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Bite Me: Sadomasochistic Gender Relations In BITE ME: SADOMASOCHISTIC GENDER RELATIONS IN CONTEMPORARY VAMPIRE LITERATURE by SHELBY NATHANSON A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the Honors in the Major Program in English in the College of Arts and Humanities and in the Burnett Honors College at the University of Central Florida Orlando, Florida Spring Term 2014 Thesis Director: Kathleen M. Oliver, Ph.D. ABSTRACT While the term sadomasochism might conjure cursory images of whips, chains, and leather-clad fetishists, this thesis delves deeper into sadomasochistic theory to analyze dynamics of power and powerlessness represented by a chosen sample of literary relationships. Using two contemporary works of vampire literature—Anne Rice’s novel Interview with the Vampire and Stephenie Meyer’s Twilight series—I examine how power is structured by and between male and female characters (and vampires and humans), and particularly emphasize the patriarchal messages these works’ regressive sexual politics engender. Psychoanalysis and feminist theory are employed to support my overarching argument following the gendered dynamics of male sadism and female masochism (and vampire sadism and human masochism), as this dyad reflects men’s and women’s “normalized” roles of power and powerlessness, respectively, in today’s society. Sadomasochistic relationships as depicted in this literature are created through mutual contracts or, what I refer to as, sociocultural sadomasochism to reflect the gendered power imbalances inherent in patriarchy. By concluding with readers’ responses to these franchises, this thesis further attempts to determine why such unequal and oppressive relationships are desirable. Since vampires as Gothic figures embody what specific cultures dread yet desire, this literature possesses frightening implications—gender roles are conservative and masculinity is privileged in fiction and, by extension, in twenty-first-century American culture. ii DEDICATION For Mom, who endured my stubbornness, laughed and cried with me, and held my hand during every step of the journey. For Dad, who told me stories about the little girl with yellow hair and glasses until I fell asleep, and left a global trail for the little girl with yellow hair and glasses to follow. Words cannot express how grateful I am for your endless support and limitless love. Both of you taught me the value of hard work and dedication, and I am forever indebted to such generous parents. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank the outstanding people who made this thesis possible. Thank you, Dr. Kathleen M. Oliver, for your invaluable guidance and encouragement throughout the year. My vague and unusual first pitch would not have been realized and transformed into a workable topic without your immense help. Even with broken feet, you were able to steer me in the right direction! Thank you to my committee chairs, Dr. Anna M. Jones, Dr. Martha Marinara, and Dr. Steffen Guenzel. Each of you have been an instrumental force in the completion of this project. Dr. Jones and Dr. Marinara, thank you for providing a wealth of knowledge and advice during this process, and I regret not enrolling in a class of yours during my time at the University of Central Florida. Dr. Guenzel, thanks for being such a wonderful resource since I began working at the University Writing Center; I am so grateful for your continued support (and allowing me to barge into your office all the time!). Thanks to my professors in the Department of English, especially to Dr. Patricia Angley for encouraging me to pursue Honors in the Major. Finally, thanks, Burnett Honors College, for providing this rewarding opportunity. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction ................................................................................................................................................ 1 Theorizing Sadomasochism ................................................................................................................. 3 de Sade and von Sacher-Masoch ..................................................................................................... 3 Sadism and Masochism .................................................................................................................... 5 Motifs of Sadomasochism .............................................................................................................. 12 The Spectator .................................................................................................................................... 16 The Gothic ............................................................................................................................................. 20 The Gothic as Cultural Expression ............................................................................................... 20 Gender and the Gothic.................................................................................................................... 22 Sadomasochism and the Gothic .................................................................................................... 25 The Sadistic Vampire and the Masochistic Human ........................................................................ 26 Vampires, Gender, and Sadomasochism, Oh My!: Review of Literature .................................... 28 Interview with the Vampire ............................................................................................................... 28 Twilight Series .................................................................................................................................. 29 Methodology ........................................................................................................................................ 31 Chapter Outline ................................................................................................................................... 32 Chapter One: Interview with the Vampire ....................................................................................... 32 Chapter Two: Twilight Series ......................................................................................................... 33 Afterward/Afterword ..................................................................................................................... 34 Chapter One: A Good Woman is Hard to Find Privileging Male Homosocial Relations in Interview with the Vampire .............................................. 36 Vampire Sadism/Human Masochism ............................................................................................... 38 The Sadean Female Victim ............................................................................................................. 39 The von Sacher-Masoch Male Masochists ................................................................................... 48 A Hard Man is Good to Find: Homoeroticism ................................................................................ 51 Lestat/Louis: The Arranged Marriage .......................................................................................... 51 Armand/Louis: The Love Match ................................................................................................... 59 Growing Pains: Lestat/Louis/Claudia ............................................................................................... 64 Lestat/Louis/Claudia: The Nuclear Family .................................................................................. 65 v “I don’t know what it is. She’s a woman”: Woman-Child and the Monstrous-Feminine .... 73 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................................ 81 Chapter Two: Chastely Courting Pain Reinscribing Patriarchal Values in Stephenie Meyer’s Twilight Series ............................................. 83 Violent Love: Hurting Bella and Bella Hurting ............................................................................... 85 A Damsel in Distress: Saving Bella from Others......................................................................... 86 Love that Hurts: Bella’s Romantic Relationships........................................................................ 89 A Blade to Her Wrists: Bella and Self-Inflicted Pain .................................................................. 94 Sadomasochism in the Twilight Series ............................................................................................. 98 Not “Good Enough”: Bella as Masochist ................................................................................... 100 “Within My Power”: Bella as Sadist ........................................................................................... 109 Child-Women: Infantilizing the Woman, Sexualizing the Child ................................................ 115 Bella as Child-Woman: The Infantilization of Women ............................................................ 116 Renesmee as Woman-Child: The Sexualization of Children .................................................. 117 Conclusion .......................................................................................................................................... 123 Afterward/Afterword: Readers’ Responses to the Franchises ......................................................... 124 Homophobia?: The Vampire Chronicles and Readers ..................................................................... 124 Happily
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