground level, near Gif- 1988. Gif-2603. Shanki 970 ± 90 Charcoal from hearth, 0.5m below ground level (12° 25' S, 75° 8' W), alt 3750m. 340 Georgette Delibrias, Marie-Therese Guillier, and Jacques Labeyrie Gif-1989. Cuto-Cuto, 3496 A 780 ± 90 Charcoal, from Hearth A (12° 32' S, 75° 10' W), alt 4000m. Gif-2389. Cuto-Cuto, 3490 D 750 ± 90 Charcoal, from House D. General Comment: samples date period of "Intermediate Recent" in Central Andes between AD 1100/1200 and 1530. Oloma Bajada series, Argentina Charcoal in artificial refuse mound with ceramics and bones, Prov Santiago del Estero (28° 30' S, 63° W). Coil 1971 and subm 1972 by A M Lorandi. Pottery belongs to Sunchituyo culture that is similar to pottery of Quimili Paso, and to Averias culture. Gif-2619. Oloma Bajada, Site I,13 340 ± 90 Charcoal from depth 0.4 to 0.6m. Gif-2620. Oloma Bajada, Site II, 12 460 90 Charcoal from depth 0.2 to 0.4m. Gif-2621. Oloma Bajada, Site II, 13 530 90 Charcoal from depth 0.4 to 0.6m. Gif-2728. Lauta, Navarino Island, Chile 280 90 Shells from lower layer in one of numerous shell middens, Seno del Lauta, near Puerto Williams, Beagle Channel (54° 55' S, 67° 40' W). Coil 1971 by 0 R Ortiz-Troncoso and subm by A Laming-Emperaire. Com- ment: Lauta dates are quoted by Rapaire and Hugues, 1977, in connection with Lancha Packewaia series, Tierra del Fuego, on opposite shore of Beagle Channel (Ortiz-Troncoso, 1977-78; 1978). Gif -2729. Lauta, Navarino I., Chile, Pit 3 2780 ± 110 Shells coil in similar conditions to those of Gif-2728 from another site at Seno del Lauta, subm by A Laming-Emperaire. Comment: date represents relatively early occupation phase of that coast. Gif-2927. Bahia Buena, Chilean Patagonia 5210 ± 110 Charcoal from oldest occupation layer of shell midden overlying old shoreline, 10.5 to 12m above msl, 400m from Magellan Strait (53° 36' S, 70° 59' W). Coil 1973 by 0 R Ortiz-Troncoso and subm by A Laming- Emperaire. Comment: stratigraphic sequence of site indicates lower cul- tural layer (II) overlying clayey substratum of morainic origin (or Layer I), two middle sub-layers (III & IIIb), and upper or most recent layer (IV). Components of deposits are shells, bones (mammals and birds), fish re- mains, sea urchin remains, sand, gravel, stones, ash, and charcoal. Most important characteristic of lithic industry is large percentage of ob- sidian. Typical artifacts of bone industry are harpoon heads with bi- laterally lobed tangs, multibarbed harpoon heads, and other tools with incised decorations. Cultural assemblage related to that from Englefield I Gif Natural Radiocarbon Measurements IX 341 site (Emperaire and Laming, 1961); Punta Santa Ana site (Ortiz-Troncoso, 1975; 1977-78; 1978; 1979); and Lancha Packewaia and Tunel (Orquera and -7614: et al, 1978, R, 1977, v 19, p 49-61). Date confirmed by GrN-7613 5770 ± 110 and x895 ± 65 BP. °Gif-2928. Punta Santa Ana, Chilean Patagonia 5620 ± 120 Shells from oldest occupation layer of shell midden overlying clayey substratum of morainic origin, 12m above msl (53° 37' S, 70° 58' W). Coil 1972 by 0 R Ortiz-Troncoso and subm by A Laming-Emperaire. Com- ment: stratigraphic sequence and components of deposits are quite similar to those of neighboring Bahia Buena site, Gif-2927. Another date for this layer is GrN-7612: 6410 ± 70 BP.

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[RADIOCARBON, VOL 24, No. 3, 1982, P 344-351] SIMON FRASER UNIVERSITY RADIOCARBON DATES I D E NELSON and K A HOBSON Archaeology Department, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia V5A 1S6, Canada The SFU Archaeology Department has constructed a small radio- carbon dating facility to serve its own needs and, to the extent that time is available, the needs of other archaeologists and earth scientists. All dates reported here were processed by our laboratory from October 1979 to September 1980. The 14C measurements are made using conventional techniques for liquid scintillation counting of benzene. The samples are burned in a Phonon Mark IV combustion bomb and the resultant CO2 is purified and converted to Li2C2 using a reaction vessel based on the design of Polach, Gower, and Fraser (ms). Acetylene is formed by hydrolysis with distilled H2O which has been aged for a minimum of three months. The acetylene is trimerized to benzene with the Mobil Durabead I catalyst. The conversion efficiency of CO2 to C6H6 is typically 95%. Gas chromatographic analysis of typical samples of the synthesized benzene indicates 99.8% purity with toluene produced in trace amounts. Five milliliters of this benzene (or the amount of benzene available plus the amount of `dead' benzene to make 5 milliliters) are filled into specially constructed teflon vials similar to those of Calf and Polach (ms). To this is added 0.4 mis of "dead" benzene containing butyl-PBD at a concentration of 100 g/1. These vials are counted in a slightly modified Packard model 3255 LS counter situated in a sub-basement room under six meters of sand. In its present configuration, the counter has a back- ground of 1.99 ± 0.03cpm and a normalized oxalic activity (Aon) of 8.E0 ± 0.03 cpm at a 19C counting efficiency of 72%. The background standard is synthesized from anthracite taken from the deepest vein of the Black Mountain coal deposit in Pennsylvania. This standard is approximately 0.1 cpm higher than our "dead" benzene stock. This is likely due to the 3H in the water used for hydrolysis. Appropriate corrections are made for each sample as required.

SAMPLE PRETREATMENT Charcoal samples are boiled in 0.2N NaOH and 0.2N HCl with intermediate rinsing and boiling with distilled water. The sample is finally washed to neutrality and dried at 90°C before combustion. Wood samples are treated in the same manner after being ground to 20 mesh in a Wiley mill. Organic sediments and peat are treated with 0.2N HC1. For sediments of low organic composition oxidation in the bomb is improved by using KMnO4 in water solution (0.01-0.05N) instead of pure distilled water (H Jungner, pers commun). Carbonate samples are ultra- sonically cleaned in distilled water, dried at 90°C and reacted with HC1 for CO2 production. Collagen is extracted according to Longin (1971) for large samples. This method is modified according to Pieter Grootes (pers commun) when smaller samples are being prepared. 344 D E Nelson and K A Hobson 345 Dates are quoted in years BP and are calculated using the Libby half-life of 5568 years. The uncertainties reported reflect 1) counting statistics in unknown, standard, and background during the period in which the activity of the unknown was determined, and 2) an estimate of the uncertainty in the relative counting efficiencies as determined using an external 'y-emitter to examine each sample (the "external standard" method). Since no mass spectrometer is available, isotopic fractionation measurements have been obtained from other laboratories only for bone samples and standards. Where 613C values are reported, they have been incorporated in the date calculation. In other cases, no correction has been made. The laboratory working standard is the ANU sucrose which burns well in the combustion bomb. We have not made a systematic study of the relative activities of the NBS oxalic acid standards vs the ANU sugar standard. Dates are calculated using the calibration factor of 1.5007 ± 0.0052 as reported by Polach (1979).

INTER-LABORATORY CHECK SAMPLES Marion Lake wood Wood coll and subm by Rolf Mathewes, Dept Biol, Simon Fraser Univ. SFU-TO1. 2920 ± 100 I-10,045 - 300 ± 95. Revelstoke wood Wood samples from uncovered larch tree at Revelstoke Dam Project described below in Revelstoke series. 44,000 ± 1800 SFU-T02a. 613C = -24.0% 45,000 ± 1600 SFU-T02b. 813C = -24.0% OL-1543 -45,100 ± 600. 813C = -23.5%. Two Creeks wood, Wisconsin Wood from forest bed horizon as described by Broecker and Farrand (1963). SFU-T03. 11,790 ± 160 L-607A -11,850 ± 100. WAT-57 -11,860 ± 170. GSC-2166 -11,810 ± 100. ARCHAEOLOGIC SAMPLES A. Canada British Columbia Namu series Charcoal from EISx site, shell midden deposit (51° 51' 32" N, 27° 51' 50" W). Extensive secs of site lie beneath large abandoned bunkhouse 346 D E Nelson and K A Hobson (built in 1946) just N of mouth of Namu R. Samples call and subm by Roy Carlson, Dept Archaeol, Simon Fraser Univ. SFU-1. 3830 ± 110 Charcoal from 280cm depth; subm to date major shell accumulation. SFU-10. 2720 ±80 Charcoal from 100cm depth; subm to date top of Stratum IVB. SFU-17. 3280 ± 100 Charcoal from 140cm depth; subm to date salmon remains. SFU-19. 3500 ± 100 Combination sample; charcoal from 120cm and 130cm depths. Beach Grove Series 1 Charcoal, wood, and human bone from DgRs-1 site, large shell midden, Point Roberts Peninsula, Delta Municipality (49° 01' 55" N, 123° 03' 30" W). Samples coil and subm by Bruce Ball and Stan Copp, Dept Anthropol, Vancouver Community Coll, Vancouver, British Colum- bia. SFU-2. 3130 ± 130 Charcoal from 89cm depth. SFU-3. 1050 ± 110 Douglas Fir bark. SFU-4. 310 ± 120 Burned wood. SFU-5. 730 ± 110 Charcoal. 2720 ± 8f1 SFU-26. S13C = -12.8% Collagen from human burial at 45cm depth. Comment: previous. excavations in other secs of site yielded materials and 14C dates indicative of Marpole-phase occupations. Our results indicate that this sec dates prior to or beginning of Marpole phase. Beach Grove Series 2 Charcoal from DgRs-1 site, described above. Samples coll and subm by R G Matson, Dept Anthropol, Univ British Columbia, Vancouver. SFU-39. 640 ± 80 Charcoal from 30 to 40cm depth, assoc with shell matrix. SFU-40. 190±80 Charcoal from 40cm below unit datum. SFU-41. 1270 ± 160 Charcoal from 45cm below unit datum to date shell layer. Simon Fraser University Radiocarbon Dates I 347 SFU42. 1480 ±80 Charcoal from 50cm below unit datum.

Pitt River Series 1 Wood and charcoal from DhRq-21 site, Pitt River, Port Coquitlam (44° 14' N, 122° 46' W). Samples coil and subm by Michael Broderick, Dept Archaeol, Simon Fraser Univ. SFU-6. 220 ±80 Unburned wood from steaming-pit feature used to process deerberries (Mianthemum dilaf alum). SFU-7. 2890 ± 80 Charcoal from midden deposit; confirms Marpole phase. Pitt River Series 2 Waterlogged wood and charcoal from DhRq-21 site, described above. Samples coll and subm by Valerie Patinaude for Heritage Conservation Branch, Victoria, British Columbia. SFU-43. 2930 ±80 Waterlogged wood believed to be stake; assoc with basketry and other wooden items. SFU-90. 2960 120 Charcoal from 324cm asl.

SFU-91. 2860 ± 120 Charcoal from 351cm asl; subm to date faunal material above sample. SFU-92. 3560 ± 180 Charcoal from 265cm asl. Anahim Lake series Charcoal from Sites FdSi-29 and FdSi-31. FdSi-29 is at NW side of outlet of Anahim Lake (52° 32' 05" N, 125° 23' 11" W). FdSi-31 (52° 31' 10" N, 125° 23' 11" W) is N of FdSi-29, with 100m separating sites at their nearest points. Samples coil and subm by Morley Eldridge for Heritage Conservation Branch, Victoria. SFU-8. 140 ±80 Charcoal from 45cm depth below unit. Comment: date is significant since it dates roasting pit at early historic period, dated at 1110 ± 160. This may indicate cultural continuity over time. SFU-9. 230 ± 110 Charcoal from 47cm depth below unit. Site consists of four dispersed cultural depressions. Sample was assoc with obsidian flake. 348 D E Nelson and K A Hobson Chilko River Survey series Charcoal from several survey locations along Chilko R (52° 0' 0" N, 123° 40' 0" W). Samples coil and subm by R G Matson. SFU-14. 860 ± 80 Charcoal from Chilko R Survey #92. Sample from 5 to 7cm depth, taken to date large lithic scatter site. SFU-15. 360 ± 80 Charcoal from Chilko R Survey #73. Sample from charred roof beam of housepit site. SFU-16. 280 ± 80 Charcoal from Chilko R Site E1Rw-4. Sample from 10 to 15cm depth; found with large cultural depressions on terraces above excavation units. Monte Creek series Charcoal from EdQx-15 site, on S bank of Thompson R, 27km E of Kamloops. Site is at 350m asl, less than 5m above river (50° 38' 57" N, 119° 56' 44" E). Samples coil and subm by Arnold Stryd, Cariboo Coil, Kamloops. SFU-32. 450± 80 Charcoal from circular storage pit, from 20cm above pit bottom. SFU-33. 200 ±80 Charcoal from rectangular house pit, from fill on house pit floor. SFU-34. 530 ± 80 Charcoal from circular storage pit, from fill at bottom of pit. SFU-35. 1450 ±80 Charcoal from house pit of unknown shape, from fill directly above house pit floor. SFU-36. 190 ± 130 Charcoal from rectangular house pit, from floor fill close to N wall at 18cm above bottom of house pit. SFU-37. 1760 ± 130 Charcoal from circular house pit, from fill in oval storage pit in house floor close to W wall. SFU-38. 1030 ± 180 Charcoal from rectangular house pit, from hearth floor at bottom of house pit. Connrnent: seven 14C dates place aboriginal occupation of site ca 1900 to 200 yr ago. Three archaeol units are represented at site, only two of which pertain to native occupation. Earliest Thompson-phase component dates from 1400 to 200 BP. During Historic period (post 1825) Lite was used primarily as pasturage for cattle by Euro-American ranchers. Simon Fraser University Radiocarbon Dates 1 349 Chilliwack series Two mammoth tusks recovered from separate excavations at gravel pit adjacent to Chilliwack R (49° 05' 11" N, 121° 57' 00" W). Samples coil and subm by Richard Percy and Andrew Barton, Dept Archaeol, Simon Fraser Univ. 21,400 ± 240 SFU-65. 8'C = -20.9% Collagen extracted from outer layers of tusk. Sample was 1Om above bedrock at SE corner of pit. 21,600 ± 240 SFU-66. 8130 = --20.9% Collagen extracted from outer layers of tusk. Sample was 3m above bedrock at SW corner of pit. Bella Coola series Charcoal and wood from FaSu-19 site, Bella Coola (50° 08' 28" N, 127° 28' 10" W), beach and multi-component site with primarily flaked stone artifacts. Samples coil and subm by Philip Hobler, Dept Archaeol, Simon Fraser Univ. SFU-25. 5340 ± 100 Charcoal. SFU-28. 320±80 Wood from cover plank of human burial box. SFU-30. 400 ± 80 Charcoal. B. Africa Ghana Dahoya series Charcoal from Sites DbF-135, DbP-2, and DbD-150, Daboya (9° 30' ° N, 1 20' W). Samples coil and subm by F S Kense, Dept Archaeol, Univ Calgary, Alberta. SFU-11. 260 ±80 Charcoal from DbF-135 site. Sample taken from 90cm depth and measured to determine accumulation rate of rubbish deposition at former habitation site. SFU-12. 1670 ± 190 Charcoal from DbP-2 site. Sample from 360cm depth in mound-like area of old town site. Previous season's date from area some 100m further downslope produced 14C date of 2080 Br-oldest from site. SFU-13. 1790 ±80 Charcoal from DbD-150 site. Sample from 140cm depth assoc with animal bone and shell. 350 D E Nelson and K A Hobson C. United States Morrisroe series Charcoal and organic material from sediment cores from Morrisroe site, Kentucky (37° 03' 45" N, 88° 14' 20" W), multi-component stratifed site. Projectile point typology suggests occupational sequence from Early Archaic to Early Woodland, with major occupation during Middle Archaic. Samples coil and subm by Jack Nance, Dept Archaeol, Simon Fraser Univ. SFU-23. 610 ± 120 Organic material removed from sediment core. SFU-29. 7450 ± 150 Charcoal from 100 to 120cm depth. Sample provides age estimate for central portion of cultural deposit and is one of few 14C samples recovered in situ from Archaic site in Lower Tennessee R drainage.

II. GEOLOGIC SAMPLES A. Canada British Columbia R evelstoke series Well-preserved wood specimens were uncovered during construction activity on Revelstoke Dam, Revelstoke (51° 0' 0" N, 118° 12' 0" W). Samples coil by D E Nelson and subm with cooperation of British Colum- bia Hydro Power Authority. SFU-18a. 42,000 ± 1800 Debris assoc with uncovered tree (SFU-T02a,b), 61m beneath ex- tensive glacial deposit at site of earlier Columbia R channel. SFU-18b. 39,000 ± 1300 Wood debris assoc with SFU-T02a,b. SFU-20. 10,000 ± 80 Wood (sp unknown) from 500m asl in Revelstoke dam site. SFU-21. 1180 ±80 Wood from suspected recent Columbia R channel. SFU-22. Richmond 3850 ± 80 Cedar from Richmond Nature Park, Richmond (49° 11' 30" N, 123° 05' 30" W). Sample coil and subm by Vic Tyson to date strata of Burns Bog. Alberta Castleguard Cave series Soda-straw from stalactites and bicarbonate extracted from ground- water from Castleguard Cave in BaniE Natl Park (52° N, 117° W). Cave entrance is at 1970m asl rising to 2245m asl at loc of SFU-48 and -49. Simon Fraser University Radiocarbon Dates I 351 Samples are all formed randomly in space and time; they are all post- glacial or Holocene deposits, since erosive action in cave during Late Wisconsin would have removed most older stalactites. 14C ages are for comparison with uranium-series ages and 13C content. Samples coll and subm and S13C values measured by Melvyn Gascoyne, Dept Geol, Mc- Master Univ, Hamilton, Ontario. 10,800 ± 100 SFU-44. S13C = -0.0% Soda-straw from Helictite Passage. 11,900 ± 160 SFU-45. 6'C = -0.4% Soda-straw from The Grottos. 18,090 ± 280 SFU-46. 81 JC = -0.6% Soda-straw from The Grottos. 18,200 ± 280 SFU-47. S13C = -0.3% Soda-straw from Crutch Passage. 13,620 ± 100 SFU-48. 813C = -1.6% Soda-straw from Ice Blockage Passage. 15,590 ± 200 SFU-49. 613C = -1.5% Soda-straw from Ice Blockage Passage. 4120 ± 400 SFU-68. S1sC = -4.1% Bicarbonate extracted from groundwater at site of SFU-45. B. United States SFU-31. 36,000 ± 3000 Wood from drill core at Monroe, 25km S of Corvallis, Oregon (44° 21' N, 123° 20' W). Sample from 90m depth; subm to date Pleistocene river terrace. Sample coll and subm by Michael Roberts, Dept Geol, Simon Fraser Univ. REFERENCES Broecker, W S and Farrand, W R, 1963, Radiocarbon age of the Two Creeks Forest Bed, Wisconsin: Geol Soc America Bull, v 74, p 795-802. Calf, G E and Polach, H A, 1974, Teflon vials for liquid scintillation counting of C-14 samples, in Stanley, P E, and Scoggins, B A, eds, Liquid scintillation counting recent developments: New York, Academic Press, p 223-234. Hester, J J and Nelson, S M, eds, 1978, Studies in Bella Bella prehistory: Dept Archaeol, Simon Fraser Univ Pub #5. Longin, R, 1971, New method of collagen extraction for radiocarbon dating: Nature, v 230, p 241-242. Polach, H A, 1979, Correlation of 14C activity of NBS oxalic acid with Arizona 1850 wood and ANU sucrose standards, in Berger, Rainer and Suess, H E, eds, Radio- carbon dating, Internatl radiocarbon conf, 9th, Proc: Berkeley/Los Angeles, Univ California Press, p 115-133. Polach, H A, Gower, J, and Fraser, I, (ms) 1972, Synthesis of high purity benzene for radiocarbon dating. Paper presented at Internatl conf on radiocarbon dating, 8th: Lower Hutt, New Zealand. [RADIOCARBON, VOL 24, No. 3, 1982, P 352-371] RUDDER BOKOVI INSTITUTE RADIOCARBON MEASUREMENTS VII DUAN SRDO, NADA HORVATINCIC, and BOGOMIL OBELIC Rudjer Bo"skovic Institute, POB 1016, 41001 Zagreb, Yugoslavia and ADELA SLIEPEVIC Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb Results of extensive and systematic radiocarbon dating of tufa sam- ples and associated materials (wood, plants, moss, and peat) are presented in this paper. Samples were collected in Plitvice Lakes National Park, Central Croatia, Yugoslavia, where intensive precipitation of tufa has taken place over several geologic epochs in a typical Karst area. Problems associated with radiocarbon dating of tufa are discussed in a previous paper (Srdoc et al, 1980). The authors concluded that dating of tufa is feasible and reliable, at least in the specific case of Karst regions, where retention of groundwater is short. Tufa is precipitated as a result of decomposition of groundwater bicarbonates due to loss of CO,, usually in waterfalls and cascades, and it is practically contemporaneous with living organic material. However, radiocarbon activity of modern tufa is lower than that of organic material due to dissolution of inactive car- bonates (limestone) in groundwater. The initial activity of groundwater depends on the geology and vegetation of the area and it is widely dis- cussed in the literature (Geyh, 1973). The initial activity, A0, of tufa could be easily measured on recent samples, had not bomb-test contamina- tion upset the equilibrium. Namely, while the atmospheric CO2 and living matter responded relatively quickly to the injection of radiocarbon in the atmosphere, groundwater and, consequently, tufa showed a much slower and damped response. Therefore, we have based our estimation of the initial activity of tufa on measurements of samples of known age collected before the bomb-test era. An average value of the initial activity equal to 85% of modern has been obtained which is in accordance with data for groundwater activity in similar areas. Consequently, all radio- carbon ages of tufa samples in this paper are based on the Libby half-life of 14C (5568 years) and the initial radiocarbon activity equal to 85% of modern. The modern standard is 0.95 of the activity of NBS oxalic acid. Errors quoted are based on counting statistics only and do not include uncertainties in 14C half-life and in initial activity. The latter may introduce much larger errors, up to ± 1000 years, depending on the sampling site, as explained in the following sections. Whereas radiocar- bon dating of Holocene tufa beds give reliable ages within the above specified errors, radiocarbon dating of old tufa beds is still questionable. Intrusion of minute quantities of modern calcareous material renders the ages of old (30,000 yr) tufa useless. Research on measuring the age of old tufa deposits by other methods is in progress.

352 D Srdoc, N Horvatincic, B Obelic, and A Sliepcevic 353 Preparation of wood, plant, and peat samples included pretreatment with boiling in 4% HCl and 4% NaOH. Tufa samples were mechanically cleaned by scraping off surface layers containing algae, moss, and/or lichens. Tufa, which contains up to 97% CaCO3, was dissolved in diluted HCl and evolved CO2 was frozen in a liquid N2 trap. Subsequent count- ing, gas preparation, and purification is described in R, 1979, v 21, p 321-328, and the counting technique in R, 1971, v 13, p 135-140. Statistical processing of data has been computerized (Obelh and Planinic, 1977).

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This research was made possible by the cooperation and financial support of Plitvice Lakes National Park Administration. We thank J Movcan for continued help and encouragement. A Brnek-Kostic and M Krga, whose close cooperation enabled us to collect samples and discuss many important aspects of natural phenomena in the Park area, deserve special thanks. The following experts took part in various stages of research, field and laboratory work, discussions, and sample collection: H Moser, W Stichler, and H Batsche, all of Institut fur Radiohydrometrie, GSF, Munich, West Germany, M Geyh, Niedersachsisches Landesamt fur Bodenforschung, Hannover, West Germany, and S BoiRevi, Inst for Geology, Zagreb. E Hernaus helped in sample preparation, V AndreiE and P Hojski in electronics and maintenance, and A Turkovh in data processing.

GEOLOGIC, LIMNOLOGIC, AND BOTANICAL SAMPLES 1. Surface sampling Most tufa samples were coll within Park area (440 50' N; 15° 35' E) on surface of barriers, outcrops, and dry river beds without digging or drilling, except for Gavanovac series where existing cutting through tufa barrier was used to coil samples from depth of tufa bed. Crna Rijeka series A strong karstic spring feeds Crna Rijeka R. Tufa is not precipitated at the spring, which has fairly constant temperature throughout the year (8-10°C). Recent tufa is found ca 3km downstream where brook forms cascades. Comment (DS): lowest radiocarbon activity of groundwater and recent tufa in area.

1.707. Teslin mlin waterfall 1 63.9 ± 0.6% modern Recent tufa, surface layer deposited on moss, left bank of Crna Rijeka, 3km downstream from karst spring Crna Rijeka; coil Oct 1979. Comment (DS, NH): groundwater activity at spring C Rijeka: 59.7 ± 0.6% modern. Z-752. Teslin mlin waterfall 2 62.6 ± 0.6% modern Same as Z-707, right bank of Crna Rijeka. 354 D Srdoc, N Horuatincic, B Obelic, and A Sliepceuic Z-753. Teslin mlin waterfall 3 64.0 ± 0.6% modern Same as Z-707; coil July 1980. Bijela Rijeka series Several small-capacity karst springs feed Bijela Rijeka R, which merges with Crna Rijeka R to form Matica R. Comment (DS): 14C activity of Bijela Rijeka R and recent tufa are much higher than those of Crna Rijeka R, indicating different catchment area and/or hydrogeol of groundwater. Z-754. Watermill l 85.3 ± 0.8% modern Tufa deposited on growing moss (Cratoneurum commutatum). Coil June 1980. Comment (DS, NH): Bijela Rijeka stream water activity: 75.7% modern; coil Nov 1979, same site. 74.6 ± 0.6% modern Z-755. Watermill 2 1050 ±80 Thick tufa deposits, presently ca 6m above stream level. Sample from top layer ca 0.5m below ground surface. 1.2 ± 0.3% modern + 2000 Z-684. Bijela Rijeka, dry tufa barrier 36,000 -1600 Old tufa barrier 15m above present stream level, buried in alluvial deposits. NE flank opened during road construction. Deposition of tufa on moss can be easily recognized in structure of tufa beds. Plitvicki Ljeskovac series Karst area at confluence of Crna Rijeka and Bijela Rijeka. Numerous old tufa barriers emerging from alluvial deposits as well as peat bogs are characteristic of landscape. 1.3 ± 0.3% modern + 2200 Z-809. Monument site 1 36,000 -1800 Old tufa barrier, partly recrystallized, 15 to 20m above and ca 70m from Matica R. Moss structure recognizable in non-crystalline parts of barrier. Crystallized structure covered by flowstone-like layers. 1.4 ± 0.3% modern + 5100 Z-936. Monument site 2 34,500 - 3200 Old tufa barrier, block no. 3. 7.5 ± 0.3% modern Z-811. Confluence site 1 20,000 ± 500 Dripstone or flowstone-like lining of tubing in solid tufa block. Tubes or channels were formed by decay of wood trunks or branches, Rudjer Boskovic Institute Radiocarbon Measurements VII 355 structure of which is well-preserved. Comment (DS): calcareous linings are definitely younger than tufa matrix (see Z-809, -812) which forms huge blocks perforated by channels, indicating groundwater flow through old barrier. While old tufa morphology and abundance reflects paleoclimatic conditions similar to present climate, calcareous linings are amorphous and thin, indicating much colder climate and sparse vegetation. Thus, age of calcareous linings could be linked to interstadial thaw producing run-off and groundwater flow labeled by 'C from thin vegetation layer consisting of algae, mosses, and lichens. 7.4 ± 0.3% modern Z-685. Confluence site 2 20,500 ± 500 Calcareous lining similar to Z-811, same tufa barrier but different micro-location. 2.5 ± 0.3% modern Z-812. Confluence site 3 29,000 ± 1300 Old tufa barrier, buried in alluvial deposits including terra rossa and calcareous sand. Sample taken on surface of outcrop, 10 to 15cm from holes lined with flowstone (Z-685, -811). 0.1 ± 0.3% modern 1-918. Confluence site 4 >37,000 Old tufa barrier, block no. 2; sample taken 15 to 20cm laterally of natural drain hole (Z-685). 0.9 ± 0.3% modern + 6500 Z-919. Confluence site 5 37,000 - 3500 Old tufa barrier, block no. 1; sample taken 10 to 15cm above natural drain hole (Z-811). 0.0 ± 0.3% modern Z-813. Confluence site 6 >37,000 Outcrop of tufa in marshy field, often flooded during high water; sample taken 20 to 25m from old tufa barrier (Z-812). 1.5 ± 0.3% modern + 1700 Z-920. Tufa quarry 33,500 -1400 Sample taken from old tufa quarry where tufa was cut for building. Quarry is inoperative since foundation of National Park. 0.7 ± 0.3% modern 1-921. Vukmirovic house >37,000 Tufa used for construction of walls, presumably from tufa quarry (Z-920). Comment (DS, NH): date confirms use of old tufa for building, although much younger Holocene tufa was found in other buildings in Park area. 356 D Srdoc, N Horvatimic, B Obelic, and A Sliepcevic 56.5 ± 0.5% modern 1700. Ex Bio-station 3350 ± 100 Outcrops of tufa in marshy field; moss structure evident. Present flood area. Comment (DS): sample belongs to widespread group of Holo- cene tufa barriers. Both Holocene and pre-glacial tufas are found in same area, showing influence of geomorphol of karstic terrain on location of barriers; climatic conditions governed timing of growth of tufa. Rjecica series Rjecica Creek has no karst springs. Many woodland brooks form Rjecica Creek. No recent tufa formations were found in woodland brooks. Recent tufa precipitation starts at first waterfall, although old Holocene tufa was found in Rjecica stream bed upstream from present waterfall.

Z-748. Rjecica waterfall 1 86.4 ± 0.7% modern Recent tufa, surface layer deposited on moss (Cratoneurum commu- tatum). Comment (DS, NH): Rjecica stream water activity: 87.7% mod- ern; sample coil June 1980, same site. 78.7 ± 0.6% modern Z-927. Rjecica waterfall 2 600 ± 100 Small tufa barrier formed around waterfall, now above stream level. Date confirms recent tufa formation. 77.4 ± 0.6% modern Z-750. Rjecica waterfall 3 750 ± 90 Recent tufa in form of stump. Wood structure well-preserved. 81.0 ± 0.6% modern Z-925. Rjecica 1 360 ± 100 Thick tufa deposits, porous moss-like structure, Rjecica tributary spring. 80.4 ± 0.6% modern Z-924. Rjecica 2 430 ± 110 Thick tufa deposit, porous and amorphous structure, adjacent to Z-925. Comment (DS): tufa structure reflecting deposition patterns does not influence radiocarbon content significantly (see also Z-922, -923). 80.2 ± 0.6% modern Z-923. Rje iiea 3 440 ± 90 Inactive tufa barrier covered by humus and organic detritus. Typical porous moss-like structure (Cratoneurum commutatum). 80.0 ± 0.6% modern Z-922. Rjecica 4 460 ± 90 Porous, amorphous tufa from same barrier as Z-923. Rudjer Boskovic Institute Radiocarbon Measurements VII 357 78.6 ± 0.6% modern Z-746. Rjecica 5 620 ± 70 Porous, amorphous tufa from same deposit as Z-924; different micro- location. Comment (DS, NH): consistent with previous observations, 14C tends to spread fairly uniformly throughout thick tufa deposits during formative period. Thus, average age of whole deposit is obtained rather than detailed stratigraphy. 66.0 ± 0.6% modern Z-691. Rjecica riverbed 1 2050 ± 100 Tufa from dry stream bed. Waterfall on Rjecica R lkm downstream from bridge. 51.7 ± 0.5% modern Z-926. Rjecica riverbed 2 4080 ± 110 Tufa from stream bed, flooded at medium and high water. 40.1 ± 0.5% modern 1.747. Rjecica riverbed 3 6200 ± 90 Tufa from stream bed, flooded at high water. Comment (DS, NH): oldest Holocene sample. Repeated sampling at nearby site gave younger date (Z-926). Cave Garden series Cave Garden area covers 200m consisting of tufa barrier full of caves, galleries, and pits. Tufa barrier became partly inactive in historic times due to human interference with environment. 74.1 ± 0.3% modern Z-663. Broken tufa stalactite 1100 ± 100 Surface layer, flowstone structure. 73.8 ± 0.3% modern 1664. Broken tuf a stalactite 2 1150 ± 80 Porous mossy structure, 25cm below surface. 74.8 ± 0.4% modern Z-665. Broken tuf a stalactite 3 1030 ± 90 Porous mossy structure, 53cm below surface. 74.4 ± 0.4% modern Z-666. Broken tuf a stalactite 4 1070 ± 100 Porous mossy structure, 83cm below surface. Comment (DS): data shows uniform distribution of 14C in thick tufa column. 82.0 ±0.3% modern Z-824. Broken tuf a column 1 270 ± 100 Base, surface layer, porous structure. 69.3 ± 0.3% modern Z-911. Broken tuf a column 2 1650 ± 100 Shaft, surface layer, flowstone structure. 358 D Srdoc, N Horvatincic, B Obelic, and A Sliepcevic 73.5 ± 0.3% modern Z-912. Broken tufa column 3 1170 ± 100 Core at broken surface, 1.2m from. edge. 72.6 ± 0.3% modern Z-913. Broken tuf a column 4 1270 ± 100 Core at broken surface, lm from edge. Comment (DS): data support theory of "tubular growth" of tufa under favorable conditions. Upper- most and outer layers are older than core. Tufa is deposited progressively on inner wall of duct until it becomes choked. 78.2 ± 0.6% modern Z-821. Rock shelter 1 660 ±90 Sample from roof of rock shelter where tufa stalactite (Z-633 to -666) and column (Z-824 and -911 to -913) originated. 78.4 ± 0.6% modern Z-823. Rock shelter 2 630 ± 100 Sample from bottom of rock shelter; thick sediment filled with clastic material. 70.6 ± 0.6% modern Z-909. Tuf a cave 1 1500 ± 100 Sample from bottom of small cave, 5m deep. Well-preserved imprints of leaves (Fagus sylvatica) found in sediments. 73.6 ± 0.6% modern Z-910. Tuf a cave 2 1160 ± 100 Tufa column dividing cave, surface layer. 73.5 ± 0.6% modern Z-953. Vertical wall 1 1160 ± 110 Inactive tufa barrier, 12 to 15m high, vertical surface layer, 1.5m from bottom of barrier. 82.8 ±0.7% modern Z-955. Vertical wall 2 190 ± 100 Fracture in tufa barrier, filled with dripstones. 77.0 ± 0.6% modern Z-954. Cave garden 785 ± 110 Inactive tufa barrier in form of numerous caves, galleries, and channels. Sample from deepest cave. Comment (1)S): radiocarbon activity of samples taken from bottom of tufa caves is not lower than that coll in open space, indicating simultaneous deposition of tufa throughout bar- rier during formative period of barrier growth. Plitvica Creek series Plitvica Creek forms waterfall, 86m high, at confluence of Korana R. No tufa forms at karst spring Izvor Plitvice. Although short, Plitvica Creek is interesting for study of tufa deposition. Starting with cold water and no tufa precipitation at spring, stream water gradually warms, form- ing thin tufa coating on moss and branches 2km downstream from spring. Rudjer Boskovic Institute Radiocarbon Measurements VII 359 Forming several cascades with thick tufa deposits right before waterfall, 86m high, Plitvica Creek ends in Korana R, 8 to 10°C warmer. Loss of CO2 through aeration and decrease of CaCO3 solubility due to warming of stream water are responsible for intensive tufa formation in Plitvica Waterfall area. Z805. Plitvica 1 86.8 ± 0.7% modern Recent tufa deposited on moss growing on reef. Comment (DS, NH): Plitvica stream water activity: 85.2% modern, coil Oct 1980. Z-701. Plitvica 2 91.2 ± 0.7% modern Recent tufa deposited on moss (Cratoneurum commutatum) 2km downstream from Z-805 sampling site. Comment (DS, NH): higher activity agrees with observed downstream increase of radiocarbon content of stream and lake water (see Plitvice waters series). 41.7 ±0.5% modern 1-952. Plitvica 3 5860 ± 130 Dry bed of creek above Plitvica waterfall, 86m high. 75.9 ± 0.8% modern Z-806. Plitvica 4 900 ± 100 Active tufa barrier at Hajdukovic Mill, surface layer, ca 10cm thick. 65.4 ± 0.6% modern 1.706. Plitvica 5 2140 ± 110 Thick deposit of tufa adjacent to Plitvica waterfall. 59.2 ±0.5% modern Z-831. Hajdukovic Mill 1 2960 ± 110 Pit, 2 to 3m deep in flat terrace ("polje") near Hajdukovic Mill. Terrace is made entirely of tufa deposited by Plitvica R. Pits are result of collapsing of cave roof. Sample taken 80cm below ground surface. 61.0 ± 0.6% modern Z-802. Hajdukovic Mill 2 2710 ± 110 Sample coil 80cm below ground on opposite side of same pit. Date confirms fairly uniform activity within layer. 55.6 ± 0.6% modern Z-803. Hajdukovic Mill 3 3480 ± 110 Sample from ditch in tufa connecting pit and Plitvica creek. 45.0 ± 0.5% modern Z-801. Hajdukovic Mill 4 5230 ± 130 Tufa from hollow wood trunk buried in thick tufa deposit, ca 2.5m below ground, 0.5m above bottom of pit. 48.8 ± 0.6% modern 1.935. Hajdukovic Mill 5 4550 ± 140 Tufa surrounding hollow wood trunk in pit. 360 D Srdoc, N Horvatincic, B 0 belic, and A Sliepcevic 63.5 ± 0.6% modern Z-800. Hajdukovic Mill 6 3730 ± 110 Wood from tree (conifer) buried in tufa, 2.5m below ground in pit. Comment (DS): age of wood and adjacent tufa agree fairly well if initial activity of tufa is taken equal to 0.7 of modern standard, which is rea- sonable value for Karst area. Better agreement cannot be expected be- cause tufa did not grow on surface of tree; it was transported and deposited by floods. Smolcica pecina cave series Outcrop of old tufa, ca 60m above present level of Korana R, on steep right flank of gorge. Tufa deposits mark extinct tributary of Korana R. 0.5 ± 0.3% modern Z-711. Smolcica pecina 1 >37,000 Tufa from bottom of horizontal cave, ca 12m deep, ca 60m above level of Korana R. Porous and amorphous structure. 2.9 ± 0.3% modern Z-745. Smolcica pecina 2 28,000 ± 900 Tufa from bottom of cave, typical mossy structure. 1.5 ± 0.3% modern + 5000 Z-930. Smolcica pecina 3 33,000 - 3400 Same as Z-745, from another micro-location within cave. 2.2 ± 0.3% modern Z-742. Smolcica pecina 4 30,000 ± 1700 Tufa from entrance to cave. 8.0 ± 0.3% modern Z-741. Smolcic plateau 1 19,600 ± 300 Outcrops of tufa emerging from soil in flat area right above cave roof. Tufa beds are probably inter-connected. Sample taken from surface of tufa block no. 1. 5.6 ± 0.3% modern Z-744. Smolcic plateau 2 22,400 ± 710 Tufa, block no. 1, mossy structure, very hard. &9 ±0.3% modern Z-743. Smolcic plateau 3 25,500 ± 1100 Tufa, block no. 2, surface layer, very hard. 3.2 ±0.3% modern Z-934. Smolcic plateau 4 27,100 ± 1300 Tufa, block no. 1, surface layer removed, sample taken ca 10 to 15cm from surface. Due to tufa porosity, precipitation or surface water can easily penetrate thick tufa deposits. Rudjer BoMovic Institute Radiocarbon Measurements VII 361 1.0 ± 0.3% modern + 8600 Z-933. Smolcic plateau 5 36,500 -4000 Tufa, block no. 3, very hard porous structure. Lake Ciginovac series Tufa samples with various morphologies were coll in cave above Lake Ciginovac. Measurement should reveal any difference in radiocarbon content caused by depositional patterns or influence of external con- tamination on tufa in variety of morphologic forms and structures. Samples of tufa in form of powder (Z-814), fine-grained compact sediment (Z-815), compact thick coating on limestone rock (Z-816), petrified moss (Z-817), and dripstone (Z-818) were measured. Comment (DS, NH): in most cases, powdered or structureless tufa is older than mossy structured tufa. Dripstone or flowstone layers are always youngest, which can be explained by subsequent formation of calcareous coating on tufa surface. 68.9 ± 0.6% modern 1-814. Ciginovac 1 1700 ± 110 Powdered tufa coll from crevice in tufa barrier, NE shore of Lake Ciginovac. 69.7 ± 0.6% modern Z-815. Ciginovac 2 1610 ± 110 Fine-grained compact tuf a, same site as Z-814. 70.9 ± 0.6% modern Z-816. Ciginovac 3 1470 ± 100 Tufa layer, 3cm thick, on bedrock, same site as Z-814. 72.4 ± 0.6% modern 1-817. Ciginovac 4 1300 ± 100 Tufa in form of petrified moss (Cratoneurum commutatum); same site as Z-814. 74.9 ± 0.6% modern Z-818. Ciginovac 5 1020 ± 100 Tufa covered by dripstone on surface. Outer layer containing mostly dripstone; same site as Z-814. 68.9 ± 0.6% modern Z-820. Ciginovac plateau 1 1700 ± 100 Inactive tufa barrier above Lake Ciginovac, NE shore. 71.3 ± 0.6% modern Z-904. Ciginovac plateau 2 1420 ± 90 Tufa sample, dripstone form, coll in crevice in tufa barrier. 72.1 ± 0.6% modern Z-905. Ciginovac plateau 3 1330 ± 100 Tufa in form of petrified moss. 362 D Srdo, N Horvatincic, B Obelic, and A Sliepcevic Upper Lakes 77.3 ± 0.6% modern Z-956. Okrugljak 2100 ± 100 Active tufa barrier, right flank, presently dry. Hard mossy structure, covered with flowstone on surface. 63.5 ± 0.5% modern Z-937. Galovac 2380 ± 100 Inactive tufa barrier near lake Galovac. Coil and subm by A Brnek, Natl Park Adm. 70.5 ± 0.6% modern Z-917. Milino Jezero 1520 ± 80 Inactive tufa barrier lOm above and 50m from Milino Jezero pond.. 56.5 ± 0.6% modern.. Z-959. Pevalek Plaque 3340 ± 130 Zone of intensive tufa formation full of cascades, waterfalls, and streams. Sample coil from isolated tufa cliff, presently dry but surrounded by cascades and waterfalls. Comment (DS): date confirms that tufa formed over long period, presumably entire Holocene. 79.1 ± 0.5% modern Z-958. Mali Prstavci 570 ± 100 Active tufa barrier, left flank. Sample coil in crevice close to water- falls. 75.5 ± 0.6% modern. Z-957. Veliki Prstavci 2300 ± 110 Active tufa barrier, right flank. Sample coll in dry cave. Hard mossy structure. Gradina series Relatively isolated hill with remains of prehistoric ramparts ("gra- dina"). Comment (DS): outcrops of old tufa on top of hill puzzled early observers. Tufa barrier is autochthonous and belongs to old, preglacial formation. Thick tufa deposits at foothill are much younger Holocene features. 1.6 ± 0.3% modern + 2000 Z-667. Gradina, hilltop 1 33,000 -1600 Remains of old tufa barrier, presently on top of Gradina hill, ca 30m above lake level. 2.1 ±0.3% modern Z-671. Gradina, hilltop 2 30,000 ± 1800 Same as Z-667, different micro-location. Rudjer Boskovic Institute Radiocarbon Measurements VII 363 2.1 ± 0.3% modern + 2000 Z-825. Gradina, hilltop 3 31,000 -1600 Same as Z-667 except sample coil in small dry cave, protected from rain and snow. 0.4±0.3% modern Z-826. Gradina, hilltop 4 >37,000 Tufa powder coil from crevice in cave (see Z-825). 1.4 ± 0.3% modern + 2100 Z-827. Gradina, hilltop 5 34,000 -1700 Outcrop of old tufa protruding through soil on top of Gradina hill. Hard, reddish tufa, mossy structure evident, contains iron oxide. 61.6 ± 0.6% modern Z-900. Gradina, foothill 1 2630 ± 110 Thick deposits of tufa partly covered by soil and organic detritus. Compact but rather soft tufa. 65.1 ± 0.6% modern Z-901. Gradina, foothill 2 2170 ± 100 Tufa deposits, 3 to 4m thick, forming caves, shelters, and galleries. Mossy structure well-preserved. 62.4 ± 0.6% modern 1.902. Gradina, foothill 3 2520 ± 110 Same location as Z-901. Compact tufa, grained structure. 64.6 ± 0.6% modern Z-903. Gradina, foothill 4 2230 ± 100 Same location as Z-901. Tufa, typical mossy structure (Cratoneurum corn in u to turn). Burget series Two old tufa barriers, presently separated by lake water and recent tufa deposits. Comment (DS): contemporaneity of barriers 'helps construct contour lines of area in past. 62.6 ± 0.6% modern Z-914. Burget 1 2500 ± 110 Old tufa barrier, submerged in Lake Burget, except crest. Hard, porous tufa sample coil from top of barrier. 63.8 ± 0.6% modern 1.915. Burget 2 2340 ± 120 Old tufa barrier, above lake level. 76.6±0.7% modern 1.939. Burgetiei 830 ± 110 Active barrier above Lake Kozjak; soft porous tufa. 364 D Srdoc, N Horvatincic, B Obelic, and A Sliepcevic 60.1 ±0.7% modern. Z-674. Kozjak 1 2730 ± 100 Old tufa barrier, SW shore of Lake Kozjak, 15 to 20m above lake level. Original structure well-preserved. Sample coil from surface of tufa block. 63.2 ±0.5% modern Z-829. Kozjak 2 2420 ± 100 Same site as Z-674. Tufa sample coil in cave. Gavanovac series Cutting through tufa barrier was made during pathway construction in Park, near Lake Gavanovac. Cutting, 4m high and 1.6m wide, was suitable to coil samples from depth of tufa deposits, which would nor- mally need drilling rig. Tufa samples ca 1 dm3 in size were coil from vertical profile, starting at path level, in steps of 40cm up to 2.8m high. Uppermost sample is from crown of barrier at 4.05m. Two samples were coil 2m laterally from axis of vertical profile to check uniformity of 14C distribution in horizontal layer. Five samples were coil in horizontal profile at 1.6m above path level. Starting with surface layer, 5cm thick, sampling proceeded at 10cm steps up to 45cm. Comment (DS): no distinct gradient was found in any direction, except in horizontal profile, where small but systematic decrease of 14C activity was detected. This is con- sistent with measurements of tufa samples from other sites (see Cave Garden series, above). 14C tends to spread uniformly in tufa deposits during build-up process, obliterating much stratigraphy. 14C age gives average of all tufa deposits. In most cases, build-up period is much shorter than age of tufa beds, which diminishes inherent error in 14C dating of tufa. Vertical profile 57.5 ±0.5% modern Z-620. G-1 3200 ± 90 Cutting through dry tufa barrier; height (H) Om, depth (D) _ 1Ocm. 58.9 ± 0.6% modern Z-621. G-2 3000 ± 100 H = 0.4m, D = 10cm. 58.2 ± 0.6% modern Z-622. G3 3100 ± 110 H = 0.8m, D =10cm. 59.1 ± 0.6% modern Z-662. G-4 2980 ± 110 Lateral sampling; H = 0.8m, D = 20cm, 2m right from vertical profile. 62.6 ± 0.6% modern Z-623. G-5 2500 ±80 Vertical profile; H = 1.2m, D =10cm. Rudjer Boskovic Institute Radiocarbon Measurements VII 365 58.5 ± 0.6% modern 2.661. G-6 3060 ± 110 Lateral sampling; H =1.2m, D = 20cm, 2m left from vertical profile. 60.4 ± 0.6% modern 1.624. G-7 2800 ± 100 Vertical profile; H = 1.2m, D = 20cm. 62.8 ±0.3% modern Z-628. G-8 2480 ± 100 H=2m,D=20cm. 63.0 ± 0.3% modern Z-633. G-9 2450 ± 110 Vertical profile, wood-shaped tufa; H = 2.3m; original structure of tree trunks and branches well-preserved. 60.6 ± 0.6% modern Z-630. G-10 2770 ± 100 H = 2.4m, D = 20cm. 62.1 ± 0.6% modern 1.644. G-11 2570 ± 110 H = 2.6m, D = 20cm. 61.5 ± 0.6% modern Z-631. G-12 2640 ± 110 H=2.Sm,D=20cm. 61.6 ± 0.6% modern Z-632. G-13 2630 ± 110 Vertical profile, top of barrier; H = 4.05m, D = 20cm. Horizontal profile 62 . 0 ± 0 . 6% mo d ern Z-625. G-14 2580 ± 110 Horizontal profile; H =1.6m, surface layer, 5cm thick. 61.0 ± 0.6% modern Z-626. G-15 2720 ± 100 H = 1.6m, D =10cm. 59.8 ± 0.6% modern Z-660. G-16 2880 ± 100 H = 1.6m, D 20cm. 59.6 ± 0.5% modern 1.681. G-17 2910 ± 110 H =1.6m, D = 30cm. 58.7 ± 0.6% modern 1.682. G..18 3030 ± 110 H= 1.6m, D = 40cm. 366 D Srdoc, N Horvatincic, B Obelic, and A Sliepcevic Korana River series Last thick deposits of tufa, N boundary of Natl Park. Tufa precipita- tion rate diminishes as Korana R slows down. Comment (DS, NH): high 14C activity of freshwater and recent tufa. Z-704. Korana 1 90.9 ±0.7% modern Recent tufa deposited on moss covering river bed. Comment (DS, NH): Korana R water activity: 93.1% modern. 73.0 ± 0.6% modern Z-686. Korana 2 1230 ± 100 Cutting through thick deposit of tufa, 6 to 7m above Korana R. Fine-grained structure. Milka Trnina Waterfalls series Area of copious tufa deposition. Z-658. MT-1 91.3 ± 0.8% modern Recent tufa deposited on moss growing on cliffs. Moss (Cratoneurum commutatum) is continually splashed or sprayed by lake water. Z-659. MT-2 90.0 ± 0.7% modern Soft tufa layer, 3 to 4cm thick, deposited under growing moss. Moss roots and organic detritus removed. 2. Underwater sampling Bathymetric measurements revealed underwater tufa barriers in several lakes. Downstream growth of new tufa barriers caused flooding and inactivation of upstream barriers which are now several meters below present lake surface. Samples coll 1980 by Pragoaquanaut scuba divers, Prague, USSR, led by J Svetly. Lake Gradinsko Jezero series Sample of tufa coil from surface of submerged tufa barrier. 72.8 ± 0.6% modern Z-832. Lake Gradinsko Jezero 1 1250 ± 100 Underwater tufa barrier; grained structure covered with algae; depth: 5.5m. Algae, roots, and mud removed. 70.3 ± 0.6% modern Z-833. Lake Gradinsko Jezero 2 1540 ± 100 Same as Z-832 but different micro-location. 74.2 ± 0.6% modern Z-834. Lake Gradinsko Jezero 3 1090 ± 110 Same as Z-832; depth: 3m. Lake Kozjak series Samples of tufa coil from surface of submerged tufa barrier. Rudjer Boskovic Institute Radiocarbon Measurements VII 367 72.6 ± 0.6% modern Z-843. Lake Kozjak 1 1270 ± 100 Underwater tufa barrier, spongy structure on surface. SW flank of barrier; depth: 5.5m. 71.4 ± 0.6% modern Z-842. Lake Kozjak 2 1420 ± 110 Same as Z-843, NE flank of barrier. 72.4 ± 0.6% modern Z-838. Lake Kozjak 3 1290 ± 100 Central sec of underwater tufa barrier. Spongy or "cauliflower" structure, filled with lake sediment in pores. Mud and surface layer of algae removed; depth: 7m. 75.3 ± 0.6% modern Z-840. Lake Kozjak 4 970 ± 100 Same as Z-838; depth: 12m. 75.3 ± 0.6% modern Z-841. Lake Kozjak 5 980 ± 100 Same as Z-838; depth: 15m. 3. Pre-bomb-test samples of wood, moss, and tof a Pevalek collection series 14C activity of recent tufa has not followed sharp increase of 14C activity in biosphere caused by nuclear weapon tests. Increased activity of groundwater, tufa, and aquatic plants due to increased activity of atmospheric CO2 in past decades can be obtained by comparison of activity of recent material with that from pre-bomb-test era, providing that age of latter is known. We found several such samples of wood encrusted with tufa and moss with tufa substratum from colln of late academician No Pevalek. Comment (DS): measurements of samples coll in 1937 and comparison with recent data leads to two important conclu- sions: 1) activity of recent tufa is comparable to activity of "pre-war" tufa (ca 1937). Depending on sampling site, activity of recent tufa varies from 85% to 91% modern, whereas activity of "pre-war" tufa varies from 71% to 88% modern. Range of activities of recent tufa was measured on 10 samples; "pre-war" tufa was measured on 2 samples only, 2) use of average initial activity of 85% modern may introduce error up to 1000 yr. However, low activity equal to 70% modern is found in limited region close to karst springs; largest part of tufa deposits is in lake area where 14C activity is fairly uniformly distributed ca 85% modern. Thus, estimated error is ± 500 yr for most samples. Z-847. Wood coated with tufa 98.1 ± 0.7% modern Wooden branch (Fagus sylvatica), 4cm diam, coated with tufa layer, 2 to 3cm thick. Coll 1937 by I Pevalek and stored in dry cabinet. Subm by A Brnek, Natl Park Admin. Micro-location not known. Comment (DS): Suess effect is evident even though entire area is not industrialized. 368 D Srdoc, N Horvatincic, B Obelic, and A Sliepcevic Prevailing westerly winds could account for depleted 14C activity between two World Wars. Z-848. Tufa coating on wood 88.5 ± 0.7% modern Tufa coating, 2 to 3cm thick, on wood surface (sample Z-847). Tufa was scraped off and dissolved in HC1. Comment (DS): ratio of practically contemporaneous pre-bomb-test wood and tufa 14C activities: Ao = 0.9. This value is higher than Ao = 0.85, which is used in this paper as average value. Higher and lower values of Ao were also found, depending on sampling site location (see Z-857 and -855). Z-853. Plant stalks 92.9 ± 0.8% modern Woody stalks (unid. sp), plant stalks, moss, and tufa from sample stored in cabinet. Coil by I Pevalek, ca 1937. Comment (DS): low 14C con- tent of relatively recent plants indicates absorption of CO2 depleted in 14C from decomposition of hydrocarbonates. Z-855. Tufa substratum 68.8 ± 0.6% modern Surface layer, 3cm thick, soft crumbly structure with moss roots. Roots and other organic material removed. Z-856. Tuf a substratum 69.6 ± 0.8% modern Lower layer, 3cm below surface, 3cm thick, soft crumbly structure. Z-857. Moss 72.8 ± 0.7% modern Cratoneurum commutatum, grown on tufa, coil ca 1937 by I Pevalek; stored in dry condition in cabinet together with tufa substratum. Tufa removed mechanically and measured separately (see Z-855 and -856). Moss treated with HCl to remove remaining carbonates. Z-908. Wooden post 96.5 ± 0.7% modern Wooden post covered with tufa layer, 2 to 3cm thick. Comment (DS): sample contains mostly sapwood and bark. Post was used to support small bridge on Labudovac plateau and was replaced. No record of this exists but 14C activity of sapwood clearly show that wood was cut before bomb-test contamination. Z-907. Tufa coating on wooden post 81.6 ± 0.7% modern Tufa coating, 2 to 3cm thick, on wooden post (Z-908). Comment (DS): ratio between tufa and adjacent wood activities: Ao = 0.845. 4. Botanical samples, Plitvice Park area Z-668. Terrestrial plant 1 134.5 ± 1.1% modern Dry leaves (Fagus sylvatica) coil Nov 1976, Lake Kozjak area. Z-656. Terrestrial plant 2 130.4 ± 1.0% modern Twigs (Salix cinerea) coil March 1978, M Trnina Waterfalls. Plant roots submerged in lake water. Comment (DS): lake water activity: 85% modern; atmospheric CO2 activity: 131.5% modern (March 1978). Rudjer Boskovic Institute Radiocarbon Measurements VII 369 1.657. Moss 1 91.7 ± 1.0% modern Moss (Cratoneurum commutatum) coil March 1978, M Trnina Waterfalls. Moss growing on tufa substratum, constantly splashed with water. Z-679. Moss 2 82.4±0.7% modern Moss (Cratoneurum commutatum) growing on tufa substratum, con- stantly submerged in lake water, Galovac cascades. Z-678. Moss 3 83.0 ± 0.7% modern Moss (Cratoneurum commutatum) growing on tufa substratum, presently dry, Galovac cascades area. Comment (DS): although exposed to atmospheric CO, activity of which was 131.5%, moss activity is much closer to lake water or recent tufa activity. Z-677. Aquatic plant 77.4 ± 1.0% modern Aquatic plant (Potamogetum perf oliatus) coil Spring 1978, Lake Galovac. 89.5 ± 0.7% modern Z-846. Submerged wood 1 800 ±90 Tree (Abies sp L) emerging from Lake Kozjak bottom in upright position; depth: 9m, height: 7.5m. Sample taken from core of trunk. 91.5 ± 0.8% modern Z-845. Submerged wood 2 710 ±90 Same as Z-846, outer layer of tree trunk. Comment (DS): rate of growth of tufa barrier crest can be calculated on assumption that tree was killed by flooding. Based on age of outer layer and depth, average growth rate of 1.3cm/yr is obtained. This agrees well with observations on recent rise of lake level. 5. Surface water activity Z-692. Crna Rijeka spring 59.7 ± 0.6% modern Karst spring, main water resource of area. Temperature fairly con- stant, averaging 7.8°C. Tritium activity close to mean yearly activity of precipitation. Sample coil Oct 1979. Z-694. Bijela Rijeka spring 75.7 ± 0.7% modern Several karst springs feed Bijela Rijeka R. Sample coll Oct 1979 ca 300m downstream from spring. Comment (DS, NH): abundant vegeta- tion along stream increases 14C activity which is probably lower at spring. Z-942. Prosce 78.7 ± 0.7% modern Lake water, W shore of Proscansko Jezero, coll Oct 1981. Z-708. Plitvica 85.3 ±0.7% modern Stream water, tapped from karst spring, coil Oct 1979. Z-710. Rjecica 88.8±0.7% modern Stream water, co110ct 1979. Rjeica brook has no karst spring. 370 D Srdoc, N Horvatincic, B Obelic, and A Sliepcevic Z-672. Lake Kozjak 1 84.5 ± 0.7% modern Lake water from NW shore, coil April 1979. Z-693. Lake Kozjak 2 89.3 ±0.7% modern Lake water co'1 at outlet Oct 1979. Temperature of lake water is 8 to 10°C above karst spring temperature in summer. Z-709. Korana River 92.1 ± 0.8% modern River water coil Oct 1979 under bridge on Karlovac-Plitvillka Jezera hwy. Intensive tufa precipitation ends at this point. 6. Peat samples Plitvicki Ljeskovac peat bog series Peat bog near Plitvicki Ljeskovac, Plitvice Lakes Natl Park. Lulillina Bara peat bog is in area of intensive tufa precipitation. Peat samples were extracted with Dachnowsky-type hand-corer by A ercelj for pollen analysis (Culiberg and ercelj, 1981). Samples were treated with 4% HC1 and 4% NaOH at 80°C, thoroughly washed and dried. Depth is given in cm below bog surface. Comment (DS): coincident beginning of tufa and peat formation in Holocene at ca 6200 ± 200 yr BP may be explained by possibility that tufa formation and intensive vegetation started simultaneously when climatic conditions at this alt (640m) became favorable for both processes. Z-636. 5.30cm 190 ± 100 Z-637. 30.60cm 1050 ± 70 Z-640. 60.90cm 1240 ± 90 Z-641. 90.120cm 1670 ± 70 Z-642. 120-150cm 1860 ±90 Z-643. 150.180cm 2060 ± 100 1.638. 180.210cm 2380 ± 80 Z-946. 300.320cm 2830 ± 110 Z-947. 400.420cm 3030 ± 110 Z-969. 440.460cm 3140 ± 110 Z-960. 460.480cm 3520 ± 110 Z-970. 540.560cm 3810 ± 110 1.949. 600.620cm 3950 ± 110 Z-950. 680.700cm 4580 ± 120 Z-972. 740.760cm 5160 ± 130 Z-961. 840.860cm 5530 ± 130 Rudjer Boskovic Institute Radiocarbon Measurements VII 371

REFERENCES Culiberg, Metka and ercelj, A, 1981, Pollen analyses of the sediments of Plitvika Jezera (Lakes of Plitvice): Acta Bot Croatica, v 40, p 147-154. Geyh, M A, 1973, On the determination of the initial 14C content in groundwater, in Rafter, T A and Grant-Taylor, eds, Internatl conf on radiocarbon dating, 8th, Proc: Wellington, New Zealand, Royal Soc New Zealand, p D58-D69. Obelic, Bogomil and Planinic, J, 1977, Computer processing of 14C and 3H data; statis- tical tests and correction of data, in Internatl conf on low radioactivity measure- ments, Proc: The High Tatras, Slovenske pedagogicke nakladatelstvo, Bratislava, p 117-120. Srdo, Dusan, Breyer, B, and Slieplevic, Adela, 1971, Rudjer Boskovic Institute radio- carbon measurements I: Radiocarbon, v 13, p 135-140. Srdo, Dusan, Obelic, Bogomil, Horvatinic, Nada, and Sliepcevic, Adela, 1979, Mea- surement of the '4C activity of the ANU Sucrose Secondary Standard by means of the proportional counter technique: Radiocarbon, v 21, p 321-328. 1980, Radiocarbon dating of calcareous tufa; how reliable data can we expect?, in Stuiver, Minze and Kra, Renee, eds, Internatl radiocarbon conf, 10th, Proc: Radiocarbon, v 22, no. 3, p 858-862. [RADIOCARBON, VOL 24, No. 3, 1982, P 372-383] LABORATORIES A ARIZONA Dr Austin Long Laboratory of Isotope Geochemistry Geosciences Department University of Arizona Tucson, Arizona 85721 ALG ALGIERS Omar Rahmouni Bd Frantz Fanon BP 1147 Algiers, Algeria ANL ARGONNE NATIONAL LABORATORY Mr James Gray, Jr Argonne National Laboratory 9700 South Cass Avenue Argonne, Illinois 60439 ANTW ANTWERP UNIVERSITY Prof R Vanhoorne Dept of General Botany State University Centre Antwerp Groenenborgerlaan 171 B-2020 Antwerp, Belgium ANU AUSTRALIAN NATIONAL UNIVERSITY Henry A Polach Radiocarbon Dating Research Australian National University PO Box 4, Canberra 2600 Australia AU UNIVERSITY OF ALASKA William S Reeburgh and M Springer Young Institute of Marine Science University of Alaska Fairbanks, Alaska 99701 B BERN Prof H Oeschger Physikalisches Institut Universitat Bern Sidlerstrasse 5 CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland Ba BRATISLAVA Prof S Usacev and Dr P Provinec Department of Nuclear Physics Comenius University Mlvnska dolina F1 816 31 Bratislava Czechoslovakia BC BROOKLYN COLLEGE Prof Evan T Williams Department of Chemistry Brooklyn College Brooklyn, New York 11210 Birm BIRMINGHAM R E G Williams Department of Geological Sciences, PO Box 363 University of Birmingham Birmingham B15 2TT, England * Please notify the Managing Editor of staff or address changes. 372 Laboratories 3 73 Bin BERLIN Dr Gunther Kohl Akademie der Wissenschaften der DDR Zentralinstitut fiir Alte Geschichte and Archaologie 1199 Berlin, Rudower Chaussee 6 German Democratic Republic BM BRITISH MUSEUM Richard Burleigh Research Laboratory The British Museum London WC1B 3DG, England BS BIRBAL SAHNI INSTITUTE Dr G Rajagopalan Radiocarbon Laboratory Birbal Sahni Institute Paleobotany Post Box 106 Lucknow-226 007 India +CRCA CAIRO Dr Shawki M Nakhla Cairo Carbon-14 Dating Laboratory Center of Research and Conservation of Antiquities Organization of Egyptian Antiquities Midan El Tahrir Cairo, Egypt CSM COSMOCHEMISTRY LABORATORY A K Lavrukhina and V A Alexeev VI Vernadsky Institute of Geochemistry and Analytical Chemistry USSR Academy of Sciences Moscow, USSR CU CHARLES UNIVERSITY Jan ilar Department of Hydrogeology and Engineering Geology Charles University Albertov 6 CS-128 43 Praha 2, Czechoslovakia D DUBLIN Prof G F Mitchell Department of Botany Trinity College Dublin, Ireland flak DAKAR Dr Cheikh Anta Diop Directeur du Laboratoire de Radiocarbone IFAN University de Dakar Republique du Senegal DAL DALHOUSIE UNIVERSITY Prof J Gordon Ogden, III Department of Biology Daihousie University Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada B3H 3J5 DE UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Dr I C Yang U S Geological Survey WRD Box 25046, Mail Stop 407 Denver Federal Center Denver, Colorado 80225 374 Laboratories Deb DEBRECEN Eva Csongor Institute of Nuclear Research Hungarian Academy of Sciences (ATOMKI) Bern ter 18/c, Pf 51 Debrecen, Hungary DIC DICARB RADIOISOTOPE COMPANY DICARB Radioisotope Company Irene C Stehli 7711 SW 103 Avenue Gainesville, Florida 32601 F FLORENCE Dr C M Azzi, L Bigliocca, and F Gulisano Radiocarbon Dating Laboratory Istituto di Antropologia University di Firenze Via del Proconsolo 12 50122, Florence, Italy Fr FREIBERG Dr Klaus Frohlich Sektion Physik Bergakademie Freiberg DDR 92 Freiberg FZ FORTALEZA Prof M F Santiago Departamento de Fisica UFCe, Cx Postal 12 62 60,000 Fortaleza/CE, Brazil GaK GAKUSHUIN UNIVERSITY Prof Kunihiko Kigoshi Gakushuin University Mejiro, Toshima-ku Tokyo, Japan Gd GLIWICE Mieczystaw F Pazdur and Andrzej Zastawny Radiocarbon Laboratory Silesian Technical University Institute of Physics, C-14 Laboratory ul Bolestawa Krzywoustego 2 P1-44-100 Gliwice, Poland Gif GIF-SUR-YVETTE Dr J Labeyrie or Mme G Delibrias Centre des Faibles Radioactivites Laboratoire mixte CNRS-CEA 91190-Gif-sur-Yvette, France GrN GRONINGEN Prof W G Mook Isotopes Physics Laboratory University of Groningen Westersingel 34 9718 CM Groningen, Netherlands GSC OTTAWA Dr Roger N McNeely Radiocarbon Dating Laboratory Geological Survey of Canada 601 Booth Street Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0E8, Canada Laboratories 375 (U GLASGOW UNIVERSITY Dr M S Baxter Department of Chemistry The University Glasgow G12 8QQ, Scotland GX GEOCHRON LABORATORIES Harold W Krueger Division Krueger Enterprises, Inc 24 Blackstone Street Cambridge, Mass 02139 H HEIDELBERG Prof K 0 Mt nnich, D Berdau, and Marianne Miinnich Institut fir Umweltphysik Universitat Heidelberg Im Neuenheimer Feld 366 D-69 Heidelberg, West Germany HAM UNIVERSITY OF HAMBURG Prof Dr H W Scharpenseel and H Schiffmann Ordinariat fiir Bodenkunde University of Hamburg Von Melle Park 10 D-2000 Hamburg 1.3 West Germany HAR HARWELL R L Otlet Carbon-14/Tritium Measurements Laboratory Bldg 10.46 AERE, Harwell Oxfordshire 0X11 ORA, England He! HELSINKI Hogne Jungner Radiocarbon Dating Laboratory University of Helsinki Snellmaninkatu 5 SF-00170 Helsinki 17, Finland HIG HAWAII INSTITUTE OF GEOPHYSICS Robert W Buddemeier Hawaii Institute of Geophysics University of Hawaii 2525 Correa Road Honolulu, Hawaii 96822

Hv HANNOVER Dr M A Geyh Niedersachsisches Landesamt fur Bodenforschung D-3000 Hannover-Buchholz, Postf 510153 West Germany

I TELEDYNE ISOTOPES James Buckley Teledyne Isotopes 50 Van Buren Avenue Westwood, New Jersey 07675 IRPA INSTITUT ROYAL DU PATRIMOINE ARTISTIQUE M Dauchot-Dehon, J Heylen, and M Van Strydonck Institut Royal du Patrimoine Artistique 1 Parc du Cinquantenaire Brussels 4, Belgium 376 Laboratories ISGS ILLINOIS STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Dr Dennis D Coleman and Chao-li Liu Section of Analytical Chemistry Illinois State Geological Survey Natural Resources Building Urbana, Illinois 61801 K COPENHAGEN Dr Henrik Tauber Geological Survey of Denmark and National Museum DKK-1220 Copenhagen K, Denmark KAERI KOREA ATOMIC ENERGY RESEARCH INSTITUTE Dr Kyung Rin Yang Radioanalytical Division Korea Advanced Energy Research Institute PO Lox 7, Cheong Ryang Seoul, Korea KI KIEL Dr Horst Willkomm and Dr H Erlenkeuser Institut fir Reine and Angewandte Kernphysik Universitat Kiel Olshausenstrasse 40-60 23 Kiel, Germany KN KOLN Dr J C Freundlich Universitat Koln, Institut fur Ur-und Fri hgeschichte C'4-Laboratorium Koln-Lindenthal Weyertal 125, W Germany L LAMONT Dr Tsung-Hung Peng Lamont-Doherty Geological Observatory of Columbia University Palisades, New York 10964 LAR LIEGE STATE UNIVERSITY Prof Dr Jean Govaerts Lab d'application des radioelements Chimie B6, Sart Tilman Liege, Belgium LE LENINGRAD Radiocarbon Laboratory Institute of Archaeology (Leningrad Section) Dvortsovaya Nab 18 Leningrad 192041, USSR LJ UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN DIEGO Prof H E Suess Mt Soledad Radiocarbon Laboratory S-003 University of California, San Diego La Jolla, California 92093 LP LA PLATA Prof Anibal Juan Figini Laboratorio de Tritio y Radiocarbono Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo Paseo del Bosque 1900 La Plata, Argentina Lu LUND Prof Bjorn Berglund and Mr Soren Hakansson Radiocarbon Dating Laboratory University of Lund Tunavagen 29 S-223 63 Lund, Sweden Laboratories 377 Lv LOUVAIN LA NEUVE Mr Etienne Gilot Laboratoire de Carbone 14 Chemin du Cyclotron 2 1348 Louvain la Neuve, Belgium Ly UNIVERSITY OF LYON Mr Jacques Evin Laboratoire de Radiocarbone Centre de datations et d'Analyses Isotopiques Universite Claude Bernard-Lyon I 43, Boulevard du 11 Novembre 1918 69621, Villeurbanne-Lyon France MC MONACO Dr Jean Thommeret and Dr Y Thommeret Laboratoire de Radioactivite Appliquee Centre Scientifique de Monaco Avenue Saint Martin Monaco MGU MOSCOW Prof P Kaplin and Dr A Schulkov Laboratory of Recent Deposits and Pleistocene Paleogeography Geographical Faculty Moscow State University Moscow 117234, USSR ML MIAMI Dr H G Ostlund Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science University of Miami Miami, Florida 33149 Mo VERNADSKI INSTITUTE OF GEOCHEMISTRY Vernadski Institute of Geochemistry Academy of Sciences of the USSR Moscow, USSR Address: Prof V L Barsukov Vorobevskoye shosse,d47-A Moscow, USSR MOC MOST E F Neustupny Archaeological Institute Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences Letenska 4 Prague 1, Czechoslovakia 118 01 MRRI MARINE RESOURCES RESEARCH INSTITUTE Thomas D Mathews Marine Resources Research Institute P 0 Box 12559 Charleston, South Carolina 29412 N NISHINA MEMORIAL (TOKYO) Dr Fumio Yamasaki The Japan Radioisotope Association 2-28-45 Honkomagome, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo Japan 113 NSTF NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY FACILITY C C Thomas, Jr, Director Radiocarbon Laboratory Nuclear Science and Technology Facility State University of New York at Buffalo Rotary Road Buffalo, New York 14214 378 Laboratories NSW NEW SOUTH WALES D J Carswrell, Assoc Prof or Mr V Djohadze Department of Nuclear and Radiation Chemistry University of New South Wales PO Box 1 Kensington, New South Wales, 2033, Australia NTU NATIONAL TAIWAN UNIVERSITY Yuin-Chi Hsu Department of Physics National Taiwan University Taipei, Taiwan, China Ny NANCY Pr Rene Coppens et Dr Pierre Richard Laboratoire de Radiogeologie ENS de Geologic Appliquee et de Prospection Miniere Institut National Polytechnique de Lorraine BP 452 54001 Nancy Cedex, France NZ NEW ZEALAND Dr B J O'Brien Institute of Nuclear Sciences DSIR, Private Bag Lower Hutt, New Zealand P PENNSYLVANIA Dr Elizabeth K Ralph and Barbara Lawn Radiocarbon Laboratory University of Pennsylvania Department of Physics, DRL/E1 Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104 Pi PISA Prof E Tongiorgi Laboratorio di Geologia Nucleare dell'Universiti Via S Maria, 22 Pisa, Italy Pr PRAGUE Alois Dubansky Laboratory for Isotopes Geochemistry and Geochronology Geological Institute Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences Prague-8 Na Hrazi 26 PRL PHYSICAL RESEARCH LABORATORY Devendra Lal and D P Agrawal Physical Research Laboratory Navrangpura Ahmedabad-380009, India Pta PRETORIA Dr J C Vogel Natural Isotopes Division National Physical Research Laboratory CSIR PO Box 395 Pretoria, South Africa

+Q CAMBRIDGE Dr V R Switsur University of Cambridge Godwin Laboratory Free School Lane Cambridge, England CB2 3RS Laboratories 379

QC QUEENS COLLEGE Richard R Pardi Radiocarbon Laboratory Queens College, CUNY Flushing, New York 11367 QL QUATERNARY ISOTOPE LABORATORY Prof Minze Stuiver Quaternary Isotope Laboratory AJ-20 Department of Geological Sciences University of Washington Seattle, Washington 98195 QU QUEI' EC Dr Louis Barrette and Claude Samson Centre de Recherches Minerales Complexe Scientifique du Quebec 2700 rue Einstein Ste-Foy, Quebec Canada, GIP 3W8 R ROME Dr Francesco Bella, Istituto di Fisica and Dr Cesarina Cortesi, Istituto di Geochimica Radiocarbon Dating Laboratory University of Rome Citta Universitaria 00100-Rome, Italy RL RADIOCARBON, LTD Charles S Tucek Radiocarbon, Ltd Route 2, Box 21E Lampasas, Texas 76550 RT REHOVOT GEOISOTOPE LABORATORY Dr Aaron Kaufman and Mr I Carmi Geoisotope Laboratory Department of Isotope Research Weizmann Institute of Science Rehovot, Israel RU RICE UNIVERSITY J A S Adams Department of Geology Rice University Houston, Texas 77001 S SASKATCHEWAN Mr A Rutherford Saskatchewan Research Council University of Saskatchewan Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada SFU SIMON FRASER UNIVERSITY Dr Erle Nelson Archaeology Department Simon Fraser University Burnaby, British Columbia Canada V5A 1S6 SI SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION Dr W H Klein, Director Radiation Biology Laboratory Dr Robert Stuckenrath C'4 Laboratory 12441 Parklawn Drive Rockville, Maryland 20852 380 Laboratories SMU SOUTHERN METHODIST UNIVERSITY Dr Herbert Haas Institute for the Study of Earth and Man Southern Methodist University Dallas, Texas 75275 SRR SCOTTISH UNIVERSITIES RESEARCH AND REACTOR CENTRE- Dr D D Harkness NERC Radiocarbon Laboratory Scottish Universities Research and Reactor Centre East Kilbride Glasgow G75 OQU, Scotland

St STOCKHOLM Dr Eric Welin Laboratory for Isotope Geology Swedish Museum of Natural History 5-104 05 Stockholm 50, Sweden Su FINLAND Tuovi Kankainen Geological Survey of Finland SF-02150 Espoo 15, Finland

SUA SYDNEY UNIVERSITY, AI)STRALIA Dr Mike Barbetti, Dr S MsPhail, and Assoc Prof R B Temple Radiocarbon Laboratory Department of Physical Chemistry University of Sydney Sydney NSW 2006, Australia

TRONDHEIM Dr Reidar Nydal, Steinar Gulliksen, and Knut Lovseth Radiological Dating Laboratory The Norwegian Institute of Technology 7034 Trondheim, Norway TA TARTU Evald Ilves and A Liiva Radiocarbon Laboratory Institute of Zoology and Botany Academy of sciences of the Estonian SSR Vanemuise St 21 Tartu, Estonia, USSR

TAM TEXAS A & M UNIVERSITY Dr David Schink Dept of Oceanography Texas A & M University College Station, Texas 77843 TB TBILISI Dr A A Burchuladze Radiocarbon Laboratory Tbilisi University 1 Chavchavadze Avenue Tbilisi, USSR 380028

ITEM TEMPLE UNIVERSITY Koneta L Eldridge Department of Geology Radiocarbon Dating Laboratory Temple University Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122 Laboratories 381 TK UNIVERSITY OF TOKYO Dr Naotune Watanabe C-14 Dating Laboratory University Museum (Shiryokan) University of Tokyo 3-1 Bongo 7-chome Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113 Japan Tin TALLINN J M Punning Institute of Geology Academy of Sciences of the Estonian SSR Tallinn, Estonia puiestee 7 ESSR TUNC TEHRAN UNIVERSITY NUCLEAR CENTRE Dr A Mahdavi Tehran University Nuclear Centre PO Box 2989 Tehran, Iran Tx TEXAS Mr S Valastro, Jr or Dr E Mott Davis Radiocarbon Laboratory University of Texas at Austin Balcones Research Center 10,100 Burnet Road Austin, Texas 78758 U UPPSALA Dr Ingrid U Olsson Institute of Physics University of Uppsala Box 530 S-751 21 Uppsala, Sweden UB BELFAST Gordon W Pearson Palaeoecology Laboratory The Queen's University Belfast, BT7 INN Northern Ireland UCLA UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, LOS ANGELES Dr Rainer Berger Institute of Geophysics University of California Los Angeles, California 90024 UCR UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, RIVERSIDE Dr R E Taylor Department of Anthropology Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics University of California Riverside, California 92512 UD UDINE Dr Valerio Barbina, Prof Franco Calligaris, Dr Adriano Del Fabbro, and Dr Alessandro Turello Centro di Ricerca Applicata e Documentazione Viale Leonardo da Vinci 16 33100 Udine, Italy UGa THE UNIVERSITY OF GEORGIA John E Noakes and Betty Lee Brandau Center for Applied Isotope Studies The University of Georgia 110 Riverbend Road Athens, Georgia 30602 382 Laboratories UGRA UNIVERSITY OF GRANADA Dr Cecilio Gonzalez-Gomez Laboratorio de Datacion por Carbono-14 Seccidn de Radioquimica Facultad de Ciencias Universidad de Granada Granada, Spain UM UNIVERSITY OF MIAMI Dr J J Stipp, G Treadgold, and D Hood Radiocarbon Dating Laboratory Department of Geology University of Miami Coral Gables, Florida 33124 USGS US GEOLOGICAL SURVEY MENLO PARK, CALIFORNIA Dr Stephen W Robinson US Geological Survey 345 Middlefield Road Menlo Park, California 94025 UW UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON Dr A W Fairhall Department of Chemistry University of Washington Seattle, Washington 98195 VRI VIENNA RADIUM INSTITUTE Dr Heinz Felber Institut fiir Radiumforschung and Kernphysik Boltzmanngasse 3 A-1090 Vienna, Austria W US GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Dr Meyer Robin US Geological Survey National Center, 971 Reston, Virginia 22092 WAT UNIVERSITY OF WATERLOO Dr Peter Fritz Department of Earth Sciences Isotopes Laboratory University of Waterloo Waterloo, Ontario, Canada N2L 3G1 WIS WISCONSIN Dr Margaret Bender Radiocarbon Laboratory of the Center for Climatic Research Institute for Environmental Studies University of Wisconsin 1225 W Dayton St Madison, Wisconsin 53706 WRD US GEOLOGICAL SURVEY, WATER RESOURCES DIVISION Dr F J Pearson, Jr US Geological Survey, Water Resources Division Isotope Hydrology Laboratory National Center, MS 432 Reston, Virginia 22092 WSU WASHINGTON STATE UNIVERSITY Dr John C Sheppard Department of Chemical and Nuclear Engineering Washington State University Pullman, Washington 99164 Laboratories 383 X WHITWORTH COLLEGE Dr Edwin A Olson Department of Earth Science Whitworth College Spokane, Washington 99218 Ya YALE Prof Karl K Turekian Department of Geology and Geophysics Yale University New Haven, Connecticut 06520

Z ZAGREB Dr Adela Sliepcevic and Dr Dulan Srdoc Institute "Ruder Bokovic" 41001 Zagreb, POB 1016, Yugoslavia INDEX Volume 24, Nos. 1 to 3, 1982 ARCHAEOLOGIC SAMPLES

Culture or Sample Culture or Sample Date Period No. No. Pg. Date Period No. No. Pg.

ARGENTINA BRITISH ISLES (cont.)

530± 90 Sunchituyo Gif-2621 3 zonation BM-1737 3 " " 460±- 90 -2620 60 -1583 " " 90 -2619 4390± 60 -1617 340± " 4340± 45 Freshwater shell -1799 AUSTRIA 4200±220 Neolithic -1.525 " " 4140± 50 Freshwater shell -1800 4919± 110 Neolithic VR1 -723 2 226 54 -1385 2 " " 4720± 100 " -730 4020± 90 survival -1827 " 4680± 100 " -731 4000± 60 -1895 3 " 4660± 100 " -733 " 227 50 -1859 " 4640± 110 " -732 3940± 65 " " 4420± 100 " -687 226 46 -1413 " 3180± 90 Bronze Age -735 227 62 -1380 2 " 2648± 90 -720 3850± 60 3 " " 1800± 90 -716 225 50 -1891 " " 1690± 80 -705 50 " " 1070± 70 -719 227 3810± 70 Beaker -1532 " 910± 80 -683 70 -1168 Z " 800± 80 -745 227 50 Bronze Age -1652 3 " " 509± 80 -681 226 60 -1585 " 410± 120 Middle Ages -682 228 -1396 2 " 350± 80 -684 226 -1546 3 " " <260 -717 225 50 Bronze Age -1650 " " 220± 70 -738 227 70 -1582 3700± 90 -1537 " " BRITISH ISLES 3677'- 68 -1169 2 3656± 58 Bronze Age -1412 3 3 2 36,888±1900 bate Devensian -1526 " 80 Bronze Age -1653 3 " 29,500± 460 -1874 266 3579± 48 B k er -1445 236 " 27,600±1300 Upper Palaeolithic -1367 2 80 Molluscan zonation -1795 " 27 400±1250 -1638 3 266 3400±100 Beaker -1524 237 , " 15,170± 160 Faunal survival -1794 83 Age -1406 2 " 12,178± 85 Misassoc -1444 236 3 3 265 2 " 11,560± 110 Faunal survival -1735 -1858 3 " " 11,380± 280 " -1904 zonation -1738 " 10 920± 250 " -1840 49 -1386 2 " 10,650+ 900 Mesolithic -1460 45 Age -1854 3 810 2798± 45 " -1853 9910± 80 " 40 9770± 80 Faunal survival -1619 50 -1851 " 9768± 70 " -1674 -1850 " 9560±- 260 Mesolithic -1635 266 40 " 9389± 80 " -1636 266 45 " 9280± 90 " -1358 264 81 Age -1379 2 " " " 91.70± 140 -1637 266 60 -1181 " 9109± 70 " -1459 265 45 Iron Age/ " " 8620± 80 -1841 264 -1487 3 " 8390± 70 -1241 2 154 2 " 8160± 560 -1634 3 265 45 -1530 3 " " 7940± 180 Molluscan zonation -1837 269 50 -1244A " " 7888± 160 " -1736 268 50 -1485 " 6752± 156 Mesolithic -1216 2 153 50 -1709 6378± 70 Faunal survival -1708 3 267 50 -1490 " 5750± 140 Mesolithic -1257 2 155 50 -1491 " 5598± 50 -1892 3 272 35 -1768 " " 5518± 60 -1893 1900± 45 -1486 " " 5490} 70 -1242 2 154 80 -12448 " " 5425± 150 " -1258 155 70 -1523 " 3 272 50 -1489 " " 5240±- 80 Cave taphonomy -1809 270 35 -1687 " " 5230± 60 Faunal survival -1676 60 taphonomy -1808 " 270 " 5218± 130 Cave taphonomy -1810 16350 55 - " 5100± 360 " -1903 1170± 47 -1387 2 " 5098± 50 Neolithic -1896 272 40 -1506 3 " " 5050±- 85 -1255 235 80 " " 80 -1535 233 60 " " 4958± 120 " -1534 788± 60 -1673 " " 4933± 64 -1170 2 152 35 Medieval -1825 " " 4930± 75 -1484 3 60 " " 4925± 80 " -1414 231 40 -1824 210 " 4860± 40 Freshwater shell -1798 139± 50 4803± 71 Neolithic -1167 2 152 35 " 4741± 113 " -1213 70 4740± 60 " -1415 3 4726± 74 " -1378 2 " 4672± 49 " -1405 4658± 80 " -1533 3 " 4638± 50 Faunal survival -1707 267 4620± 43 Neolithic -1377 2 153 Neolithic 3 " " 4585± 82 -1215 " 4533± 112 " -1214 ARCHAEOLOGIC SAMPLES

Culture or Sample Culture or Sample Date Period No. No. Pg. Date Period No. No. Pg.

CANADA CRETE 21,608±240 SFU- 65 3 349 6482±161 " Neolithic 811-1372 2 159 21,400±240 SFU- 65 6201±252 5990±960 -1371 " Norse WAT-506 1 81 5967± 41 " - 719 5340±100 SFU- 25 349 5892± 91 - 718 158 3830±110 1 346 - 5806±124 717 " 3560±180 - - 92 347 5003±213 " 3500±100 - 716 - 19 346 4110± 50 1lelladic 3430±110 WAT-306 -1826 3 274 81 4030± 50 -1813 " 3280±100 SFU- 17 346 3800± 50 -1814 " 3130±130 _ II II 2 3800± 40 -1816 " 2960±120 90 - 347 1040± 50 -1815 " 2930± 80 - 43 2890± 80 _ II II 7 CUBA 2860±120 - 91 2810± 70 WAT-561 82 5140±170 Seboruco-Mordan 114-204 2720± 80 SFU- 10 346 2 175 3460±160 -250 " 2720± 80 26 " - 2925± 75 Funche -591 2190±200 Norse WAT-409 81 2875± 65 1840±290 " -613 -410 2840± 60 -1046 1760±130 SFU- 37 348 2805± 60 -601 1630± 70 Norse WAT-420 81 2720± 65 -614 1480± 80 SFU- 42 347 2160± 55 -1039 1450± 80 35 - 348 1990± 80 -1051 1270±160 41 - 346 1495± 60 -617 1135± 40 Arctic taphonomy BM-1754 273 1350± 70 -616 1050±110 SFU- 3 346 1170± 85 -619 174 1030±180 - 38 348 10/0±/10 Canimar-Aguas Verdes -203 175 870± 30 Arctic taphonomy BM-1803 273 910± 85 Funche 860± -618 173 80 SFU- 14 348 705± 65 Sub-Taino 800± 30 Arctic -621 174 taphonomy BM-1804 273 665± 50 " 730±110 -1053 SFU- 5 346 600± 55 " 730± 50 -1056 WAT-188 84 575± 60 " 640± 80 -1055 SFU- 39 346 505± 40 " 530± 80 -624 - 34 348 490± 45 450± 80 " -1057 - 32 485± 50 II 400± 80 -1054 - 30 349 161± 60 II 360± 80 -620 - 15 348 360± 25 Arctic taphonomy BM-1753 273 CYPRUS 320± 80 SFU- 28 349 310±120 - 4 346 10,790± 80 Misassoc 911-1835 3 274 280± 80 16 348 - 5000±260 Chalcolithic -1543 238 230±110 9 347 - 4810± 45 -1832 274 220± 80 _ 6 II II 4815± 60 -1475 239 200± 80 33 348 - 4800± 70 -1834 274 190±130 36 " - 4790± 80 -1539 239 190± 80 40 346 - 4780±140 -1833 274 155± 40 Arctic taphonomy BM-1766 273 4765± 55 -1473 239 140± 80 SFU- 8 347 4740± 50 -1540 115±- 40 Arctic taphonomy BM-1751 273 4665± 50 -1474 85± 40 -1767 " 4650± 50 -1476 II 160%Mod. Norse WAT-496 81 4480±290 -1836 " 160%Mod. " -411 " 275 4090± 90 -1542 238 190%Mod. -341 82 4050± 50 -1541A II II 240%Mod. Norse -497 81 II 4000± 45 II II " -1541 -12± 50 -189 II 3970± 45 -1354 I II 3890± 50 II -1353 CHILD, 2630± 45 Classical period -1639 239 2210± 40 13,183±202 -1588 851-1208 2 157 2205± 70 -1588A 12,552±128 -1375 " 12,496±148 -1209 DENMARK 12,308±288 -12108 11,810±229 -1210 4500± 55 Megalithic Lu-1952 2 211 7803± 82 -1203 7785±747 -1207 ECUADOR 5684± 52 -1204 5643± 60 -12040 6900±250 Post-Pleistocene 011-1584 3 240 5620±120 Gif-2928 5395± 58 B14-1201A EGYPT 5366± 55 -1201 I I7 5210±110 Gif-2927 3 340 12,911±118 BM-1127A 2780±110 II II 2 159 -2729 8835±890 Fayum A Gd- " 2556± 45 709 175 811-1202 2 157 6035±650 II - 708 176 280± 90 II Gif-2728 3 340 5990± " II - 693 5540± II -1140 " 175 COLOMBIA 5065± Nagadian " I I - 689 5003± Gerzean OM-11270 " 159 1540±200 Antigua Gif-1371 2 4615± " 158 Nagadian Gd-1127 175 1335± 60 " -1372 4470± New Kingdom BM-1246 " 162 380± 80 Carrizal -1384 I. 4030± Old Kingdom BM-1231 3 240 3880± -1728 " 276 3860± Old Kingdom -1228 " 240 3850± II -1497 " 241 3830± -1232 " 240 3800± -1234 " 241 3790± -1233 " ARCHAEOLOGIC SAMPLES

Culture or Sample Culture or Sample Date Period No. No. Pg. Date Period No. No. Pg.

EGYPT (continued) FRANCE (continued)

3700± 40 Old Kingdom BM-1496 3 241 5600±120 Chassean industry Gif-2536 324 " 11 3580± 90 New Kingdom -1247 2 162 5430±120 -2435 II 3570± 60 1st Int period/ 5420±120 Early Chassean -2437 Middle Kingdom -1245 " 5190±130 -2721 316 3555± 40 12th Dynasty -1845 3 276 5190±120 Neolithic-Chassean -3714 322 3550± 60 1st Int period/ 5140±140 Rubane-Hinkelstein ceramics-2634 326 Middle Kingdom -1251 2 162 5140±120 Neolithic-Chassean -3715 322 3520± 60 Middle Kingdom -1796A 3 276 5100±140 Neolithic-Chassean -2632 322 11 3500± 60 " -1230 " 240 5100±110 Late Chassean -2432 324 " II 11 3490± 40 " -1796 " 276 5040±510 -2434 II 3480± 70 1st Int period/ 4940±120 Neolithic -2682 320 Middle Kingdom -1249 2 162 4940±120 -2684 320 3436± 43 12th Dynasty -1225 161 4880±110 Late Chassean -2433 324 II 3420± 80 Middle Kingdom -1420 3 241 4870±110 Neolithic-Chassean -3713 322 II 3410± -1726 " 275 4730±110 Neolithic -4079 320 60 I, 3400±113 12th Dynasty -1165 2 160 4680±110 -2471 319 II 3400± 60 Middle Kingdom -1229 3 240 4610±120 Maggelenian -4360 322 it 3310± 70 Middle Kingdom/ 4530±110 SOM Neolithic -2242 315 2nd Int period -1248 2 162 4520±120 -1598 314 3310± 60 2nd Int period -1747 3 276 4480±110 SUM Neolithic -2241 315 3230± 45 18th Dynasty -1844 " 4420±110 Neolithic -3098 320 II 3180± 50 -1727 " 275 4410±120 Peu-Richardien -2608 321 " II I, 3032± 57 18th Dynasty -1370 2 161 4360±120 -2610 3030±520 -1343 160 4350±120 Neolithic -2683 II 320 I, 2910± 40 -1641 " 161 4340±190 -2247 325 2880±140 21st Dynasty (mummy) -1872 3 237 4300±190 eoithic-Michelberg -2246 -1211 2 161 4290±110 Artenac -4550 321 2867± 65 ,I 2840± 50 Late Dynastic -1226 3 240 3970±120 5051 Neolithic -2723 316 ,I 2200± 85 Manchester mummy 1770 -1602 " 275 3870±100 Bronze Age -2687 320 2200± 70 -1342 2 160 3850±100 Neolithic -Roessen II 326 2220± 40 Ptolemaic period -1547 3 242 Michelsberg -2386 II 2110± 45 " -1548 " 3780±100 Bronze Age -2686 320 " II II 1860±120 Manchester mummy 1770 -1839 " 275 3760±100 -2688 1840± 70 Misassoc -1250 2 162 3750±110 Chalcolithic -2758 324 II 1690± 60 -1227 3 240 3690±100 SUM -2169 316 II 640±-180 -1346 2 160 3620±110 Neolithic-LaTene -2557 315 " II ,I 580± 40 -1345 36/0±/10 Neolithic -1768 " II 328± 52 -1357 163 35/0±/00 Early Bronze Age -2481 318 II 200± 40 -1344 160 3450-100 Bronze Age -2421 319 II Modern Misassoc -1550 3 242 3420±100 Campaniforme ceramics -2677 315 32/0±/10 Middle Bronze Age -3568 It 322 ETHIOPIA 31/0±/00 Chassean -2396 II I, 3000±110 -1599 315 500± 80 Gif-1895 3 337 2970±100 SOM Neolithic -2243 316 Modern -2397 " 2950±110 -1600 315 2930±100 Peu-Richardien -2609 321 FRANCE 2930±100 -1769 11 215 2840±100 Late Bronze Age -3578 322 40,000 Eemian interglacial Gif-2472 319 2830±110 Bronze Age -2292 319 40,000 Chatelperronian -2414 321 2820±100 Late Bronze Age -2378 tl 318 26,410±440 Middle Paleolithic BM-1817 277 2750±100 -3569 II 322 24,510±400 Aurignacian Gif-2710 323 2740±100 -1770 II 315 22,550±350 Middle Paleolithic BM-1819 277 2640± 90 Late Bronze Age III -3712 II 322 22,230±330 Upper Aurignacian Gif-2709 323 26/0±/10 Early Iron Age -2765 II 320 20,800±550 Madgalenian -2155 323 2570±100 -2473 II 319 17,000±700 Upper Paleolithic -1604 316 2500±100 Bronze Age -2380 II 318 15,070±270 Madgalenian IV-V -2655 323 2390 110 LaTene -2248 II 326 14,230±160 Madgalenian III -2708 ,I 2380±100 -2382 318 12,900±220 Madgalenian -3923 II 2380± 70 Iron Age -2327 II 317 11 12,540± 75 Upper Palaeolithic BM-1616 243 2350±100 -2383 319 12,250±350 Azilian Gif-2822 321 2300±100 Iron Age -2685 II I I 11,230±180 Upper Palaeolithic -1615 ,I 243 2160± 90 -3922 II 322 11,200±150 Late Palaeolithic -2994 II 325 1970± 70 -2365 11 316 10,760±190 Epipaleolithic -2654 II 323 1900±100 -2689 320 10,500±190 Upper Palaeolithic -1818 I, 277 1860± 90 Roman -2326 317 10,190±200 BM-1614 242 1840± 90 -2678 ,I 315 10,080±190 Epimagdalenian Gif-2653 ,I 323 1800± 90 Late Bronze Age -2331 ,I 317 9570±120 Early Mesolithic -2993 325 1760± 90 Early Bronze Age -2374 11 318 tl 941.0±160 " -2753 II 1630± 90 High Middle Age -3584 317 II 9210±120 Azilian -2530 326 1600± 90 Proto-historic -2376 318 Tar II 9030±160 Epipalaeolithic Sean -2387 1480± 90 -2416 324 II 8920±200 Mesolithic -2415 324 1470± 90 Dark Age -2291 316 8450±250 Azilian -2568 II 321 1430± 90 Proto-historic -2375 318 II 8400±110 Mesolithic -2992 II 325 1400± 90 High Middle Age -3795 317 " II II 8260±130 BM-1613 II 242 1310± 90 -4071 " II 11 7600±100 Mesolithic Gif-2991 325 1300± 90 -3745 II 11 7580±110 -2631 319 980± 90 -2681 I I 6810±130 Epipaleolithic -2401 323 970± 90 High P1iddle Age -2296 II I 6700±100 Early Neolithic -2990 II 325 970± 90 Medieval -2293 I 316 II 6180±120 II -2989 11 11 950± 90 -2381 318 II 5700±150 -2988 11 II 940± 90 Proto-historic -2377 II -2757 II 900± 90 high Middle Age -3079 317 5690±190 II II -2756 11 860± 90 Late Middle Age -2379 5690±130 II II 820± Medieval -3702 321 5660±130 Middle Neolithic -2754 324 90 II I I II 750±110 -2759 324 5610±130 -2755 325 670± 80 -2402 323 390± 90 -2766 11 320 Modern -3079 317 ARCHAEOLOGIC SAMPLES

Culture or Sample or Date Period No. Date Period No . . P g.

GHANA INDONESIA

1790± 80 SIU- 13 3 250 Late Stone 1(51-1492 1670±190 12 II II 3 - Modern 260± 80 - 11 GREECE IRAQ 31,000±1250 Misassoc 6420±120 Neolithic BM-1887 181-1822 3 3 66 Samarra/Halaf 6360±190 " -1885 57 " 4040± 50 Bronze Age -1886 II 69 " 3560± 70 -1888 278 7015± 66 " " 2960± 40 Late Bronze Age -1432 -1435 59 " 2940± 80 " -1429 243 60 Early Halaf 2930±± 50 -1430 45 Ubaid 2930± 55 " -1433 ,I 5570± 60 " " 2920± 75 -1427 -1458 85 Early Dynastic 2900± 70 " -1428 II -1390 2 3963± 57 2840± 40 " -1431 54 " " 2800± 75 " -1426 243 -1365A 50 " " GUATEMALA 3869± 56 3826± 47 " " 3110± 3960±130 Late Archiac Gif-2834 35 Dynastic period -1477 3 3 40 Late Dynastic 2580±100 Pre-Classic -2833 338 -1446"' " " 50 " 25/0±/00 II -1856 -2832 " " 2200±100 Late Pre-Classic -2837 40 -1447 " 1102± 43 Islamic 2170±100 -2836 I II -1416 2 164 1930±100 Pre-Classic -2835 338 1900± 90 " -4556 I ROLAND 1870±100 " -4231 " 1 750±150 -2478 2 3970± " " 1650± 80 " -4555 75 -1948 55 " 1640± 90 " -4230 ,I Iron Age -1862 1260± 50 " 1640± 80 " -4554 Late Iron Age -1863 1630± 90 " -4228 1610± 80 -4553 hI 1480± 90 " -4229 " 3030± 50 Bronze Age 011-1368 2 1350± 50 -4227 " 2970± 50 -1598 II ., INDIA 1490± 60 Early Christian -1224

I II 1330± 40 " -1222 39,000±3200 Late Stone Age BS- 43 1 164 2 Middle Paleolithic -163 1 150 bate Stone Age -146 11,550± 180 llesolithic, tipper JORDAN Paleolithic -130 9830± 160 " -131 2 90 " 8960± 120 Megalithic -204 Natufian 9560± 65 " I I 7520± II PPNA -1327 140 -203 " 4540± 110 Mesolithic Upper 85 -1324 " I , " " Paleolithic -129 85 -1322 9380± 85 " " 010± 120 " -139 rt -1323 3840± 130 " -138 280 3590± 90 Jorwe-Late Hara pp a -176 2 220 " 3460± 100 " -177 3390± " 70 Neolithic (PPNA) -1789 3 100 -180 " 3370± 100 130 -127 51 " 3330± 100 Mesolithic 80 , Upper " I I Paleolithic -128 " 70 " I 130± 90 Jorwe-Late Ilarappa -182 II -1770 " 8660± 260 " 2990± 100 -181 8660± 130 " 2970± 100 " -179 8540± 65 2950± 100 " -178 PINE 2 2880± 250 Mesolithic 50 Proto-Urhan -1328 " , Upper Paleolithic -137 I 50 " 620± 100 Megalithic -201 3 -1775 3 279 50 " " 1620± 80 Gupta period 851-1478 3 245 -1774 4160± " 1440± 100 Megalithic 80 Bronze A g e -1779 11-202 1 " 1280± 80 4120± 40 -1781 " Gupta period 151-1212 3 244 " 1010± 100 70 -1778 " Upper Paleolithic 81-135 1 51 " 3940± 80 -1783 " 280 3890± 60 " -1780 " INDIAN OCEAN " 3620± 40 -1784 " 280 40 " " 2035± 35 Giant tortoise BM-1629 3 245 -1.782 " 1580± 250 " -1398 40 Iron Age -1790 I " 1570± 120 " -1514 246 40 -1791 1530± 120 " -1515 1590± 230 " -1397 245 1308± 85 " -1331 246 " 350 1250± 50 -1399 245 Neolithic Gif-2165 3 1140± 100 " -1516 246 120 Nouakchattian -2494 " I I I I Modern -1389 130 -2499 I 4350± 120 -2498 I 4190± 130 II Neolithic -2333 331 3950± I I 80 -1856 3930± 80 -2485 II 3850± I 120 I -2486 3650± 140 II -1970 330 ARCHAEOLOGIC SAMPLES

Culture or Sample Culture or Sample Date Period No. No. Pg. Date Period No. No. Pg.

MAURITANIA (continued) PANAMA

3530± 220 Neolithic Ii [-306(1 3 331 90 Polychrome pottery Gif-2346 3 3500+ 120 -2492 " II 3450± 110 -2488 " II PLRU " 3410± 110 " -2524 333 3310± 240 -2167 " 331 2801± 87 BM-1240 2 " 324(1± 100 -2484 332 1420±221 -1363 " I. 3220± 110 " -2487 1365± 77 -1361 3220± 110 -2496 " 333 1278± 70 -1239 I 3100± 121) -1762 " 330 1077±522 -1362 3080± 110 -2497 333 970± 90 Intermediate Recent Gif-1988 3 " II I, 2960± 110 " -2491 332 970± 90 -2603 2810± 100 " -2493 II 949± 50 BM-1359 2 2500± 100 " -1765 331 839±181 -1364 2500± 100 " -2162 330 834± 88 -1237 2470± 100 " -176) 332 780± 90 Intermediate Recent Gif-1989 3 2460± 100 " -1824 I. 757± 48 RPM)-1236 2 2450± 130 " -2168 331 750± 90 Intermediate Recent Gif-2389 3 " 2450± 110 -1762 332 750± 90 -1987 " .I 2380± 200 " -1857 720± 90 -2604 100 -2164 331 710± 41 BM-1238 2 2360± II 2290± 130 " -2166 330 67 -1360 2170± 100 -2164 Ii 2100± 180 -2163 331 2090± 120 -2489 II i, 1870± 240 " -2334 80 Bronze Age BM-1235 2 1520± 140 -1859 332 2650± 70 tusatian Cd- 612 " 400± 90 -1764 331 2590± 60 - 543 " 544 Modern -2490 332 2250± 60 - 1930±105 Iron - 508 " .i I, MOROCCO 1890± 65 - 533 " ,I 1870± 40 - 530 " 95 - 507 >40 000 1) ipaleolithic 111-2581 3 I I I " 55 - 512 " .I II ,40 000 -2589 I I 1750± 70 511 , " II II 505 x:40 000 Aterian -2279 80 - " 506 35 200±2100 tpipaleolithic -2578 80 - " i, " 566 >35,1(0)) -2584 329 35 - 684 II +3200 50 Medieval - Upper Aterian -2277 327 " II 34,550-2280 1000± 55 - 553 " ,i }2470 1000± 50 -126(1 32,370 Epipaleolithic- Aterion-2276 " -1890 740± 55 554 " 24,500± 600 Lpipaleolithic -2582 328 730± 50 -1045 " " 560 II 23,70001000 -2585 329 685± 55 - " 500 I I 22,630± 500 -2576 328 665± 55 historic - " " 502 21 900± 400 -2587 327 45 - 70 " 44) 21 860± 330 1Sten o> -2280 - , II " I. 21,100± 400 Epipaleolithic -2586 620± 55 490 " 19,400± 250 " -2278 590± 40 534 I. " 535 II 19 680± 250 Aterian -2278 590± 40 - , " 423 15,700± 180 tpipaleollthic -2271 580±140 - " --2273 " 501 15,550± 180 520± 50 - " ]139 15,460± 180 -2272 515± 50 Medieval - " 499 179 15 240± 180 -2270 470± 45 Historic - , " " 590 460± 200 -2579 95 - 14 -1138 14 130± 160 -2269 45 " II 14 020± 160 -2269 105± 50 " 577 13 500± 150 -2268 50 - .I -1010 13,140± 150 Early Epipaleolithic -2267 150 12,500± 170 " -2577 328 12,320± 600 " -2580 II 12,170± 160 " -2583 II 10,430± 180 Neolithic -2909 2 " -2908 II -90 9450± 160 " " -2910 4100±140 -91 6100± 120 " " -2911 II -75 4450± 110 " -3013 330 -77 3550± 120 " -2821 i, -76 3300± 100 " 2360± 250 -2912 I I -86 3890±130 -85 " NIGERIA S AH ARA

825±- 140 Yatakala 7 1d-640 2 ;35,000 Gif-3513 3 " NORWAY 135 ,00)) -3267 -3504 " 6150±130 -3509 " .i hIeso l i th is 061- 1880 3 6460± 50 5810±120 -3505 " 5360±120 -3503 " ,I OMAN II 5250±110 -3552 " -3511 " Pre-Islamic 861-1352 1 1899± 56 4850±110 -3510 " 334 " PAEISTAN 4440±110 -3514 4350±150 -3507 " 335 4300±110 -3260 " 4060± 120 Kot-Dijian BM-1695 " " 4100±110 -3515 3810± 60 -1693 " " 4030±110 -3261 3680± 50 -1692 3740±130 -3463 " 335 3770± 90 -1694 33/0±/10 -3462 " 3640± 80 -1690 -3265 " II 3510± 60 -1691 ARCHAEOLOGIC SAMPLES

Culture or Sample Culture or Sample Date Period No. No. Pg, Date Period No. No.

SAHARA (continued) SWEDEN

3150± 100 Gif-3262 3 334 6900± 80 Mesolithic Lu-1887 2 206 3100± 110 " tl -3466 6640± 85 Late Kongemose culture -1802 " 3070± 100 -3266 " II 6290± 85 Early Erteblle culture -1835 II II 3070± 100 -3264 " 11 I, 6240± 85 -1834 II II " II 3020± 100 I1 -3461 6220±100 II II ,I -1888 2740± 110 -3269 II 6020± 70 -1853 II II 2000± 90 -3259 333 II 5930±125 -1886 11 1780± 100 -3466 I. 334 5800± 70 -1849 I1 1080± 100 II -3467 335 5790± 70 -1848 540± 80 -3508 " 5260± 80 Erteb¢11e culture -1842 II Modern -3468 207 4960± 95 Megalithic period -1776 II 211 Modern -3464 334 4860± 65 Funnel Beaker culture -1866 208 4220±115 Neolithic -1850 I. SPAIN 207 3420± 95 Late Neolithic -1864 I. 209 3250± 60 II -1865 11 29,100+1400 Upper Paleolithic B11-1456 3 250 -1200 2480± 45 Late Bronze/Early Iron age-1854 " 207 2360± 55 Iron Age -1872 II 209 >27,150 Aurignacian -1457 " 2020± 65 -1909 210 1287 1930± 50 -1911 25,657+ Upper Paleolithic -1456A " 1109 1910± 65 -1870 11 209 ,I 24,120± 460 Middle Paleolithic -1884 284 1830± 50 -1910 210 20,880± 410 Upper Paleolithic -1739 " 283 1740± 40 -1826 II 204 20,700± 250 -1883 " 284 1660± 40 -1827 II .I 19,950± 300 -1882 " II 1640± 50 -1859 208 18,230± 510 -1881 " I I 1610± 80 Late Iron Age -1873 II 209 1. 16,560± 131 Magdalenian III -1455 " 250 1490± 50 -1860 208 ,I 16,530± 300 -1513 " II 1460± 50 -1801 II 205 .I 15,988± 193 -1453 " 249 1430± 50 -1796 II 1 15,970± 212 -1480 " 250 1380± 50 II -1794 15,540± 240 -1512 " 249 1370± 40 -1825 II 204 15,465± 204 -1479 250 1360± 50 Vendel period -1855 II 207 15,191± 123 -1454 " 249 1360± 50 -1857 208 15,173± 160 Magdalenian IV -1452 " I, 1350± 50 Late Iron Age -1861 I. 12,896± 137 Magdalenian V -1451 " 1350± 60 Vendel period -1869 II 209 12,282± 164 Azilian -1450 " II 1250± 50 -1858 II 208 11,190± 350 -1877 " 283 1230± 50 Late Iron Age -1797 II 205 10,720± 280 -1878 " II 1210± 75 Vendel period -1871 209 10,700± 190 -1876 " 1190± 50 -1843 II 207 10,634± 121 Final Magalenian/ 1180± 50 -1856 II 208 Early Azilian -1494 251 1090± 50 Viking period -1795 II 205 10,558± 244 Azilian -1448 249 1070± 50 -1.777 I I 210 " 10,486± 90 -1449 11 1010± 60 -1798 205 10,400± 90 II -1879 990± 50 -1800 .I II " 10,330± 190 -1875 , 880± 50 -1778 210 110± 40 II II 4520± 220 UGRA-11 2 Historic -1944 4210± 140 Eneolithic -82 4150± 170 I I -81 SYRIA 4090± 390 Myotragus BM-1408 29,940±1.80 Missassoc 111-1720 4070± 150 284 UGRA-12 11,160±110 Mesolithic -1718 3950± 60 Beaker BM-1843 " 10,792± 82 -1121 253 3860± 70 Chalcolithic -1603 10,700±500 Neolithic -1723 284 3860± 140 Eneolithic UGRA-80 " 9730±120 Gif-2633 336 3670± 120 -78 9640±120 Neolithic Aswad I -2372 3630± 130 -79 9374± 72 Aceramic Neolithic BM-1122 253 3620± 130 Bronze Age -15 9340±120 Neolithic Aswad 1 Gif-2370 336 3610± 130 -101 9270±120 -2371 I1 3610± 140 -47 9120±50 Neolithic 091-1719 284 3550± 140 Bronze Age -16 8710±190 Phase I Gif-3376 337 3500± 140 11 -21 8676± 72 Aceramic Neolithic BM-1423 253 3490± 150 -100 8666± 66 -1120 II 3490± 180 Bronze Age -97 8610±50 Neolithic -1722 284 3480± 140 -20 8560±110 Neolithic Aswad II Gif-2373 336 3380± 150 Campaniforme -72 8540±110 -2369 II 3320± 130 Bronze Age BM-1529 8410±60 Neolithic BM-1721 284 3290± 140 UGRA-14 8400±190 Phase I Gif-3374 3270± 80 Beaker BM-1677 337 8393±71 Aceramic Neolithic BM-1425 253 3260± 140 Bronze Age IJGRA-19 " 8190± 77 -1424 I1 3090± 70 Beaker BM-1698 8150±190 Phase II Gif-3372 337 2890± 50 Bronze Age -1600 7900± 50 Neolithic BM-1724 284 2860± 45 Beaker -1697 6940±190 Gif-3371 337 2830± 50 Bronze Age -1599 4060± 50 Agada BM-1760 285 2670± 60 Megalithic period -1511 " 4040± 70 -1761 II 2650± 60 Bronze Age -1528 3710± 60 Uruk/Jamdat Nasr -1759 II 2540± 160 UGRA-70 3680± 50 " I1 2520± 210 -1758 Bronze Age BM-1601 3600± 40 Agada -1764 I. 2500± 100 Megalithic period -1510 3579± 40 Uruk/Jamdat Nasr -1263 II 2430± 230 Beaker BM-1842 3540± 40 -1765 II 2390± 45 Coffin burial -1518 TURKEY 2360± 90 Animal bone -1507 2350± 35 Coffin burial -1517 8360± 60 Neolithic BM-1667 3 2290± 286 40 Beaker -1696 8160±110 -1666 " 11 2190± 130 Pre-Roman UGRA-45 8120±110 " " I, 1840± -1664 130 -46 8050± 60 " -1662 " ARCHAEOLOGIC SAMPLES

Culture or Sample Culture or Sample Date Period No. No. Pg. Date Period No. No. Pg.

TURKEY (continued) UNITED STATES (continued)

7990+130 Neolithic BM-1665 3 286 Kentucky

7990+110 - 1660 7940±190 -1663 7450±150 Archaic SFU- 29 3 350 ,I 7770±100 -1656 5350± 80 WIS-1302 1 85 7760± 90 -1658 4560± 90 -1301 84 7760± 90 -1657 610±120 SFU- 23 3 350 7660± 70 -1655 Nevada UNITED STATES 1120±180 UCR-160 1 62 Arizona New York 4170±200 UCR-231 1 63 2900±200 Noncultura1 -210 2070±160 Early-Middle Woodland UCR-289 64 <200 -211 2060±160 Early Woodland -287 63 2010±150 Early-Middle Woodland -288 64 California 1710±160 -290 1290±150 Middle-Late Woodland -285 63 9050±370 Hunting-Transitional UCR-255 1 59 760±150 -286 II " 7990±300 Millingstone -263 60 550±160 -284 II 7970±350 -268 7830±350 -257 Tennessee 7580± 30 -262 7300±350 -267 2110± 80 Early Woodland WIS-1260 1 85 6910±280 liuting-T gsitional -261 1080+100 McKelvey Series -1261 " Terminal M irngstone or -307 5750±-170 Early Intermediate 4340±200 -277 Wisconsin 4320±200 -298 3630±200 Hunting-Transitional -260 1960± 80 Middle Woodland WIS-1213 87 3530±200 -299 1960± 80 Early Woodland -1291 86 2720±200 IIunting-Transitional -264 1565± 55 Late Woodland -1208 II 2230+160 -269 1540± 70 Middle Woodland -1217 87 2230±150 -254 1490± 80 Millville Phase -1290 86 2200±150 -258 1460± 60 " -1249 2810±150 Early/Middle Horizon -216 1360± 70 Middle Woodland -1243 87 " Transition 1330± 70 -1250 86 2070+150 -308 62 9800 70 Late Woodland -1251 2020±150 Middle/Late Ilori:on 970± 70 " -1296 " Transition -193 1,5 780± 70 -1206 85 2000+150 Early/Middle horizon -194 480± 60 " -1228 " 1900±150 Terminal Middle Horizon -221 57 340± 70 -1299 86 " 1870±160 -309 62 <200 -1289 85 1740±150Early/Middle Horizon Transition- 215 " 55

, YEMEN 1670±160 -310 61 II 62 1560±150 -311, 1170± 60 Arabic period 151-1141 3 254 1.550±150 Intermediate Middle llorizon-217 II 57 1160± 50 " -1140 " 1360+150 Late Middle Horizon -229 I, 58 1060± 50 -1142 " Middle Horizon -217 57 13200150 Terminal YUGOSLAVIA 13000150 -247 62 12800150 Middle/Late Horizon 93310 58 Mesolithic BM-1156 168 Transition -197 56 9292±148 " -1404 169 1200±150 Intermediate Middle Horizon-219 57 9198±103 " -1147 168 1170±150 Terminal Middle Horizon -222 58 8797± 83 " -1144 1140±150 Late/Terminal Middle Horizon-230 8138±121 -1403 169 1090±150 Middle/Late horizon -192 55 7738± 51 Mesolithic -1143 168 1080±150 Late Middle Horizon -227 57 6900+1000 Eneolithic -1589 255 10500150 Intermediate Middle Horizon-224 56 4050± 70 Bronze Age -1527 1010±150 Middle/Late Horizon 23700 40 Iron Age -1830 287 Tradition -196 55 2010± 70 " -1831 980±150 Late/Terminal Middle Horizon-228 58 970±- 70 Medieval -1395 255 980±150 Early Phase I-Late Horizon-199 56 950± 50 " -1501 254 " 950*--150 -184 55 944± 55 -1498 II " 940±150 Middle/Late Horizon 836± 39 -1499 II Tradition -195 585± 40 Late Medieval -1502 900±150 Early/Middle Phase I- 450± 45 Misassoc -1505 255 Late horizon -198 56 385± 50 Late Medieval -1500 254 860±150 Phase I-Chumash -271 60 338± 53 " -1393 780+130 Terminal Middle lhorizon -220 58 285± 50 " -1504 255 690±150 -259 59 190± 45 -1503 5700130 Middle Phase I-Late Horizon-214 56 530±160 Late Phase I-Late Horizon -169 54 ZAMBIA 51.0±150 Late Middle Ihorizon -226 56 500±150 Phase I-Chumash -266 60 9000±370 Late Middle Stone Age UCR-275 1 65 490±-150 -265 II 2250±160 Iron Age -273 " 480±150 -270 500±130 Late Stone Age -274 " 390±140 Late Prehistoric Horizon -316 61 <150 -272 64 280+150 -245 62 250±130 -248 2400150 Terminal Oroville -183 55 <150 -246 62

Iowa

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- 956 3 362 - 959 3 362 - 969 3 370 " - 957 - 960 370 - 970 U - 958 - 961 - 972 TRACERS IN THE SEA

WALLACE S. BROECKER Lamont-Doherty Geological Observatory

TSUNG-HUNG PENG Oak Ridge National Laboratories

A book about chemical processes oc- curring in the ocean with emphasis on the cycles of carbon and other nutrients. In addition to a treatment of the present dis- tribution of those constituents, considera- tion is given to the impact of glaciation on past distributions and of man's activi- ties on future distributions. Discussions of the ventilation for the deep ocean and for the main oceanic thermoc line are in- cluded. Finally, the fate of the particu- late matter generated in the sea by organ- isms is discussed. Throughout the book emphasis is placed on information derived from measurements of radiotracers in the sea and in marine sediments. The avail- ability of the GEOSECS data set greatly expands the horizons in this regard.

700 pages 300 figures and tables 750 references problems at end of each chapter t color foldout map Hardcover $30.00 (postage included) send check or money order to ELDIGIO PRESS

ELDIGIO PRESS LAMONT-DOHERTY GEOLOGICAL OBSERVATORY COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY PALISADES, NAY, 10964 Vol 24, No. 3 Radiocarbon 1982

CONTENTS

BM Richard Burleigh, Keith Matthews, and Janet Ambers British Museum Natural Radiocarbon Measure. ments XIV ...... 229 BM Richard Burleigh, Janet Ambers, and Keith Matthews British Museum Natural Radiocarbon Measure. ments XV ...... 262 Gif Georgette Delibrias, M T Guillier, and Jacques Labeyrie Gif Natural Radiocarbon Measurements IX ...... 291 SFU D E Nelson and K A Hobson Simon Fraser University Radiocarbon Dates I ... 344 Z Dusan Srdoc, Nada Horvatincic, Bogomil Obelic, and Adela Slielpcevic Rudjer Boskovic Institute Radiocarbon Measure- ments VII ...... 352 List of Laboratories ...... 372 Index to Volume 24 ...... 384