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v Brief Table of Contents 1 Introduction – A Brief History of Revolutions in the Study of Insect Biodiversity 1 Part I Habitats and Regions 13 2 Insect Biodiversity in the Arctic 15 3 Insect Biodiversity in Indochina: A Window into the Riches of the Oriental Region 59 4 Biodiversity of Arthropods on Islands 81 5 Beneficial Insects in Agriculture: Enhancement of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services 105 6 Insects in Caves 123 Part II Taxa 153 7 Biodiversity of the Thysanurans (Microcoryphia and Zygentoma) 155 8 Biodiversity of Zoraptera and Their Little‐Known Biology 199 9 Biodiversity of Embiodea 219 10 Biodiversity of OrthopteraCOPYRIGHTED 245 MATERIAL 11 Biodiversity of Phasmatodea 281 12 Biodiversity of Dermaptera 315 13 Biodiversity of Grylloblattodea and Mantophasmatodea 335 14 Biodiversity of Blattodea – the Cockroaches and Termites 359 15 Biodiversity of Mantodea 389 ftoc.indd 5 3/22/2018 4:06:22 PM vi Brief Table of Contents 16 Biodiversity of Psocoptera 417 17 Biodiversity of Ectoparasites: Lice (Phthiraptera) and Fleas (Siphonaptera) 457 18 Biodiversity of Thysanoptera 483 19 The Diversity of the True Hoppers (Hemiptera: Auchenorrhyncha) 501 20 The Biodiversity of Sternorrhyncha: Scale Insects, Aphids, Psyllids, and Whiteflies 591 21 Biodiversity of the Neuropterida (Insecta: Neuroptera, Megaloptera, and Raphidioptera) 627 22 Biodiversity of Strepsiptera 673 23 Biodiversity of Mecoptera 705 Part III Perspectives 721 24 The Fossil History of Insect Diversity 723 25 Phenotypes in Insect Biodiversity Research 789 26 Global Change and Insect Biodiversity in Agroecosystems 801 27 Digital Photography and the Democratization of Biodiversity Information 839 28 Bee (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Anthophila) Diversity Through Time 851 29 Insect Biodiversity in Culture and Art 869 Index of Arthropod Taxa Arranged by Order and Family 899 Index of Arthropod Taxa Arranged Alphabetically 943 Index of non‐Arthropod Taxa Arranged Alphabetically 975 Subject Index 979 ftoc.indd 6 3/22/2018 4:06:22 PM vii Detailed Table of Contents List of Contributors xxiii Foreword xxix Preface, Volume II xxxiii Acknowledgments xxxv 1 Introduction – A Brief History of Revolutions in the Study of Insect Biodiversity 1 Peter H. Adler and Robert G. Foottit 1.1 Discovery 1 1.2 Conceptual Development 5 1.3 Information Management 6 1.4 Conclusions 7 Acknowledgments 8 References 8 Part I Habitats and Regions 13 2 Insect Biodiversity in the Arctic 15 Ian D. Hodkinson 2.1 Documenting Biodiversity – Traditional Taxonomy Versus DNA Barcoding 17 2.2 Insect Species Diversity in the Arctic 18 2.2.1 Composition of the Arctic Insect Fauna 18 2.2.2 Species Richness Trends Along Latitudinal Gradients 25 2.2.3 Geographical and Regional Variations in Species Richness 27 2.2.4 Diversity Oases Within the Arctic 28 2.3 Historical Insect Biodiversity in the Arctic – the Time Perspective 29 2.3.1 Nunataks and Glacial Refugia as Generators of Biodiversity 30 2.3.2 Endemism 31 2.4 Biodiversity on the Landscape Scale 32 2.4.1 Variation in Biodiversity on a Landscape Scale 32 2.4.2 Local Effects on Biodiversity – Predation and Natural Disturbance 34 2.5 Important Characteristics of Arctic Insect Biodiversity 35 2.5.1 Specialist Versus Generalist Species 35 2.5.2 Life‐History Adaptation 35 2.5.3 Genetic Diversity Within Species and Groups 36 2.5.4 Reproductive Variation and Parthenogenesis 36 ftoc.indd 7 3/22/2018 4:06:22 PM viii Detailed Table of Contents 2.5.5 A Diversity of Adaptations for Maximizing Heat Absorption 37 2.6 Cold Tolerance – a Diversity of Adaptations 38 2.6.1 Brachyptery and Wing Polymorphism 39 2.7 Dispersal, Immigration, and Biodiversity 39 2.8 Pollinator Networks and Pollinator Biodiversity 40 2.9 A Biodiversity Paradise for Parasites? 41 2.10 Biodiversity and the Changing Arctic Climate 42 References 44 3 Insect Biodiversity in Indochina: A Window into the Riches of the Oriental Region 59 Seunghwan Lee and Ram Keshari Duwal 3.1 Physical Geography and Climate 62 3.2 Features of Insect Biodiversity in the Lower Mekong Subregion 62 3.2.1 Blattodea 70 3.2.2 Coleoptera 70 3.2.3 Dermaptera 71 3.2.4 Diptera 72 3.2.5 Embiodea 72 3.2.6 Ephemeroptera 72 3.2.7 Hemiptera 72 3.2.8 Hymenoptera 72 3.2.9 “Isoptera” 72 3.2.10 Lepidoptera 72 3.2.11 Mantodea 73 3.2.12 Mecoptera 73 3.2.13 Megaloptera 73 3.2.14 Microcoryphia and Zygentoma 73 3.2.15 Neuroptera 73 3.2.16 Notoptera (Grylloblattodea and Mantophasmatodea) 73 3.2.17 Odonata 73 3.2.18 Orthoptera 73 3.2.19 Phasmatodea 73 3.2.20 Phthiraptera 73 3.2.21 Plecoptera 74 3.2.22 Psocoptera 74 3.2.23 Raphidioptera 74 3.2.24 Siphonaptera 74 3.2.25 Strepsiptera 74 3.2.26 Thysanoptera 74 3.2.27 Trichoptera 74 3.2.28 Zoraptera 74 3.3 Insect Biodiversity and Society in Indochina 74 3.3.1 Entomophagy in the Lower Mekong Subregion 74 3.3.2 Research Initiatives 76 3.4 Conclusions 77 Acknowledgments 78 References 78 ftoc.indd 8 3/22/2018 4:06:22 PM Detailed Table of Contents ix 4 Biodiversity of Arthropods on Islands 81 Rosemary G. Gillespie and Kipling Will 4.1 What is an Island? 81 4.1.1 History of the Island 82 4.1.2 Degree of Isolation 84 4.1.3 Area of the Island 84 4.1.4 Age of the Island 85 4.2 Ecological Attributes of Islands 85 4.2.1 Species Diversity on Islands 85 4.2.2 Island Colonization 86 4.2.3 Factors Facilitating Establishment 86 4.2.4 Niche Preemption 86 4.2.5 Ecological Release 87 4.2.6 Networks of Ecological Interactions 87 4.3 Evolution on Islands 87 4.3.1 Anagenesis 87 4.3.2 Cladogenesis 87 4.3.3 Adaptive Radiation 88 4.3.4 Isolation, Hybridization, and Admixture 88 4.3.5 Parallel Evolution and Convergence 89 4.4 Evolution in Other Insular Environments 89 4.4.1 Mountaintops – Sky Islands 89 4.4.2 Caves 89 4.4.3 Desert Dunes and Salt Lakes 89 4.4.4 Habitat Fragments 90 4.5 Characteristics of Island Biodiversity 90 4.5.1 Disharmony 90 4.5.2 Endemism 91 4.5.3 Loss of Dispersal Ability and Flightlessness 91 4.5.4 Innovations 91 4.5.5 Size 92 4.5.6 Reproductive Shifts 92 4.6 Conservation 92 4.6.1 Taxonomic Impediments 93 4.6.2 Restricted Ranges and Small Population Sizes 93 4.6.3 Abiotic Factors 93 4.6.4 Invasive Species 94 4.7 Conclusion 94 References 94 5 Beneficial Insects in Agriculture: Enhancement of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services 105 Matthew S. Jones and William E. Snyder 5.1 Components of Biodiversity: Species Richness, Species Evenness, and Species Identity 106 5.2 Why Does Insect Biodiversity Matter to Agriculture? 106 5.2.1 Complementarity 107 ftoc.indd 9 3/22/2018 4:06:22 PM x Detailed Table of Contents 5.2.1.1 Temporal Complementarity 107 5.2.1.2 Spatial Complementarity 108 5.2.1.3 Behavioral Complementarity 109 5.2.2 Identity Effects in Pollinator, Predator, and Detritivore Communities 110 5.2.3 Disruptive Species Interactions in Diverse Communities 111 5.3 Degradation of Biodiversity Through Agricultural Intensification, and Its Reversal 112 5.4 Restoring Biodiversity to Agroecosystems 112 5.4.1 Restoring Key Resources 112 5.4.2 Optimizing Use of Pesticides 113 5.4.3 Diversifying Farming Landscapes at Larger Scales 113 5.5 Conclusions and Recommendations 115 5.5.1 Clarify Mechanisms Leading to Biodiversity Effects 115 5.5.2 Consider Biodiversity Effects That Span Multiple Ecosystem Services 115 5.5.3 Better Link Management Practices to Beneficial Biodiversity Effects 115 5.5.4 Rank the Relative Importance of Habitat Loss Versus Agrochemical Use 116 5.5.5 Elucidate Strategies That Facilitate Transition from Current Agricultural Production Practices to Those That Are Sustainable and Provide Improved Ecosystem Services 116 5.6 Summary 116 Acknowledgments 117 References 117 6 Insects in Caves 123 David C. Culver and Tanja Pipan 6.1 The Story of Leptodirus hochenwartii 123 6.2 The Variety of Subterranean Spaces 124 6.2.1 Overview 124 6.2.2 Caves 125 6.2.3 Soil and Interstitial Habitats 126 6.2.4 Shallow Subterranean Habitats 127 6.2.4.1 Epikarst 128 6.2.4.2 Milieu Souterrain Superficiel 128 6.2.4.3 Calcrete Aquifers 128 6.2.4.4 Unifying Features of Shallow Subterranean Habitats 130 6.3 Ecological Roles of Insects in Caves 133 6.3.1 Relative Importance of Subterranean Habitats in the Ecology of Different Insects 133 6.3.2 Trophic Roles 134 6.4 Morphological and Life‐History Adaptations of Insects to Subterranean Life 134 6.5 Probable Modes of Successful Colonization of Subterranean Space 138 6.5.1 Initial Colonization 140 6.5.2 Successful Colonization 140 6.5.3 Allopatric Versus Parapatric Speciation 141 6.5.4 Subterranean Dispersal 142 6.6 Taxonomic and Geographic Patterns of Subterranean Insect Biodiversity 142 ftoc.indd 10 3/22/2018 4:06:22 PM Detailed Table of Contents xi 6.6.1 Geographic Patterns 142 6.6.2 Taxonomic Review of Troglobiotic Insects 143 6.6.2.1 Collembola 144 6.6.2.2 Diplura 146 6.6.2.3 Coleoptera 146 6.6.2.4 Fulgoromorpha 147 6.7 Human Utility and Protection of Cave Insects 147 References 147 Part II Taxa 153 7 Biodiversity of the Thysanurans (Microcoryphia and Zygentoma) 155 Luis F. Mendes 7.1 Paleontological Data 159 7.2 Parasitism 167 7.2.1 Unicellular Parasites 167 7.2.2 Nematoda 167 7.2.3 Acarids 167 7.2.4 Strepsiptera 167 7.2.5 Fungi 167 7.3 Predation 168 7.4 Order Microcoryphia (= Archaeognatha) 168 7.4.1 Characterization 168 7.4.2 Bionomics 172 7.4.3 Taxonomy 173 7.4.4 Identification Key for Families, Subfamilies, and Paleoforms of Microcoryphia 174 7.5 Order Zygentoma (= Thysanura Sensu Stricto) 175 7.5.1 Characterization 175 7.5.2 Bionomics 179 7.5.3 Taxonomy 180 7.5.4 Identification Key for Families and Subfamilies of Zygentoma 181 7.6 Genetic Studies of Thysanurans 183 7.7 Thysanurans and Humans 184 7.8 Geographic Distribution of the Thysanurans 185 References 187 8 Biodiversity of Zoraptera and Their Little‐Known Biology 199 Jae C.

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