9372 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE OCTOBER 4 Mr. McGEHEE: Committee on ·claims. By Mr. GORDON: By Mr. GROSS: H. R. 850. A bill for the reli_ef of Sybil H. R. 4274. A bill to provide for the dis H. R. 4282. A bill for the relief of Vera Georgette Townsend; without amendment charge of fathers; to the Committee on Mili Frances Elicker; to the Committee on Im (Rept. No. 1052). Referred to the Committee tary Affairs. migration and Naturalization. of the Whole House. By Mr. LANE: Mr. CHENOWETH: Committee on Claims. H. R. 4275. A bill to provide for the im ~ETITIONS, ETC. H. R. 1234. A bill 1 for the relief of Percy mediate discharge from the armed forces of Allen; with amendment (Rept. No. 1053). members thereof who have been awarded the Under clause 1 of rule XXII, petitions Referred to the Committee of the Whole Purple Heart or are entitled to that award; and papers were laid on the Clerk's desk House. to the Committee on Military Affairs. Mr. FERNANDEZ: Committee on Claims. and referred as follows: By Mr. LANHAM: 1225. By Mr. DONDERO: 'Fetition of citi H. R. 1841. A bill for the relief of Adolphus H. R. 4276, A bill to provide for the con M. Holman; without amendment (Rept. No. zens of Pontiac, Oakland County, Mich., urg struction of public buildings and for other ing the passage of the so-called Pace bill and 1054). Referred· to the Committee of the purposes; to the Committee on Public Build- Whole House. the Bryson bill (H. R. 2082) . prohibiting the ings and Grounds. · · · sale of alcoholic beverages in the vicinity of Mr. McGEHEE: Committee on Claims. . By Mt:. LECOMPTE: H. R. 1960. A bill for the relief of the estate camps; to the Committee on the Judiciary. H. R. 4277. A bill providing for discharge of 1226. By Mr. McGREGOR: Petition urging of Alfred Lewis Casson, deceased, and others; remaining sons in a family where one son has with amendment (Rept. No. 1055). Referred influence be used to see that justice is meted lost his life in the armed services; to the out to our subdued enemies, as well as ex to the Committee of the Whole House. Committee on Military Atrairs. Mr. CASE of New Jersey: Committee on 1 tended to us, in bringing war criminals to c:::Iaims. H : R. 1978. A bill for the relief of By Mr. LUDLOW: trial and meting out the punishment nec Jay H. McCleary; with amendment (Rept. H. R. 4278. A bill to amend the act of July essary to blot out forever the chances of No. 1056) . Referred to the Committee of the 6, 1945, relating to compensation of postal another devastating war; to the Committee Whole House. · employees, so as to provide for giving appro on Military Affairs. Mr. HOOK: Committee on Claims. H. R. pPi.ate credit for periods of past service in the 1221_. By the SPEAKER: Petition of State 2290. A bill for the relief of Mary Galipeau; making of assignments to salary grades; to Department ' of Polish-American Congress, with amendment (Rept. No. 1057). Referred the Committee on the Post Office and Post Inc., petitioning consideration of their reso to the Committee of the Whole House. Roads. lution with reference to their endorsement Mr. HEDRICK: Committe-e on Claims. By Mr. LANE: for constitutional relief for Poland; to the H. R. 2401. A bill for the relief of Hannah . H. R. 4279. A bill authorizing an appropria Committee on Foreign Affairs. Hidde and Doris Hidde; with amendment tion of $50,000 for research with respect to (Rept. No. 1058). Referred to the Committee the cause and cure of hay fever; to the Com of the Whole House. mittee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce. Mr. RAMEY: Committee on Claims. H. R. By Mr. MAY: 2431. A bill for the relief of Monite Water H. R , 4280. A bill for the development and SENATE proof Glue Co.; with amendment (Rept. No. control of atomic energy; to the Committee 1059). Referred · to the Committee of the on 1\{ilitary Affairs. THURSDAY, Oq:OBER 4, 1945 Whole House. : By Mr. BUFF'ETT: Mr. HOOK: Committee on Claims. H. R.- H. J. Res. 250. Joint resolution to provide (Legislative day of Tuesday, October 2544. A bill for the relief of Willie Hines; the .Congress with information concerning ' 2, 1945) with. amendment (Rept. No. 1060). Referred financial commitments to foreign nations; to to the Committee of the Whole House. the Committee on Expenditures in the Execu The Senate met at 12 o'clock meridia~ Mr. PITTENGER: Committee on Claims. tive Departments. on the expiration of the recess. H. R.· 2748. A bill for the relief of the By Mrs. ROGERS of Massachusetts: The Chaplain, Rev. Frederick Brown Dubuque & Wisconsin Bridge Co.; without H. J. Res. 251. Joint resolution providing Harris, D. D., offered the following amendment (Rept. No. 1061). Referred to fo'r the bringing to the United States of the prayer: the Committee of the Whole House. bodies of two unknown Americans, who were Mr. COLE of Kansas: Committee on Claims. members of the American forces who served Most merciful God, who art the foun- · H. R. 2826. A bill for the relief of Esther one in the European theater of war and the tain of all grace, the source ·of all wis- · · L. Berg; with amendment (Rept. No. 1062). other in the Pacific theater of war and lost dom and goodness, we would lift our eyes Referred to the Committee of the Whole th'eir lives during Warld War II, and for the to the infinite .Plue of Thy love which · House. . burial of the remains with appropriate ·cere arches each new day and rest our souls Mr." HEDRICK: Committee on Claims. monies;_to the Committee on Military Affairs. H. R. 2962. A bill for the relief of Justin By Mr. DINGELL: on the assurance that transfiguring even P. Hopkins; with amendment (Rept. No. H. J. Res. 252. Joint resolution approving the darkest cloud there is the radiant 1063). Referred to the Committee of the the agreement between the United States and bow · of Thy promise. Near the forum, Whole House. Canada relating to the Great Lakes-St. with its din and clash of human in Mr. RAMEY: Committee on Claims. H. R. Lawrence Basin with the exception of cer terests, may we keep an altar where a 3094. A bi,ll conferring jurisdiction upon tain provisions thereof; expressing the sense constant -sense of the eternal may save the Court of Claims of the United States to of the Congress with respect to the nego us ·from spiritual decay, from moral consider and render judgment on the claims tiation of certain t.reaties; authorizing the cowardice, and from any betrayal of of the Zephyr Aircraft Corp. against the investigation through the Department of the highest public good. In the dear· United States; with amendment (Rept. No. State and with- Canada of the feasibility of 1064) . Referred to the Committee of the making the Great Lakes-St. Lawrence sea Redeemer's name. Amen. Whole House. way self-liquidating; and for other purposes; THE JOURNAL Mr. CASE of New Jersey: Committee on to the Committee on Rivers and Harbors. Claims: H R. 3135. A bill for the relief of By Mr. ROBERTSON of North Dakota: ori request of Mr. BARKLEY, and by Mrs. Addie S. Lewis; without amendment H. J. Res. 253. Joint resolution approving unanimous consent, the reading of the (Rept. No. 1065). Referred to the Committee the. agreement, between the United States Journal of the proceedings of the cal'en of the Whole House. and Canada relating to the Great Lakes-St. dar day Wed.llesday, October 3, 1945, was Lawrence Basin with the exception of cer dispensed with, and the Journal was PUBLIC BILLS AND RESOLUTIONS tain provisions thereof; expressing the sense approved. of. the Congress with respect to the negotia MESSAGES FROM THE PRESIDENT Under clause 3 of rule XXII, public bills tion of certain treaties; authorizing the in anp resolutions were introduced and vestigation through the Department of . Messages in writing from the President severally referred as follows: State and with Canada of the feasibility of · of the United States submitting nomina By Mr. H. CARL ANDERSEN: making the Great Lakes-St. Lawrence sea tions were communicated to the Senate H. R. 4271. A bill to establish an import way self-liquidating; and for other purposes; by Mr. Miller, one of his secretaries. quota on butter; to the Committee -on Ways to the Committee on Rivers and Harbors. and Means. LEAVES OF ABSENCE By Mr. BUNKER: Mr. LANGER. Mr. President, I ask H. R. 4272, A bill to provide for court review PRIVATE BILLS" AND RESOLUTIONS unanimous consent to be excused from of certain judgments of general courts mar Under clause 1 of rule XXII, private the Senate commencing this noon until tial of the Army; to the Committee on Mili bills and resolutions were introduced and tary Affairs. Tuesday morning. I . may say that the H. R. 4273. A bill to provide for court re severally referred as follows: reason for this request is that I have an vie-w of certain judgments of general courts By Mr. ENGLE of California: important engagement in North Dakota ' martial of the Navy; to the Committee on H. R. 4281. A bill for the relief of Nevada with the Surplus War Property Adminis Naval Affairs. County, Calif.; to the Committee on Claims. trator dealing with surplus property. 1945 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE 9373
The PRESIDENT pro tempore. With EXECUTIVE CO~IDNICATIONS, ETC. "Whereas the Atlantic Charter respects the rights of peoples to choose the form of out objection, the r€quest of the Senator The PRESIDENT pro tempore laid be all from North Dakota is granted. government under which they will· live and fore the Senate - the frganization, held on JOHN W. HESELTON." of the Secretary of State and the Secretary of September 30, 1945, in Lithuanian Hall, Athol, " . . LONGINAS L. SVELNIS, the Interior. Mass., the delegates from the New England President. Sincerely yours, councils unanimously· adopted the following TILLIE AuKSTIKALNIS, HARR~ S. TRUMAN, resolutions:. Secreta1'1f. 9374 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE' OCTOBER 4 RESOLUTION OF GREEN BAY _(WIS.) from among 'the sons of officers, soldiers, · Mr. WHITE. That, added to the Sen NAVY CLUB sailors, and marines who have been awarded ator's in.sistence, is sufficient. the Congressional Medal of Honor; with Mr. WILEY. Mr. President, I ask amendments (Rept. No. 623) . . The PRESIDENT pro tempore. Is unanimous consent to present for appro By Mr. O'MAHONEY, from the Committee there objection to the immediate con priate reference and printing in the on Military Affairs: sideration of the concurrent resolution? RECORD a resolution adopted by the Navy H. R. 1868. A bill authorizing appoint._ ments to the United States Military Acad There being no objection, the concur Club of the United States, Ship No. 18, rent resolution was considered and Green BaY, Wis., requesting the Navy emy and the United States Naval Academy of sons of members of the land or naval agreed to. Department to return to. Green Bay, forces of the United States who were killed in Wis., the U. s .- C; 432 or some similar action or have died of wounds or injuries ELIZABETH C. BYRNE ship, and that a nanal reserve district received, or disease contracted, in active Mr. LUCAS. Mr. President, from the be reestablished in Green Bay, Wis., the service during the present war, and for other Committee to Audit and Control the former home of the Thirty-fourth Di purposes; with an amendment (Rept. No. vision, United States Naval Reserve 624). Contingent Expenses of the Senate, . I Corps, a upit which is now in active ask unanimous consent to report favor PRINTING O:f ADDITIONAL COPIES OF ably without amendment Senate Reso naval service of the United States. HEARING OF COMMITTEE ON IRRIGA There being no objection, the resoln lution 174, for which I ask present con TION AND RECLAMATION ON MISSOURI sideration. ' tion received was referred to the Com VALLEY AUTHORITY mittee on Naval Affairs, and ordered to There being no objection, the resolu be printed in the RECORD, as follows: Mr. HAYDEN .. Mr. President, from tion Annual rate of Name of individual Address Kame and adC:ress of department or orgenization by whom paid com pen· sation
Mrs. Alma B. KidwelL ______113 Park Blvd. SE------~------·------~----· Federal Communications Commission------·------· n, 800
B. K. WHEELER, Chairman. BILLS AND JOINT RESOLUTION (Mr. MEAD introduced Sznate Joint Reso istration of the prlce control, rent con INTRODUCED lution 106, which was referred to the Com trol, and rationing programs, was read mittee on Banking and Currency, and appears Bills and a joint resolution were intro under a separate heading.} twice by its title and referred to the Com duced, read the first time, and, by unani mittee on Banking and Currency. mous consent, the second time, and re CERTIFICATES OF MERIT FOR VOLUN Mr. MEAD. Mr. President, in expla ferred as follows: TARY W:ORKERS ON LOCAL PRICE AND nation of the _joint resolution, I desire to RATIONI~G BOARDS say a few words. ' By Mr. McFARLAND: S: 1464.· A bill making the 14th day of Mr. MEAD. Mr. President, I ask unan- . The people of this country owe an August in each year a legal holiday; , to the imous consent- to introduce. for appro everlasting debt' of gratitu{le to the Committee on the Judiciary. priate reference a joint resolution, which thousands of. men a.nd women who have By Mr. ANDREWS: I send to the desk. served so long and so faithfully on out S. 1465. A bill extending certain recogni · The PRESIDENT pro tempore. With local war price and rationing boards. tion and rights to temporary members of the out objection, the joint resolution intro For nearly 4 years, more than a quarter United States Coast Guard Reserve, includ of a million of them nave wcirk::!d with ing the Voluntary Port Security. Force, and duced by .the Senator from New York member& of the Coast· Guard Auxiliary; to . Will be received and appropriately re- · out compensation, without regard · for the Committee on Naval Affairs. ferred. personal time and sacrifice, and at times By Mr. WALSH: , ·. The join.t .resolution Uccescful conclusion of the war, many ' VENT INFLATION AND BRING FAIRER DISTRIBU 400,000 board members and their assist of. the restrictions are no longer neces TI ON OF S~JARCE GooDS ants contributed 10,000,000 man-hours sary-gasoline is no lo,nger rationed; fuel (By Alexander P. George) on the job of rationing food, gasoline, oil is more plentiful; meat, butter, and OPA, whipping boy of the Government's tires, Lhoes, and otfier commodities to the other staple foods are in greater-supply, war agencies, set three records that probably people in their communities. Along wlth and all of us anticipate a return to the will stand for a long, long time: full joy of all of God's bounty in this, 1. It did more to regulate the everyday liv the rationing job, these uncompensated ing of millions of Americans than any other workers have had the difficult task of at- the greatest land on earth. ' agency in_ history. 1 tempting to keep price3 stable in their We can remember in years to come 2. It was on the receiving end of more own communities. All of this was ac that these Americans are living proof of verbal briclrbats than any organizl.tion ever complished in true democratic fashic~. the true meaning of America-democ set up to help the country in an emergency. within the framework of our Constitu racy. We can remember that their ef . 3. It was blamed for doing more things that tion, the very framework which Hitler forts for the past 4 years are a glowing· it didn't do than any agency, including even said was too cumbersome and unwieldy example of what Americans can accom the unpopular prohibition enforcement au plish .bY working together and for each thority. to successfully combat his regimented OPA-Office of Price Administration-was dictatorship. The people, through Con other. They have truly shown us de designated as a · wartime agency, but is au gre~s. enacted the necessary laws to wage mocracy in action. thorized to work agaim:t postwar inflation an all-out war. These same people, your More than this, we -can try. to repay and collapse such as followed World War I. neighbors and mine, are the ones to our debt to them by continuing to co So it is concentrating on trying to keep prices whGm we owe this debt of· gratitude for operate with those who will -remain -to controlled until supply and demand .are fairly the splendid job that they did, many complete and write "finis" to-the final well balanced. It also continues to ration chapter of wartime rationing. scarce essential goods. times at great personal sacrifice and Says OPA Administrator Chester Bowles: without _any financial gain, in perform I hope the joint resolution will receive "I'll be more glad to get rid of regulations ing all of the detail work necessary to in favorable committee consideration and -than anyone in the United States. But it's sure the success of the local war price that before the story of the war is fully our duty to keep them until their removal and rationing boards. written these unselfish patriotic people can be safely accomplished without unfair With the end of rationing now in sight, who devoted so many -hours to this very distribution of scarce goods or the danger necessary work will be recognized by the that prices will shoot upward as , they did many of these volunteers are able to after World War I." accept an "honorable discharge.'; Cer Congress and that they will be given the tainly it is our. duty and obligation to citation of merit (or which the joint reso EIGHT MILLION ITEMS RATIONED acknowledge the fight they have so suc lution calls. Funds are available to continue OPA until cessfully waged on our home front just Mr. President, I ask unanimous con June 30, 1946. Its rationing power ends De as we are acknowledging the courageous sent to have printed in the RECORD as a cember 31 unless extendeg by law. S:>me part of my remarks, an article from the Members of Congress urge that OPA be fight of the men and women who won abolished now. the war on the fighting fronts. Atlanta Constitution of September 6, President Truman could close it out any For, without a doubt, the people who 1945, entitled "A Cheer for the OPA time. However, he recently issued an or served on our more than 5,500 local Workers," which is in keeping with the der to "hold the cost-of-livin_g line." More boards are responsible in substantial purposes of the resolution, and an article over, sugar is likely to be rationed for an measure for this Nation's glorious vic from the Washington Sunday Star of other year, and there will be pressure to keep September 9, 1945, entitled "OPA Car rent controls in some areas for several tory. It is they who helped tune our months. · vital transportation system _to wartime rles on Despite Abuse," which gives a historical record of the wartime activi OPA price regulations have covered almost tempo and kept. it in continual motion. everything the typical American family buys, It is they who so unselfishly volunteered ties of the Office of Price Administration eats, wears and uses. They applied to wme to see that the American people were and rationing. 8,000,000 different commodities and services, able to g-et a fair share of food and other There being no objection, the articles from eggs and onions to shoe shines, plano war-scarce supplies at fair prices. I do were ordered to be printed in the RECORD, tuning, and funerals. not believe that any one of us can ever as follows: It regulated r tall levels the prices of goods fully appreciate the tremendous job they [From the Atlanta Constitution of Septem b~ught and sold by some 3,000,000 establish have done nor can we ever fully repay ber 6, 1945] ments. It controlled rentals for some 15,0~0.- A CHEER FOR THE OPA WORKERS 000 dwelling units-houses, apartments, and them in words or citations. rooms in hotels and buarding houses-in 382 Nevertheless, we can· in a small meas As tllc pressure of war eases, it is quite defense rental areas where some 92,000,000 ure give outward manifestation of cur likely that personal tensions will ease. persons lived. · · appreciation for the arduous· labors When that h appens the public will be more generous with its estimate of OPA, wliich, CONSTANT TARGET OF CRITICISM which these citizens so willingly gave in despite admitted errors .and bungles, has When the war ended, OPA was administer the fight for victory. Accordingly, I am done a magnificent cervice, and will continue ing 10 rationing pro::;rams. It handled 13 offering a resolution in the Senate, ac to do so in the declining emergency. major rationing programs in all. This in knowledging the patriotic contribution Because of OPA and other controls, tlle volved the printin g and distribution of one made by the~c uncompencated and vol- dollar continued to buy more than twice hund;:ed an d twen ty-eight to onu hundred
/ 9376 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE OCTOBER 4 and thirty-one million copies of each of four - ing public billions of dollars. He says there would also require the certification of death war ration books; of millions of gasoline and still is "a dangerous gap between sudden vic and . personal injury claims to t'he Congress fuel-oil rationing books; and hundreds of tory and sound prosperity," and has asked in the same manner as is now provided in thousands of purchase certificates for autos, for "cool heads and continued cooperation of the bill for claims of more than $5,000. tires, and other rationed goods. business, workers, farmers, and consumers OPA was an almost constant target of criti to see the stabilization job through." PRINTING OF COMPILATION OF CERTAIN dsm by Members of Congress, businessmen, DOCUMENTS ON SURRENDER OF GER farmers, and t.he general public. Its officials Rationing cnronology of the OPA MANY AND JAPAN were denounced as "bungling bureaucrats,'' Mr. BARKLEY. Mr. President, in "long-haired professors," the "slide-rule Rationing Rationing boys,'' "Roosevelt's gestapo,'' · "czars," and began ended this hour of military triumph, the United ''Communists." Nations stand forth as the greatest al OPA was blamed by some people for the Tires______J an. 5, 1942 liance of comrades-in-arms-the strong shortage of nylon stockings, for rancid butter, Autos______Feb. 26,1942 ------(~y-- --- est force for waging war in all recorded chilly houses, the lack of banana splits. Typewriters______Mar. 13,1942 Apr. 27, 1944 history. Invincible in war, this mighty It was accused of depriving babies of diapers Sugar_------May 5, 1942 ------ Gasoline: brotherhood of nations will become an and of taking Christmas trees away from little In East______May 15, 1942 ------equally powerful association for the res children. It was bawled out for the scarcity Nation-wide ______Dec. 1.1942 Aug. 15,1945 of alarm clocks and girdles, for Jimmy Byrnes' Bicycles ______July 9, 1942 Sept. 23,1944 toration of order to the world and the midnight curfew, and f9r' closing the race Men's rubber boots and preservation of the peace so bitterly won. work shoes______Oct. 5, 1942 ------ tracks. Fuel oil: The beginning of the peace is signal When the draft of 18-year-old boys went In East______Oct. 1, 1942 ------ized by the unconditional surrender- of into effect, OPA offices in various sections of Nation-wide _____ ,:-___ Mar. 14,1943 Aug. 15,1945 Coffee ______Nov. 29, HJ42 July 29,1943 the enemy. It is proper, therefore, that the country received letters and phone calls a compilation of the surrender docu buating the agency for "making our boys go StoYes: In 30 States_------Dec. 19, 1942 ------ ments be printed with accompanying to war." Nation-wide_·------Aug. 24,1943 ------Dur.ing the cigarette famine, a man com· Coal·and wood ______------Oct. 15,1944 addresses and statements of the Presi OiL------Aug. 15,1945 dent of the. United States, the supreme plained to a district OPA office. Informed Shoes ______Feb. 1!, 1943 ------that cigarettes were not rationed and OPA P{ocessed foods ______Mar. 1,1943 Aug. 15,1945 commanders and of the defeated leaders. has no control ove.r the supply, he said, "If Meats and fats______Mar. 29, 1943 ------I, therefore, ask that such compilation that's true, then what the hell do all your . prepared under the direction of the Sec employees do .with their time?" 1 WPB undecided yet whether new autos will be retary of the Senate, by the Senate CREATED IN APRIL 194.1 rationed. Library, be printed as a Senate document. OPA was created in April 1941 by Execu !\fERITORIOUS CLAIMS OF CERTAIN RESI The PRESIDENT pro tempore. Is tive order · of President Roosevelt.. It was · DENTS OF GUAM-AMENDMENTS there objection to the request of the first designated the Office of Price Adminis Senator from Kentucky? The chair tration and Civilian Supply. In August Mr. WALSH. Mr. President, on be 1941 the name was changed to Office of Price half of the Senator from Ohio [Mr. TAFT] hears none, and it is so ordered. Administration, and control of civilian sup· and myself, I ask unanimous consent . FULL EMPLOYMENT-STATEMENT BY plies was transferred to the War Production· to submit, for appropriate reference, SENATOR O'MAHONEY Board. . - amendments intended to be proposed to In January 1942 WPB delegated the re· [Mr. O'MAHONEY asked · and obtained sponsibility for rationing to OPA. the bill double recovery on a claim. A of the bill (H. R. 69'4) to amend section sary to clean up the black markets. claimant could not recover from both the 321, title III, part II, Transportation Bowles asserts that price controls during Navy and from the War Damage Corporation Act of 1940, with respect to the move the war saved the Government and the buy- for the same damage. ~e amendments ment of Government traffic. 1945 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE 9377 , The PRESIDENT pro tempore. The . field in which it is occurring, is an act of As a result, men who lacked vision question is on agreeing to the amend sabotage against American reconversion. took a group of some 2,000 workmen out ment reported by the committee. We might well dwell upon that. of that plant. They-were proaucing cer Mr. BILBO. Mr. President, notwith We have poured billions of dollars into tain materials which Ford needed. The standing the fact- production plants for war purposes. We consequence was that Ford had to shut THE STRIKE SITUATION have been planning and dreaming and down. Fifty thousand men went out of the Ford plant. Mr. WILEY. Mr. President-- thinking of the day when we could re The PRESIDENT pro tempore. Does· convert, when we could embark upon Was that all that was a:ffected? No. the Senator from Mississippi yield to the production for peace. But right now, The wives and the children of Ford's when the pent-up demands of 140,000,000 workmen were affected. Who else? The Senator from Wisconsin? people should be met, they cannot be met businessmen in the community, the Mr. BILBO. Before proceeding ftJr because of strikes. These are strikes grocer, the butcher, the candlestick ther, Mr. President, conscious of the against American prosperity and against maker, every one who received the bene rules of the Senate governing debate, I American safety, as I shall show in a few fit of the 'economic currents of the wages realize that, strictly speaking, when a moments. Ford would have paid durihg the weeks, Senator yields the floor to another to was detrimentally affected. make a speech or statement, or for any The strike situation will probably grow worse before it becomes better. · Was that all? No. Every Ford dealer thing else, the Senator so yielding loses in the United States was affected, and the floor. The great rank and file of honest Ameri can labor is being guided by judas-goat every workingman working for Ford The PRESIDENT pro tempore. ·The dealers was affected. Every business- - Chair will state that in this case the ~eaders down a trail which will lead to Senator will not lose the floor by yielding eventual elimination of many rights man in the community where the Ford which the unions and American labor dealer traded was affected, because there to other Senators. was a lack of vision originally in the Mr. BILBO. I wanted to have an have worked hard to obtain, and which . they are entitled to keep. leadership of the. 2,000 men in the plant understanding about that. -I am glad where 3 men were justifiably discharged to yield to the distinguished Senator A HISTORY OF FALSE EDUCATION OF LABOR because th~y assaulted a foreman. from Wisconsin. America is now suffering from the New Mr.' President, we can see how the Mr. WILEY. I thank my distin Deal's false education of the past dec ramifications extend. The situation · guished colleague from Mississippi, and ade, which taught labor that it could ~ calls for something to be done by gov the President pro tempore. do no wrong. The air is black with New ernment. It calls for us in· this legisla Mr. WILEY. Mr. President, the strike Deal chickens coming· home· 'to roost tive body to have a little more iron in situation in this country, as we all know, chickens of a false philosophy, of funda~ tis. We, as individuals, are our brothers' is vGry serious. What do my colleagues mentally wrong thinking. But the keepers, and we 1n Congress have the think would be the reaction of the Ameri American public, not the New Deal, is-the can people, including the striking unions same obligation generally. real sufferer now, and because of that, it· - Mr. President, why did not the admin of our country, if they were to read in the is going to remember this strike disease newspapers that the President, his Cabi istration act to control the racketeering in the years ahead, in 1946 and 1948, and minority before it precipitated the pres net, the Supreme Court, and the Mem i-t is· going to act to eradicate it forever bers of Congress had gone out on strike, ent strike epidemic? That is the ques from the American scene. tion. It is a vital question which you and had thrown picket lines aro\lnd Gov . Mr. ~resident, the crisis. is with us; we ernment buildings in order to prevent and I have a right to have answered. are nearer to the brink than we think THE GREAT STRIKE DANGER AHEAD Federal employees from working? · No and the crisis must be met now. A mer~ doubt the reaction of all Americans, in watch-and-see attitude is unthinkable. If this epidemic becomes worse and cluding the unions, would probably be, We watched apd saw all through the worse, and it affects transportation, as "In this critical period, this is close to war. Fourte·cn thousand strikes oc thelie is intimation that it will, and rebellion." They would be correct, be curred, costing 24,000,000 man days, Washington cannot have shipped into cause a strike against the Government is - when men in uniform needed the ma it the food and the coal it needs, our only one step removed from rebellion terials and the arms which could have · people wm know what Europe is experi against it. President Coolidge said that been pioduced. encing. War caused the condition over on one occasltin. The no-strike pledge was respected by there. Are we going to have. a repetition There are occasions when strikes are a the overwhelming majority of American of it in peacetime over. here in every necessity, to protect the inherent rights workers, and for that we humbly bow City in the Nation? This thing has to of labor. What. is .now happening does and say thank you: . But there were those be met head on. It is not a challenge not present such a situation. The condi-. who did n.ot play the game. The no-· to S9 percent of labor except in this • tion is just the reverse. strike pledge was violated while our boys respect: ·Labor has had years and years A strike against · the· people which were dying on foreign battlefields. It was to clean its own house, to conduct or deprives them of such essential services violated by the same irresponsible rack administer its affairs in the democratic as food, fuel, transportation, communi eteering mir:10rity which is creating in way, but in many instances it has let the cation, and other crucial goods and dustrial havoc today. racketeer mind dominate, and now the services is well nigh an act of trea Mr. President, we have been told, in thing has come into the _open so that son. We know what the break-down every citizen in America is beginning to of transportation has meant in France, the fundamental philosophy of the Amer think about it. I receive letters from and in the other countries of Europe. ican way, that each man is to a great ex all over my State, from laboring men, We know the problem there now is not tent his brother's keeper. In this eco from the wives of laboring men, as well so much the production of food, as it is nomic and political set-tJp in America let as from management, saying it is time transportation. The whole continent is us see how that thought works out if it that Congress take some action. disrupted, and people w:ill die this win is not put into action. The fuel situation is particularly ter, not because food is not available In Detroit a short time ago, in a con alarming. Are our home owners and somewhere, but because transportation cern which we will' call ' X, 11 men other citizens to freeze because irrespon is not available. Moreover, people will were accused of attacking a foreman. He sible labor leaders decree strikes? Think :freeze to death on the continent of Eu was terribly ·abused. The 11 men were ·it through. Are the schools to be closed rope because transportation is not avail dismissed by the management. On ap and the children to be sent home be- able to move the available fuel. peal to the approp!'iate Government au cause fuel is unavailable, made So be Mr. President,, the situation is pretty thority, 7 of the 11 were reinstated, cause of strikes? Are the stores and the serious in this country. I say it can no but the other 4, the Government au factories and the hospitals to close be more be tolerated in a government of thorities said, should have been dis cause they cannot get heat? Is it mere law and order than can any crime charged. One of them had left the coincidence that the administration fos against law-abiding citizens. But at State. Three men, then, who had vio tered its plan to ship 6,000,000 tons of the present moment, in this critical pe lated the labor code, we might say, were coal to Europe just before the domestic riod, every strike, no matter what tl_le justifiably discharged. strike? Did it innocently miss the fact XCI-. -591 ' '9378_ ·coNGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE OCTOBER 4 that coal stocks had been running con and wildly. That atomic bomb must ' straints of trade, for example, those re tinuing deficit's,_and that the. more de be controlled by the Government before straints designed to compel the hiring of pleted· they became the stronger would it blows up labor and America. End useless labor, to prevent the use of be the hands of the mine unions? · strikes or strikes will end America. cheaper material, improved equipment, Mr. President, we do not want Euro Let me propose the following actions in or more efficient methods. peans to freeze any more than we want the form of a Public Charter of Freedom Mr. President, in my humble opinion it Americans to freeze, but we realize that from !1g,bor Abuses. I propose th~t we is time for this great body to speak. It if the European peoples invested one enter into these actions without rancor, is time for us to sense that the voice of half· as much energy and ingenuity in without prejudice, but with an iron de- · the people speaks through us. It is time digging the coal that is in Eurvpe and termination to secure justice and in for us to act, not with rancor, not with in utilizing whatever transportation is dustrial tranquillity. love of one and hate of the other, .but available to ·move it, as they expend A PU3LIC CHARTER OF FREEDOM FROM LABOR with the hope in our breasts that we can energy and ingenuity in bickering with ABUSES go forward to solve this preble~. It i::; one another, then there would be suffi Flrst. Reevaluate the entire Wagner only by measures such as these that we cient coal to heat every hearth in that Act. That act obviously filled a certain can protect the paramount rights of the ravaged continent. need in bygone years, b'ut it is hope public. We have said time and time again lessly obsolete and even harmful today AMERICAN POLICY TOWARD JAPAN that in dealing with war-ravaged Eu to the best interests of the American Mr. WHERRY. Mr. President- rope. it is the function of this blessed people, including labor. It is a seg country to be the Good Samaritan! The The PRESIDENT pro tempore. The mental act, de&igned for only one seg Senator from Mississippi [Mr. BILBO] has Good Samaritan was one who helped an ment of our population. It must be re other so he could help himself. The vised in the interest of the public the floor, and he can yield only for the Good Samaritan was not a Santa Claus. welfare. We have legislated segment purpose of placing matters in the RECORD. He was one who rebuilt his fellow man wild. We have made legislation for this 'Mr. WHERRY. I ask unanimous con who was in need. And that should be our segment and that segment, but one great sent that I be permitted to make a state function in the days ahead. If we in over-all ·segment has not been regarded, ment. this country do not have the brains and and that is the public. And now if we Mr. WHEELER. Mr. President, a point' the wsion to coordinate the resources have any vision we are going to see to it of order. that are here-manpower, demand, fac that the public is not disregarded. The PRESIDENT pro tempore. The tories, material-into a great machine of Second. Immediately enact legislation Senator will state it. production, then we also will freeze. to have compulsory arbitration protect Mr. WHEELER. I object to the S:;na It seems apparent, Mr. President, that the public interest. tor. from Mississippi yielding for any while we are participating in debate, Third. Establish the policy of having thing but a question. other men are laying the groundwork-for 1·epresentatives of the public participate Mr. BILBO. I had a definite under economic civil war. Vvhile we are deal in every labor-management conference. standing with the Chair that by unani ing in soft words, other men are dealing Fourth. . Enact any necessary clarifica mous consent I could be permitted to in ugly actions. 'While we profess to tions of the draft la\v to insure full pro- · yield to my colleagues for matters of im want to do ·everything for veterans, at tection of the reemployment rights of portance which they wished to place in this moment their jobs are bejng de veterans. - the RECORD,' without losing the floor. stroyed by strikes. In fact, the veterans Fifth. Insure full protection by law Mr. WHEELER. I object to the Sen.,. ,are being forced to go to the very highest enforcement officers to all veterans and ator yielding for anything except a court in the land in defense of their ele others who want to take up jobs vacated question. mentary rights of reemployment in their by strikers. - The PRESIDENT pro tempore. Will old jobs or jobs of like seniority, status, Sixth. Establish the legal responsi the Senator from Montana withhold his and pay! The veterans aFe being made bility of unions for all violations of con objection? The Senator from Nebraska the goat ju~t as the public is being made wishes to propound a unanimous tract in the form of wildcat strikes, and consent request. Having gone as far as the goat. And neither the veterans nor so forth. the public are going to stand for that we have gone, in the opinion of the . Seventh. Require the full and accu Chair, the Semi tor from Mississippi very much longer! ' rate reporting of union finances and We should not countenance one day should be allowed to yield. However, · officers in the same manner as we r__e from now on the rule will be strictly ad- longer these economic skirmishes lead quire such reports from corporations. ing to economic war. How can we expect hered to. ' "to maintain world peace when we cannot Eighth. Establish the labor-manage Mr. WHERRY. Mr. President, I did even maintain industrial peace within ment-public conferences in Washington not hear the last remark of the Chair. our own Nation? on a continuing basis rather than on a I understood when I came into the Mr. President, I know that false accu one-time .basis. Chamber that in response to a parlia sations of labor-baiting and union-bust Ninth. Request of labor leaders that mentary inquiry propounded by the dis ing ·will be hurled at me because I state they themselves come forth with sugges tinguished Senator from Mississippi the these truths. I have been a laboring tions for legislation that will end the President pro tempore stated that the man. I have wor~ed in sawmilln of menace of strikes. Senator from Mississippi would be per northern Wisconsin for 15 cents an hour Mr. President, I say now, as I said be mitted to yield to.a Senator for a state 10 hours a day. I know labor. I work fore we went into this war, that if I were ment. Is that correct? longer now at my present job. That is in the councils ·of labor I would say to The PRESIDENT .pro tempore. No. not the issue. l have no more time for labor, "This is your opportunity. Come That was merely stated as the opinion of racketeers in management than I have in forth with suggestions for constructive the Chair. · labor. And what is a racketeer? A rack legislation in your field which will protect Mr. WHERRY. I ask unanimous con eteer is one who wants to run the show the public interest." I repeat that idea. sent that I be permitted to make a state according to his own rule, not according This c·Juntry does not belong to any ment and insert some exhibits in the to the law of the land; who forgets that ·one group. It does not belong to the RECORD at this point. he is his brother's keeper. I recognize Democrats or the RepUQlicans, to man Mr. WHEELER. Mr. President, I that such conditions obtain in every seg-· agement or labor, or to the farmer. It shall have to object. I dislike. to ob ment of society. We find them even in 'Qelongs to all of us, and in this great ject, but apparently the Senator from the clergy, we find them. among men world crisis if we are going to meet this Mississippi has definitely stated that he wealthy in this world's goods, and among situation head-on, it must .be by a unity intends to filibuster against the bill. men who are poor. But recognizing the of spirit within us which will bring about For that reason I shall have, to object. fact--and· that is the big thing-that the constructive action. · Mr. WHERRY. I wish the distin racketeer mind is there, it is our job to Tenth. Amend the Sherman Anti guished Senator from Montana would see to it that it does not damage the trust Act to make labor. organizations withhold his objection. I am for th.! general welfare. That is our challenge. whose members are engaged in Interstate bill, and I know that the distinguished Labor has an atomic bomb in its Commerce subject to that act. ' Prohibit Sen:?.tor knows that I am for it. I do hands. It is playing with it recklessly them from engaging in unreasonable re- not rise in an attempt to , :filibuster· 1945 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD~SENATE 9379 against the bill. However, I 'feel that question of our foreign policy. toward Japan mean is· that the release of the control plan in justice to the position which I re is hourly, becoming more and more confused. at this time would have the effect of reaf cently took relative to our policy to- It will serve no useful purpose to continue firming ·and emphasizing the stinging im a discussion of our policies toward Japan plication of Mr. Acheson's words that Wash . wards Japan, I should be· accorded the by inferring they are based upon personal ington and not General MacArthur is the privilege not only of ·placing some ex opinions, likes, or dislikes, or on a basis of policy·-maker in this matter." hibits in the RECORD, b:ut of making a a hard or a soft peace. These arguments are Mr. President, what policy-Mr. A.cheson's, supplemental statement relative to my all irrelevant, and only add to the present General MacArthur's, Secretary of State challenge of the confirmation of the confusion. Byrnes• or the President's? nomination of Mr. Acheson, and with The real issue is the failure of our Govern Why, Mr. President, the very purpose of respect to the clarification Which I asked ment to clarify its policy in clear, consistent, the White House directive states, and I quote: and understandable language. Until this is "This document is a statement of general relative to our policy toward Japan. done we shall find ourselves becoming even Mr. WHEELER. Mr. President, I dis initial policy relating to Japan after sur more confu~ ed as to where we are going in render. ·• • • It does not deal with all like to object. However, as I have .pre tne Far East, and what our intentions are matters relating to the occupation of Japan viously stated, I feel that I must object. toward the Japanes~ people: requiring policy determination." If I do not object to the Senator from May I review a series of plain contradictions But, Mr. President, the policies with which Nebraska making a statement, then any that have occurred over the past several days, it does deal are stated in such general and other Senator can ask unanimous con contradictions which have arisen in our high ambiguous tepns that the following three sent to make a statement. It would est Government circles: major questions, which the American people simply mean' that the Senator from Mis 1. On September 17, General MacArthur need to have answered in order to intelli announced that within a very brief time, in gently support any policy, in the Far East sissippi could continue· indefinitely to his opinion, he would ;Je able to discharge filibuster against the bill, and one Sen have only been further confused. his obligations as Supreme Allied Commander 1. Just what are our commitments to the ator could hold up the business of the in Japan, with 200,000 troops. Japanese under the Potsdam terms of sur United States Senate. I feel compelled On• SeptE::mber 18, the following day, the render? Bal timoi:e Sun carried the following story: to object. 2. Just what are the func~ions General Mr. BILBO. Mr. President, will the "President Truman today backed up Gen. Douglas MacArthur's plal)-S to slash the oc MacArthur is serving in his capacity as Su Senator from Montana yield to me for a cupation army in Japan. Mr. Truman, there :r:reme Commander of the Allied forces in the question? · by, gave little comfort to the State Depart Far East? Mr. WHEELER. I do not have the ment which had questioned the general's es 3. What this Government means by, and :fbor. timate." intends to do, with the statement from this The PRESIDENT pro tempore. The Also the President is quoted as saying: White House directive: Senator from Mississippi has the :floor. "If Japan can be occupied with fewer "Changes in the form of government initi troops, so, too, probably can Germany." ated by the Japanese people or Government Mr. WHERRY. Mr. President, will the But, Mr. President, according to the Balti in the direction of modifying its futile and Senator further yield? more Sun of the same day, Mr. Acheson let anthoritarian tendencies are to be permitted Mr. BILBO. Mr.- President, is the it be known that he was· moving to investi and favored. in__ the event that the effectua Chair going- to· hold me to the strict gate General MacArthur's statement and ex- t ion of such changes...involve the use of force · construction of the rule? pressed amazement that anyone could pre by the Japanese people or Government _ The PRESIDENT pro tempore. The dict the future needs of Japan at this time.. against persons· opposed thereto,. the Supreme Chair will have to do so if there is ob 2. On September 19, Mr. Acheson took oc Commander should intervene only where jection. The Chair has no option in the casion to contradict the President's cupport necessary to insure the security of his of General MacArthur by deliberately attack forces and the attainment of all other oll matter. ing the general with the statement: jective of the occupation." Mr. BILBO. The Chair will remem "The occupation forces are the instruments Mr. President, since the White House ber that earlier in the day I propounded of policy and not the determinants of policy." directive did not answer these questions, I a parliamentary inquiry, and the Chair It was this statement that drew the fol f~lt that certainly Mr. Acheson would at stated that it would be proper for me to lowing comment from Mr. Arthur Krock in tempt to do so in his reply. yield. the New York Times o~ September 23, and I · But, on the 24th of 'september, I received The PRESIDENT pro tempore. The quote Mr. Krock: from him an acknowledgment of my letter "It was an open rebuke of the supreme • and for his answer he substituted this White Chair stated ~hat in his opinion it :'JVOUld ·commander by the principal department of House directive. be proper fo.:r0 the Senator to yield to the United States Government under the IV. On Monday afternoon, September 24, other Senators for the purpose of plac President." ' I challenged the confirmation of Mr. Ache ing matters in the RECORD. Mr. Krock went on to say: son, as Under Secretary of State, because Mr. BILBO. I do not know what the "Mr. Acheson. had had· no professional dip .. I . feared the policy that he announced, and Senator from Nebraska wishes to do. lomatic experience and is. not one. to wear felt that it was too crucial to be unclari:fied . . Mr. WHERRY. Mr. President, will the his authority lightly, not even as a deputy . either tn high Government circles, or in the Senator yield for a question? • • • so, whether or not he took superior minds of the American people. My position counsel or got superior instructions before - was further clarified by a statement I made Mr. BILBO. Under the ruling of the making either or both of his public state Chair I cannot yield without losing the over the radio that night, and I ask unani ments reproving General MacArthur, it was mous consent to here insert exhibit 1, a :floor. very typical of him to make those state- copy of my remarks. The PRESIDENT pro tempore. The ments." · Senator can yield for a question at any III. Mr. President, realizing the seriousness EXHIBIT 1 time. of the situation which this confusion had "Question 1. Senator WHERII.Y, what do you Mr. WHERRY. In view of the decision caused, and in view of the fact that Mr. believe to be the basic issue in the contro Acheson had not yet been confirmed by the versy between the State Department and of the ChaiJ::, and because of the fact Senate. I felt it my duty to do what I General MacArthur? that I feel this statement should be made could to help clarify the confusion which "Answer 1. Mr. Leitch, the issue is cru; now, without further delay, I ask unani this conflict in high Government circles had cial, as I see it. _ It is not in any sense per mous consent that I be permitted to in created. I took the liberty of forwarding a sonal, such as between Mr. Acheson and corporate it in the body of the RECORD s.eries of nine questio~s to Mr. Acheson and General MacArthur, or between Mr. Acheson at this point. · '1'equested his answers, advising him that I ' and myself. It does not concern the ques The PRESIDENT pro tempore. Is r"elt I needed these answers in order to enable tion of civil versus military authority. It there objection? The Chair hears none, me to vote intelligently on his confirmation. has nothing to do with a hard or soft peace. and the statement will be embodied in . On September. 22, however, the New York The issue is whether this Government in Herald Tribune, released a story by John C. tends to carry out provisions of the Potsdam the RECORD at this point. Metcalfe, its Washington correspondent, Declaration or whether this Government-in Mr. WHERRY. I thank the Chair. that the clarification of our policy toward tends behind the scenes to go beyond those The statement submitted ·by Mr. Japan, which I was attempting to ascertain, provisions. WHERRY is as follows: through my letter to Mr. Acheson, was con "Question 2. Senator WHERRY, where does Mr. President, a lot of· muddy _water has tained in a directive, which the adminis your opposition to Mr. Acheson's confirma gone over the dam since I warned the Amer tration had drawn up but seemed unwilling tion figure in this picture? ican people of the confusion in our Japanese . to release. ; "Answer 2. Mr. Leitch, on last Thursday, policy. Our immediate and long-range poli . According to Mr. Metcalfe: "The ,directive Mr. Acheson inferred that· this Government cies and objectives·in the Far East have be which bears a striking similarity to the intended to go beyond the Potsdam agree come the most crucial issue, confronting the Allied control plan for Germany, is described ment to destroy the will of the Japanese 4merican people, and I want to call to _the by officials ·as •a hot potato' because of its people to wage war by going so far as to attention o! my colleagues that the whole political implications. What these officials :roster a social and economic rwolutlon ln 9380 CON-GRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE OCTOBER 4 Japan, no matter what the cost in Ameri At this point in the RECORD, I would like to ing about Japan was intended to arise in · can lives and property. insert exhibit 2, an article appearing in the London. One can only surmise wby tP,e Rus "Question 3. Well, Senator WHERRY, what New York Times, September 30, ent!tled "Big sians brought it up. Certainly not because do you figure this cost might be? Five Accept New Japan Plan": · they are in quest, as the other countries are, "Answer 3. In the first place, it would Examn 2 of innocuous subjects, on or off the .agenda, mean the destruction of all the Japanese upon which agreement might be obtained. authority which General MacArthur has thus "BIG. FIVE AccEPT NEW JAPAN PLAN-MEETING That is not their technique. Their technique far so ably used to save Am~rican lives and IN WASHINGTON CALLED TO MAP OCCUPATION at present seems to be to apply the logic of property, and to end all further resistance POLICY-CONTROL GROUP PREDICTED an international approach to problems which by Japan. If we violate the Potsdam agree "(By Herbert L. Matthews) we have held are immune ·from it. Perhaps ment by inciting a social, economic revolu "LONDON, September 29.-A new plan for they knew beforehand that they would get tion in Japan, it could not help but result the occupation of Japan has been accepted support from other nations who fought side in a bitter civil, religious, and racial war by representatives of the major Allied Powers by side with the United States in the war whiCh well might end in eventual communi meeting here in London .for the Council of against Japan, particularly Australia and zation. Foreign Ministers. There will be a prelimi New Zealand. If they didn't know, they made -"Question 4. What evidence is there, Sen nary commission meeting in Washington, to a shrewd calculation, fo.r the Australasians ator WHERRY, that a smear campaign is ac be followed almost certainly by the establish rushed to their support. And Mr. Bevin, who tually under way against General MacAr ment of some variation of a control commis bad immediately sided with Mr. Byrnes in thur to force him out as Allied commander? sion_that will sit in Tokyo. rejecting the entry of Japan into the London "Answer 4. The newspaper PM has taken "This was divulged late this evening by the discussions, f_ound himself caught in an in the lead in smearing General MacArthur office of the United States Secretary of State tra-empire disputation from which he is now along with the Daily Worker by charging James F. Byrnes in a carefully worded com extricating himself. ' · that he is a reactionary, a collaborator with munique· basing American consent upon "In point of fact, the Allied Powers for a Fascist groups, a political office seeker, and Britain rather than the Soviet Union, and month or so have been more or less restive an advocate of a soft peace. This program making it seem as if Washington's desires about the way the. United States is exercis which has been going on for weelt:s is eummed were being fulfilled. However, as these dis ing leadership in the matter of Japan. The up in the report of the Communist rally in patches demonstrated in the last few days, requisite authority is not complete on the New York that apperu·s in an AP dispatch there has been a keen struggle going on pe public record. On August 14 President Tru today, Which tells of the boos and hisses bind the scenes of ·the Council of Foreign man _announced that 'the surrender will be that greeted General MacArthur's name when Ministers and the original American plan, made· to MacArthur in his capacity as su 12,000 Con:ununist Party · workers heard it which was ,merely for an advisory commis preme Allied commander in chlef.' This was In:entloned. I might say that from the sion to sit in Washington, has now been a new appointment. It also seemed to have thm.:sands of letters I have received from all greatly broadened and strengthened, and in been specifically accepted by the Russians. over the country and from reading the press, time the seat of the commission will be in At any rate, the Russians underwrote both whic:1 I believe represents the real American Tokyo, as other powers desired. the Potsdam terms and the clarification people, my fears are widely shared. which was subsequently sent to Japan by "Question 5. Well, Senator WHERRY, what "UNITED STATES RETAINS MAJOR CONTROL Secretary Byrnes. And their representative do yc-q believe will be the- end res.ult of our "At the same time, major control is going appeared at the surrender ceremony and present policy toward Japan? to be kept in American hands and it can signed his name in due ::orm and order under "Answer 5. If this policy of confusion con be stated confidently that there is not going the signature of General MacArthur as the tinues, it means anything might happen in to_be any such control commission as now sits supreme commander for the Allied Powers." Japan. General MacArthur said that Japan in Berlin. Gen. Douglas MacArthur and ·his "For some time there has been a wisecrack is demoralized and prostrate-that Japan will advisers will remain primary factors. circulating in the Capital over the preposi be totally disarmed by October 15-that her "The announcement was made in the fol tion in the Mac:Arthur title. Some wag, Navy is totally destroyed-that no food or lowing terms tonight: probably in the Navy, started the story that clothing is to be given to the Japanese peo "'Secretary of State James F. Byrnes an MacArthur felt be was acting as supreme :t=le this winter, that they are on their own nounced that he has received from British commander of the Allied Powers, not for ~ socially and economically-and that as a Foreign Minister Ernest Bevin consent of the them. If there is any wonder on this score power she is completely done and cannot Government to a proposal made by the among Americans, think of the questioning hope to rebuild herself because of her present United States Government August 22 for the among foreigners, particularly after the demoralized state. If, in addition to this, establishment of a Far Eastern Commission statement of intentions that General Mac.; an economic· and social revolution is delib to formulate a policy for carrying out the Arthur laid down on September 17. Since erately created in Japan, the result might • Japanese ·terms. then, to be sure, General MacArthur bas got be that General MacArthur will fail to estab " 'The Commission w111 also be asked to back on the beam_and has admitted that he lish a. democratic government, which is in consider whether a control council should be is only the exe.cutant of a policy. which is tended _by the Potsdam agreement, and a. established and, if so, the power which should determinable, in. the new jargon, at the government of collectivism might emerge vic be vested in it. highest diplomatic level. But what is that toriously over a contemplated democracy in " 'The Soviet Union and China had already level? The Russians in London asked the Japan." givet;~. consent to the establishment of a com question, and we do, too. It was certainly a. The second ~onfUct in high Government mission. France, the Philippine Islands, s-q.rprise to read the 'White House statement circles over our confused Japanese policy Australia, New Zealand, Canada, and the on Japan occupation policy on September 23 came on the reaction of President Truman Netherlands will be invited to become mem saying, 'Although every effort will be made, and Secretary of State Byrnes to Russia's bers of the Commission. Th!O! first meeting by consultation and by constitution of appro attack on General MacArthur and her de will be convened in Washington in the near priate advisory bodies, to establish policies mand for participation in Allied control of future. for the conduct of the occupation and the Japan. " 'In agreeing to the establishment of a. control of Japan which will satisfy the princi· I. According to the Washington Post of commission Mr. Bevin stated that was bls pal Allied Powers, in the event of any differ September 27: understanding that the Commission could ences among them, the policies of the United "The Russian demand made in London for determine whether it should meet in ·Wash States w111 govern.' four-power control of Japan came as a com ington or Tokyo. 1\11'. Byrnes confirmed Mr. "Perhaps the State Department may shed plete surprise to President Truman. * * • B~vin's understanding ahd said that the some light on this question now that the And from his answers to a series of ques United States representatives would be in Russians have raised the issue. The Rus tions, most listeners drew the inference that structed to vote that the Commission hold sians certainly-have a point. It is a-pity that he didn't look with favor upon the Russian its meetings in Tokyo. , it was not anticipated by the setting up in proposal." " 'Mr. Bevin ·also requested that India be Washington• of an Allied commis:;ion which II. The New York Tim.es of the same day invited to become a member of the Com can deal with the high policy that the su said: miSsiOn. Mr. Byrnes said that the United preme commander is charged with adminis "President Truman said today that 'the States would agree to the request and that tering. The Allied world has reposed a great Soviet Union had never expressed any dis be would submit the reque:rt to the Gov: deal of trust 1n the United States. We must satisfaction with the United States inde ernments of the Soviet Union and China for J?,ot abuse it. Not that we can allow any pendent control of Japan.'" their approval.' " interference with the details of administra "But the President added: 'In the event I also ask at this point in the RECORD to in tion such as were mentioned lay Molotov of any differences in opinion of the Allies se~· t an editorial from the Washington Post when he dragged Japan into the :r..ondon about the control of Japan the policy of the of September 27, exhibit 3: parley. That would simply botch up the United States would govern.'" occupation. The United Nations in ge,neral Yet, Mr. President, on September 30, the EXHIBIT 3 seem to be fully prepared to intrust Mac New York Times carried the story that the "MOLOTOV'S BOMB Arthur with substantive authority as their Big Five had accepted a new occupation policy ''What happzns when there is no prelimi agent, because they know the weight we have for Japan. Quite obviously this was a move nary agreement on an agenda was illustrated been carrying in the operations against that completely contradicted President Tru by Molotov's request at the Council of For Japan. As to Rw:;sia, we feel sure that the man's own interpretation of the \Yhite House e!gn Ministers in London for the establish Molotov point is in great part a maneuver, press release of September 22. ment of an Allied Council on Japan. Noth- and that Moscow is no exception to this rule. 1945 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE 938l The Russians 0ught to be grateful to the people decide to toss the Emperor into the considers· to be "democracy" which she is United States for giving them the tip at limbo of forgottep. men. Our policy, says the imposing on central and eastern Europe with Potsdam which enabled them to put forward instructions, 'does not commit the supreme a vengeance. their war declaration and so square an ac· commander to support tlle Emperor or any At this point in my remarks I would like count or two before the Japanese gave in." other governmental authority in opposition to insert an article by Mr. Frank R. Kent, The third, and even greater contradiction, to evolutionary changes looking toward the appearing in the Washington Star, Septem· which has caused confusion and the highest attainment of the United States objectives.' ber 28, entitled "Attacks on MacArthur Fail concern, in high Government circles is: What Washington doubtless means revolutionary, To Set Well With Average American": does this Government mean by the directive not evolutionary, unless it anticipates our EXHIBIT 5 to General MacArthur-not to interfere with occupation of Japan for a very long time. any social, economic, or political upheaval in "Much more of the Government's instruc· ".'ATTACKS ' ON MACARTHUR FAIL To SET WELL Japan. It is at this point that the basic con· tions is in the real~ of realism. Those para· :w-ITH AVERAGE AMERICAN,' SAYS OBSERVER tradiction of our whole policy towards Japan graphs dealing w~th disarmament and the "(By Frank R. Kent) becomes more and more obvious. · destruction of Japan's war industries, for ''It should be noted that -the attack on No informed person of my acquaintance example, and with international trade and General MacArthur has not ceased with the believes that a democracy can be established financial relationships. All these are pntc· Senate confirmation of Acting Secretary Dean in Japan unless the United States is deter· tical matters coincerning which we can lay Acheson. On the contrary, it is more viru mined to start from the ground and rebuild down the law and have every right to do so. lent than before. Ridiculous accusations a Japanese society. This is admitted to be ·But, when the Government gets into the have been widely .spread and, despite Presi·· a policy that will take many many years; and domestic li:i'e of our defeated enemies, the dent Truman's denial, unfounded, forecasts I am convinced that it is this policy that was most that can be said for its program is that that he will be recalled and replaced are advocated, and is now being advocated by it is filled with high purpose. , baing made .. the policymakers both in and out of the "'Laws, decrees, and regulations which "Up to the time of the Acheson 'rebuke'-· State Department, who are stU! our best in· establish discriminations on the grounds of and since-the criticism of the general has formed experts on Japan; and that such a race, nationality, creed, or political opinion been exclusively confined to the radical >press policy was rejected because it was too costly shall be abrogated,' says the instructions. and the extreme left-wing politicians, jour· and because we did not have the technical Shades of Martin Dies and his still function· nalists, and radio commentators. advisors to mal{e such a policy work. ing committee. Doesn't the Government know what goes on in these United States? "In this connection, it is interesting that Furthermore, this policy would have neces· the latest MacArthur attack comes from Rus sitated complete u~conditional . surrender "GOVERNMENTAL REFORMS , sian representatives· at the London confer· which would have removed every single Japa· "'The judicial, legal, and police systems ence, where Russia, reported dissatisfied with nese authority, including the Emperor him· shall be reformed ~ soon as practi· 'MacArthur's policy' and the Washington at· self. cable • • • and thereafter shall be pro· titude that the United States should be su.. This talk of our new dealers, our left· gressively infiuenced to protect · individual preme in the matter of Japanese occupancy, wingers, and our professional international· liberties and civil rights.' Well, the Govern· now insists upon an Allied control commis· ists that they want to establish a democracy, ment does say 'as soon as practicable,' and sion 'to lay down policy for MacArthur.' · through revolution, in the midst of a medi· it may understand this reform is a slow evo· "The President said this had not come to eva! society, should be squared by the Ameri· lutionary process, in which we ourselves still him officially. Nevertheless, the London dis. can people that our Bill of Rights democracy. have a long way to go. patches undoubtedly had a factual base. has taken over 150 years to build and this "'Encouragement shall be given and favor canot be transplanted to the Japanese people shown to the development of organizations "LITTLE UNDERSTOOD or any other· people overnight. in la.bor, industry, and agriculture, orga~ized "None of this is going down well with the, At this point. in my remarks I would like on a democratic basis. Policies shall be American people. The great bulk of them to insert an 1.rticle entitled "Lack of Realism favored which permit a wide distribution of do not like it, nor do they understand it. in Tackling of Japanese Problems," by Low· income and of the ownership of the means The vast majority are under the impression ell Mellett, which appeared in the Evening of production and trade.' The CIO Political that General MacArthur has been doing a Star of September 25, 1945: Action Committee takes a daily lambasting fine job in Japan. He, of course, has his faults and frailties, but under him the Japa· ExHIBIT 4 in Congress and elsewh'ere for proposing something like this in the United States. nese occupation has proceeded ahead of "LACK OF R~ALISM SEEN BY WRITER IN TACK• . " 'To favor a program for the dissolution schedule and with remarkable smoothness. LING OF JAPANESE PROBLEMS of the large industrial and banking combi· "The bleating of the radica.ls about a 'soft "(By Low~ll Mellett) nations which have exercised control ' of a peace' seemed adequately answered by the "Both in Washington and in Tokyo we great part of Japan's trade and . industry.' news dispatches, by General MacArthur him· seem to be tackling the problem of Japan This refers to Mitsui, Mitsubishi, and· other self, arid by General Wainwright (the last in a confusion of high purpose and hard great family corporations of Japan, not to the man to want a soft peace) , who emphatically realism. Morgan, Rockefeller, du Pont, Mellon, and asserted that MacArthur could be trusted to "General MacArthur fndicates to Higashi· other great family corporations of America.'. guard against that. Kuni's government a desire that woman suf· "Perhaps we shouldn't object. Perhaps the "In fact, the av~rage citizen has great dif· frage be instituted in Japan. That comes Government and the general will work out ficulty in understanding the basis for the under the head of high purpose. But 'the ways of accomplishing these high purposes MacArthur -attack. Mr. Acheson obviously general forgets how such things come to pass in Japan and then we'll know how to go thought that the general was trying to make in a democracy. He forgets women achieved about achieving the same here at home." a policy different from that laid down for the ballot in this country through a long, In the light of this historical fact whfch him by the White House and felt called upon patient process of educating the men, plus is shared almost 100 percent by men in our publicly to 'rebuke' him at his press confer· a remarkable capacity for making themselves Government service who have spent their ence in order to uphold th,e sound principle a national nuisance. · lives studying the Japanese people, the at· (from which no one dissents) that the Army "He forgets how they picketed the· White tack of the leftwingers, the Communists, and is the 'instrument' and not the 'determi· House in their efforts to win over the weary fellow travelers on General MacArthur, who nant' of policy. Wilson, who believed either that they weren't is doing such a magnificent job in carrying "There are two things to be said about ready for suffrage or that the country wasn't out the terms of the Potsdam surrender in this. One is that it is anything but clear ready for them to have it. He forgets hoW' Japan, takes on .a wholly new significance. the general was trying to do anything of they got themselves arrested and thrown in I am sure that 'the President intends to the kind. A reading of his full statements jail-although the cavalry wasn't' called from abide by the conditional terms of surrender certainly does not indicate any such idea. Fort Myer to ride them down-all as part of which are written into the Potsdam Declara· "The second is that, conceding Mr. Ache their desperate determination to make the tion, and he does not intend under any son's sincerity in· believing the general had country conscious of their rights as citizens. circumstances to let the American people not thoroughly understood either the policy "Myself, won over early by the women's be robbed of a lasting peace in the Pacific or the principle and needed his attention point of view and by their tactics, I don't because of a violation of these agreements. called to both, the way in which this was see why the women of Japat?- should have the However, Mr. President, is it not significant done was unhappy. ballot handed to them on a silver platter that at the present moment there is not a "For example, there seems no reason why made in the United States. If they don't single member of the policy making staff o! it should have been done at a press confer· get it the hard way, it probably won't mean our State Department who has ever been in· ence; that there were better ways for the Japan? much to them. .Actin~ Secretary to communicate with the "As for realism, the general seems to be Is it not significant that t'hese men who supreme commander, who could be almost carrying out with energy and dispatch his opposed the Potsdam agreement are re· instantly reached- by telephone, radio, or instructions to demobilize and demilitarize ceiving their strongest support from the cable, without the world-wide publicity that radicals, the leftwingers, the Communists, the once fiowery kingdom. followed the pr~ss conference. their fellow travelers, and now from Russia? "PUBLISHED INSTRUCTIONS Is it not significant that all this talk about "STATEMENT CALLED INEPT "On the realistic side, too, are the pub· redistribution of the land, 'the socialization "Also, the phrasing of the Acheson state· lished instructions from Washington that of banks and industry, shows more clearly ment was not particularly felicitous. It is the general is not to interfere if the Japanese . every day the basic structure of :what Russia absurd to say that he 'insulted' ~eneral 9382 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE OCTOBER 4 MacArthur, but the somewhat tart and sar lection of the war-'My knees shaking in ing §trictly within t.he proposed Japanese castic tone seemed unnecessary-especially' great dread every time we started in !or democratic framework, it will grow eventu inept in a diplomat. a fight.' ally powerful enough to force essential re "It hardly can be contended that the inc.i "Halsey said he was glad the way the war forms. dent put the United States in a favorable turned out because he did not think that "This appears to be as far as the avowed light before the rest of the world. The im '10,000,000 'dead Japs are worth 1 dead leaders of the movement, now cautiously pression conveyed to many was that ours is American.' emerging from their hiding places, are pre a disunited government addicted to quarrel "He said he knew the Japanese were licked pared to go at present. ing with our representatives in the field in August io when the Third Fleet hit Tokyo "Every effort to obtain something ap stead of supporting them. "Distinctly, the after cruising along the empire's coast for 6 proaching 8.J commitment regarding their fu Nation's prestige abroad has not been en ·weeks, but when surrender time came he ture plans-whether the local Communists hanced. said he felt 'just a little ashamed we didn't are prepared to undertake a direct action pro• "General MacArthur still remains a great lick them a long time ago.' gram, what their feelings are regarding .the and shining military figure, but the fear. is "FELT ASHAMED throne-meets with evasiveness. Further in vestigation reveals that_such Communists as that his authority as an administrator may "When one of those 'dirty little Japanese have been weakened in Japan-and the diffi are qualified to assume leadership are simply destroyers came out to meet . our 287 ships afraid. There's a social order and preser culties of his job increased. to' guide us into Sg.gaml Bay it mad_, me "Mr. Acheson is a very able lawyer whose vation law still on the books. · Under this ashamed,' he said, speaking of the victorious statute, the Government can-and appar character is above cispute. His overwhelm entrance of the Third Fleet into Tokyo Bay ing confirmation, over the protest, was en ently still does--carry out 'preventive' ar- · preparatory to the formal surrender on Sep .. rests, throw people in jail without inve.sti tirely justified and expected. But his efforts tember 2. to chastise the general publicly was not well ·gation and act generally in a manner calcu "The admiral said 'let MacArthur alone.' lated to inspire terror. re~ived." "'He's doing a fine job reducing Japan to I would like to insert in the REpoRD at this a fourth-rate powe~· Halsey .said. "PEAK OF 10,000 point in my remarks an article by William F. " 'Thmoe of us who know what's gotng on "The Communist movement in Japan was Tyree appearing in the Washington Times are entirely undeceived by criticism of Mac .. never numerically strong. In the late 1920's .. Herald of September 29, 1945, entitled "Halsey Arthur's policy.' it reached a peak of about 10,000 members. Applies for Retirement and Tells Critics To "Halsey said there was no use in pushing The mass arrests of 1928, followed by unre Lay Oti Mac"; the Japanese during the occupation period mitting v:igilance of the secret police there EXHmiT 6 because 'they'd just fall down.' after, drove the movement underground, .. 'LET MACARTSUR ALo'NE'-HALSEY APPLIES " 'I think you'll discover MacArthur's where it maintained a feeble existence . FOR RETIREl'~ENT AND TELLS CRITICS To LAY policy is one of increasing restrictions.' "It was then composed mainly Qf individ OFF MAC-ADMIRAL To. QuiT IN FAVO!t OF Halsey said. 'I wandered over Japan for 3 uals described as 'thinkers,' who apparently YouNGER Ml>N-GENERAL DoiNG F"IN;E Jon weeks and· saw nothing to lead me to be delighted in academic discussions but-were 'BULL' SAYS lieve the Japs are being treated kindly. incapable, whether through their own de They are not being mistreated, either.' "(By William F. Tyree) ficiencies or through the grip maintained by "Halsey turned from serious matters at the secret police, of any semblance of or "PEARL HARROR, September 28.-Ad.m.iral that moment and pointed to a white rocking ganized action. Halsey announced today that he had applied horse in the corner of his office. It had just "This' correspondent recently talked with for retirement from the Navy and he strongly arrived from an unknown donor. He said he eight Japanesfl Communist workers meeting defended General MacArthur's occupation of planned to give it to 4-year-old Michael in a small house a few blocks east of the Japan, saying he was dolng a 'fine job of Carney of Honolulu, nephew of Halsey'l;l chief Daiicht building where th~ occupation forces reducfug Japan to a fourth-rate power.' of staff, Rear Adm. Robert B. Carney. have their general headquarters. "Halsey, who will be 63 years old on Octo " 'I couldn't ride a horse across this room "We gathered in an upper-story room. ber 30, sald, 'Let MacArthur alone • • • anyway,' he said.'' whose sole article of furniture was a highly Those of us who know what's going on aTe This contradiction between a real Ameri entirely undeceiv-ed qy criticism of Mac varnished hollowed-out tree stump which can policy and the. revolutionary policies of served as an ashtray. Arthur's J?Ollcy .' our left-wing appeasers, becomes more ap "LUil.ID CAREER ••TAKES WIFE'S "ADVICE parent every day, when we read in such papers •:Recently returned from Japan en route as tha New York Herald Tribune, concerning. "The spokesman was an elderly professor, to the United States with units of his con this ~hole question of ~Communist participa Saido Takatsu, formerly of the University of Waseda faculty. He had had a lurid career. que~ing United States Third Fleet, Halsey tion in the occupation and control of Japan, made his remarks at a press conference. as fcEows: which included a fiight to Russia and later Only a few times did ·he make fiery state "How much hope is there of bringing about 2 -years of Japanese imprisonment. He was ments because, he sai-d, his wife told him S'L'!Ch a meeting of minds in the Orient if the one of the few released since the occupation. he •ought to keep my dignity' when talking political names ;n Europe are to be played Seconding him was a younger man, Mario about the Japanese. · under the old brass knuckles rules of power Emori. "Halsey said the a tom bomb was a 'very politics. Can there be a policy of sweetness "Both men apparently were only spokes potent. weapon' but that he expected to see and light in o'ne area of the world and dog men preparing the way for the real leaders .. a counter-weapon developed. eating dog in the other?" · Of the.Se, some are abroad, notably Kenzo Or, is it not significant, Mr. President, that Yamamoto, who is now in Yenan, China, and "NAVY HERE TO STAY even the New York Times of October 1, Isoo Abe and Ikuo Oyama, both in Chicago. " 'I don't believe -you'll ever get rid of the carries in its leading editorial the statement: "Saido reviewed briefly the left~st move Navy any more than you would the doUgh:_ "The overwhelming role wh:ch the United ment in Japan to the pre-Meiji period when boy,' he said when asked whether the atom States p:ayed in the Japanese defeat exceed rumors of a libertarian movement penetrated bomb would mak-e other weapon~ obsolete. ing by far the role of any single power of the the wall of isolation. Soon after the Russo 'We couldn't have won this war without war in Eu!'Ope, entitled it to a primary role in Japanese war, a group of Japanese contacted· either of them. And when I say the dough all far eastern settlements and most particu Russian underground revolutionaries and boy I mean ground and air forces and all larly in all matters atiecting American secu were active in the Second Internation.ale. At branches of the services. Everybody con-· rity from new Japanese aggression. The pri· one time the police discovered a plot to as .tributed to winning this war. If they didn't mary role need not and will not be surren saESinate Emperor Meiji, whereupon these I have been fooled for 4 years--and I've b~en dered." among others were rounded up and 12 were around the war a bit.' Can it be that the editors of the New York executed. "The 'bull of the Pacific,' his job of driv Times are confused on this whole ques "The leftist movement continued subver ing the enemy from the sea done, shook his tion of social evolution of Japanese society?. sively, but carried an anarchist tinge until head sadly and said: They see the implications of an appeasement the Russian Revolution. Following Japan's " 'I'm an old man and I'm tired. I've ap program with Russia.· rice riots in 1919, the first Communi&t Party plied :lor retirement but th~y haven't told cells were fmmed. Their history during the me yet what they plan to do about it.' I should like at this point to call to the at tention of my colleagues story carried in PM ensuing decade was one of periodic raids, "Halsey's only plan now is to leave P~arl a Harbor on October 9, leading his fleet back: on October 2, and I ask to have it inserted round-ups, and arrests of their leaders cul in the RECORD at this point in my remarks. minating in the mass round-up of March 10, to the west coast for Navy Day on October 27. EXHIBIT 8 1928. "TALKS CA UTIOUSL:Y" · "The Government thereafter kept the 'Red "With none of the old-time fire in his "COMMUl'ITST PARTY EMERGES IN JAPAN-TINY menace' cmu;picuously before the public, eyes, Halsey spoke cautiously, explaining MOVEMENT STILL AFRAID To TALK BECAUSE stepping this up With the outbreak of the 'You don't know how much trouole I get into OF. GAG LAw l1.1:anchuri.an incident. The Japanese at the when I talk. My wife tells me I ougl)t to (By David Boguslav) time used 'communism' as the pretext for. keep my dignity: "ToKYO, October 2.-A Japanese Comn1u their invasion. "Halsey said his retirement decision was nist movement which had been driven com "Therefore, acco ding to Saido, the move made s ~ mply to make way for younger of pletely underground during the war years is ment was aided by Mosco\7. Beginning in ficers. ~e said he had only one vivid recol- now being resurrected in th-e hope 1!lat work- 1942, the movement operated through cells 1945 I CONGRESSIONAL R-ECORD-SENATE 9383 and worked in two 'departments': The de last week when President Truman endorsed authoriative voice in Japan, meet to consider partment of financial aid which was charged MacArthur's policies while his Acting Secre the desirability of a control commission and with raising funds and the department of tary of State, Dean Acheson, let loose with a the powers it should have. At the least, Mr. direct action which conducted propaganda. ' petulant blast against those -same policies. Byrnes has opened the door to a develop "All of these operations were sporadic. "MacArthur has made it clear that his ac ment which seemingly points the way to Politically, the last real party was Oyama's tions in Japan are purely military and for abandonment or drastic modification of our ~odo Nominto-the Workers and Peasants occupation purposes only, and that the basic original position with respect to the control Party. The gr:mp split about 1937 into the policy of dealing with Japan politically is one cf J;apan. Perhaps this should be done, but extremist Nippon Musanto and the moderate that must be decided 'upon the highest diplo it will be interesting to see what, if anything, Shakai Taishito. The former dissolved in matic level of the United Nations.' has been obtained in the nature of a qu:.d December 1937, and the _latter accepted Pre "The fact that the United Nations organi pro quo.'' mier Konoye's "new structure" whereby the zation, established at San Francisco last And, now,' Mr. President, it bas become Government began measures which culmi spring, still exists only on paper, and the fact only too obvious that the confusion that nated in J apan's single party, the Imperial that the Big Five's Council of Foreign Min exists in our highest Governmel).t circles over Rule Assistance Association of 1940. isters, meeting behind locked doors in Lon our policies toward Japan is only part of "GO UNDERGROUND don, hasn't yet been able to decide on a policy the larger confusion that marks American · "The true Communists were driven under for Italy, let alone Japan, is h,itrdly the fault foreign policy as a whole. ground ·with most of the major leaders of the American forces in Japan who are do This morning we learn from an AP dispatch clapped in prison. Since then the military ing magnificently the job they were assigned. in the Washington Post that, and I quote: approached many of the jailed Communists, "We hope that MacArthur will not be "A Russian demand that General Mac offering them the choice of release if they swayed by the jingoists and imperialists at Arthur's rule in Japan be replaced by a four · recanted or an indefinite stay in prison. home, that he will stick resolutely to his power control government was presented to "According to Saido, many of these mem original course of occupying Japan with a the United States during the last hours of bers may be dead and thousands of others policy based on justice, tolerance, and free the Conference of Foreign Ministers, the are still jailed on suspicion of Communist dom, and ·not one founded on the revenge, Moscow· radio declared today. • activities. Hideki Tojo himself jailed some hatred, and dismembe.rment advocated by "The demand, it said, was made in a letter 10,000 of these so-called suspects when the · the hate cult." handed to United States Secretary of State war broke out. And I would like to insert in the RECORD James F. Byrnes yesterday as the foreign "Saido pointed out. that at best the Com at this point an editorial from the Evening ministers of the five leading Allied. Powers, munist Party never succeeded in getting a Star, Tuesday, October 2, 1945, entitled deadlocked over procedure, ended linsuccess secure bold on labor. At the utmost its "Japanese Control": fully their first atempt to write a European peace." followers never exceeded 6 percent of the ExHIBIT 10 workers. With regard to the merchant ma As I see this Russian,request, it is nothing rine, Saido said that the seamen at the out "JAPANESE CONTROL more nor less than a deliberate attempt to break of the war had an effective union and "If the meeting of the Council of Foreign transplant the chaos and suffering and con many known Communists were among its Ministers in London bas done nothing else, fusion that . exists in Europe into the very leaders. This union was dissolved imme it has served effectively to confuse the pic heart of Asia. I believe that appeasement of diately after Pearl Harbor. ture with respect to the shaping· of Allied Russia on this request will bring about that ".Regarding the future of communism, the policy in Japan, very condition. And, now, as .though this revealing view is that the party cannot nieet "A week ago this seemed to be one point were not confusion enough, our acting Secre oJ:enly at present because of the gag laws. concerning which there was no room for mis tary of State, Mr. Acheson, has taken the "Meanwhile the Communists are taking understanding. The White House bad an liberty of aggravating the serious breach some action. The party leaders are working nounced that we would welcome Allied par that has already occurred between the United with the authorized liberal groups, notably ticipation in the control of Japan, but that States and Argentina, by slapping what seems · the Nippon Shakaito-the Japanese· Socialist in event of differences over policy the policy to me to be a gratuitous insult in her face. Party." of the United States would prevail. As late Today's Washington Post s'ays and I quote·: There is confusion on these three issues. as last Wednesday, at a press conference, "That the United States believed Argen This is evidenced by articles in papers in Pres:dent Truman repeated that, if differ tina had not only failed to fulfill its hemi every corner of our land. ences of opinion snould arise, the differences sphere commitments but bad completely re At this point I would like to insert in the would be resolved by this Government in line pudiated them. • * * He reminded RECORD an ar,t'icle from the Progressive, dated with our policy. · newsmen that those acts included provisions for seizing enemy property, acting against October 1, 1945, and entitled "The Issue in "But now, apparently, no one !mows what ' Japan": ene~y nationals, futhering democratic prin the policy for control of Japan will be, nor ciples, and restoring such rights as freedom." EXHIBIT 9 how it will be determined, nor who will de ''THE ISSUE IN JAPAN termine it. Secretary of State Byrnes, with Mr. President, the continuance of this kind out any reference to the earlier statements of policy which the United States has been "The uproar in the jingoist press and following throughout recent past in which on among the striped-pants crowd in the State from the White Hotrse, has announced in London that a plan for the control of Japan the one hand we abjectly appease the tyranny . Department and the brass hats of the War of th_e Communist collective state, while on Department over Gen. Douglas MacArthur's has beerr agreed upon by the major powers. This disclosure, made after Soviet Foreign the other hand we dictate to every other policies in occupying Japan is one of the nation caused even my distinguished col- ' most _depressing. developments in many Commissar Molotov bad criticized American policy in Japan -and had called for estab leagues, Senator VANDE~BERG and Senator months. CoNNALLY to take the State Department "The simple fact that the MacArthur policy lishment of an Allied-control commission in severely to task yesterday for pursuing this has proved itself thus far-by permitting a Tokyo, is set forth in guarded language, so much so, in fact, that it is difficult to say unilateral course toward the Argentine . .bloodless occupation, by making possible a In conclusion, Mr. President, if the present sharp reduction in future occupation forces, what it means: It seems evident, however, ' that we have abandoned our earlier proposal state of anarchy in international relations by enlisting the cooperation of the rank and is not soon straightened out, and placed once :tHe of Japan, by providing for the arrest of for a purely advisory commission on Japan, which was to have met in Washington, and again upon moral principles and a respect those designated as war criminals, and by for international law at least on the part of achieving the demobilization of the Japanese have agreed to the c:eation of a Far Eastern Commission, which, after its first meeting, America, the present confusion would ol).ly Army in phenomenally brief time-all this become worse confounded, and we shall ftnd ' seems only to infuriate the critics. apparently will assemble in T0kyo, and which will be 'asked to consider whether a control ourselves not only losing the peace in Europe "The Jingoist press is shrieking because it and in Asia but also of hav'ing built up a far · believes that the only way we can prove that council (for Japan) should be established and, if so, the power which should be vested more tragic conflict in the future. we are superior to the Fascists.and militarists For myself, I do not intend to let these is to .act like them-on a greater scale. in it.' • · . "T.l_l.e brass hats are furious because Mac "This announcement was accompanied by· matters rest. Arthur's forecast of early reduction of occu informal interprtltations to the effect that DISCONTINUANCE OF LAND-GRANT pation forces imperils their cozy little game General MacArthur must have 'primary con RAILROAD RATES of keeping an Army big enough to provide trol' and that the United States is not yield- . enough soft jobs for the officers. 1ng on the point that, through General Mac The Senate resumed the consideration "The State Department boys are in a tizzy Arthur, it will effectively dominate the new of the bill Ved over a route permitting they could tal~:e the 132,000,000 acres of land of the Land-Grant Act. Even labor unions movement over partial land-grant routes. , which the Government had of ours in trust have lent their support to this measure, and Let me make this point clear, Mr. Presi with the assurance that it was "velvet" or in the large percentage of instances those dent, in this way. In the entire territory be nearly clear profit or almost a free gift. who were roped into supporting the passage ginning at the Illinois-Indiana State line, on They made that contract to haul all Gov of this bill were totally ignorant of the facts up to the Indiana-Michigan and Ohio- ernment freight and troops free of charge. or of the operation and benefits they them . Michigan State lines and from there on to Then when the Government began to have selves were and are receiving therefrom. the east coast clear to the Canadian border some freight business, they welshed. It was . ~tatements have been :made in the hearings and south to Tennessee approximately the beginning to cost them a little something. before the House committee and the Senate southern boundary, and thence east to the So they got it cut down to where Govern- committee as well Which in themselves show coast of the Atlantic there is not a foot of ment freight was no longer to be hauled free beyond question that the persons making land-grant railroad, and on all traffic prac but for half -price. the statements knew absolutely nothing tically, that moves from point to point with And just.as a matter of record, Mr. Presi about it, or were deliberately making mis in that area only, the Government gets no dent, the way they did this is most inter leading statements to influence Members of reduction of any kipd on anything that esting. They claimed that the original con Congress into the passage of this bill. moves, either military or otherwise. Then tract specified Government freight and For instance, on page 54 of the Senate farther out in the West; Nebraska, South troops were to be hauled on those roads free hearings on this bill appears a statement of ·Dakota, Colorado, Wyoming, .Utah, Nevada, from toll, that the contract did not specify a railroad president which begins, "On ac all of which have not a foot of land-grant that they-the railroads-were obliged to count of being unable to obtain Pullman line within their borders. Also on ship furnish the engines, cars, and manpower reservations to and from Washington I am ments moving from those States to west with which to do it. This, Mr. President, in denied my desire to appear before your coast and southwest coast points there is face of the fact that the original contracts honorable committee in connection with the little and in the majority of cases no land did specify, as previously stated; that the hearings on the land-grant bill H. R. 4184." grant deductible. So that the picture is ''said railroad shall be and remain a public After making numerous other statements, not as "rosy," if you please, for the Govern highway for the use of the Government of too numerous and lengthy to quote he ends ment as attempted portrayal has made it. the United States, free from toll or other his statement.. by this assertion, "Much It is true of course that the figures reportedly charge upon the transportation of any prop- circuity of routing, expense, and unnecessary representing land-grant reductions seem . erty or troops of the United States, and the hauls, is indulged in by Government agencies enormous, but these are days of enormous same shall at all times be transported at to secure the land-grant deduction." Mr. figures, and when the reductions are com:. the cost, charge, and expense in all respects President, I submit to you that anyone capa pared with ~he amount of traffic that moves of the company or corporation, or their as ble of making a statement of that kind dis it shows up in a different light. The traffic signs, having or receiving the benefits of the plays a complete and total ignorance of the moving is enormous likewise. Now, by their grants herein made." . subject of land-grant application or a willful own statement, from 65 t" 70 percent of the When the land grant roads had gotten by misstatement of the facts. traffic handled by railroads presently and with this they liked it, and saw how easy it In the House hearings a statement was for some time past is Government move was to put over. They lived up to the modi made that "in order to make a two or three ments, and then when one looks at the fied contract until they decided to welch dollar savings in rates they are actually ship~ earnings statements for the railroads for the again. Then, instead of their obligation to ping these circuitous routes and a greater past several years, Mr. President, compre:. haul all Government freight, they limited it burden is then placed on the ordinary citizen bend what their earnings statements . will so as to cover only Army and Navy freight. as a shipper, if we assume that the shipping show if this windfall of a quarter of a And so systematically, whenever they felt the public must pay at least the operating costs billion is now added to those already huge need, they have welched on their contract. of the railroads, it is ridiculoue-; it is a bur statements. Now the land grant railroads come for their den that has to be borne by the ordinary Speaking of percentages,. Mr. President, I grand finale. They insist that all that re shipper." think the records will reveal that these rail mains of their contract is a mere scrap of Many other misleading and misinforma roads have permitted, I may even say helped paper and should be destroyed. These suc tive statements could be pointed out in both ' create, the universal impression throughout cessive welches have usually come at a time the hearings of the House and the Senate the length and breadth of this land-that the of stringency, when the railroads were not did time and space permit. Let these suffice Government gets a 50-percent reduction on doing so well. But this time they come at a as samples, however. &.11 freight shipped by 1t. That is :far tro~ 9393 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE OCTOBER ·4 the facts. As a matter of fact it was- brought Let me point out further statements by· argument. Do they think that Members of out in the House hearings and the Senate as proponents of this bill which are based on this body are going to be stamped€d into well by men in the Government service in ignorance of facts, as well as pure assump passage of this bill by that kind of argu the War Department and others that the tion, by reason of their predict_ing the fu ment and procedure? I am sure my col average land-grant deduction over all taking ture: On page 14 of the Senate hearings on leagues are more intelligent than to over into consideration all movements amounted this bill a statemept is made that "the pres look such crafty moves and unfou nded state to only from 10 to 17 percent rather than ent situation is a burden on a great many ments. the 50 percent generally believed by the pup shippers; the way things stand now the lapd Further on in the House hearings on page lie. This, of courst!, the proponents of this grants are a burden on those sections of the 182 we read a statement .by the chairman bill have not given the gr€at publicity which country because they keep the railroads in of the legi,slative committee of this same they so willingly gave some other figures. those sections poor, and the shipping public organization as follows: "In connection with For instance, in a pamphlet broadcast by ln those regions has -to make up the differ- this discrimination feature, let us not be them far and wide, the opening statemen'\i - ence." I think the absurdity of both state confused or misled by the talk we so often reads as follows: ments is obvious, in view of facts I have al hear abou~ equalization of the land-grant "Present Federal law require~ the t:t;ans ready given. Let me again emphasize . that rates; that is, that the non-land-grant 1·oad portation of a vast Government traffic at · the shipper is in no way concerned in the will equalize its rate · to a parity with the half the rates paid by ordinary shippers." charges since they are in all cases passed on rate of the land-grant road to meet com Now there may be some modification of th~t to the consumer, either with or without the petition. Th'is £qualizat!on will only apply statement somewhere between the covers of knowledge of the consumer. As to that part where the land-grant road and the non-land this pamphlet, but the point is that a large of the statement referring to keeping the grant road both operate -bet ween the same majority of people picking up such a pam railroads poor, Mr. President, I don't think origin and destination points, let us say phlet would read .perhaps a page or so and that even deserves comment. Their own origin A and destination B. And even then then drop it as not interesting to them, but earnings statements refute that beyond a it is a voluntary proposition on the part of they did read that opening statement and question of doubt. the non-land-grant road, which is under no at some future time some mention is made In reading the hearings on this bill, I note ()Ompul'Sion to make s~ch equalization in its in a newspaper or otherwise, ~nd memory that many of the statements made by the rates~ " ' brings back that statement about the 50· propcnenta of this bill are contradictory. In A direct contradiction to statements made percent reduction on Government transpor fact a close checlt of them will indicat e that earlier in the House hearings, Mr. President, tation. A very clever device, I concede. And nearly all statements made by them are, when the statement.was made that the non so on throughout this · ~mtire well-laid cam somewh,ere in the hearings, contradicted land-grant roads were "compelled to put in paign of propaganda there have been evasive either by the same individual making the the equalization agreements." •Now further and misleading statements as a result of original statement or by someone else in their on page 184 the same witness states: "We which not only the public but many Mem desperate -effort to put this measure over, feel that existence of land-grant rates has bers of Congress have gained impressions Which is further evidence that most of the in the past, and is now to some extent at that are entirely erroneous on this matter, proponents of this bill are not familiar to l€ast, causing circuitous routing of Govern- nnd the proponents of this bill have been any degree with the actual facts in the case. . ment traffic in order that the traffic may and still are willing to "let it be even so. In some cases they roar disapproval of one move over land-grant routes. This wasteful Before proce€ding further I would point concern being located on a land-grant llne use of cqui_~;ment in a time when every pos out also, that in the States of Oklahoma, because he has an advantage .over someone sible effort is being made i:n the interest of Texas, Tennessee, North Carolina, South who is not so located. In the next breath the conservation and efficient use of equip Carolina, and Ge_orgia there is not a foot of they disprove their own statement. On page ment is manifestly unfair and dis:::rimina land-grant road, and in addition the State 33 of the hearings, if you please, 1s a state tory." Mr. President, this is a statement of New Mexico contains a total of approxi ment by their chief counsel wherein he says: made in complete ignorance of the facts or mately 35 miles of land-grant road. That as "Now, here is a movement of iron and steel a deliberate distortion thereof; as previously you see considerably reduces the area covered articles from Chicago to Portland, Oreg., and shown herein, other witnesses have stated by land-grant lin~s. The pr_oponents of this another from Minnequa, Colo., to Portland. that because rates, while figured theoret bill will of course state that the roads in Now the commercial rate from Chicago to ically over land-grant routes for the purpose these States are covered by equalization Portland is $1.10. If it were not for land of establishing the land-grant deductions to agreements, which is true, but, the fact re grant the shipper at Chicago would have to be made under the routes and provisions of mains that on traffic moving within the con pay $1.10. Now the shipper from Minneqda, the tariffs made by the railroads themselves, fines of the areas outlined here, it is im which is a distance much less than the dis- · does not indicate that shipments actually possible to apply land-grant deductions ex tance from Chicago, has · a commercial rate moved- over thosa routes. As a -matter of cept in cases where is a movement to a point of-85 cents. You see he is nearer [the state fact in the majority of cases they do not; of sufficient distance in another area where ment .continues J; he is entitled to the ad . but actually move over non-land-grant it is possible to theoretically ·move over a vantage of his location." I submit to you, routes, but the charges are settled on a land land-grant route according to tariff pre Mr. President, that by· the same token the . grant route basis if and when such routes scribed routes, and this, Mr. President, I find man who happens to be located on a land are available and in accordance . with the on investigation, is in a very small minority grant line is equally entitled to the advan provisions of the tariff 'u,nder which they of cases. So much for that particular angle ~ tage of his location. By their own argument, move. That is what the equalization agree~ , I might mention, in paESing, that this bill they condemn themselves. The entire testi ments, made voluntarily by the non-land is fathe:-ed by a Member of Congress in whose mony on behalf of the passage of this bill is grant roads, provide. Need I go further in State there is not a trace of land-grant rail biased, 'unfounded, and has no standing, and . citing the distortions .and misleading state . road. if this were a case in court they wouldn't ments of the proponents of this bill? To retrogress for a moment, let me call haye a leg to stand on. They resort to foul And while the subject of wasteful use of attentiop to page 59 of S:mate hearings, . methods and seel;: by confusion of the issues equipment has just been mentioned I should where, in the stat ement of A. H. Schwietert, to get this legislation passed in their favor. like to go into that subject for a moment. Traffic Director. Chicago Associat ion of Com Just another instance to show how they Now, Mr. President, this is an order by and merce, it reads as follows: · "Recently the. co~found themselves in theiT ardent desire of the Interstate Commerce CommiSsion, Commission (that is the Interstate Com to get this bill passed. On page 171 of the namely, service order No. 68, which went into merce Commission) postponed for another 6 House hearings a statement by the presi e.trect February 15, 1942, according to testi .months the increases in ex parte gg which dent· of the National Industrial Trafilc mony shown on page 216 of the Senate permitted a 3 percent increase on some League: "The shippers' interest arises in hearings. This order deals with the loading traffic and a 6 percent increase on other two ways. First, because of the uncertainty of cars and the rate.:; charged for addi . traffic. That has been postponed until De as to what the land-grant rates are, and tional cars used in the shipment. Before cember 31, 1944." Upon being asked by Sen the discrimination which arises by reason this order went into effect, a shipper or the · ator JOHNSON of Colorado, · "Why was th9.t of the land-grant rates between different Government, if you please, might have a rate Increase postponed by the ICC?" the shippers; and, secondly, because to the ex sh ipment that would constitute inore than reply was, "Because of the increased revenues tent that the Government fails to pay its it was possible to load in one car which of the railroads at the present time and the fair share of the transportation burden for might be available to carry it. 'increased volume of traffic." the traffic which it has transported, the bur Before the effective date of this order, a Q~estion by the Senator: "Then it is rea den of making up the deficit falls upon the car C::luid be ordered of sufficient size or sonable to expect, as soon as traffic falls off general public. ·Now, Mr. President, as pre capacity to carry the shipment and if such and the 'revenues decrease, that the increased viously pointed out, by their· own admission a car was not J:.anjllly avallable the carrier rates will be made effective?" · 65 to 70 percent of present-day traffic is Gov wou!d be permitted to place in lieu thereof Answer: "I don't think there is any doubt e·rnment property and the burden, according either a larger ear than that ordered by about that. The 6 percent will go back on to their logic, would therefore fall upon the the shipper or else take the alternat ive and just as soon as there is a falling off in traffic." balance, or 30 to 35 percent of the shippers. place instead for loading two smaller ones ·So, Mr. President, from the action of the Now the burden in this case is such that and. the shipper was permitted the privilege ICC there can be no doubt on their part that the Interst ate Commerce Commission has of paying the carload rate on the entire the railroads are making sufficient profits ah·eady lifted a previously granted 6 percent shipment even though part cf it may have without adding this. huge amount to their increase because of the already excessive . been loaded in anot her car. Or he, in case •revei.1 ues,- earnings of the railroads. What a farcical it was one large car, larger than ordered 1945 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE 9391 for the sl;lipment, could use the larger car caused by presenting bills erroneously or per hundredweight, which· when audited was and pay for the minimum weight required otherwise, amount to from twenty to twenty finally brought down to a basis of $2.90 per in carloads ' On his shipment or the actual five million dollars per year at present. rate hundredweight, or an overcharge of $11.04 weight if that was greater than the minimum of traffic. It is obviol,ls, Mr. President, that per hundredweight. 'Mr. President, I submit carload weight. Now however, if a shipper, under the circumstances bills can be ·pre to you that before any action is taken on this or the Government, has a shipment of say sented on any kind of a basis, the higher bill this entire matter of transportation for 40,000 pounds and orders a car to carry that the better; the money collected from' the the Government should be thoroughly inves load but the carrier sees fit to set in a Government and used until such time as tigated by this body and through competent car of much greater size than needed for the bills ·are audited, without interest or people employed in the transportation serv this shipment, the Government is no longer penalty of any kind, except that ·.he carriers ices of the Government and Accounting Of entitled to pay for the sized car order of have to pay income tax .on the entire amount. fice , I am advised that the entire rate set-up sufficient size t o carry the load, but is obliged This they are also protesting. Yet it is their and' classification is entirely discriminatory to pay for the sized car actually used for own fault. If bills were presented on the against the Government, and t his entire mat "the shipment and in which the Govern proper basis, they would not suffer the ter ough{; to be thoroughly gone into imme ment h ad no control or voice in accepting. penalty of income taxes on the amount of diately before any further action is taken on This .results many times in the Government the _overcharges. Also this kind of handling this bill. paying for a lot of empty space at severely result s in endless work in accounting, both Another interesting situa.tion I should like high rates. The purpose of course was to for the roads· and the Government, and pre to point out is a situation as shown begin conserve equipment but in the case of the sents an ever-increasing load of work in both, ning at the bott om of page 205 and continu Government , because of the nature of ship and naturally follows the increased cost of ing on page 206 of the Senate hearings. This ments. it has not only failed in its purpose, operation. I am advised that if a carrier is the mat ter of dunnage, which, according to because in many cases, shipments· originated que;:; tions the proper rate or the propriety the testimony given, is the material used in at places where no other freight was avaU of deductions account .of land grant the making secure for the protection of both the able to use the remaining space, but in many proper thing to do would be to present llis carrier and the Government in cars such ar cases the freight was of such a nature that bill on the lower basis, ,attach thereto a rider ticles as trucks, tanks, and in fact vehicles of the loading of other fr.eight therewith was protesting the application of the rate or all kinds: as well as bombs and .other articles not permissible for reasons of security as land-grant deduction, and simultaneously that may require such security in movement. well as of secrecy, and the Government has send in a supplemental bill for the basis the These materials in most cases are just ordi been obliged to pay for, at high rates, a lot carrier qlaims to be correct. By this method nary lumber or timbers, which, if transported ·of unused space. Now this order by the the bill is paid on the lower basis and the alone, would take very low rates, yet when Commission has left open to much abuse the carrier is not penalized by income tax on used for the purpose of security in the trans furnishing of improper equipment for load the higher amount unless and until it is portation of other materials, is paid for at the ing and has led to the payment for a lot of found that the higher basis claimed is cor same rates as paid on the articles which it is services not performed. I submit, Mr. Presi rect and the carrier paid on that basis. This used in malting secure, which is oftentimes dent, that the ICC has herein inflicted method would avoid a lot of income-tax a very high rate. In the case of vehicles on against the Government ~nd the public, a penalties, subsequent refunds by the car transcontinental moves, from $3 to $5 per severe penalty without accomplishing to any riers, and income-tax adjustments, including hundredweight, and oftentimes much more. degree of efficiency, the purposes for which all the involved accounting as between car Now, on many shipments the amount of this intended. riers' settlements involved in the haul. It material used is not a small item. As shown Let us see, ¥r. President, what is tran would seem that this would be the right and ' on the above-mentioned page, for instance, spiring presently that these people should equitable way to do it. · on bombs, which by the way are, and have deserve such a windfall, ·aside from their Let me, Mr. President, give a few ex no doubt for some time past been moving in contractual obligations, which they are so amples of how these overcharges accumulate tremendous quantities. The record here ardently seeking to nullify. large sums of money for carriers' use until shows that on a shipment of cars loaded with final settlement is made. from 230 to 240 bombs the dunnage alone The Transportation Act of 1940 made some amounts to 7,950 pounds; from 270 to 279 interesting changes in the procedures under I have on record a bill for some steel items · from a midwestern city to a north Pacific bombs, the dunnage alone amounts to 10,700 which these railroads now operate. Up until pounds; from 280 to 300 bombs the dunnage that time all bills from the carriers were pre coast point on which ·the carrier presented the ·Government with a bill and was paid by alone amounts to 10,000 pounds. audited, that is when a bill was presented Now, all this is paid for at the same high by the carrier for freight or other items the War Department on a basis of $2.92 per hundred on August 27, 1943, a total of $19, rates as is applied on the bombs themselves. carried by them for the Government, the I should recommend to my ·colleagues that War or Navy Department audited these bills lJ:92.70. This bill, when finally audited, was cut down to $7,684.61, or a net difference or have not already done so, that they take time before the carrier was paid for the service. to read the testimony in the Senate hearings Here again the railroads "squawked,'' saying overcharge by the carrier of $10,042.31, which has as yet up to this date not been refunded which begins on page 193. I am sure they will they h ad to wait too long for their money, find much of interest therein as well as many which they so badly needed, and I might by the carrier. reasons why this bill should not be passed at add that perhaps there was some ground In this particular case the carrier has had this time, but should rather be withheld and at that time for such appeal. However, at the use of over $10,000 since August 1943 with ~ thorough investigation made through this that time the procedure was changed by out interest. Here is another even better ex body by men who fully understand this Congress so that from that time on the ample, found in the record, or rather the transportation subject at large as well as the carriers sent their bills to the Department hearings on this bill in the Senate, page 205: land-grant proposition, which so many whose involved and that office paid the bill forth On August 14, 1942, 17 cars of ammunition statements appear in these hel').rings did not with unless there was an obvious error. A from the east coast to a Pacific coast port. apparently, as evidenced by the statements check is sent in full payment of the bill The carrier billed the Government and was made. presented and the audit takes place later at · paid in November . 1942 for this service Let us consider some other matters in this which time if error is found the carrier is $77,164.85 on a rate basis of $6.48 per hundred- connection, some more of the practices these presented with a statement showing the error .· weight, and in this case the carrier deducted patriotic devotees of good business methods and amount and is requested to make refund no land grant. On August ·12, 1942, 16 cars are and have been resorted to. of the amount involved. of the same commodity over the same move I refer again to the Senate hearings, page Since 1942 traffic has become steadily the carrier billed and was paid by the Govern 200. Mr. President, this is not hearsay but heavier, and after our entrance into the ment $115,482.4.4 on the same basis, or a total backed up by facts and figures that can be war the traffic has, of course, reached un for the two shipments of $192,667.29. A verified. Prior to Pearl Harbor, or December precedented heights. As a result, the work pretty handsome figure, I should observe, Mr. 7, 1941, and as a matter of fact, up until about of the carriers in preparing these bills, as President, for two shipments. Now, these January 1, 1942, the railroads published ex well as the work of auditing by the Govern two shipments should actually have been port rates to west coast perts; that is, rail ment, has grown to such an ' :tent that it billed on a basis of $3.22454 per hundred rates on materials to be shipped to foreign is impossible to keep pace with the move weight, or a total of $95,738.97 for both ship countries from Pacific coast ports. These ment of freight and troops, and as a result, ments, malting a total overcharge on these rates were lower by a good margin than the . with the shortage of trained help arid the two alone of $96,028.32, which the carrier has domestic rates, or rates on the same ship large volume of ·the work, the Government had the use of without interest since 1942 ments that went to the same points by rail, is far behind in the work of auditing these and as of August 1944 still had in his pos but which were not to be exported to foreign bills and the ,railroads have many millions session and unrefunded, countries. There were a number of reasons of dollars in their hands of which they have I am advised that instances such as 1this for this; i.e., west-bound rail_roads competing the use for a period of anywhere from 6 can be multiplied by the thousands and tens with east-bound carriers for business out of months to 2Y2 years without one cent of of thousands. Mr. President, such circum the production centers, particularly of steel interest, and the Government has been with stances are preposterous and inexcusable. and steel products; the desire of Pacific out the use of these funds for that period, The carrier under such circumstances as these Ocean carriers to participate in the ocean and accordingly budgets have had to be in should be compelled to pay interest on the hauls that might otherwise go to eastern creased accordingly by the various· depart moneys so held. Another that I discovered ports, and otMr reasons. However, suffice it men,ts involved. I am told by reliable afl in the past few days was one where the car - to say that up to that time the Government thority that overcharges by the carriers~ rier billed a shipment at the rate of $13.B4 of the United States was using those export 9392 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE OCTOBER "4
rates on a large ·amount of material being is given to this bill. I have a very good idea I submit, some governmental act ion should exported, and these rates were subject to that many more interesting facts than are be taken to have these tariffs published in land-grant iieductions the same as any other shown in these hearings would be brought such a manner that not only they, but the shipments in many cases. There was, how- to light. Time and . space did not permit general public as well, could determine the - ever, a provision in the export tariff which extended research. Apparently the state proper rates in reasonable time and with stated that to be entitled to the export rates · ments so made by men who know this prob reasonable effort. .A,s a matter of fact, I published within the tariff, the shipment in lem wer~ made extempOraneously and more believe that the Transportation Act, even volved "must not leave the possession of the from memory and excellent knowledge than now, provides for such clearness and sim _;-ail carrier until delivered to the common from prepared transcript. Not being a mem plicity in publication of tariffs. That matter -carrier by ocean at the port of embarl"..ation, ber of that committee, I could not say. But might also be looked into. However, the and the responsibility of the rail carrier shall I am told that this is a fact. I say a very point I was going to make was that if there cease upon such delivery." Of course, the extended research should be made into this is such difficulty in determining the proper Government was obliged to take over all entire situation, and by men who. are work land-grant deduction.s, and such involved ships of the American lines for war purposes, ing on the auditing of railroad bills, and who procedures and lengthy accounting and ad and on this technicality, that there were no are familiar with the goings-on of the entire justments as they portray, then the simplest longer any common carriers by ocean, these situation. It would seem to me that they and most satisfactory solution would oe to railroads immediately saw an opportunity would be the ones who would know the most substitute for . these land-grant deductions to profit thereby and began to assess the do -about it. a fiat reduction of say 15 percent on all mestic rates on all shipments, whether ,for Here is another circumstance to consider, traffic which is now entitled to land-grant export or not. In other words, Mr. Pre~ident, as indicated on page 203 of the hearings: deductions. Surely anyone could figure 15 they were so patriotic that they were willing When war broke out the Army had in its percent on any amount without a gr~at deal to charge their own Government much possession many thousands of vehicles of all of trouble. Then not only the railroads, but higher rates · than they willingly theretofore kinds-trucks, passenger cars, tanks, etc. the shippers, consumers, and everybody B(;cepted for the same service from, in many All of these had to' be moved from one place would have a full and complete knowledge cases, our present enemies. And now they to another-in many cases across the conti of the proper rates to ~;tpply insofar as the come to this body and ask for that patri!)tic nent. Now, I don't think anyone could deny deductions are concerned. Also it would service a present of from two hundred and that these were used or second-hand vehicles, eliminate a tremendous amount of work not fifty to three hundred million dollars per yet, when shipped, the railroads charged for only for the railroads, but the Government year. Oh, they say, but section 22 .quotations and were paid on tt.e basis of new vehicles and everybody concerned. It would elim made retroactive to January 1, 1942, gave ~he right off the line. inate endless accounting for all parties and Government the advantage of the export-rates That practice, I understand, still prevails save many, many man-hours of time and, even back to that time. But what they do today. Mr. President, I submit to you that it would seem to me to be more satisfactory not tell us is that in each section 22 quota is entirely inexcusable. In the' first place, to all parties., I can see no reasonable ob tion they are very careful to mention the 1f these vehicles were absolutely new and jection to this proposal by anyone, Mr. fact that the rates quoted here are not sub from the factory, they should, by their stur President, either in Government or outside. ject to land-,.grant deduction." Then the men dier construction. their lac.k of fine finishes, Retrogressing again, if I may for a mo who handle these details for the Government and their all-around insusceptibility to dam ment, I want to ·bring up a statement made are obliged to make the· best of the situatlon age as easily as ordinary vebicles, be entitled since the preparation of these remarks was as they see fit, and I am advised that the al to a much lower rate. I am told that even begun; a statement purportedly made ac- ternative is to use the domestic rates to the on a huge number of these vehicles that have . cording to the newspaper caption, by James ports of embarkation, minus the land-gr~nt been damaged, wrecked, or in some the Donohue, L. & N. general dOunsel, before a deductions, which invariably gives a better wheels and motors taken out and the vehi civic club in a midwestern city on Novem result than these section 22 quotations. · cles shipped in to some· central point for ber 30, just past. The big headlines over Another interesting item, as shown on page repairs, they stlll pay the new-v..ehicle rate this statement read, "Present Laws Harm 201 of the hearings: Prior to June 1, 1942, thereon. These things are positively prepos "Railroads-Urges Three Changes."- ·Haning TCFB freight tariff No. 29, west-bound, ex ter_ous. I submit, Mr. President, that 1f the . the tremendous wartime job being done by port, carried rates on various Iron and steel Office of· Defense Transportation were not the railroads, despite the handicap of less article$, inclucling steel of all kinds. How saturated with men who are in entire sym equipment than was available· during tbe ever, on June 1, 1942. the carriers inserted in pathy with everything the railroads do such First World War, James J. Donohue, general that tartff by supplement .22. item 1348, an conditions could not possibly exist. attorney for the L. & N. Railroad, told the item reading: "Rates authorized under head Now, there can be no doubt that the rates Kiwanis Club yesterday that with the vol of 'Iron and steel, articles of' do not· ap on many of the items shippeq by the Govern -ume o.f traffic reduced after victory, present ply on the following articles of armament: ment were made during peacetimes, when legislation burdening the railroads' finan Armor plate, deck plat~. conning towers, there was little or no movement of that kind cial structure must be relaxed. Chief among collning tower tubes, turret tubes, signal of materials, and as a Tesult -of which the these he declared, are: towers, or siding hoods." The rates pl'eVi · rates were naturally made high, which would 1. The present· social security law, into ously carried in this tariff "were quite low be the case on any commodity of small move which fund the railroads have paid more but entirely in line with the class of com ment, but there is no excuse whatever to · than one-half billion dollars, an amount suf modity covered. The insertion of the above continue these hlgh rates on present ton ficient to pay benefits at the normal rate for clause in the tart1I had the eilect of forcing nage, and in some cases the rates have been 50 years. the Govermnent to ship all the articles men even increased. These are all matters that 2. The so-called land-grant laws on Fed timied above at class rates, which are · very should be thoroughly gone into before any eral statute books for more than 75 years. much higher, in many cases as much as 100 action such as contemplated by this bill is · 3. The majority of State laws which re to 200 percent higher and in snme cases even taken. There ls no rush-no need for thls quire railroads to pay high percentage of more. For instance, the xate prior to June 1, legislation to be rushed through without costs for separati6n of grades. 1942, from eastern seaboard points to the Pa f'.lrther consideration. The railroads are Calling the railroad social-security law, cific coast for export was 63 cents per h~ maklng more money than ever in history which requires the railroads to pay _3 per dredweight. The above-mentioned clause and are in no financial need whatever. · cent of the pay roll into the fund a travesty, inserted in the tariff had the effect -of bring I might observe in passing that even the ·Mr. "Donohue urged an amendment that ing the rate on some of these items up to truck lines are willing to.have thls blll passed, would end all payments until the reserve is $3.63 per hundredweight. so the rates of the railroads on Government depleted to $150,000,000. The land-grant law The same prohibitive clause is included ln materials will be higher. T.aey (the truck he declared requires the railroads to trans the tariff covering domestic rates to those lines) can then, of course, cut under the rail port United States property, and mail; and points. In other wordS, Mr. President, they rates and get some busine~ for themselv£:J members of the anned forces at one-half are not wllling to give to their own Govern Which they are not now perhaps getting 1n normal rates, for soine 130,000,000 acres of ment, even in a time of cri:""s, the same rates some cases. It's a cutthroat business, Mr. lands, largest of which are in the West and which they are willing to accord any other President. · South. ••This land was a dru~ on the market," shipper or ~nsumer. The evidence is plain, One of the main reasons, in fact the one ~ he continues,' "prior to the coming Qf the Mr. President--the very articles which the -on which these proponents have laid the rails. Prior to that time the Government · Government, and the Governm-ent only at mos'; stress for the passage of this bill, is was willing to sell it at $2.63 per acre_" This the present, would use . in huge quantities the fact, as they claim, that not they them- is I might point out, at qmte a variance with they specifically make higher rates on. . selve1 who ·make and compile the tariffs, nor the statement of one of their witnesses in Nothing mo're nor less, I must observe, than the shippers who ·ship the goods are ca fact the vice president of the American As a plain case Qf discrimination against the pable of determining what rates and what sociation of Railroads, as sbown on page ~8 Government of the United States. These land-grant deductions to apply to shipments of the House hearings on this bill stated in are facts, Mr. ·President, not hearsay. The involved. That is qutte an -admission, Mr. speaking of the value of the lands granted evidence is on the records. Ca,ll in, if you President. Do they mean to say that they "97 cents was fixed at the time of the grant.". please, men from -the Accounting Office and who themselves make these rates and publish That is Mr. Presid.ent, 97 cents .r:er acre. Now verify these statements·. I repeat again that the tariffs, make thell! so complicated that here is a statement by another railroad rep thls whole matter of Government tran....<'J)or after they are published they cannot them resentative that the lands were for sale at tation should be thoroughly investigated by selves determine .the proper application l2.60 per acre. ·I might suggest that the two all means, now, before further consideration thereof? U that be true, then by all means, witnesses get together and compare figurest
.. 1945 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE 9393 establish a common value' so there will be no history, and with the $3,995,000,000 revenue as proclaimed by the President or declared such great variance of opinion in the state of 1939, the 'last year before the United States by concurrent resolution of the two Houses ments. That is just an observation in pass started heavy production for the European of Congress, whichever is the earlier. ing. Now the article quoting Mr. Donohue war.. Based on these revenue fl.gur~s. the continues: "Mr. Donohue also said that a r.ailroads w111 employ 1,000,000 to 1,100,000 I do not anticipate for one moment, rate increase which would bring the rail during reconversion and 1,140,000 to 1,225,000 and I have not anticipated, that the roads $426,000,000 was suspended by the ICC, in the postwar years. They are now employ President would by proclamation declare and that at the time that was not protested ing 1,400,000.:' the cessation of hostilities in the war by the railroads. Now," he said, "the rail com Now Mr. .President, this statement by one with Japan for at least 9 months. panies are asking that suspension be lifted." of the railroads' experts on such matters, · Mr. BILBO. I am not disturbed about May I point out her.e Mr. President that they. employed by the Association of American not only want that 6-percent increase in Railroads, for that purpose. Somebody has such technicalities, if the effective date is rates but also want in addition this two been and is still wrong. Tl:iere can be no made October 1, 1946. hundred and 'fifty to three hundred million doubt by this time, Mr. President, in the Mr. WHEELER. I merely wished to dollars per year. Surely, there is nothing minds of every man in reach of my voice, call the attention of the Senate to the small about their desires and requests, I that the witnesses in the hearings both be fact which I have stated. think you will agree. Further, this article fore the House and Senate committees, have Mr. McFARLAND. Mr. President, a continues, (quoting him) "Railroad man made wild statements, misleading and mis agers have no illusions about the railroads informative statements for no other purpose parliamentary inquiry. of tomorrow. . They will be faced after the than to confuse the issues and get the Con The PRESIDENT pro tempore. The war is won, with a volume of . traffic, both gress to pass this bill. Can there still ,linger · Senator will state it. freight and passenger, greatly reduced, and in the minds of anyone here, any reason Mr. McFARLAND. Under parliamen by competition, subsidized to an unbeliev whatsoever why this bill should be passed tary procedure could the amendment able extent, on land, water, and in the air, and take two hundred and fifty to three hun which the Senator from Arizona sub more intense than at any time in the past." c;lred millions nf dollars out of the pockets May I call' attention, Mr. President, to of the taxpayers a1;1d dump them into the mitted in behalf of himself and other testimony shown on page 196 of the Senate laps of these concerns? In the face of the Senators be· submitted for the amend hearings near the top of the page, second facts just cited, Mr. President, I can't con ment of the Senator from Mississippi paragraph, wherein the witness stated: "The ceive of any Member of this body voting in after it is adopted? The effective date railroads are in a very peculiar position, so favor of this bill. As a matter of fact, Mr. is the same, October .1. 1946. far as the postwar period is concerned. I President, in the face of these facts, I don't The PRESIDENT pro tempore. Any believe it is quite evident to anybody who believe that even the representatives of t-he looks at the situation that after the war the railroads themselves would have the un other part of the bill may be ~mended. railroads are going to have to move a lot of · adulterated audacity to even ask further con-: Mr. McFA;RLAND. I ask unanimous this stuff back from the battle fronts and sideration of their bill. I don't see how they consent that the amendment which I from various parts of the country. Thus legitimately could. · have submitted on behalf of myself, the there is going to be a lot of shipping, and the Senator from Montana [Mr. WHEELER], railroads are going to be in a much better The PRESIDENT pro tempore. Will the Senator from New Mexico [Mr. position than any other industry, because either the Senator from Mississippi or they are going to have a continuing flow of CHAVEZ], the Senator from Arizona [Mr. the Senator from Montana state the HAYDEN], the Senator from New MeXico business immediately following the downfall amendment? of the Axis, whereas a lot of oth~r industries [Mr. HATCH], the Senator from Colorado are going to have to await rebuilding. There . Mr. BILBO. Mr. President, I yield the [Mr. JoHNSON], the Senator from Utah is going .to be, I think, a period when they floor, [Mr. MURnocKJ,-the Senator from Wash are goin€; to be dormant while fa~tories are The PRESIDENT pro tempore. The ington [Mr. MITCHELL], the S~nator rehabllltated. That is something the •rail- modified amendment offered by the Sen . roads are not going to have t'o do. There is from Wyoming [Mr. O'MAHONEY], and ator from Mississippi will be stated. ' the Senator from Nevada [Mr. CARVILLE], going to be a . lot of business for the rail · The LEGISLATIVE CLERK. On p;:tge 2; roads in that period. So I do Rot see why which amendment I now offer, be agreed the railroads are very much concerned at this line 23, in the ·committee amendment, to. time about the immediate postwar period, be after "Sec. 2", it is proposed to strike out The PRESIDENT pro tempore. The cause th:Jir business is going to be very good "The amendment made by this act shall amendment offered by the Senator from as I see it." take effect 90 days after the date of the Arizona is not in order. The first part Now Mr. President, immediately in line cessation of hostilities in the war with with that very statement, I call your atten Japan, as proclaimed by the President or of his amendment is identical with the tion to a large headline in a local paper, here amendment of the Senator from Mis declared by concurrent resolution of the sissippi [Mr. BILBO], which is pendin.g. in Washington just a few days ago, on Decem two Houses of Congress, whichever is the ber 3 to be exact, which said, "Boom business The second part of the amendment does for rail predicted after war ends." That is earlier:" and insert "The amendment ·made by this act shall take effect hot relate to the pending committee the headline. Now the article reads as fol amendment. lows: "United States railroads expect for 3 October 1, 1946.'' or 4 years after reconversion, business ap Mr. WHEELER. Mr. President, in Mr. WHITE. Mr. President, I do not proximating volume in the 1929 boom year order to have the record straight, certain wish to consent to the amendment with and during the poorest 12 months in a recon language in section 2, beginning in line out knowing something about it. What version period lasting from 18 to 24 months 23 on page 2, is proposed to be stricken does the amendment propose? a revenue volume at least 25-percent higher out, and the language of the modified Mr. McFARLAND. It is the same than that of 1939. . These estimates were ob amendment offered by the Senator from amendment which was reported in the tained from J. H. ,Parmelee, director of eco last .session of Congress, covEring $68,- nomics for the Association of American Rail Mississippi would be substituted. roads. The estimates are considered particu Mr. BILBO. Yes. I modify my 000,000 into a fund for the purchase of larly significant because volume of freight amendment by striking out "18 months homes for veterans in reclamation States. and passenger traffic, dependent as they are -after said act becomes a law" and in It fixes the effective date as October 1, upon general business conditions, are popu serting in lieu thereof "October 1, 1946." 1946, the same date as is provided by the larly accepted as a gage of general business Mr. WHEELER. Mr. President, now amendment of the Senator from Missis conditions. Thus in tl;le opinion of the bu sippi. reau of economics of the country's railroads, that the modified amendment of the Senator from Mississippi has been ac Mr. WHITE. Why is it limited to the there will be no reconversion slump with reclamation States? widespread unemployme~t of the character -cepted, let me call attention to the fact 'apprehended by a minority of businessmen. that I believe that the bill as it origi Mr. McFARLAND. Those are the Parmelee's estimates do not go beyond his nally came from the committee would States in which land-grant rates are now reconversion period of 18 to 24 months plus have saved the Government more money, effective. It is to take the place of the 3 or 4 years of postwar era thereafter. The if that is what the Senator is seeking lands which the railroads have obtained industry's chief economist, mainly on the to do. It would save the Government in those States. It represents the value basis of surveys of principal shippers, placed of the lands in those States. operating revenue during the lowest 12 more money than would the amendinent months of reconversion at five to five and which we have accepted. Section 2 of The PRESIDENT pro tempore. The one-half billion dollars. For the postwar the amendment reported by the com question is on agreeing to the amendment period, he placed annual operating revenue mittee reads as follows: offered by the Senator from Mississippi at six to stx and one-half billion. These fig The amendment made by this act shall [Mr. Bn.noJ as modified. ttres compare with the $6,280,000,000 revenue ta'ke effect 90 days after the date of the Mr. BILBO. Mr. President, I aslt tl:lat of 1929, the largest peacetime year in rail -cessation of host111ties in the war with Japan, . the amendment. be stated by the clerk. XCI--592 9394 CONGRESBIONAL RECORD-SENATE· OCTOBER 4 The PRESIDENT pro tempore. The who sell to the Government. As I said to be designated as the "Veterans' farms amendment will be stated. the other day, if John Smith, a manufac fund," which shall be available for appropri ation by Congress from time to time to The LEGISLATIVE CLERK. On page 2, turer; living in New Orleans, which, we carry out the purposes of this act. line 23', in the committee amendment, will say, has no outlet to a land-grant {c) Seventy-five percent of any appropria after "Sec. 2", it is proposed to strike ' railroad, is selling his products to some tion from said veterans' farms fund shall be out "The amendment made by this act one in Philadelphia, where no land-grant made available to the Secretary of the In shall take effect 90 days after the date railroad operates, and if a manufacturer terior and 25 percent thereof shall be made of the cessation of hostilities in the war living at a distance from New Orleans has available to the Secretary of Agriculture, and with Japan, as proclaimed by the Presi access to a land-grant railroad and re shall be utilized by them for the following dent or declared by concurrent resolu ceives the benefit of the land-grant rail purposes: (1) Funds appropriated to the Secretary of tion of the two Houses of Congress, road rates, the latter has an advantage, the Interior shall be utilized by him for the whichever is the earlier", and insert "The because he can sell his goods for a lesser construction and settlement of irrigation pro amendment made by this act shall take price than the price at which the goods jects in the reclamation States, including the effect October 1, 1946." could be sold by the man living in New purchase for disposition to veterans · in The PRESIDENT pro tempore. The Orleans. In that way discrimination is family-type farms of such privately owned question is on agreeing to the modified caused in the case of a manufacturer lands situated within Federal reclamation amendment offered by the Senator from who sells his goods to the Government of projects as are necessary to the proper and Mississippi [Mr. BILBO] to the committee the United States and who does not live integrated development of said project. (2) The funds appropriated to the Secre amendment. on a land-grant railroad, as opposed to a tary of Agriculture shall be utilized by him The amendment to the amendment manufacturer who sells his goods to the for the purpose of assisting qualified veterans was agreed to. Government and who does live on a land to establish themselves upon and improve The PRESIDENT pro tempore. The grant railroad. family-type farms on lands within Federal · question now i& on agreeing to the com Mr. WHITE. Mr. President, will the ·reclamation projects and on lands within the mittee amendment on page 2, after line Senator yield. - States in which railroad land grants are lo- 20, as amended. Mr. OVERTON. I yield. cated but which are not .reclamation States. The amendment as ·amended. was Mr. WHITE. · I understood the Sena Funds· so appropriated to the Secretary of' agreed to. Agriculture shall be administered in the same tors question to be directed to section 3 manner as funds appropriated for title I of Mr . . OVERTON. Mr. President, I of the bill as it is now written. the Bankhead-Janes Farm Tenant Act, as should like to invite the attention of the. Mr. OVERTON. Yes. amended:t- Provided, That funds..may be lised Senator from Montana to. section 3. I Mr. WHITE. I take. it that that sec by the Secretary of Agriculture in the recla understand that. section 3 provides, in tion would not do any more, either in mation States and in the other States named effect, that whatever earnings the rail fact or fn law, than what the Inter in subsection (d) without regard to the roads make by· r~asor of the removal of state Commerce Commission would-be re- . prevalence of fatm tenancy in said States: the reduction in rates shall be taken quired to do ·under its· general obligations·· And provided further, T):lat" veterans found away from them by the requirement the. ,qualified .for occupancy of a family-type unit under existing law .. I take it.that·section on Federal reclamation projects pursuant-- to Interstate Commerce -Commission shall 3- is merely a restatement- of a present the Bankhead-Janes Farm Tenant Act must readjust their rates. That is correct, is legal obligation. _ : also be acceptable to the Secretary _of the it not? · Mr. OVERTON. I .think the Senator Interior. Funds appropriated to the Secre 'Mr. WHEELER. The e·arnings will not from Maine probably is correct about tary of Agricl,llture pursuant to the Bank be taken away from them. · that; I think his interpretation of the law head-Janes Farm Tenant Act may be used· for Mr. OVERTON. I mean that is what is sound in that regard. the purposes of subsections (c) (2) and (c) the effect will be. They will profit noth Mr. McFARLAND·. Mr. President,' will (3). ' (3) In order to provide for. cooperation be ing by it, will they? the Seriator yield? · Mr. WHEELER . . Exactly. What it tween the .Secretary of th~ Interior and the Mr. OVERTON. I yield. Secre:tary of Agriculture in the administra mean&.is_that, as always, the Inte.rstate ' Mr. McFARLAND. It seems·that there tion of this act, the Secret_ary of the Interior Commerce Commission in fixing the rates _ was a misunderstanding -a moment ago is authorized, pursuant-to_coop .erative. agree of any railroad will take into considera regarding the adoption of my amend ments between the Secretary of Agriculture tion its earnings. If this money goes ment. Will the Senator yield for a mo and the Secretary of the Interior, to consider back into the treasuries· of the railroads, ment, in order to permit the situation to -the money or any part of the money made then in fixing the rates it will be the duty available to settl ~ rs upon land within Federal be straightened out? reclamation projects, as all or a portion of of the Interstate Commerce Commission ~ . Mr. OVERTON. I yield the floor. to take into consideration the -amounts· the capital required of such settler_ under 1 Mr. McFARLAND. Mr. President, I which are received by the railroads. subsection (C) of section 4 of the act of De should like to have my amendment re cember 5, 1924 ( 43 Stat. 702.), and where. any That will be done in fixing the rates all stated. lands have been- or may be improved by over the country. The PRESIDENT pro tempore. The _ means of funds made available to a veteran Mr. OVERTON. Then, under that ex amendment will be restated. · by the Secretary of Agriculture pursuant to planation, it seems to me that the rail The CHIEF CLERK. On page 3, after the Bankhead-Janes Farm Tenant Act, or roads will not benefit in any way by the this act, the Secretary of the Interior shall line 12, it is proposed to insert the fol / require the entryman or settler of such lands measure. lowing: Mr. WHEELER. Certainly; the rail to enter into a mortgage contract or Other roads will not benefit by it. SEc. 4. (a) It shall be the duty of all car.. security instrument acceptablP to the Secre riers now operating under land-grant rates, tary of Agriculture covering his interest in Mr. OVERTON. The other day the including carriers which have entered into the land and improvements to secure the re Senator stated that the general public land-grant equalization contracts, when payment of the value of such improvements will benefit by it. billing the various agencies of the Gover~ before. a subsequent entry is allowed. Mr. WHEELER. Of course the gen ment for travel or . transportation subject - (4) The Secretary of the Interior shall ex eral public will benefit by .it. to land-grant rates begun after the date of _pend at least $3,750,000 of the funds appro Mr. OVERTON. Then. do not w.e ar..; enactment of this act, and prior to October .priated to him and the Secretary of Agr,icul rive at the same result if the existing 1, 1946, to forward to the Comptroller General ture shall expend at least $1,250,000 of the law remains as it is and if the _Govern., a copy of t~e bill showing the difference be funds .. appropriated to him in each of the States mentioned in subsection (d) as having ment retains that money? When re tween the full commercial rates, fares; or it charges for the travel or transportation in ·railroad land-grants valued at $5,000,000 or tains it, of course it will be in the interest question and the amounts which would be more: Provided, That if the total of the of the general · public. payable at the land-grant or equalization amounts reported under subsection (a) is less Mr. WHEELER. No.; the result would -rates, fares, Qr charges. No report filed by any .tha:n $68,·272,770, then the said Secretaries_ not be the same, and I shall tell the Sena carrier pursuant to the provisions of this sec ,shall expend iri each of such States 75 per- tor why that is so. The purpose in creat tion ~hall be considered or construed as an . cent and 25 percent, respectively, of an ing the Interstate Commerce Commission admission by such carrier with respect to the amount which bears the same ratio to $5,000,- lawful rate applicable to any travel or trans' 000 as the total of the amounts so reported was to. avoid. discriminations or rebates. ·portation performed prior to the date of ·bears to· $68;272,770. in regar.d. to freight rates as between date of enactment of this act. ( 5) An eligible veteran for the purposes of various sections of the country and .vart (b) · A, sum• equal:- 'to the amounts reported . this· act is one wh~ has, been or ma.y· be -de- . ous cities. Under the act as now written, _under, subsection• (a) . shall, be set aside· in c1 :~.red .eliglb le _for any benefits_-pr.o..v.ide.cLfor ' .. there is discrimination· a~ between peoP'le .the Treasury, and-cov-ored 'into-a· special fund . ·m the·· Servicemen's Readjus-tment Act of 1945 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE 9395' 1944 as the same now exists or may be here- to move in the proper direction to give the Senator from Virginia [Mr. GLASS] after amended. . them wh'atever may be· justified. are absent because of illness. (6) No amount shall be.deducted or with But to mix things which are pot alilce, The Senator from Kentqcky [Mr. held from any payment due to any veteran by writing into this bill an amendment CHANDLER], the Senator from California under any law administered by the Veterans' Administration for the purpose of protecting of this kind-which has no relation to [Mr. DoWNEYl, the Senator from West the United States against lqss in connection the bill and has nothing in common with Virginia [Mr. KILGOREl, the Senator with any sale of land under this act. the bill-is, to me, bad legislative prac from Montana [Mr. MURRAY], the S8na (d) For the purpose of this act the value tice, which should not be followed. tor from Idaho- [Mr. TAYLOR], and the of lands to which carriers have legal or Mr. President, I wish to say that I took Senator· from New York [Mr. WAGNER] equitable title or possession in the several the same position last year on this are detained on public business. · States is hereby fixed as follows: amendment; and when the committee The Senator from Florida [Mr. PEP Arizona, $7,000,000; California, $14,331,090; - accepted it at that time I filed a special PER] is absent on official business. Idaho, $1,14.9,190; Minnesota, $87,228; Mon concurring- report ·expressing my views. tana, $19,209,090; Nevada, $11,112,454; ·New The Senator from Utah [Mr. THOMAS] Mexico, $5,000,000; North Dakota, $1,000,500; I was in favor of the objective of the bill, has been appointed a delegate to the In Oregon, $171,292; -utah, $349,120; Washington, namely, to terminate the land-grant ternational Labor Conference in Paris, $8,789,406; Wisconsin, $3,300; Wyoming, $70,- rates. I was not in favor of the inclusion and is, therefore, necessarily absent. 100; total, $68,272,770. of this amendment. The bill never came Mr. WHERRY. The Senator from to a vote, so nothing was done. Mr. McFARLAND. Mr.. President, as Maine [Mr. BREWSTER], the Senator froni This year the commfttee did not ac North Dakota [Mr. LANGER], the Sena I understand the amendment was agreed cept this amendment. Now the Senator to a moment ago, but I wish to have t.he tor from Oregon [Mr. MoRsE], the ,Sena· from Arizona has offered it from the tor from Ohio [Mr. TAFT]. and the Sen situation made clear. :floor. ators from New Hampshire [Mr. BRIDGES The PRESIDENT pro tempore. No; I am anxious, as is everyone else con and Mr. TOBEY] are necessarily absent. the amendment was not agreed to. An. cerned, about helping the shippers of _the The Senator from South Dakota [Mr. other amendment was pending, and it country get rid of land-grant rates . . As BusHFIELD J and the Senator from Idaho was agreed to; But the amendment of has Q.een stated here, they are a source [Mr. THOMAs] are absent because of ill· the Senator from Arizona was not agreed of discrimination as between shippers, ness. to. . and they should be terminated. I am in The PRESIDENT pro tempore. Sev The question now is on agreeing to the sympathy with the veterans. If we have enty-seven Senators having answered to amendment offered by the Senator from not given the veterans all we should have their names, a quorum is -present. Arizona. given th~m. I stand ready to vote to give . The questio.l:! is on agreeing to the Mr. WHERRY. Mr. President, may we them what can be justified. But this is amendment offered by the Senator from have an explanation of the amendment-? not the kind of legislation we should Arizona [Mr. McFARLAND] on behalf of Mr. McFARLAND. Mr. President, I pass in order to accomplish the purpose himself and other Senators. should like to explain to· the Senator that sought. The amendment was agreed to. in the land-grant States the railroads Mr. McFARLAND. Mr. President, I The PRESIDENT pro tempore. The still have· a certain amount of land. It know that the Senator from Kansas ob bill is still before the Senate and open to was advocated by some that tpe railroads jected to the amendment on a prior oc amendment. If there be no further should turr~ those lands back to the Gov casion, but he was the only cne who ob \ amendment to be offered, the question is ernment . . jected. The amendmeBt represents a on the engrossment of the- amendments , Rather than to do that, we propose to compromise Which we are trying to and the third reading of the bill. create a fund, using the difference be agree upon. I think · the amendment The amendments were ordered to be tween the full commercial rates, fares, or should be agreed to so that we may dis engrossed and the b:11 to be read a third· charges for travel or transportation and pose of the bill. time. the amounts which would be payable at The PRESIDENT pro tempore. The question is on agreeing to the amend. The bill was read the third time. the land-:grant rates, fares, or charges The PRESIDENT pro tempore. The which·accumulates up to $68,772,770 be ment offered by the S:mator from Ari zont [Mr. McFARLAND] for himself and · question now is, Shall the bill pass? fore October 1946, to be used for the pur Mr. SHIPSTEAD. I ask for the yeas chase or improve~ent of farm homes other Senators. [Putting the question.] for veterans in the reclamation States. The ayes seem to have it. and nays. The Senator's State is one of the· recla Mr. REED. I ask·for a division. The yeas and nays were not ordered. mation States. In substance, that is the Mr. BARKLEY. I suggest the absence The bill (H. R. 694) was passed. amendment. of a quorum. Mr. BYRD. Mr. President, I should The PRESIDENT pro tempore. The '!'he PRESIDENT pro tempore. The like to have the RECORD show that if there question is on agreeing to the amend clerk will call the roll. had been a roll call I would have voted in ment offered by the Senator from Ari The Chief Clerk called the roll, and the negative. - zona [Mr. McFARLAND]. the following Senators answered to their Mr. SHIPSTEAD. Mr. President, if a Mr. REED. Mr. President, I dislike, in names: record vote had been had, as I requested, an atmosphere of harmony, to say any Aiken Guffey Myers I would have voted in the negative. thing which might possibly disturb the Andrews Gurney O'Danlel Mr. RUSSELL subsequently said: Mr. Austin Hart O'Mahoney. President, earlier in the day the Senate harmonious feeling. However, I do not Bailey Hatch 0\'erton think what I shall say will do that. Ball Hawkes Radcliffe passed without a roll-call vote a bill to Bankhead Hayden Reed repeal the so-called land-grant rates. I Mr. President, this is a cock-eyed Barkley Hickenlooper Revercomb was temporarily absent from the :floor, amendment which has no proper place Bilbo Hill Robertson and when I returned the Senate was en in this bill. What it proposes to do is to Briggs Hoey Russell Brooks Johnson, Colo. Saltonstall gaged in discussion of the question of the take money derived from the payment of Buck Johnston, S.C. Shlpstead reference of the atomic energy bill. I had freight rates on Government traffic mov Butler Knowland Smith assumed that· there would be a record ing over land-grant railroads and use it Byrd La Follette Stewart Capehart Lucas Thomas, Okla. vote on the land-grant rate bill, and I to create a fund, 75 percent of which Capper McCarran Tunnell was out in the reception room, and was would be administered by the Secretary Carvllle McClellan Tydings therefore denied the opportunity to ask of the Interior and 25 percent of which Chavez McFarland Vandenberg Connally McKellar Walsh for a record vote. I do not like to have would be administered by the Secretary Cordon McMahon Wheeler this bill become a law without the RECORD of Agriculture, for the purchase of lands . Donnell Magnuson Wherry showing I was' opposed to it. I desired Ellender Maybank White for returning veterans. What connec Ferguson Mead . Wiley • to make the statement that I was opposed tion'there is between land-grant'railroad Fulbright Millikin Willis to it, and I ask to have the statement freight rates and · lands for returning George Mitchell Wilson appear in the RECORD following action of veterans, I am .wholly unable to sr.e. We Gerry Moore Young 'the Senate in passing the land-grant rate have treated the returning veterans with Green Murdock bill. generosity. If we have not treated them Mr. HILL. I announce that the Sena . The PRESIDING OFFICER. Without with sufficient generosity, I stand ready tor from Mississippi [Mr. EASTLANDl and objection, it is so ordered. 9396 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE .OCTOBER -4 Mr. lULL. Mr. President, I beg to state subdivided among various standing com .woqld have . gone to the comJP.ittee to for the sake of the RECORD that ! -was OP: -mittees, or whether it should go to an which the President's message was re. posed -to the land-grant rate bill, and had over-all joint committee; which the Sen -ferred by the o.ccupant of the Chair at there been a roll-call vote, I certainly . ate has already approved by way -of that time. But on account of the discus- should have voted against the passage of resolution, which resolution is pending sion which ensued, we all agreed that the the bill. I ask that my statement appear for action in the House. bill should lie on the table. Many of the following that of the Senator from Geor . I am perfectly willing to consent to Senators did not realize that from a tech gia immediately following the passage of any parliamentary maneuver which will nical standpoint that meant that neither the bill. permit the Senate to decide that funda the Chair nor the Senate c.ould pass upon The PRESIDING OFFICER. Without · mental question, but I do not think the reference of the bill to a committee objection, it is so ordered. either the Senator from Kentucky or I unless it were laid before the Senate and DEVELOPMENT AND CONTROL OF ATOMIC would wish to create such a situation a motion made to refer it to a particula-r ENERGY-REFERENCE OF SENATE BILL ·that we would have to vote either to refer committee. 1463 "the bill to the Committee on Military Mr. President, in the absence of the Affairs or vote it to the calendar. · power of the Chair to decide, without . Mr. BARKLEY. Mr. President, yes Mr. BARKLEY. I think it would be unanimous -consent, the question of ref terday the President sent ::>. message to most unfortunate and most unsatisfac erence-the Senator would not agree to the Congress dealing with atomic energy. tory that the bill go to the calendar with that, would he? In the message he commented upon his out the consideration of a committee, Mr. VANDENBERG. Not without a purpose to discuss with other nations the and I think that the most direct way to supplemental agreement. question of the control of the atomic reach the situation is to agree that the Mr. BARKLEY. Of course, any Sena bomb, and kindred subjects,. with which Chair may pass upon the question of tor would have the right to appeal from we are familiar. reference, from which decision any Sena the ruling of the Chair with respect to The message of the President was re tor may appeal. We would in that way reference ·of the bill. ferred to the Committee on Military Af get the verdict of the Senate. Other Mr. VANDENBERG. Yes, but that fairs, and when the Senator from Colo wise the bill will go to the calendar might bring us to something that neithe·r ·rado introduced a bill carrying out the without consideration by any committee recommendations of the President, and the Senator from Kentucky nor I .would · at all. · care to contemplate, namely, that it go to asked that it be referred also to the Com If I may make myself a little more the calendar. · mittee on Military Affairs, the Senator definite, if I should ask unanimous con from Michigan [Mr. VANDENBERG] rai'sed sent, regardless of the parliamentary, Mr. BARKLEY. If the appeal of any the question of the jurisdiction of that technical situation, that as of yesterday, Senator from the ruling of the Chair was committee as compared with the Com when the bill was introduced, the Chair not sustained, then the bill would go ·to mittee on Foreign Relations, and possibly decide the question of reference, from the committee to which it was referred. other committees. By agreement the bill which decision any Senator could take It would not put the bill back- on the was permitted to lie on the table without an appeal, the Senate could then pass calendar. In other words, if the Chair ·reference, with the understanding that upon it. should hold that the bill should go either the question qf the committee to which 'Mr. VANDENBERG. Would not that to the Committee on Military Affairs or it should be referred would be taken up leave us in precisely the same situation? the Committee on Foreign Relations, any and disposed of today. Suppose we pursued the course suggested Senator could appeal from that decision I had a feeling that that meant simply by the able Senator, suppose the Chair and we would have a vote upon it. That that the reference of the bill would be referred the bill to the. Committee on would not send the bill back to the cal held in abeyance until today, at which Military Affairs, and I took an appeal, endar. If the appeal were sustained, it time the Chair would refer the bill as the and the appeal were sustained; where would be in order then, I understand, Chair refers bills usually. But from a would that leave· the bill? · . to move that the bill go to some other technical parliamentary standpoint, the Mr. BARKLEY. It would still leave --committee. I should like to inquire of the ·bill being on the table, the Chair cannot the bill, according to my judgment, be Chair whether I am correct about that. refer it as he would a bill ordinarily in-· fore the Senate, and a motion could be The PRESIDENT pro tempore. The troduced, ~nd, therefore, in order to get made then to refe1~ it to another com Senator is correct. it before the Senate, it is nece$sary tha_t mittee. - 1 Mr. ·BARKLEY. In other words, if the Chair lay the bill before -the Senate, Mr. VANDENBERG. The committee ·the Chair should refer the bill to the after which a motion will be in order to to which some of us think it should be ·Committee on Miiitary Affairs-- -refer it to a particular committee. referred is not yet in· existence, and is -The PRESIDENT pro tempore. Any Mr. President, in o"rder that that' ques awaiting the action of the House. Senator would have a right-to appeal. · tion may be determined_as promptly as Mr. BARKLEY. That is a situation Mr. BARKLEY. Yes; any Senator . possible, I ask that the Chair lay the bill which probably creates a parliamentary could appeal. And if on appeal the Sen tefore the Senate. vacuum. Even if the House should ate sustained the appeal, then it would The PRESIDENT pro tempore. The - agree to the resolutiOn which the Senate be in order to move that the bill go either Chair lays before the Senate- has already passed, I do not believe ·this -to that committee or some other com Mr. VANDENBERG. · Mr. President, bill could be referred to it. I do not mittee, so -the Senate would have a vote if I may be heard for just a moment wish to enter into that argument now. on the question. The PRESIDENT pro tempore. The Mr. VANDENBERG. I disagree with -The PRESIDENT pro tempore. To Senator from Michigan is recognized. the Senator in that. Will the- Senator some other committee. Not to that- com Mr. VANDENBERG. I submit a par yield to me? mittee, because that question would have Jiamentary inquiry. What will happen Mr. BARKLEY. I yield. beeri decided. if the Chair shall lay the bill before the Mr. VANDENBERG. Could we not Mr. VANDENBERG. The Senator Senate and the Senator from Kentucky present the issue frankly to the Senate, from Kentucky ·appreciates that that shall move to refer it to the Committee without any parliamentary difficulties, by -. would not permit me to raise the funda on Military Affairs, and that motion a unanimous-consent request that the mental question I wish to raise inasmuch shall be rejected? What then will be Senate vote upon a motion to refer the as the joint congressional committee has the status of the bill? bill to the Committee on Military Affairs not yet been created. The PRESIDENT pro tempore. The with the understanding that if the mo Mr. BARKLEY. No. bill will go to the calendar. tion were defeated, the bill would return Mr. VANDENBERG. Therefore I Mr. VANDENBERG. That would be to the table? ·cannot move that the bill be referred-to an unsatisfactory status for any of us. Mr. BARKLEY. I think it is unfor it. Mr. BARKLEY. Yes. tunate that we get into a parliamentary Mr. BARKLEY. Frankly, I do not Mr. VANDENBERG. The issue I want vacuum over the reference of a bill. Or think .the · Senator could move to refer decided, and the only issue I want de dinarily, as we all understand, the Chair . the bill to it, evenif the joint committee cided, is whether or not the Senate has the right to refer a bill, and I imagin'e were in existence. · thinks that the question of congres that if the general parliameptary process Mr. VANDENBERG. That is another sional control of this matter should be had been carried olJ.t yesterday, the bill- question. 1~45 CONG.l{~SSIONAL . RECORD-:-SENATE 9397 Mr. BARKLEY. Yes; that is another by committees in the Senate while the Mr. JOHNSON of Colorado. I should question. But, regardless of the status House proceeds with hearings on the like to ask the Senator from Michigan of the so-called joint commission which bill referred by the Speaker to the Com if he is in accord with the President's was provided for in the-resolution which mittee on Military Affairs, a bill identical message received yesterday? the Senate adopted the other day, here is with the one introduced in the Senate. Mr. VANDENBERG. What dOes the a bill which was introduced yesterday Mr. VANDENBERG. I agree with the Senator mean? and must be refer.red to some committee. Senator that nothing could be more un Mr. JOHNSON of Colorado. Whether Mr. VANDENBERG. But it can lie fortunate than that we should get into the Senator is in accord with the presen upon the table until the appropriate parliamentary difficulties over a subject tation of this whole matter to the Senate. committee is created. of this utterly fundamental import not This is what I mean. Beginning on Mr. BARKLEY. Yes; which might be only to America but to the world. The pa:ge-- indefinitely. very thing I am striving for is to create Mr. VANDENBERG. Let me inter Mr. VANDENBERG. I am perfectly one over-all forum which can be respon rupt the Senator to answer his question willing, as I told the Senator yesterday, sible for congressional action in conm:c- · first. I am not in accord with that por to avoid any indefinite postponement tion. with the consideration of this prob tion of the message which· indicates that just as soon as the temper of the House lem. My contention is that if it is not the President is going to proceed to de of Representatives is registered. put in this one over-all place we will termine what shall be the international I find one segment of the bill in the s ·~nate fa;te of atomic energy and then report Mr. BARKLEY. am not so much Military Affairs Committee, precisely as concerned about the temper of the House is now proposed should be done, and we a conclusion to the Congress for its con of Representatives as I am about its pos ·will find another sector in the Senate firmation. I think that the determina sible action. ·Foreign Relations Committee wh-ere· the .tion of what shall be the international Mr. VANDENBERG.· Very well. bill su;bmitted by the able Senator from fate of atomic energy goes to the utter What does the Senator say aaout that? Connecticut has already been taken up. fundamentals of the whole thing, and Mr. BARKLEY. I am not quibbling In the other House we find one sector that the Congress of the Untted States. upon that proposition. Here is a bill of the problem referred to the House should have the right of consultation which is introduced as a result of · a Military Affairs Committee, and another from the very first moment that the sub Presidential message, and th~ message sector referred to the House Judiciary ject .is taken up, and that again it is of the President was predicated upon the Committee. When we get through with necessary to create a joint congressional importance of prompt action upon this subdividing all the interests that are in voice for that purpvse so that the Con propm:ed legislation. The bill which has volved in the answer to this fundamental gressional representation can cooperate been introduced has no international problem we have created, in my judg with the President evel"y moment of the connotations or · relationships. It · is ment, a total hodgepodge which invites ·time that th.e subject is being explor~d. purely a domestic bill dealing wit!}. a do no possibility of the sort of prompt and I do not· agree with that portion of the . mestic · situation growing out of the effective action which the · desperate Presidential message. atomic bomb and atomic energy which problem requires. Mr. JOHNSON of CJlorado. The has been developed by .the War Depart Furthermore, the able Senator_ from President's message begins on page 1 and ment through military processes and Kentucky has emphasized the fact tha;t continues all through page 2 exactly to through research; I do not wish to take the President's. message has come to the describe the bill which has been intro advantage of any technical situation to Senate and has been referred to the duced in the Senate, known as S~nate deny the Senate the right to pass upon Military Affairs Committee. I think that bill 1463. the question'. If the Senator from Mich is no precedent whatever. I remind the igan is not willing that the Chair should Mr. VANDENBERG. I can answer the Senator that when the Senate acted Senator in a word. I am greatly sympa mak~ a ruling referring this bill to some and the Sen~te has acted-the Senate's thetic with the President's message. It committee, and by reason of an appeal recorded judgment is that this problem from that decfsion to get a vote of the is not conclusive, so far as I am con- is too big for any of its standing com cerned. - Senate, of course I am helpless, so far as mittees. The Senate's recorded judg that is concerned. ment is that there shouli be a small ·Mr. JOHNSON of Colorado. I do not Mr. VANDENB.ERG. The Senator is joint congressional committee created · care to argue that point with the Sena not helpless in settling the lssue this for the purpose of dealing with the total tor, but I dcr wish to state, and to make afternoon if he will join me in permitting subject of the control, development and it clear, that the President's message is the issue to be presented in its naked use of atomic enexgy. And I remind the divided into .two parts. Beginning wi.th reality to the Senate. I am perfectly Senator from Kentucky that that action the last paragraph on page 1, and on all willing to ask unanimous consent that was not taken until the Senate Foreigl) of page 2, the President's message deals the Senator from Kentucky be permit R~Iations Committee had sent a sub with the bill which has been introduced, ted now to move to refer the bill to the committee consisting of the Senator and describes it in detail,· and there is Senate Military Affairs Committee with Texas [Mr. CoNNALLY], the Senator from nothing in the bill· which has been in the understanding that if his motion fails Illinois [Mr. LucAs], and myself to con troduced which is not covered in the the bill remains upon the table. sult the President of the ·united States President's message on pages 1 and 2. Mr. BARKLEY. Mr. President, it is himself in respect to it, ~. nd we called Mr. VANDENBERG. No; there are in not necessary to obtain un2.nimous con upon the President and we had from the President's message a great many sent that I move that the bill be referred him the statement that he thought this things which are not covered by the' bill. to the Committee on Military Affairs. was the proper way in which we .should Mr. JOHNSON of Colorado. Begin All the Chair has to do is to lay the bill proceed. ning with paragraph 1 and ending on before tlie Senate; and then it is in order Under those circumstances Mr.· Presi page 2, there is· nothing in the Presi- · to move that the bill be referred to the dent, I do not think I am unfair when, dent's message which is not in the bill. Committee on Military Affairs. I do not while agreeing with the Senator that we The bill is an amplification of that part feel at this time justified in agreeing ought to settle it at the earliest possible of the message. Then the President, on that if that motion should be defeated moment, I ask that the parliamentary page 3, goes on to say: the bill would still be on the table, be situation be such that we can get a The other phase of the problem is the cause it would then be in order to move straight-out vote on the question whether question of the international control and that it be referred to some other com any part of this problem shall go to any · development of this newly discovered energy. mittee. of our standing committees, or whether I should like to see this issue· settled or not it is the judgment of the Senate Of course, that is a question with because I want to say frankly that a that it should sustain its previous action which the Military Affairs Committee similar bill was referred to the Commit in asserting that the problem is too great certainly does not have jurisdiction to tee on Military Affairs in the House yes for any one standing committee.' deal; but it does have jurisdiction to deal terday. That committee is preparing to Mr. JOHNSON of Colorado. Mr. with all the parts of the bill which has hold immediate hearings upon it. I President, will the Senato1· from Ken been introduced, Senate bill1463, the bill think.it would be most unfortunate for tucky yield to me.? described by the President in his mes us to get into a quarrel over jurisdiction Mr. BARKLEY. I yield. sage, on pages 1 and 2. 9398 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD_:SENATE OCTOBER 4
Mr. VANDE~BERG. The Senator's order to move that it be referred to the Why did the Senate take that action, statement completely confirms every appropriate committee? Mr. President, and why did the commit thing I have said. The PRESIDENT pro tempore. It tee take the action which it tool~? It Mr. JOHNSON of Colorado. No. will. took the action because it confronted the Mr. VANDENBERG. The Senator says Mr. BARKLEY. I ask the Chair to proposition that the problem involved in that the Committee on Military Affairs lay the bill before the Senate. the use, development, and control of would not have jurisdiction over certain The PRESIDENT pro tempore. The atomic energy is so broad in its impact parts of the problem submitted in the Chair lays before the Senate-- and its considerations that no single Presidential message. . Mr. VANDENBERG. Mr. President, a legislative committee in either the House Mr. JOHNSON of Colorado. I did not parliamentary inquiry. or the Senate could possibly have juris say parts of the bill. I said parts of the The PRESIDENT- pro tempore. The diction over anything except a small por problem. Senator will state it. tion of the problem. Mr. VANDENBERG. I am talking Mr. VANDENBERG: Does that re The able Senator from Colorado him about the message and about the pr.ob- · q,uest require unanimous consent? self, who introduced the bill, says that lem. The Sanator states that the prob The PRESIDENT pro tempore. It his bill deals only with the military as- lem is infinitely larger than the jurisdic - does not. pects of p,tomic energy, ' tion of the Senate Committee on Mili Mr. VANDENBERG. With the bill on Mr. JOHNSON of Colorado. Mr. tary Affairs. the table, would it not require unani President, will the Senator yield? Mr. JOHNSON of Colorado. The mous consent to lay the bill before the Mr. VANDENBERG. I , yield to the President concedes .that, too. Senate? Senator. I do not wish to misquote him. Mr. VANDENBERG. Yes; and I want The PRESIDENT pro tempore. Tech Mr. JOHNSON of Colorado. I made the Senate again to concede it, as it has nically it would require a motion by -a· no such statement as that. already done by voting in the first in Member of the Senate to lay the bill be Mr. VANDENBERG. Very w·ell. The stance that the problem as a whole fore the Senate, if there is objection. Senator may make his own statement. • should go to a joint committee which Mr. VANDENBERG. I think that is Mr. JOHNSON of Colorado. The bill can encompass the entire subject. the way to raise the issue. which I introduced carries out the . Mr. JOHNSON of Colorado. The bill . Mr. BARKLEY. I move that the recommendation of the President. does not encompass the entire subject, Chair lay before the Senate Senate bill Mr. VANDENBERG. In the military because the legislation which is pre 1463. field. • sented to the Senate automatically di The PRESIDENT pro tempore The Mr. JOHNSON of Colorado. The vides the problem into two parts. question is on agreeing to the motion of recommendation which he made in his Mr. VANDENBERG. I seem to be un the Senator from Kentucky. ... message of yesterday, beginning with the able to make the Senator understand Mr. VANDENBERG. Mr. President, a last paragraph on page 1, and including that that is precisely what I object to. parliamentary inquiry. all the paragraphs on page 2. That is Mr. JOHNSON of Colorado. I seem The PRESIDENT pro tempore. The as much of the President's message as to have a .similar difficulty, Mr. Presi Senator will state· it. the pending bill, Senate bill 1463, en dent. Perhaps it is my fault in both Mr. VAN:OENBERG. If that motion visages. The President's message then instances. were defeated, what would the status of passes to another subject. The bill Mr. VANDENBERG. I agree with the the bill be? which is before the Senate does not pass Senator that a portion of this message The PRESIDENT pro tempore. It to that second subject. belongs in the Committee on Military would remain on the table. Mr. VANDENBERG. Le~ me see if I Affairs; I agree that a portion of it be Mr. VANDENBERG. A further par can make my statement sufficiently con longs in the Committee on Foreign Rela liamentary inquiry: Is the motion de secutive to be in some degree logical. tions; I 'agree that a portion of it be . batable? ' If the Senator's bill covers not only the longs in the Committee on Interstate The PRESIDENT pro tempore. The question of military use, but also the Commerce; I agree. that a portion of it motion is debatable. question of the creation of an atomic en belongs in the Committee on Appropria ergy commission-to deal with the do tions. As I stated yesterday, since the Mr. VANDENBERG. Very well. Mr. BARKLEY. Does the Senator mestic development of atomic energy, Committee on the District of Columbia 1 then the bill does not belong in the Com is th'e committee in which most of our wish to debate it? Mr. VANDENBERG. I do. mittee on Military Affairs, even as it is explosions occur, perh!),ps some of it be now written. There, we have another longs even there. Mr. BARKLEY. Very well. I will let perfect example of the fact that this sub That is the very point. With a sub the Senator have the floor. ject is so· broad; and so all-inclusive in ject so broad as this, I do not see how The PRESIDENT pro tempore . . The its impact upon every phase of Amarican we can divide it up into airtight com . uestion is on agreeing to the motion of "life-yea, upon every phase of 'vorld partments and have half a dozen dif the Senator from Kentucky that Senate civilization-that there is no standing ferent committees at both , ends of the bill ·1463 be laid before the Senate. committee of the Senate which can ap Capitol simultaneously dealing with this Mr. VANDENBERG. Mr. President, I propriately take jurisdiction over any utterly treacherous subject. It not only do not wish to repeat myself. The issue· thing except a very ·small part of iL involves complete duplication of testi is very simple. The Senate, upon the I repeat that if one takes the Pi·esi mony and consideration, but it involves unanimous recommendation of its Com ·dent's message and applies parliamen the very serious hazard that too many mittee on Foreign Relations, has adopt tary dissection to it, a part of the mes cooks may sp€>il the broth. ed a concurrent resolution which under sage must be referred to the Committee Mr. BARKLEY. Mr. President, a takes to concentrate in one congressional on Foreign Relations; another part of it parliamentary inquiry. . authority the entire control of the crig to 'the Committee on Military Affairs; The PRESIDENT pro tempore. The inal consideration of the problems in another part to the Committee on Inter SenP,tor will state it. volved in the development, control, and state Commerce; another part to the Mr. BARKLEY. Was I correct a few use of atomic energy, Why was that ac- Committee on Commerce; and still an moments ago in stating that the present . tion taken by the Senate? other part to the Committee on Appro parliamentary status of the measure is Mr. JOHNSON of Colorado. . Mr. ·priations. Thatjs a perfect example of such that the Chair himself cannot refer President; will the Senator yield? the all-inclusive character of this prob it to a committee? Mr. VANDENBERG. I yield. ·lem. The PRESIDENT pro tempore. The Mr. JOHNSON of Colorado. If that Mr. President, it was because ·of that Chair has no authority after it is laid · resolution should be adopted by the other fact that the Committee on Foreign Re on the table. House, would such a committee as is de lations, after consultation with the Pres Mr. BARKLEY. I wish to submit a scribed in the resolution be a legislative ident of the United States, and with his further parliamentary inquiry. committee? ·approval-! repeat, after consultation The PRESIDENT pro. tempore. The .· Mr. VANDENBERG. It would not. with the President of the United States. Senator will state it. -The resolution authorizes the committee and with his approval-unanimously re Mr. BARKLEY. If the Chair lays the to present its recommendations to the . ported to this body a resolution propos- bill before the Senate; will it then be in Congress. ing the creation of a small joint over-all 1945 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE 9399 congressional committee to take total., Mr. AIKEN. It does. I thank the it, notwithstanding that if some other jurisdiction over the entire subject. Senator. phase of the subject were introdm;ed Th:::tt resolutiGn was adopted by the Mr. BARKLEY. Mr. President, I wish separately in the form of a bill, it might ·Senate. The resolution has gone to the to discuss the motion I have made, which ' go to another committee. · House. In the House it was referred to is that the Chair Jay before the Senate Mr. M:AGNUSON. Mr. President, will the Committee on Rules. The Gommit- the bill introduced yesterday by the Sen the Senator yield to me? tee on Rules substituted for that action ator fr.om Colorado [Mr. JoHNSON]. Or Mr. BARKLEY. I yield. of the Senate a practically identical reso-· dinarily, when a Senator introduces a bill Mr. MAGNUSON. I understood it-to Iution introduced by a distinguished the Chair exercises the right, wh~ch he be said yesterday by both the Senator Democratic Member of the House. I has- enjoys under the rule, to refer the bHl to from Kentucky. and the Senator from ten to say that I have no pride of author-· a standing legislative committee which Colorado that if other phases of the bill ship in this matter. I am interested sole- may have jurisdiction of it. I recognize develop, the bill need not stay in the Iy irythe fundamental principle involved, fully that frequently bills which are in Committee on Military Affairs. Of and I shall be very happy to e.ccept the traduced in the Senate might go to one course, there will be other domestic· Democratic sponsorship in the House of two or three committees; but in the phases: That being true, of course I which the resolution now has. exerc!se of the power and discretion should be inclined to vote to have the The House Rules Committee unani- lodged in the Chair' to make reference bill laid before the Sena1ie. mously· reported the resolution to the appropriately, the Chair is expected to I also 'think that the suggestion of the House. Whether it will come up in the refer a bill not ·to two or three commit Senator from Michigan, namely, that the House for action, I suppose, is largely de- tees, }jut to one of the standing commit bill be referred to a committee which is pendent upon the attitud~ of the Speak- tees of the Senate. That is the practice not a legislative committee, probably er. I am not prepared to speak for the in the Senate. If the President's message would put us in worse shape. I lillder Speal~er, but I assert that on the face of of yesterday-a message which dealt ·stood, however, both Senators to say the record, so far as anyone can consult . with two phases of this- problem, one yesterday that if there were other do it, the judgment of the House of Repre- domestic and the other international mestic phases of importance the bill sentatives itself thus far is precisely the had been limited to the domestic phase, should be sent to a committee other than same as the judgment returned by the there is no questioll' that this bill would the Committee on Military Affairs·. Senate when it adopted the-resolution. ha~ · e gone to the Committee on Military Mr. BARKLEY. Mr. President, I un The motion now pending permits us Affairs. But the President said, after dertake to say in advance that if a bill to make a clear-cut decision upon this delivering his message upon the domestic is entitled because of its major provi fundamental question. That is .the only phase of the problem, that he was going sions to be referred to a definite com thing in which I am interested. It per- to initiate discussions with other nations mittee, if that committee reports it, it mits the Senate to decide whether it with respect to. the international phase then will be possible to refer it to son:e thinks the problem of atomic energy, its of the problem. Theupon, the Senator other committee. The Senate always has control, development, and use, can bet- from Colorado introduced a bill, not d~al · jurisdiction of a bill; and if a committee ter be handled by being split into half a ing with the international problems, not to which a bill is originally assigned re dozen diffe-rent sectors and peddled out to dealing with the international phase of ports it and if the1·e is a phase of the a number of different standing commit- the subject, but dealing entirely and ex matter which should be 'considered by tees of the House and Senate, or wheth- elusively with the domestic problem rela another committee, the Senate has the er it believes that this problem is so big, tive to atomic energy as developed by ·power to refer it to another committee. so intense, and yet so delicate that there the investigations an'd researches of the But I doubt the wisdom of doing that in ought to be one congressional spokes- War Department which resulted in the advance. · manship dealing with every phase of its production of the atomic bomb. Mr. FULBRIGHT. Mr. President, will development. A vote of "yea" on the Mr. VANDENBERG. Mr. President, the Senator yield? pending motion is a vote to subdivide the will the Senator yield? Mr. BARKLEY. I yield .. question and spread it around among Mr. BARKLEY. I yield. · Mr. FULBRIGHT. I ask the Senator various committees. A vote of "nay'' is Mr. VANDENBERG. The question to yield merely for a question. Is it not a vote in favor of over-all consideration. outside of military use is infinitely larger very difficult to treat the matter of the Mr. AIKEN. Mr. President, will the from a domestic sense than the question . use of atomic energy in two separate sec Senator-yield? . inside of military use. Does the Sana- tions-one, its internal effect, and the Mr. VANDENBERG. I yield. tor think that the problem with respect other its international effect? Do not Mr. AIKEN· Does the resolution to to domestic use other than military use they have to be considered together? which the Senator refers, which is now in belongs in the Committee on Military Mr. BARKLEY. No; I do not think the House, merely provide for the crea- Affairs? they automatically or necessarily have to tion of a committee to which· the legisla- be considered together, and the bill now · · tion may be referred? Mr. BARKLEY. That all depends. before the Senate does not deal in any Mr. VANDENBERG. It provides for We cannot introduce a specific bill and . respect with. any international phase of the creation of a joint congressional have it referred to more than one com this problem. committee, consisting of six Members mittee. Now and then the Senate has re of the House and six Members of the ferred a bill to a particular committee, Mr. FULBRIGHT. But the interna senate, to take over-all control of the with an agreement that after that com tional phase is the dangerous phase. consideration of this problem in the Con- mittee reports the bilf it should then go Mr. BARKLEY. As the President said gress, and to make recommendations to to some other committee-a practice . in his message, he will initiate discussions the House and Senate. which, in my judgment, is a bad · one, as to the international phase and will Mr. AIKEN. Would this bill, as well because it -dissipates jurisdiction and report to Congress either on what he has as the President's message, be referred authority. Frequently, bills which are been able to ascertain or as to an agree to that committee? introduced as a whole might, H intro ment-which, of course, would go to the Mr. VANDENBERG. That would be ' duced in separate parts, go to separate Committee on Foreign Relations. my theory and my view. committees of the Senate. But the .But this bill deals· with the domestic Mr. AIKEN. And no · legislation is Chair and the Senate must decide the phase, and it must be referred to a com actually involved, otber than the setting matter of the reference of a bill to a mittee. It cannot be referred to more up of the commit'tee; is that QOrrect? particular committe..:. Ordinarily I than one committee, as I see it. Mr. VANDENBERG. That is correct. think the Parliamentarian advises the Mr. FULBRIGHT. The really urgent Mr. AIKEN .. How is the committee Chair, when he is requested to gi.ve ad- problem is the international use of to be designated? vice on parliamentary matters, and atomic energy, is it not? · Mr.-VANDENBERG. It is to be ap- especially in connection with the refer Mr. BARKLEY." It is urgent, but I do pointed by the President pro tempore of ence of bills, that the committee_ which not think_it excludes the domestic fea the Senate and by the Speaker of the would have jurisdiction of the major ture. House-if that answers the Senator's. part of the subject dealt with by the pill Mr. FULBRIGHT. ' It overshadows it, , ques~ion. would be entitled to have jurisdiction of however. ..
9400 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD~SENATE OCTOBER 4 Mr. BARKLEY. Perhaps so, in the Mr. McMAHON. So there would be _Manhattan project, so-called, developed ultimate consummation. But, for the split jurisdiction, anyway, at this stage· the atomic bomb. It has plants scattered time being, it seems to me we must con of the matter. around the country. . Who owns them? sider this matter from the point of view Mr. BARKLEY. Of course, physically What control do we have of them? of the emergency which now presents and mentally, the committee could go What about any secrets which might be itself to our country, and that considera ahead. Of course, the bill having been divulgecl as to the atomic bomb or atomic tion is to be supplemented by the belief referred to the committee, it could pro energy? Senate bill 1463 attempts to and determination that we must con ceed to hold hearings, if it saw fit to •place a control over the entire problem sider its use from the international point do so. so that we can deal with it in its inter of view. But the bill now presented do~s But here we have had a message from national aspects, as well as other aspects not deal with the international point of the President of the United States, who which may come before the Congress. view. has some responsibility in this situation, The first thing we should do is to perfect . Mr. McMAHON. Mr. President, will and a bill carrying out his recommenda an organization which will control the Senator yield to me? tions, so far as the domestic phases are atomic energy, Then we can deal with Mr. BARKLEY. I yield. concerned, has been introduced in the the l:lther aspects which may be involved. Mr. · McMAHON. Approximately a Senate. The mere fact that the Presi Mr. VANDENBERG. Mr. President, month ago, on the same day the Senator dent mentioned his prospective discus will the Senator ·yield? from Michigan introduced his resolution sions with other nations, upon which he Mr. BARKLEY. I yield. calling for the appointment of a joint will report later, in my judgment-un Mr. VANDENBERG. The Senator from congressional committee, and preceding less the bill contemplated that and inte Colorado has said that we have put that event, I made a speech in the Sen grates it and deals with it-would give the cart before th'e horse. What the ate and I introduced a bill on this sub the Committee on Foreign Relations no Senator from Colorado and the Senator ject. The bill covers both the interna jurisdiction. from Kentucky are trying to' do is to tional a·nd the foreign aspects of the use Mr. McMAHON. As I said, my bill separate the cart from the horse. I do of atomic energy, I am happy to say that anticipated the President's message by .not know what good the. cart is without the bill introduced by the Senator from a month and preceded it by a month. the horse, or what good the horse is with Colorado seems in practically all respects Mr. BARKLEY. Ves. I congratulate _out the cart. I deny that we can divide to agree with the provisions of the bill the Senator from Connecticut on his thts problem into airtight compartments. I introduced, so far as the domestic treat ·ability in foreseeing the situation and on .The entire problem is involved in every ment of the question is concerned. his alertness with regard to the problem, aspect of the question. · My bill was referred to the Committee which is one in which we are all inter The Senator from Kentucky has said on Foreign Relations. I presume it was ested. I say to the Senate that I have .that the bill has nothing to do with the referred to that committee because, al no personal preference in the matter of international phase. I invite his atten though it deals with the domestic side, it the committee to which the bill now tion to the fact th~t the tex.tual.hinguage also deals. with the international side of ·under discussion is referred. I am a .of the bill says that "the primary objec- · the question. ·I ask the Senator if any member of the Fo'reign Relations Com.:. tive of all action taken under or pursuant pre~dent to which attention should be mittee, and I m · not a member of the to ·this act shall be the safeguarding of paid now was created by that reference . . ·Committee on Military Affairs.· .world peace." If that language does not " Mr. BARKLEY. My judgment is that Mr. McMAHON. Mr. President, I may .evidence international implications, I do · no precedent was set or created either by say to the Senator that I am.not a mem not know what it does do. . referring the Senator's bill to the Com ber of either committee, so I am ·in a Mr. BARKLEY. That is a sentence mittee on Foreign Relations or by refer: worse position. . which has been grabbed out 'of the bill. ring the resolution of the Se:pator from Mr. BARKLEY. But I will say that Mr. VANDENBERG. It has been Michigan to the Committee on Foreign the Committee on. Foreign Relations had· grabbed out of the portion of the biil Relations, because the Senator from Utah ·which describes its purposes. [Mr. THOMAS] introduced a bill on the no more jurisdiction of the resolution of subject and it was referred to the Com the Senator from-Michigan, when .it was Mr. BARKLEY. It has been taken out mittee on Military .Affairs, and there is introduced a few days ago, than did the of a bill of approximately 29 pages. Be now on the calendar a bill dealing with ·Committee on Interstate Commerce, the ·Cause of one sentence in the bill the Sena that subject, reported from the Commit .Committee ·on Commerce, or any other tor .from Michigan .thinks that the biil tee on Military Affairs. I ,do not know committee which might deal with some should be referred to a certain commit: whether the Senate will take up that phase of the question of the future use tee, notwithstanding the fact that all the bill. of atomic energy, The fact that the remainder of the bill refers to the do Furthermore, I may say that hearing~ committee ·reported such a . resolution, mestic situation. I appreciate the sin- · have been instituted, I believe, by the aml the Senate adopted it, in my judg . cerity of the Senator from Michigan and Committee on Commerce relative to an ment offers no precedent by which the I entertain· no jealousy so far as the ju other bill, one in which the Senator from Senate should be bound in determining risdiction of committees may be con Washington is interested. That bill' was to what committee the bill should be 1e- cerned.: -As I said yesterday, I am a referred to the C-ommittee on Commerce. ferred. · member of the Committee on Foreign That shows the chaos which exists in the Mr. JOHNSON o~ Colorado. Mr. Relations, but .I am not a member of the Senate relative to the reference of bills, President,· will the Senator yield? Committee on Military Affairs. I · have and it convinces me that the obiter dic Mr. BARKLEY. I yield. no personal feeling as between the two tum, to which I referred yesterday, by a Mr. JOHNSON of Colorado. Let us committees. If I did have any feeling of former Vice President-namely, that any . return to the inquiry propounded by the that nature it would probably be in favor bill which bears the name of the com Senator from Arkansas. It seems to me of the Committee on Foreign Relations. mittee to which the author of the bill de that We should remember that we will Mr. VANDENBERG. The Senator sired to have it referred; would be re· not have an international question in from Kentucky should understand that I ferred ·to it without regard to the rules volved until we acquire domestic control' am not seeking jurisdiction for the Com of the Senate-is bad practic~. I do not of the problem. What I am trying to mittee on Foreign Relations. think any of these bills 'or any reference say is that we are getting the-· cart before Mr. .BARKLEY. I understand that. which has been given to them to any com the horse. An old colored friend of mine Mr. CONNALLY. Mr. President, will mittee establishes a precedent by which . used to say, "You cannot have a stew the Senator yield? the senate is bound. · until you catch a rabbit." . Mr. BARKLEY; I yield. Mr.' McMAHON. I am seeking infor The first thing for the Government Mr. CONNALLY. I certainly have con mation. Could the Committee on For ·to do is to acquire control of atomic cern about the · international as'pects of -eign Relations proceed to hold hearihgs energy. That is precisely what Senate . this problem. I understood the Senator on the bill -! introduced? · bill lj63 would do, and that is all 1t from Colorado to have said a while ago Mr. BAR~EY. I presume it .could would do. At the present time the whole that under this bill, when the domestic . do so . . Yes. · matter is -in a state of suspense~ The situation had been gotten in hand the 1945 . CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE 9401 I international situation would then be our formulas and processes and throw war period · is drawing to its close. Such taken up. them open to the world then, of course, legislation will both permit the uninter rupted continuance of the activities which Mr. JOHNSON of Colorado. No; the Congress may go into the subject of pro are now being carried on in the field of Senator -misunderstood me.· I was re- viding fqr the domestic use of atomic atomic power and will also provide for the !erring to the Congress. energy, how it may be used and dis necessary domestic central supervision of Mr. CONNALLY. The Senator did not tributed, and what effect it will have on the use and development of this newly tapped say that. competition with other sources of power. , source of energy. As section 1 of the pro Mr. BARKLEY. In his message the I do not see how we can accomplish any posed bill states, "The misuse of such energy, President said that he proposed to ini- thing ·by domestic legislation. I do not by design or through ignorance, may i~ tiate discussions. see how we can develop anything which :tlict incalculable disaster upon the Nation, destroy the general welfare. imperil the na Mr. CONNALLY. I understand; and I does not at the same time, if we make it tional safety, and endanger world peace." talked to the President about the matter of benefit and practical use, disclose the On the other hand, "the proper development some time ago. 'I do not wish to engage very thing about which we are so greatly and utilization of such energy will advance in debate. , I think we have 'done too concerned, namely, the rights and privi the national welfare, secure the national de mu6h talking about this matter already. , leges of other nations. fense, insure the national safety, and promote Now we are getting into a row as to what ·It has been said that we should acquire world peace, to an extent and by means committee should consider the bip. I do control of atomic energy domestically. which cannot now be measured.'' The agency entrusted with the internal control not believe that we will bave anpther war Why do we not have control of it al of power of such unlimited potentialities within the next 20 months. I think we ready? We furnished $2,000,000,000 for must have broad and sweeping authority to will have plenty of time to talk about an,d its development. I understand that promote the constant development of the consider the international situation. I . every dollar which was used in the de peaceful uses of atomic energy, and, at the was hoping that the committee which has velopment of this great and terrible in same time, to control every phase of its use been authorized by the Congress-! tbink ~trument was provided by the Congress so that enemies and incompetents, foreign the Senator was not present- of the United States. I have seen state- and domestic, do not bring disaster vpon the Mr. BARKLEY. No; I was not. ments to the e:ffect that England and Nation. Mr. CONNALLY. Well, it would not Canada had some rights in the atomic That statement is signed by Robert P. ' make any difference-- bomb. I have no authority for that state- Patterson, Secretary of War. Mr. BARKLEY. I agree that it would Iilent, because it is my information that Mr. CONNALLY. Mr. President, I not make any difference whether I was they did not contribute a single dime. ask the Senator from Kentucky to yield there or not. [Laughter.] · At any rate, the developments were all to me now, because the Senator from Mr. CONNALLY'. The Senator, in' an made by employees and agencies of the Colorado referred to me. attempt to be funny, made an implic~- United States Government. · Mr. BARKLEY. I yield. tion. I meant that it would not make any The Manhattan agency was created by Mr. CONNALLY. In the letter from difference whether the, Senator was in the Army of the United States. What Judge Patterson, for whom I have the favor of it or not so far as the argument -ever it knows belongs to our Government. highest respect, he makes several refer is concerned: , - So far as ownership carries control, we ences to the preservation of world peace, . Mr. BARKLEY. . No. ' are in total control of this entire program and how important that objective is. - Mr. CONNALLY. I hope the Senator and of the secrets which may be involved. · It is the business of the War Department, will not press the matter too strongly. So, What is the use of being in a hurry not to preserve peace, but to secure , Mr. BARKLEY. I am only emphasiz- about changing the status? We have peace through armed intervention, and ing the Senator's side of the situation. control of it; it is ours, it will remain ours I do not quite agree that that depart- -. Mr. CONNALLY. I would not want until we make some disposition'of it. 'I mentis now to take over jurisdiction over to press it too strongly. object to taking action which may make world peace. The Committee on -For Mr. BANKHEAD. Mr. President, it our ownership useless and of no value by eign Relations has been working on that seems to nie that the discussion has been· simply disclo&ing secrets which we should question for several years, and up to proceeding on t~e basis that the entire keep to ourselves. now it has received the approval of the subject is divisible as between foreign So, Mr. President, it seems to me, as Senate in what it has done. relations and domestic relations. I has been stated, that the bill is putting I wish to call attention to page 2 of gather from what has been said that the the cart before the horse, that we should the bill, li_ne 14: bill is intended to deal solely with the deal with the subject from. an interna domestic side of the situation. I assume tiona! standpoint. We should settle what The primary objective- that the domestic aspect inyolves the use we are going to reserve to our people, "The primary," not the secondary, not use of atomic energy domestically, indus- in our country, ancl then adjust our do the third, not the fourth, but- ·trially, and commercially. Otherwise I mestic a:ffairs, our commercial and 'in The primary objective of all action- cannot conceive of a domestic use of it, dustrial relations, to meet the program as distinguished from an international which we adopt internationally. I hope ''Of all action"- taken under or pursuant to this act shall use, so far as the circumstances under we may keep this matter on the table be the promotion of the national defense, which the matter is handled are con- until we work out some definite program. the protection of the safety of the inhabi cerned. How can it be dealt with do- :Mr. JOHNSON of Colorado. Mr. tants of the United States, the safeguarding mestically without disclosing the secrets President, will the Senator from Ken of world peace. . in connection wlth it? How can we pro- tucky yield? vide for the production, distribution, and Mr. BARKLEY. I shall yield to the Yet, it is said the· bill does not in any use of it as an element of power if we do Senator from Colorado, and then I shall way trench on the jurisdiction of the not hold open to the public the very.ele- ask that I be permitted to make my Committee on Foreign Relations. If the ments which we all regard as being im- statement. desire is to take over the Committee on portant and which should be preserved Mr. JOHNSON of Colorado. Mr.· Foreign Relations and .put it in the Com for the benefit of our own people and our President, secretary Patterson gave us mittee on Military Affairs, do it. by a for own Nation? the answer to the point which has been mal resolution, but do not do it by chip So, Mr. President, it seems to me that, raised by the senator from Alabama, and ping and chiseling off matters of this in a proper. and orderly way, we must I think the point raised by the Senator kind. . . first deal with both aspects of the prob- from Texas. I should like to read the It seems tome that the Committee on . I lem. We should first deal with the in- paragraph containing his answer. He Military Affairs has plenty of work to .do. ternational aspect, and decide whether said: I am not criticizing the committee. I the secrets ·associated with atomic ener- am hoping it will attend to its work.. I . gy and its processes shall be held excll;l- I urge the immediate enactment of such a think the Committee on Military Affairs sively by our Government for the bene- statute- - would do well to see that the ,Ariny puts fit of our country, or whether they shall As Senate b:Ul 1463- , on a little more speed in getting our boys be disclosed to the other nations of the I urge the immediate enactment of such a out of the Army. I think the Committee world. If it is decided to make public statute ~ a prime necessity now that the on M!litary Affairs could do rather well 9402 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE OCTOBER 4 in demobilizing the tremendous Army of Mr. President, we are fonfronted here ment legislation was referred, not to the generals we have, along with some of the with a concrete situation. If we are not Committee on Postwar Economic Policy boys. Instead of promoting every few to hurry about it, and thete should not and Planning but to another committee. days another list of generals, major gen- be any haste· about it, and it is not an That committee had no jurisdiction to erals, and others, it seems to me some of emergent· matter, as the S;=mator from have bills referred to it. the lieutenant generals and others Texas contends, the President should not Mr. -President, I contend that even if . should be made to go back to their peace" have sent his message here yesterday. the House should agree to the concurrent time ranks. We have something to do The President of the United States resolution, the joint committee could not with the draft, a subject to which the thought it was of sufficient importance have bills referred to· it for consideration. Committee on Military A1Iairs might well to justify a message yesterday, which · · Let me read the terms of the concurrent address itself. There is a vast field of deals with a domestic problem, and he resolution adopted by the Senate on the jurisdiction which the Committee on might well ~ have stopped there and not 27th day of September. Military. Afi'airs has. mentioned the international phases, but Section 1 sets up the joint committee There is no great rush and urgency in order that the Congress and the coun of the two Houses; six Members of each about the matter we are discussing. try and the world might know that he, House. Everyone seems to be alarmed. I think had in ·mind the international situation, Section 2 ·provides the jurisdiction of we will survive the atomic bomb. We he went on further to say that he was the committee, what it may do. I shall have survived the :floods and the storms. going to initiate discussions, first with read that to the Senate: · of the past, the plague, the black death, Canada and England, which have had SEc. 2. It shall be the duty of the joint barbarian invasions, conquests, and rev- some ·share. in this matter, although we committee to make a full and complete study olutions. So I thinlt we should use a contributed the major part of the money. and investigation with respect to the develop• little judgment. To rush this thing be- I do not suppose we are going to con ment, control, and use of atomic energy, with fore the Senate, demand that every com- tend that brains did not have something · a view to assisting Congress in dealing with mittee· get out of the way arid give the to do with this activity, as well as money. the problems presented by its development, green light to the Committee on Military Brains and money and · research· ability contra~. and use. ·The j9int committee shall A1Iairs, is not consistent with the proper of the United States and Canada and report to the Senate and House of Repre sentatives at the earliest practicable date the solution of the 'problem before us. Great Britain contributed to the atomic results . of its study and investigation, to . Mr. VANDENBERG. Mr. President, , bomb. Are we saying that because vie gether with such recommendations as 1t will the Senator from Kentucky-yield to put up the money, because we had the ' deems advisable. · . me? money· to put up--which would have Mr. BARKLEY. :i: yield to· the Sena.- . been futile Without some brains--we-are That is all .the jurisdiction it has. tor from Micliigan,..then I shall no~ yield not going to .consult· with our two friend- M·r: LUCAS. · Mr. President,. will the to any other Senator until I. mak.e at · ly'allies who helped wor-k this ·thing out? · Senator yield?- least . o~ . consecutive statement.. -In that.spirit.the....Pr.esident said first he Mr. BARKLEY. I yield. Mr. vANDENBERG. I should like to . wo.uld consult- with. Canada· ·and Great. Mr:. LUCAS. ; .The Senator.. a moment.. . . call the attenti-on of the Senator from , Britain, and then with the other nations, ago was discussing. the committe.a. .whi:Cb . Texas to some additional language in the · as to the international phases of · the was established . to deal with postwar . bill which is to be referred to the Com- problem. · problems. Legislation dealing witb post- mittee on Milltary A1Iairs. I suggest We.have a bill before us, Mr .. President, war problems was introduced and re that he start at the beginning at the bot- , : and I suppose the Senate, Under_ the !erred by: agreement. not only to the . tom of page 5, where the.bill proposes to parliamentary. situation · must , decide Proper committee having jurisdiction,· create a commission, the activities of where the bill· shall go. I contend that J:>ut ·also to the postwar committee. I which ''shall be carried on in accordance- even ·if the concurrent: resolution ,adbpt- ask the Senator thts- question: Does he with the basic principles established. by · ed by the .Senate a . few days ago had . not believe tbat the question of atomic , the President." What principles? Prin- . been adopted by . the House of Repre- ·. energy ·is far more- important-than-any ciples "in the promotion of international sentatives and were· .now· a completed ' postwar planning which· was · considered peace, the Q.evelopment of foreign policy, · act, the' bill could not go to. the com- by the George committee? . . and· the safeguarding of the natiqnal de- mittee created by the resolution. We ate Mr. BARKLEY. Of course I do. I :cnse." . trying to streamline Congress, we are . think that atomic energy may determine If one tried to identify. the functions. . trying to reduce the number. of commit- . ' the fate Qf civilization. of the Committee on Foreign Relations . tees. The Senator. from Wisconsin [Mr. Mr. LUCAS. I agree with the Sena- any more closely t}lan·that, I do not know LA FoLLETTE] and other Senators have tor. how he·would do it. · been working diligently for months in·an · Mr. BARKLEY. But I am reading Mr. BARKLEY. Mr. President, if I attempt to find some procedure by which from the concurrent resolution ·giving may comment upon that, and upon the the committee system of the two Houses, jurisdiction to this joint committee, and -reference of the Sen~tor. from Texas to and especially the Senate, may be based· nowhere in the resolution is there any the language on page 2, and assign to the upon a more scientific, modern, and in- provision giving jurisdiction to the joint various categories the importance they telligent foundation. I do not know committee to have bills referred to it. are given in the ·bill, I might say that, what they will finally report on that. It may bring in any recommendation it quoting the language en page 2, "The - We have had a similar situation be- · · wants to. ·u may write a bill and recom primary objective of all action taken fore· us heretofore. We created a Com- mend it. But after it has done that, the under or pursuant to this act shall be · mittee on Postwar Activities, of . which bill must be referred to a standing com the promotion of the national defense." the Senator froni Texas and I were both mittee of the Senate just as was done in That is the first objective, according to · memhers, and_oLwhich the Senator fr.om . the case of the Postwar Economic Policy . the language. Then "the protection of Georgia [Mr. GEORGE] was the chairman. and Planning Committee. So I do not the safety of the inhabitants of the . We held hearings· for months on .recon- see how the Senator from Michigan can United States.'' That is another matter version and surplus property and all contend that the concurrent resolution of defense. Next, "the safeguarding of kinds of postwar problems which face- adopted a few days ago by the Senate world peace." this Nation. We made reportn to the · authorizes reference of a bill to the joint So that on page 2, the question of · Seriate. That committee had no juris- · committee with jurisdiction to act upon world peace is No. 3 in the category, and . diction to consider bills.. No bill intra- ·it. It is not a standing committee. It . on page 5 it seems to be No. 1. The ~ duced here. could l;>e referred to.. that c.om- )s .. a joint .committee, and we have all . activities are to be "carried on in accord~ mittee. The committee recoJpmended realized the futility of creating jurisdic ance with the basic principles established , some things to the Senate, and bills tion in joint committees or special in by the President in the promotion of in- were drawn, and the surplus-property · vestigating .. committees. Such a .com ternational peace, the development of bill recommended by-that committee-was mittee may .have proposed h~gislation r.e foreign policy, and the .safeguarding of _referred . to tlie Committee on Milit.ary- !erred to it. Only in the case of the the national-. defense." . So that .in both Afi'airs. . The . unemployment compen:- . Committee on Reorganization, as -I re those sentences the question ~ of national sation measure was referred to the Com- ·call, -since Lhave· been a Member of the defense arises.. mittee on Finance. The full employ- ·Senate, was any jurisdiction given to a 1945 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE 9403 special committee to report a bill to the should be appointed, would have to be Mr. VANDENBERG. VI/ill the Senator Senate of the United States and have it . referred to a standing committee, be- permit me one further observation, and placed upon the calendar as if it were a cause nowhere in the resolution is juris- then I shall desist? report from a standing committee of the diction given the joint committee tore- Mr. BARKLEY. One more, yes. Senate. ' port a bill and have it placed on the cal- Mr. VANDENBERG. I respectfully Mr. VANDENBERG. Mr. President, endar of the United States Senate. suggest to the Senator that if speed is will the Senator yield? Mr. VANDENBERG. If the Senator what is insisted on in answer to this Mr. BARKLEY. I yield. will allow me, he has accurately de- question, we are far more calculated to - Mr. VANDENBERG. With the great-· scribed the status of the concurrent res- get speedy decision if we concentrate ~ est respect in the world for the Senator's olution; but in spite of all his vehemence, the whole problem in one place than if opinion and for his argument, I am I submit to him .that he makes it sound we split it into half a dozen segments bound to say that I think it is totally like a far more interminable process and send it all over the Capitol for si technical in nature. than it is calculated to be. The leader- multaneous considen.tion by half a Mr. BARKLEY. Well, Mr. Presi ship of the House, if it wants to act on dozen different committees. dent-- what the President of the United States Mr. BARKLEY. The Senator knows Mr. VANDENBERG. Will the Senator told us was. his view of the way it should that it cannot be split up into segments allow me-- be handled, can adopt the concurrent and sent all over the place. Mr. BARKLEY. Yes; I will permit the resolution tomorrow . . If the House is · Mr. VAND~NBERG. That is exactly Senator to enlarge upon his technicality. unwilling to do that, if It is the consid- what the Senator is proposing. Mr. VANDENBERG. It seems to me ered viewpoint of those in charge of this Mr. BARKLEY. The bill must go to that if the joint Houses of Congress by legislation that tf\is process should not one committee or another. their solemn action assert their belief be followed, I quite agree that we should Mr. McMAHON: Mr. President, will that this problem is so big that it ought not postpone a decision interminably, the Senator yield? to be integrated into one consideration but I suggest to the Senator, in view Mr. BARKLEY. I yield. ·in the first instance by a joint commit of the fa.ct that the Senate has acted, in Mr. McMAHON. Blessed is the role tee, that by the very nature of that ac- view of the fact that the House Rules of the·peacemaker. . .: tion the Congress would be indicating its Committee has approveout that. · which may be involved / in legislation that at least in the name of a fair con- Mr. McMAHON. Is there not some which may have been introduced here ·Sideration of the Senate's viewpoint we thing to this suggestion: With full ap shall be surveyed. · Of course: there is ab ought to be willing to wait a few days preciation of the fact that we have been solutely nothing in the language of the to see whether the House will not con- criticiz2d for having too many standing concurrent resolution which would con cur with its own Rules Committee and committees of the Senate, and realizing fine the jurisdiction of the joint commit agree with tbe judgment of the Senate. ·that a special or joint committee cannot teJ in respect to every possible aspect of Mr. BARKLEY. Mr. President, I was report legislation, would not the proper ·the a;ffair: It can read every bill that has not present, at the conference to w1lich ' solution of it :be the exception proving been introduced.· It can consider every the Senatol"" refers, and I do not know the rule? Is not this the time for the problem that· is contained in every bill. what the President said in that confer- formation by this body of a standing It can have the testimony of the author ence, but evidently the President's mes- committee on atomic el).ergy to handle of every bill. It can take complete cog sage delievered t.o . us yesterday is his the problem? Of course the Senator nizance of ·every phase of the matter. It last word on the subject. will appreciate, as we all do, I am sure- does not require any technical reference Mr. VANDENBERG. That has no : because he has named them-that vari- of bills to it. And when it has concluded bearing on the question here. · ous committees would have some -claim ·it can mak·e a recommendation in the Mr. BARKLEY. I think it has not . to jurisdiction of this question. Could form of a bill, in the form of a general only .a bearing on it, but it has a funda- we not obviate the -difficulty and do the ·recommendation, in any other form, and . mental bearing, because the President job more speedily and better if we had the Congress then can proceed, through evidently not only was not willing to a standing committee of the Senate to its regular legislative channels, to act wait to see what the House might do deal with the problem, which is going upon this concentrated judgment· of the with respect to the copcurrent resolu- to shape the future of this world? If agents of the joint House and Senate. . tion, but was unwillin-g to wait until the .that is not sufiiciently important to jus I do not think, if the Senator will -per committee proposed to be created by the tify a new standing committee of the mit me, that it makes much difference concurrent resolution might go into an Senate, then the existence of any one whether or not there can be any tech interminable investigation and report of them is not justified. nical legislative jurisdiction assumed by back to the two Houses. Otherwise I Mr. BARKLEY. If the Senator wishes this joint committee. cannot conceive why the President me to answer his question categorically, Mr. BARKLEY. . Mr. President, it would have :sent his message to Congress my answer, i~ "No." seems to me that we have a situation yesterday . and ask for urgent action Mr. HATCH. Mr. President, will the here which we cannot lose sight of. upon legislation dealing with a domestic Senator yield? - Here is a bill. This is not a concurrent problem. Mr. BARKLEY. Just a moment. resolution setting up a ~ommittee. It is Mr. VANDENBERG. Does the Sena- For many months we have had agi- not a concurrent resolution au~horizing tor think that the investigation of the tation for the creation in. the Senate-of an investigation. Here is a bill intro joint committee would be any more in- a committee on aviation. Resolutions duced by the Senator from Colorado, terminable than the investigation of the . ha:ve been intro~uced looki~g ~o the cre: and it is entitled to reference under the Military Affairs Committee? atwn of a com~1tt~e on aviatiOn, on t?e rules of the Senate to a standing com , ground that aviatiOn created a special mittee, and it cannot be referred to any Mr. BARKJ::EY. Yes, I do, ~ecause I situation which was more important thing except a standing committee. ~~ow some~hmg about the hiStory of . than the jurisdiction of any. committee. The Senator from Michigan is asking Jomt committees. I have be~n a mem- We have not seen fit to do that, because us to hold up the reference of this bill ber of one or two such comrmttees. But the Committee on Interstate Commerce until the other House acts on a concur regardless of the joint committee's ac- and the committee on Commerce have rent resolution which has not yet been tion, regardless of the action of the Sen- jurisdiction of the subjects which are adopted, setting up a joint committee ate Committee on Military Affairs, or referred to them. The Committee on which has not yet been created, and npon its promptness or speed upon the sub- Interstate Commerce has jurisdiction of . which no. jurisdiction is conferred to ject, I know that an identical bill intra- . railroads, bus lines, and radio, and for have a bill referred to it, and in the duced yesterday by the chairman of the awhile had jurisdiction of aviation leg . meantime this bill is to lie on the table, Committee on Military Affairs of the islation. Then by some sleight-of-hand although any bill which the joint com _House has already been referred to the . performance, jurisdiction was taken mittee might recommend, if the concur Committee on Military Affairs of that away from that committee and given to rent resolution should be adopted by the body and they are proceeding at once . the Committee on Commerce. I am not other House and the joint committee to hold hearings on the su_bject. arguing the merits of -that action .. 9404 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE OCTOBER 4 I do not believe that the Senate needs gress, in conjunction with the executive passed in the House and sent over here, any more committees. I r.ather think branch of the Government must deal. I and we shall then be in the same position that we might get alona with fewer com- may be mistaken but that is my con in which we now are. We shall' not know mittees. But that is a matter for the sidered judgment. where to send it. ·consideration of the committee which is I do not quite understand why there I am not concerned over· whether the going to streamline the Congress. I do is such insistence upon this bili' com bill goes to the Committee on Military not believe that the situation justifies ing before us at this particular time. 'Affairs, the· Com·mittee on Foreign Re the creation of a new committee, be- It seems to me that it might lie over for lations, the Committee on Agriculture cause if a new committee were created, a day or two, or even longer, until further and Forestry, the Committee on Inter it would have to be composed of inem- advice and counsel might be had on the state Commerce, the Committee on the bers of other committees which are now question of what to do. We all wish to Library, or the Committee on the District standing committees of the Senate, and .do what will be in the best interests of of Columbia. It ought to go to some I do not believe we would be justified in America, her security and defense. That committee. The President of the United adding to the number of standing com- is the big problem. When we read the States thought it was important enough mittees of the Senate. bill and talk about the primary purposes to send . a message about it. A bill has Mr. H ...l. TCH. Mr." President, will the. thereof obviously international security been introduced dealing with atomic en Senator yield? overshadows all the rest. We are all ergy so far as our internal situation· is Mr. BARKLEY. I yield. striving for world security. Without concerned. My motion is· that the bill Mr. HATCH. The Senator has been that, the question of the protection of be laid before the · Senate so that the very· l~ ind about yielding. He has been the United States and its inhabitants and Senate may pass upon the question of interrupted a great deal. the national defense of this country, where it should go. If the Senate does Replying to. what the· Senator from means nothing, as a result of what we not wish to have the bill laid before it, Connecticut has said, I wish to point out have developed in the past few months it can keep it in cold storage until the that there is merit in the suggestion of with atomic energy, House acts, anC. then we shall be con the Senator from Connecticut, ex~ept in I am utterly sincere in what I am fronted with a House bil), and faced with this respect: he suggested a standing saying. I appreciate the position which the same problem which now faces us. committee. I agree ·with the Senator the Senator from Kentucky has taken. Mr. LUCAS. Mr. President, will the from Kentucky that there would be no I know that ordinarily bills are referred Senator yield for a further question? necessity for the creation of a permanent in -the manner which the Senator has Mr. BARKLEY. I yield. standing committee. The desired result described. But this is something ex Mr. LUCAS. Does the Senator know could be accomplished by the creation of traordinary. This question is so impor who prepared the bill? a select committee. It could be given tant that the rules of the Senate should Mr. BARKLEY. I do not. full authority to receive and recommend be scrapped in a second, if necessary, in Mr. LUCAS. Di-l the bill originate in legislation. I know of no rule of the Sen- · order to arrive at the proper solution. the War Department? ate which requires the reference of bills In other words, we are considering , Mr. BARKLEY. I do -not know. I to a standing committee. In fact, the rules which have been in existence think I Gan say to the Senator that it is rules of the Senate recognize that both almost since the inception of the Nation. an administration bill. select committees and standing commit- We are fooling around with "horse and Mr. LU9AS. · I wonder if any S~nator tees have power to receive legislation. buggy" rules when the world is threat can tell me whether or not it was pre Probably it would depend upon the Ian- ened with destruction by atomic energy. pared in the War Department. If the guage of the resolution creating the spe- So far as I am concerned, I would Senator from Colorado can tell me, ·I cial or select committee. · supersede any Senate rule in order to should like to know. . · ) I suggest that thought to the Senator find the correct solution. It seems to me Mr. BARKLEY. The. Senator from from c 'onnecticut if he is thinking along that we should not be quibbling over Colorado may be able to ·· answer that that line. We would not necessarily have technicalities in connection- with this question. . I am satisfied that it was to have a standing committee. · great problem. We· should not be dis- prepared in collaboration with the War Mr. McMAHON. I thank the senator. cussing technicalities involving-the refer Department. The War Department has Mr. BARKLEY. Mr. President, I do ence of the bill to this committee or all t~e facts in regard to atomic energy. . not wish to occupy the time of the senate that committee. I believe that we ought Mr. LUCAS. That is correct. further. We have before us a ·concrete to postpone consideration of the ques . Mr. BARKLEY. They developed the situation. we have a bill on the. desk. tion until we can find the right kind of a , atomic bomb, which brought the war to Mr. LUCAS. Mr. President, will the . solution. There should be unanimity of a conclusion. They have more informa Senator yield to me for one further ques- purpose and activity between the House tion OJ:). the subject than has any other tion? and the Senate. It is far too imp<>rtant agency of the Government. I do not Mr. BARKLEY. I yield.. to be considered in peacemeal fashion. know whether the Senator has in mind a possiJ:>le criticism .of the War Depart Mr. LUCAS. In the preliminary part Mr. BARKLEY. Mr. President,. I do of the debate the Senator stated that not like to have any Senator think that ment if it ~ollaborated in undertaki~g to write. a. bil~ t9 carry out the President's the bill would 'go to the committee on I have been quibbling ~bout technicali recommendation. · Military Affairs for the sole purpose of ties. I contend-and I do not believe Mr. LUCAS. I have no criticism what c-ontrolling the domestic atomic energy that the col?-tentio~ can be denied-that ever. of this country. As I understand, after . the resolut1~n wh1c~ 'Ye adopted the Mr. BARKLEY. I do not believe that the President confers with Canada, Eng- . ot~er day ~1ves no J .unsdictio~ to the anyone could _have inteiligently drafted land, and other countries he will have jomt co~m1ttee to report a b11l, or to a bill without cooperating and consult something further to suggest with respect have a bill referred to it.. ing with the War Department about it, to the international control t>f atomic Mr. LUCAS. I agree w1th the Senator. because that Department has more in energy, I take it that that question will There is n~ doubt in my mind that that formation on the subject than has any be referred to the Committee on For- statement 1s correct. other agency of the Government. eign Relations of the Senate if it comes Mr. BARKLEY. We have before us a Mr. LUCAS. I heartily agree with the before us in the form of a bill or treaty, bill which is entitled to go somewhere. Senator from Kentucky, and I would be Mr. BARKLEY. Not necessarily a bill In my judgment it could not go to the the last Member. of the Senate to crit but any agreement entered into betwee~ proposed joint committee even if . that icize the War Department for the mag the President .and foreign countries. committee were now in existence. nificent job which it did in the develop Mr. LUCAS. If that situation de- In order to create a special committee, ment of atomic energy in this war. velops we shall have the Committee on it would be necessary to amend the rules. However, as one United States Senator, Military Affairs considering one part of In the meantime the bill would lie on the I am not willing to reave the control of the problem and the Committee on For- table, or float around in midair, while the future of atomic energy in the hands eign Relations considering another phase the companion bill has gone to the Com- · of the War Department. That is the , of it. That forcibly brings to my at- mittee on Military Affairs in the House, point I am ·making. That is why I asked tention the conviction that this is an which committee in to hold hearings .on the question with respect to who was _re over-an problem, with which the Con- it and report the !Jill. The bill will be sponsible· for drafting the bill. l945 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE 9405 ·Mr. HATCH. Mr. President, I should But for some reason it is insisted and In view of the word.s we have heard like to say a few words. The Senator urged that the first consideration of 'this from the Senator from New Mexico and from Kentucky has just stated that un great new discovery, which perhaps in view of the thinking all of us have der no circumstances could the bill be means either life or death for all civili done on this problem, certainly we must referred to the joint committee contem zation, must be undertaken by the Com-· come to the conclusion that upon its wise plated by the Senate resolution which was m1ttee on Milita·ry Aff.airs and by no and statesmanlike solution will depend recently adopted, and that unless the bill other committee. Mr. President, I am not only the peace of our people but the was .sent to one of the present standing opposed to that. peace of the world. When we think committees it would probably float If the bill is not to go to the special about it we realize, as the Senator from around and go nowhere. / joint committee, I would rather have it· New Mexico so graphically stated, that Mr. President, I am not particular go to any other committee of the Senate the Committee on Agriculture · would whether the bill goes to the joint com than the Committee on Military Affairs have a claim to consideration of this bill. mittee authorized by the Senate concur or the Committee on Naval Affairs. Far The Committee on Interstate Commerce, rent resolution, unless that com ittee is better would it be to send it to the Com the Committee on Commerce, the Com to have some authority to accomplish the mittee on Foreign Relations, the com mittee on Foreign Relations, the Com purposes of the bill. If' what has been mittee which is primarily concerned with mitte~ on Naval Affairs, and the Com said here today is correct, we did an idle foreign affairs and with maintaining the mittee on Military Affairs-all of them and futile thing the other day when we peace of the world, for if this· discovery would have P, claim to its consideration. adopted Senate Concurrent Resolution is to have any beneficial use to mankind So it would seem to me the sensible thing 28. I was present on the day when the it will be as an instrument of peace. to to du, as long as there is not going to resolution was adopted in the commit prevent war, not as an instrument to pro ·be a )oint committee, is to c1~eate a se iee, and I was present the day belore it mote war. Certainly the bill belongs to lect committee of nine members to deal was adopted, when the committee refused the Committee on Foreign Relations far with the matter. Therefore, I ask unan":' to act until after the President of the more than it does to the Committee on .imous consent for the ·consideration of United States had been consulted. It Military Affairs. • the resolution. .. was the view of the Committee on For Mr. President, it was setting the cart The PRESIDENT pro tempore. Is· eign Relations that all matters relating before the horse to say that we must con there objection? to the control a}ld rise of atomic energy sider its use domestically before we con Mr. JOHNSON of Colorado. I object. and that· includes bills and resolutions, sider its use internationally. I say it was Mr. VANDENBERG. Mr. President, I if. it means anything-should have con used internationally since the day the would have to object, under the circum sideration by the special joint committee. atomic bomb was dropped on Hiroshima. stances. However, I should like to. say Otherwise why · was the resolution It was then a tremendous force in inter that I agree that if there is not to be adopted? What is the purpose in con national affairs and it has continued to joint congressional consideration of . it, ducting studies to advise Congress if the be such a force up to this time. Who it might far better go tc.. a special Sen Congress is to proceed to enact laws to knows what effect it had -on the confer -ate committee, rather than to be parceled control the use of atomic energy without ence of-foreign minister~ which has ju.st out to divers ~ and sundry otheF Senate any reference to the work of the joint ·ended in London, or what good or bad committees. . committee? I do not like to do foolish effects it may have had? The cart is not But if the able senior Senator from things. I do not like to see the Congress ahead of the horse. The horse is far·out Connecticut will 'permit me to say a word; do foolish things. Unless the joint com ahead of the cart and perhaps the coun now that the issue has been drawn, I mittee has some purpose, unless it has try and the Congress. Today the world wish to state that I think we should set the power to recommend ·and even to in is far more vitally concerned with this tle it. The question is :;;imply whether fluence and direct legislation on this sub discovery than are potential domest-ic the problem of atomic energy, in its ini ject, the committee should not be created. users in the United States. We can g'et tial consideration, shall be given to the Mr. President, 1 am particularly con along without atomic energy domesti highest possible authority which Con-· cerned about having the present' bill go cally. The world is not going to get gress can create for that purpose and 'to the Committee on Military Affairs. I along without it international~y. We whether it shall concentrate that au said yesterday that I have the highest may think we have the secret; but, Mr. thority in one place, or whether we shall respect for that great committee. But President, niark this: As Winston send the bill to the Committee on Mlli that committee is a war .committee. Churchill said in the House of Commons, tary Affairs, whether 'we shall send an That is its purpose; that is what it was we are ahead of the rest of the world 2, other bill to the Committee on Fore~g n created for; that is what concerns it 3, or perhaps 4 short years which are Relations, and thus parcel out the sub always-measures of war, measures of going to pass, and pass very quicldy. ject piecemeal. destruction, not measures of peace. But whether it is 1 or 2 or 4 years, the Mr. AUSTIN. Mr. President, I shall This bill does not relate to the military world is going to catch up with us even not detain the S:mate for more than a activities of this country. Read it word in the production and the manufacture moment. I shall vote "nay" on the mo by word and line by1ine and you will find and use of atomic energy. tion. One of the re..asons which seems to nothing relating to the military activi Internationally it comes first. The bill me adequate justification for my position ties of the Nation. I am glad it does not; should go to the Committee on Foreign is that we are now dealing with the pub-· I am glad the bill recognizes the fact that Relations. It should not go to the Com lie policy of the United States regarding atomic energy means something more mittee on Military Affairs. the most vital new idea that has come than war and the destFuction of human The PRESIDENT pro tempore. The into our possession in all our history. lives. Thi~ bill is not predicated upon question is· on agreeing to the moti~n of It is the duty of Congress to declare that that theory. Mr. President, incidentally, the Senator from Kentucky. · public policy. It is the duty of Congress atomic energy will be a military force if Mr. McMAHON. Mr. · President, after to lead in thought upon the subject in war ever comes again-of course· it will consulting with the· Parliamentarian, I order that the policy may be sound and be. But so is wheat and so is corn and P,m informed that i would have to obtain good for the security and peace of all so is every other -product of the farm. un'animous consent to offer a resolution mankind and that there may be benefi A war cannot be conducted without agri to create a commitfee of nine members, cent results from this tremendous gift to culture, and so we might far better send to be appointed by the President pro mankind of an unrevealed pow~r. this bill to the Committee on Agriculture tempore, to deal with atomic energy. I Therefore, we should not hastily take rather than to the Committee on Mili desire to ask unanimous consent for that the construction which some Member of tary Affairs, if that is the reason back of purpose, and. I should like to obtain it, Congress has handed to us in the form it. The Committee on Public Lands for the reason that the creation-of such of a bill, such as the one about which we and perh9,ps most of the deposits of the a ·committee would give the Senators who have been discussing, and use it as the ores will be taken from the public laudE believe that this problem should be taken only basis upon which to make our might have jurisdiction over this bill. care of immediately a sensible way_of studies. When the Senate adopted the The Committee on Mines and Mining disposing of this bill, instead of letting concurrent resolution providing for a spe might have jurisdiction over it. Both of jt float around, as the Senator from Ken cial joint committee our theory was that those matters are mentioned. But mili tucky so graphically stated a few mo- the committee would do the necessary tary affairs are not mentioned. ments ago. · preliminary work in order to formulate a
' 9406 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE OCTOBER '4 policy and submit it perhaps in the form of creating a standing committee of the · bill should not be referred to the commit of a bill. CertainlY we thought that a Senate for the purpose of dealing with tee provided for under the resolution bill wllJch would be the product of a spe problems of scientific discoveries and because it has no jurisdiction to have a cial study by a joint committee especially research? . bill referred to it any more than hereto appointed for that purpose, would be . Mr. VANDENBERG. We certainly did fore has any other joint or special com more wisely conceived than would a bill give consideration to whether or not the · mittee had jurisdiction to have bills re which would be handed to us from some subject could be referred to one standing ferred to it. other source. committee, and that is precisely a ques- · I wish to say to the Senate that when Mr.. President, I am apprehensive that tion about which we came to a conclu- it concludes its business today I contem delay in this matter will be harmful. I sioh, namely, that there is no standing plate·moving an adjournment until Man therefore hope to see as prompt consid committee which can assume jurisdic- day next in order that in the meantime eration given to the policy by the joint tion. Members may ·think the matter over committee as can reasonably be given. Mr. ELLENDER. My inquiry is with and not take action now. I am perfectly I certainly hope that no standing com .. reference to the creation of a standing willing to withdraw my motion to have I mittee of the Senate will report to the committee of the Senate for the purpose the Chair lay the bill before the Senate Senate any bill before it has had the of studying riot only atomic energy but so that the Senate may act upon the benefit of advice of the special joint' com all scientific discoveries and research matter one way or the other. There mittee. If we ever needed in advance which may need the attention of the fore, Mr. President, I now withdraw my the benefit of special study in the prep Congress. motion that the Chair lay the bill before aration of legislation in connection with Mr. VANDENBERG. I think that the the Senate. a matter of this nature, that need is now. field of scientific evolution is of such Mr. VANDENBERG. Mr. Presfdent, For that reason, and as the only course vital concern .to the future of America I missed hearing a portion of the Sena for me to take, I oppose the motion, and that it might well have that sort of con- tor's statement. What is his further · when the opportunity is afforded to vote sideration in both House of Congress. purpose .after the motion has been de upon it I €Xpect _to vote "No." But I respectfully submit to the Senator termined? I do not wish to express opposition to from Louisiana that we could proceed Mr. BARKLEY. I merely stated that the policy which has been explained without any conflict in respect to this I did not wish to coinp: l the senate to here, but I assert now that this bill does fundamental action with which we meet act hastily or precipitantly on my mo not take care of the fundamental policy ·the specific question which is now con- tion; that in my judgment, even if the with respect to secrecy, or with respect to fronting us. other House adopts the concurrent reso- whether the control which has been sug Mr. ELLENDER. Mr. President, I am lution which the Senate adopted t· .c .gest.ed shall be exclusive. This bill ·against the motion made by of our distin- other day, this -bill cannot be referred would delegate the policy-making power guished majority leader. I am in entire to the committee to be appointed under o(Congress to an appointive commission. agreement that the bill which has been the resolution. · However, in order that Listen to these words: introduced by the able senior Senator we may have a day or two in which to The Commission shall have plenary super from ·Colorado [Mr. JoHNSON] should lie think the matter over, and contemplat vision and control, so far as the jurisdiction on the table until such time as a stand- ing an adjournment until next Monday of the United States extends, over all sources ing committee of the Senate for scientific when we conclude our b'usines;:; today, I of atomic energy and over all matters con discoveries and research or a joint com- am withdrawing. my motion and leaving nected with research on the transmutation of mit tee of the Senate·and House of Repre- atomic species, the production of nuclear sentatives has been created by the Con- the bill on the table where it is now, and where it wc;mld be if my .p1otion were _ fission, and the release of atomic energy. gress. rejected. Congress does not, therefore, exercise All of us know that dUring the war its highest funct'ion of establishing and many new discoveries were made. We - The PRESIDENT pro tempore. The promulgating public policy of the United have spent millions of the taxpayers' dol- Senator from Kentucky has withdrawn lars in research ·during the war. The his motion. S~ates with reference to this new energy. 'b'l Mr. BARKLEY. Mr. President, I had Congress "passes the buck." Congress Congress should assume the responsi 1 - suggested that the Senate would adjourn turns over a very important duty to a ity of determining the extent to which commission which is to be established · recent discoveries made at Government until Monday, but I am_reminded that under the proposed legislation. Per expense may be used for the betterment tomorrow there will be a joint meeting haps the time may come when Congress of our people. Unless we take a hand 'in the Hall of the other House for the will do that. I am not undertaking to some of these discoveries may find their purpose of receiving and doing honor to . way in the hands of manufacturers who Admiral Nimitz. Therefore it will be diE~uss the merits of this proposal. I am merely showing sufficient reason why I will take hold of t.hem. as their own and necessary for the Senate to meet at noon ch~rge the American public unconscion- tomorrow, and join the Members of the £.hall vote "no" on the motion. other House for the purpose of receiv Mr. ELLENDER. Mr. President, I able prices for their use. I know that it ing and honoring Anmiral Nimitz. How- wish to propound a question to the dis would be to the advantage of our Nation "" tinguished Senator from Michigan [Mr. to have studies made not alone by a. joint ever, it is not contemplated that any ·VANDENBERG]. . committee, but by standing committees legi~lation will be taken up tomorrow. V:/hat is the status of the concurrent of both Houses of Congress. DAN c . IioDGERS resolution which the Senator submitted Mr. President, I am informed that our The PRE3IDING OFFICER laid be to the Senate some time ago and which ·able majority leader is about to withdraw fore the S3nate the amendment of the has been discussed today in the course .his motion so I will defer any further House of Representatives to the bill of this debate? discussion on the subject. (S. 694) for the relief of DJ.n· C. Rodgers, Mr. VANDENBERG. The concurrent Mr. BARKLEY . . Mr. President, I have which was, on page 1, line 6, to strike out resolution was unanimously reported to .no desire to precipit~te a hasty decision "$4,113" and insert "$3,113." · the Senate by the Foreign Relations in regard to this subject. I have no Mr. CORDON. I move that the Sen Committee, and unanimously adopted desire that a decision shall be hastily .ate concur in the amendment of the by the Senate. It was sent to the House made with reference to where the bill House. The bill is a relief bill, which of Representatives and there referred to should go, or whether it should be re .. was introduced by me, and I am fa::1iliar the House Rules Committee.. In that ferred to any ·committee. The parlia- with the facts . committee a substitute resolution which . mentary situation is such that the Chair The motion was agreed to. had been offered by a distinguished Mem ,cannot refer the biU in the way he ordi ber of the other House, cover1ng pre narily does, and the Senate itself cannot DEVELOPMENT AND CONTROL OF ATOMIC cisely the same grounds, was substituted do so unless the bill is laid down. That ENERGY for the Senate concurrent resolution and is why I made the motion that the Chair . Mr. WILLIS. Mr. President, I am sure unanimously reported to the House. It lay the bill before the Senate so that the th~t every Senator has read the message now awaits the actio"n of the House. Senate may determine to what commit- of the President regarding the subject of 1'.1r. ELLENDER. When the Senator . tee it shall be referred. atomic energy with the same intense in prepared his concurrent resolution, did I am convinced that if the House .terest that I did. I should not presume he give any thought to the proposition adopts the concurrent resolution, this on the time of other Senators were it not 1945 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE 9407 for the overwhelming· importance of We know that we shall use atomic ment of the Senate numbered 2, and agree to atomic energy in the world today. energy as an instrument of peace. We the same with an amendment as follows: As we all know, the fact that this en do not know what is in the minds of Omit-the- matter proposed to be im:erted by the Senate amendment and, on page 3 of ergy has teen harnessed has had a great leaders of other nations. As far as that the House bill, after the period in line 15, effect on our foreign policy and on the .goes, we have trouble figuring aut al insert the following~ "No person who is serv foreign policies of all other major powers. ready how far certain leaders want to ing under an enlistment contracted on or It is undoubtedly going to be the bigge$t extend their physical influence under after June 1, 1945, shall be entitled, before subject in the field of international rela the guise of lil~erating people from the expiration of the period of such enlist tions for some time to come. nazism and fa~cism . ' ment, _to enlist for an enlistment period To my mind, it is utterly nonsensical which will eJ.'J)ire before the expiration of the Therefore, I repeat, I read the Presi enlistment period for which he is so serving"; dent's message with deep thoughtfulness. to talk of giving away secrets of such anct the Senate agree to the seme. , I agree with many of his points, although vast import a.nd power to other nations Amendment numbered 3: That the House I would place more emphasis on keeping at this time. Perhaps the day will recede from its disagreement to the amend secret the important scientific and in come-certainly we all hope it will' ment of the Senate numbered 3, and agree dustrial techniques by means of which come-when freedom and truth and to the same with an amendment as follows: atomic ene:rgy is used to make atomic justice will reign. throughout the earth (1) .Before the words "in the Regular Mili tary or Naval Establishment" insert "prior bombs than did the President in ~is mes and the mind of man will contemplate to February 1, 1946,"; sage. war only as a historical subject. But (2) On page 4, line 21, of the House bill, As we all know. the Congress already that day certainly has not come yet, after the word "annual", insert· "enlisted"; has indicated its desires in this direction. and .when we look at the moves on the (3) On .page 5, lines 16 and 17, of the We in this body have placed ourselves on checkerbaa1·d of power politics, we know House bill, strike out "forthwith"; and record as favoring congressional partici that it will not come by next Tuesday -at (4) On page 5, line 20, of the House bill, pation in all plants for developing atomic · 3 o'clock. after the words "in advance", insert "at his option." energy, and there is little doubt that the The ~ajority of Congress, the over cencurrent' resolution introduced by the whelming majority of the people-in And the Senate agree to the same. Amendmant numbered 4: That the House distinguished senior Senator from Mich fact, ail except a few. naive, tru5ting, recede .from its disagreement to the amend igan [Mr. VANDENBERG] will be passed by generous souls in Washington, New York, ment of the Senate numbered 4, and agree to the House. Certainly the problem is of and Chicago-want us of this body and the same with an amendment· as follows: broad potentialities, and should be ex our colleagues in the House of Repre Strike out "July 1, 1947" in such amendment plored by an over-all committee. sentatives to watch carefully every de and insert in lieu thereof "July 1, 1946"; and Whether or not the President should velopment in the :field of atomic energy, the Senate agree to the same. have the power to appoint memb3rs of a and to guide those developments with Amendment numbered 7: That the House commission, with the advice and consent the greatest- of skill The majority of the recede from its disagreement to the amend~ people want ·us to keep our natioual se ment of the Senate numbered 7, and agree of this body, as he suggests, is a ques to ·the same with an amendment as follows: tion which, too, must be settled soon. crets, just as other nations are keeping In lieu of the m;1tter proposed to be insertEd Personally, I be!ie've that Members of their s~crets . As we an know, there are by the Senate amendment insert the follow~ both Houses of Congress, with represen portions of some nations pretend:ng to ba ing: tatives of both large political parties, our allies which Americans are not even "SEc. 14. The Secretary .of War, with the should be on the commission, if his plan allowed to visit. approval of the Philippine Government. is shan· finally be adopted. If we fail in our trust on this para hereby authorized to enlist in the Philippine I certai,nly agret- with the President mount question of atomic energy, not Scouts,· with pay and allowances authorized only our constituents but history itself under existing law, fifty thousand men for that use of the atomic bomb as a weapon service in the Philippine Islands, in the occu of war should be outlawed by all na will conde:mn us. pation of Japan and of lands now or formerly tions. Designating the atomic bomb as ESTATE OF GEORGE O'HARA subject to Japan, at1d elsewhere in the Far an ''outlaw" as far as war is concerned The PRESIDING OFFICER lisher of the Oregonian, rule book written at Quebec, Teheran, Yalta, the press, radio, and motion-picture leaders made before the club the previous week, just alfd Potsdam is outmoded. New agreements of America and of the British Common after amiouncement of the first bomb-that must be reached, new concepts achieved, if wealt h of Nations have not accepted the lead on Hiroshima. we are going to keep the peace that promises ership in this vital program. It is impera He expres~ e d the view that the breaking of our only salvation. tive that they do not shirk their vital re the atom, releasing upon the eart h a force · The moral leadership that America 'must sponsibility. wh ich was fearful to cont emplate even in its exert on the world was shaken at Teheran, It is also imPerative that our leaders and present primitive stage of development, ruled slipped badly at Yalta, and apparently van thos:! of the other United Nations come to out the type of international organization ished at Pot sdam. America, free from am the clear realization that an uninformed which had been agreed upon at San Fran bitions of world domination, has the oppor world has neither the right nor the oppor-· ci£co. This was a force which if used by evil tunity today to reassert it. tunity for a continued existence. men woulo lead either 'to world dict atorship It is significant to note that not at Quebec I believe entirely that this world cannot or to wor!d d estruction. And how could it or Teheran or Yalta or Potsdam was there stand another war. But I believe as com be wit hheld from evil men Unless all of man more than the barest discussion of the only pletely that this world is headed for such a kind appreciated its dan gers and became thing that can guarantee .peace-world-wide war and destruction unless immediate steps united upon its control? In particular, how freedom of news and information. In fact" it are taken to insure the beginning at least could atomic power be appreciated and man now appears probable that new and drastic of freedom of news-American style-be4 aged so long as much of m ankin d was blacked · restrictions against such procedures were at . tween the peoples of the earth. A civiliza out by censorship and by rigidly supervised least tactily there agreed upon. tion that is not informed cannot be free communications? In the atomic age national boundaries as and a world that is not free cannot endure. He demanded that the United Nations re convene in order to guarantee · t o the little we have known them no longer exist. It is very interestin g to remember in this connec PORTLAND ROTARY DEMANDS BARRIERS ON ATOMIC peoples of all the earth t l1 e righ t tlf the free flow of informat ion-the ·right of knowing tion that' Dr. A. H. Compton, one of Amer BOMB ic::t's greatest scientists, writing in 1931 about Whereas the unleashing of the atomic bomb the incalculable power which science, for the possibility of smashing the atom, said against the Japanese launches the world into geed or ill, holds over them. The suggestion was so well received that when it is finally accomplished national the atomic age and places in the h~nds of boundaries will caase to have their present mankind .. the most destructive weapon ever it was put in the .form at a resolution and importance. imagined, which threatens the very exist ence passed at the next meeting- an action with out parallel on the part of Portland Rotary The best adjustment we can hope for of of civilization itself ; an d ·whereas God .in His infinite wisdom has and one which this page sincerely hcpes will this cartain change would seem to be the vol m ake h istory. - · ' untary union of neighboring . n ations. I _placed t emporary con t rol of this inst rument in the hands of the President of the United Certainly there is most desperate need at would suggest that this job be done by the this particular moment t l).at the count ry and United Nations before it is done by a single States; and Whereas the atomic bomb can l:e the most the world not be allowed t o forget t he prob power. This job can best be done by creat lem of atomics. In the excitement of the ing a community of common interest based pow.,rful weapon fer peace ever given to m ort al man; an d peace negotiations there has been a tendency on common knowl~dg e and appreciation of to do just that. If we h ad gone ah ead and common vital problems that concern exist Whereas a third world war could result only in a world dictatorship or race suicide; blast ed more cities into dust- if W ::J were still ence itself. doing it-the words "atomic bombs" would Graat strides already have been made in and Whereas the only :Uope for permanent peace be on all lips, and all lips would be whiter selling the idea of international freedom of and Wbiter. Atomics would be the subject information under the leadership of Kent is in mutual understanding among the na tions of the earth, based on the free fiow of of all conversations, and ye.t so facile is the Cooper of the Associated Press, Hugh Baillie human mind that peace has to a considerable of the United Press, and the American Society common information without arbitrary re- straints; and · degree relegated the whole matt er. of Editors. It is most important that we bear in mind Recently three very able men, Wilbur For Whereas it is now obvious that the world as we know it cannot· continue unless there the truth contained in the open in g sen t ence rest, of the New York Herald Tribune; Cal of the Time magazine which appeared Ackerman, of Columbia University; and Ralph be a complete understanding among all na Friday: tions; and McGill, of the Atlanta Constitution, made a "The greatest and most terrible of wars world-wide tour in the interest of free-fiow- Whereas the only way this mutual under ended this week in the echoes of an enor ing news. - standing can be brought abol.ft is by the mous event-an event so enormous that rela insurance of the free flow of news and in Their main objective was to have included tive to it the war itself shran~ ·to minor in forthcoming peace treaties the pledges formation throughout the world: Therefore significance." · ~ of governments "not to censor news at the be it That is the size of the situation. We mc.y source, not to use the press as an instru R esolved, That the Rotary Club of Port pour paper into the streets in celebration ment of national policy, and to permit a free land, Oreg., il} meeting duly assembled, re of peace; we may break windows, tip over flow of news in and out of signatory coun spectfully petition the President of. the !fUtomobiles, kiss the girls, drink the liquor tries." United States to call immediately a con stores dry, turn handsprings, and call up all · One of the revealing incidents of their trip ference of the United Nat1ons to outline a the family and friends by long distance. But came in thefr visit to Moscow, where they new and streamlined peace in keeping with the world has before it the g_ray morning of f::>und "an expression of willingness to· seek this new age of m an and looking forward to awakening to a realization that the war a common ground in the matter of freer the elimination of political censorships and ended because of a new power, which, as er.change of news and more fair · and ade- · the elimination of all other arbitrary or Time says, llas made the war itself shrink quate mutual writing and reporting." artificial barriers which prevent mutual un into insignificance-a po\\·er which must But, our American representatives also derstanding by the nations of the earth. It work for the angels if it is not to fall into discovered that Russian editors feel that ' is further suggested that the atomic age the hands of Lucifer and work for the de their government-directed newspapers rep .. has made former diplomatic agreements ob struction of all of'us. resent the real free pres.... rather than the solete and the new peace must guarantee And here is a ·case where we a.re all broth private publications of America . . As the equable US3 of world-wide communication ers, from end to end a,nd side to side of the by all nations as well as world-wide freedom late Constantine· Oumanski once said in earth. Mankind can hc.Y~ release from its effect, "our press is absolutely free--we of press and expression; and be it further burdens through atomic power or it can have print only what the government wants." Rese>lved, That this resolution not only be death. But mankind cannot act intelligent In many ways the world girdling ·trip was spread upon the record, but also be given ly if it l.as no knowledge except as it i::; fed discouraging. But at least a start was made to the public prints and forwarded to the information by calculating masters. The that should have far reachi.ng. benefits. pres:dent of the Rotary International for splitting of the atom has m ade the free fiow O'i1e of them is the proposed international reference to the appropriate committee. of information and the unity of all men an conference in Australia on press freedom. absolute must if we are to get through the [From the Portland Oregonian of August' 18, For it should ever be borne in mind what crisis. Mr. Truman should read seriously .the the St. Louis Post-Dispatch said r ecently. in 19451 Rotary Club's resolution. this connect ion-"It is the first aGt of dic J;U:MEMBER'THE ATQM JOINT MEETING OF THE TWO HOUSES OF tators to seize press and radio and thus In its unprecedented resolution passed at CONGREEiS TO RECEIVE ADMIRAL CHE:S control men's minds. By the same token, Tuesday's meeting, asking President Truman 'IE.'R W. NIMITZ it should be the first act of a free world to to reconvene the United Nations to consider liberate press and radio that men be in problems growing cut of the atomic bomb, Mr. BARKLEY. Mr. Presjdent, I wish formed. As Thomas Jetierson said, "When Portland Rotary Club was ahead o~ the Na- again to announce that the Senate is 1945 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE 9411 invited to go to the Hall of the House UNITED STATES PUBLIC HEALTH volt in Palestine. I do not think a revolt tomorrow, and is expected to be there at · SERVICE-JOHN R. MURDOCK has occurred yet, but I wanted to make 12:15. Therefore it is necessary that The legislative clerk proceeded to read that statement. It does not happen we assemble promptly at 12 o'clock with sundry nominations in the United States very often that I am misquoted by the out delay so that we may proceed to the Public Health Service. United Press. This is the first time in a Hall of the House. Mr. BARKLEY. Mr. President, I aslt long, long time. I do not remember ever Mr. ELLENDER. Mr. President, has that the nominations in the United before being misquoted. But this is the Senator any legislativ~ program for States Public Health Service be con such an important question that I could tomorrow or for the remainder of the firmed en bloc. not pass up the bpportunity for correct week? Mr. LA FOLLETTE. Mr. President, ing the statement officially. Mr. BARKLEY. There is no legisla before unanimous consent is gtanted, I I feel certain that Mr. Drury reported tion to be acted on tomorrow or the wish to say that I notice the name of my answer as I gave it to him, and that remainder of this week. · John R. Murdoclt on the list of promo the error occurred in the New York tions in the Regular Corps of the United office. AUTHORIZATION TO SIGN HOUSE BILL RECESs- 3£51 DURING RECESS OF THE SENATE States Public Health Service. I think the SenJ.te would like to lmow that he is Mr. BARKLEY. As in legislative ses Mr. HILL. Mr. President, I under a very able physician in the Public sion, I move that the Senate recess until stand there is a possibility that the con Health Service, and is the brother of the 12 o'clocl{ noon tomorrow. ference report. on House. bill 3951, the distinguished · and able Senator from The motion was agreed to; and · objection, the postmaster nominations are confirmed en bloc. became Presidential July 1, 1945. EXECUTIVE REPORTS OF COMMITTEES Myrtle A. Garaventa, Davenport, Calif. That completes the calendar. Office became Presidential July 1, 1945. The following favorable reports of Mr. BARKLEY. I ask that the Presi· Enoch B. Quinn, Dutch Flat, Calif. Office nominations were submitted: dent be immediately notified of all nomi became Presidential July 1, 1945. By Mr. GEORGE, from the Committee on nations this day confirmed. Laleah M. Hinson, Keyes, Calif. Office be Finance.: · The PRESIDING OFFICER. Without came Presidential July 1~ 1945. F, Shi•·ley Wilcox, of New Albany, Ind., to objection, the President will be immedi CONNECTICUT be ·collector of internal revenue for the dis ately notified. G. Franklin Cowles, Canton, Conn. Office tr:ct of Indiana, in place of Will H. Smith; · PERSONAL STATEMENT-PALESTINE becam~ Presidential July 1, 1945. a•'d Paul A. Hankins, of Illinois, to be Assist Mr. JOHNSON of Colorado. Mr. Presi FLOF..!DA ant Commissioner of Internal Revenue, to dent, E..S in legislative session, I desire Hazel V. Webb, Yukon, Fla., in place of R·. G. fill an existing vacancy. • to make a very brief statement. Yester Crosby, resigned. By Mr. McKELLAR, from the Committee day a representative of the United Press, IDAHO on Post Offices and Post Roads: ·Mr. Allan Drury, propounded this ques Parley B. Rees, Inkom, Idaho. Office be Sundry postmasters. .tion to me, and told me that the United came Presidential July 1, 1945 . Lena Butt, Teton, Idaho. Office became The PRESIDING OFFICER. If there Press at New York had asked him to do Presidential July 1, 1945. be no further reports of committees, the so. He asked: _ Andrew C. Miner, Tetor.ia, Idaho. Ofllce clerk will state the nominations on the Would you.favor armed intervention to put became Presidential July 1, 1945. Executive Calendar. .down a revolt in Palestine? . Allen D. Marler, Thornton, Idaho. Office· became Presidential July 1, 1945. UNITED STATES MARITIME COMMIS I wculd not take an oath that that is Mary Ritchie, Ucon, Idaho. Office became SION-NOMINATION REPORTED AD the exact question he asked me, but I Presidential July 1, 1945. VERSELY AND PREVIOUSLY PASSED would take an oath as to my answer to him. This was my answer: ILLINOIS OVER Everett Dees, Coello, Ill. Offi? e became The legislative clerk read the nomina Our plans- Presidential July 1, 1945. Meaning the plans of the United Ross L. Drennan, Dc:wey, Ill., in place of tion of Raymond S. McKeough, .of' Illi 'J. M. Jones, resigned. nois, to be a member for a term of 6 States- years from September 26, 1945. our plans for a peaceful world include INDIANA Mr. BARKLEY. Mr. President, it is Palestine. Frank C. Kaper, Brownsville, Ind. Office became Presidential July _1, 1945 . .necessary that the nomination go over That is as much as I told him, That Calita Job, Quincy, . Ind. Oillce became again. I ask that it may go over. is all I told him. Yet, the United Press Presidential July 1, 1945. The PRESIDING OFFICER. The carries a story today that I favor sending Agnes E. Hall, Stockwell, Ind. 01fice b ecame nomination will be passed over. our boys to Palestine to put down a re- Presidential July 1, 1945. 9412 . CONGRESSIONAL· RECORD-SENATE QCTOBER 4
Clarence L. Hambright, Tangier, I:qd. Office NEBRASKA · Joseph F. Shaffer, Harmony, Pa., in place became Presidential July 1, 1945. Arthur Albert Coufal, Miller, Nebr. Office of R. B. McQuistion, resigned. Louie Monroe, Underwood, Ind. Office be became Presidential July 1, 1945. Ella M. Robinson, Large, Pa. Office beca me came Presidential July 1, 1:945. Catherine A. Conradt, Steinauer, Neb!'-. Of Presidential July 1, 1945. Arthur E. Shirley, Walkerton, Ind., in place fice became Presidential July 1, 1945. SOUTH CAROLINA of A. L. Rogers, resigned. Willard N. McClintock, Verdel, Nebr. Office Harvey E. FelkelJ Santee, S. C. Office be IOWA became Presidential July 1, 1945. came Presidential July 1, 1945. John C. Traber, Waterloo, Nebr., in place Henry J. Johnson, Kanawha, Iowa, in place TEN~:E SSEE of T. H. Thompson, retired. of W. ~· Campbell, removed. Mary E. Leedy, Bean Station, Tenn. Office Emma .A. Cullin, Percival, Iowa. -Office be NEW HAMPSHIRE . came Presidential July 1, 1945. became Presidential July 1, 1945 . E:sie M., Coughlan, Greenfield, N : H. Office Joseph B. Campbell, Blaine, Tenn. Office KANSAS became Presidential July 1, 1945. became Presidential July 1, 1945. Minnie E. Steed, Bogue, Kans., in plz.ce of NEW MEXICO WEST VIRGINIA F. R. Bergin, resigned. Ray U. Johnston, Dul:ce, N.Mex. Office be Minnie F. Diem, Fort Spring, W.Va. Office William E. Dinkier, Brookville, Kans. Office came Presidential July 1, 1945. became Presidential July 1, 1943. became Presidential July 1, 1915. Esther E. Weiss, Fort Doqge, Kans., in piace NEW YORK Charles H. Gillilan, Frankford, W. Va. of G. R. Cleveland, resigned. Herbert S. Redner, Arden, N. Y. Office be Office became Presidential July 1, 1945. Joseph L. Brown, Great Bend, Kans., in came Presidential July 1, 1945. Earl Edward Bailey, Notomine, W. Va. · place of N. G. Walker, resigned. Harriet Space, Huguenot, N. Y. Offi.ce be Office became Presidential July 1, 1£45. James R. Daily, Logan, KaJ:lS., in place of came Presidential July 1, 1945. Cla:'ude J. Anderson, Six, W. Va. Office be- came Presidential July 1, 1945. · V. T. Hill, transferred. Nina H. Davis, ·Meridian, N. Y. O~ce be John E. Kennedy, Piedmont, Kans. Office came Presidential July 1, 1945. · Ballard B. Mitcham, Stephenson, W. Va. became Presidential Jtily 1, 1945. Nelson A. Fisher, Poestenkill, N. Y. Office Office became Presidential July 1, 1945. Melvin Rupke, Prairie View, Kans., in became Presidential July 1, 1945. WISCONSIN place of D. A. DeYoung, transferred. Leona M. Giffor d, Sacandaga, N. Y. Office Peter J. Miller, Sherwood, Wis. Office be Emil C. Jarus, Wilson, Kans., in place of became Presidential July 1, 1945. · came Presidential July 1, 1945. P. L. Turgeon, resigned. · Daisy H. Evans, Slate Hill, N. Y. Office be came Presidential July 1, 1945. KENTUCKY Florence McElroy Simon, Taberg, N. Y. . CONFIRMATIONS Leslie V. Beckham, Sr., Boaz, Ky. Office Office became Presidential July 1, 1945. Executive nominations confirmed by became Presidential July 1, 1944. Lula M. Oliver, Treadwell, N. Y. Office be the S2nate October 4 . Arthur C. Witt, Martin, Ohio. Office be came Presidential July 1, 1915. Theodore E. Hynson, July 6, 1945. MICHIGAN John F. DeBord, Maud, Ohio. Office be Raymond Hofstra, August 1, 1945. Luci!e M. Nichols, Jerome, Mich. omce came Presidential July 1, 1945. Leo W. Koster, August 1, 1945. became Presidential July 1, 1945. Louis L. Ford, Mesopotamia, Ohio. · Office William F. Powell, August 1, 19~5. Lester L. Laser, P rattville, Mich. Office became Presidential July 1, 1945. Fred W. Thyng, August 1, 1945. be: ame Presidential July 1, 1945. James W. Waddell, Middleport, Ohio, in William B . Wiley, September 1, 1845. Albert H . Anfang, St.,Peter, Minn., in place place of J. H. Smith. Incumbent's commis James K. Shafer, August 1, 1945. of .c. D. Dempsey, d eceased. sion expired June 23, 1942. B3nno K. Milmore, June 1, 1945. Ev~rt A. Swensson, June 1, 19 ~ 5. MISSISSIPPI Edna F. Kintner, Paris, Ohio. Office be- .came Presidential July 1, 1945. ' Mayo L. Emol'IY, June 1, 1945 . Jessie A. Parham, Rome, Miss. Office be Willard I. Hamilton, Peoria, Ohio. Office Phillip H. Best, September '1, 1945. came Presidential July 1, 194.5. became Presidential July 1, 1945. Edward W. Kunckel, August 1, 1945. Joseph C. Sturgell, July 1, 1945. MISSOURI P.aul McKinley, Rarden, Ohio. Office be Belva Maxwell, Belgrade, Mo. Office be came Presidential July 1, 1945. To be t emporary senior assist an t sur geons, came Presidential July 1, 1945. Eileen :Martin, Saint Johns, Ohio. Office effective date ind:cated. William B. Jenkins, Couch, Mo. Office be became Presidential July 1, 1945. Emory S. Moore, Jr., July 5, 1945. . came President ial July 1, 1945. OKLAHOMA Manrico A. Troncell.iti, July 5, 1945: Nina E. St raughan, Leadington, Mo. Of Alfred Connelly, Achille, Okla. Office be Junius A. Evans, July 6, 1945. fie:! b ecame Presidential July 1, 1945. came Presidential July 1, 1945. Leo P. Krall, July 6, 1945. Hattie B. McKibbin, Lesterville, Mo. Office Oda L. Benn, Dougherty, Oltla. Office be Lauis c. Floyd, July 7, 1945. became Fresidential July 1, 1945. came Presidential July 1, 1945. Richard E . Marltley, July 7, 1945. Percy C. Walton, Mineral Point, Mo. Of Frances Ausmus, Garvin, Ol~la. Office be Arthur L. Koven, July 11, 1945. fice became Presidential -July 1, 1945. came Presidential July 1, 1.9 ~ 5. Cha.rles D. Muller, Jr., July 11 , 1945. Glen F. Watson , Osgood, Mo. Office became William A. Sweeney, Hendrix, Okla.- ' Ol.lice Rebert L. Cannon, July lD, 19'1.5. Presiden tial July 1, 1945. became Presidential July 1, 19 15. Robert J . Bryan, August 1, 1945. Myrtle M. Matthews, Plato, Mo. Office be Kennie W. Gassaway, Monroe, Okla. Office Wade E. Etheridge, August 1, 1945. cam~ Presidential July 1, 1945. became Pres!dential July 1, 1945. Vincent G . Peiffer, October 1, 19 ~ 5. Marg::! ret M. Rulo, Richwoods, Mo. Office George F. K amen, September 1/ 19'1. 5. PENNSYLVANIA became PresidE~nt i al July 1, 1945. Richard H. Linn, Septem ber 1, 1945. Ella George, Cassandra, Pa. Office became John H. Pritchett, J r ., September 1, 19:15. MONTANA Presidential July 1, 1945. Griffith E. Quinby, July 1, 1945. Ella Gray, Ashland, Mont. Office became Marion H. Thrasher, Cranesville, Pa. Office William C. Redmon, S ~ptem b er 1, 19:15. Presidential July 1, 1945. became Pr esidential July 1, 1943. Raymond F. Corpe, Sep: ember 1, 103:5. 1945 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE ·9413 ' ·To be temporary· dental surgeons,· effective Stephen Dwochin, Taylor Springs . . Robert R. Sanders, Pcllok. · · date. indicated Russell L. Akright, Timewell. RobertS. Lee, Poynor. Herbert A. Spencer,-Jr., August 2, 1945. · Ola M. Beal, Walnut Hill. Tommie L. Timmons, Prairie Hill. Charles H. Wright, Jr., August 8, 1945. JQhn A. Leturno, Wheeler. John R. Dunahoo, Ridgeway. Byron C. Lusk, Sidney. To be temp_orary dental· surgeon, effective LOUISIANA Willis C. White, Springlake. August 3, 1945 Cornelius H. Ferguson, Atlanta. B. Maurice Cummins, Taft. Donald L. Truscott Loney N. Davis, Ball. Carl P. Koch, Jr., Von Ormy. Virgie M. Ju~son, Denham Springs. Frank J. Meares, Welch. To be temporary senior assistant dental sur- Florence C. Clarke, Fairbanks. Dannye E. Gilley, Whitehouse. geons, effective date indicated Lucille Smith, Fields. Bertie A. Hart, Winchester. Frederick S. Loe, Jr., August 2, 1945. Margaret M. Watson, Fluker. John C. Heckel, August 3, 1945. Minnie S. Teer, Fordoche. WASHINGTON Eugene H. Hess, August 3, 1945. Alonzo B. Catron, Forest. Walter M.-Hagenstein, Medina. Robert J . Herder, August 4, 1945. Elton J. Champagne, Franklin. Ruby T. Gaston, Orondo. Carl E. Johnson, September 1, 1945. Berta Cobb, Longville. Howard W. McLaughlin, Usk. Arthur J . Lepine, September 1, 1945. Wilfred August Guidry, Mermentau. To be ' temporary senior sanitary engineer, Rex B. Hawthorne, Mira. effective August 1, 1945 Evlyn F. Griffith, South Mansfield. Robert L. Brooks, Swartz. James H. LeVan Mattie B. Gryder, Vienna. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Bolden L. Kinchen, Watson. To be temporary sanitary engineers, effective THURSDAY, OCTOBER 4, 1945 August 2, 1945 NORTH CAROLINA Edmund C. Garthe Calvin F. Perry, Sr., Archdale; The House .met at 11 o'clock a. m. Harry G. Hanson DeWitt T. Freeman, Bat Cave. The Chaplain, Rev. James Shera Mont Richard F. Poston Talmage R. Preston, Belew Creek. gomery, D. D., offered the following To be temp01·ary senior assistant sanitary Maude Miller White, Buxton. prayer: engineers, effective date indicated Sadie B. Roundtree, Corapeake. Ernest C. Anderson, July 31, 1945. Carre N. Boykin, Fairview. 0 Thou who hast lighted life and Rowoe H . Goeke, August 2, 1945. Eugene R. Duvall, Grassy Creek. death, earth and heaven, and art the .Donald L. Snow, July 31, 1945. Anne R. Ewell, Hamilton. lamp of all life, we breathe again Thy Eugenia M. Corbett, Ivanhoe. holy name in prayer. We thank Thee POSTMASTERS Perry T. Roane, Kelford. that Thy arms are as encircling walis ILLINOIS Katie ·c. Wayne, Lake Waccamaw. Harold M. McGrath, Linville. amid the problems and exactions of life. Frederick W. Neal, Alexander. We would trust Thy fatherhood, in whom John W. Martens, Anchor. Ina M. Wilson, Marston. Kathryn· F. Vogel, Andalusia. Robert C. Pearce, Micro. there is all the freshness and richness of Elmer E. Young, Bardolph. Wade W. Bridges, Mooresboro. wisdo:tp and mercy. 0 bathe the very John A. Beshel, Nazareth, Lillian E. Kraut, Batchtown. depths of our souls and make radiant any Samuel B. Wilson, Newell. dark passageways of experience.· This Frank C. Goddard, Belknap. Jodie B. Ragan, Newhill. , Pearl I. O'Brien, Belvidere. . Roger W. Davis, Pendleton. day help us to fulfill the duties of our sta Byron A. Knief, Burlington. · Will G. Pitman, Penland. tion, to bear any annoyances or trivial Harry R. Terpening, Cameron. Mamie Pfaff, Pfafftown. irritations, -to give of our best for the Otto H. Vogt, Campbell Hill. Thomas D. Preston, Pine Hall. least, and to love all men. These things Dora Turchi, Cedar Point. Beat~ice C. Richardson, Pleasant Garden. we· would .do, not for the praise of man George L. Weith, Centerville Station; Grace E. Stahl, Pores .Knob. but for the extension of Thy kingdom Mabelle Dailey, Chana. Alice G. Shavender, Ransomville. Mildred E. Halsne, Davis Junction. in human hearts and homes, and for the Eubert P. Rutherford, Rutherford College. sake of our Saviour whom we love. All Thomas H. Peddie, Dawson. . Laura E. Andrew, Sedalia. Hattie A. Robinson, Dix. Howard G. Barnes, Severn. praise and glory be unto Him forever. John F. Gruneisen, Dundas. · Alma 0. Nelms, Stem. Amen. Maude M. Palmer, East Lynn, Ida J. Thorp, Stovall. The Journal of the proceedings of yes Elizabeth K. Ware, Ellisville. Philip Y . . Snow, Toast. Harry' E. Millay, Ellsworth. Edmol'ld F. Sherwood, Vilas. terday was read and approved. - Muriel C. Macauley,·Golden Eagle. Clyde H. McClure, Walnut. The SPEAKER. The Chair prefers Margaret E. Hicks, Goldengate. Carlotta W. Flynn, Wananish. not to recognize Members to address the Gwen B. Mundschenk, Graymont, Charles D. Ball, Jr., Westfield. Cloyd M. Ostrander, Harmon. House for 1 minute this morning, as the Thelma T. Wheeler, Whitsett. House is anxious to proceed with the Ralph E. Ferrell, Herod. Janie J . . Henry, Winnabow. Otie L. Keen, Keenes'. Stella Phelps, Woodville. consideration of the bill that. it had up Lewis W Langham, Keysport. Florence R. Hanby, Wrightsville Sound. yesterday. Grayce A. Harmon, Lakewood .. Louise M. Gibbs, La Rose. TEXAS ADDITIONAL COPIES OF HEARINGS ON Mary E. Kennedy, Lee. Neil W. Sheridan, Augusta. FINANCIAL PROBLEMS OF SMALL BUSI Richard L. Peterson, Lynn Center. Lavey L. Bailey; Bradshaw. NESS Ethelyn C. Bushue, Mason. Oma Wall, Broaddus. Mr. JARMAN. Mr. Speaker, from the Grace Dilley, Norris. Cecil D. Foster, Cedar Bayou. Committee on Printing, I report