DOCSLIB.ORG

Metabolic Rate in Five Tropical Bird Species

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Metabolic Rate in Five Tropical Bird Species SHORT COMMUNICATIONS 89 are evident (Fig. 1). Miller ( 1940) reported on the tial dive of young Anna Hummingbirds. Condor absence of the dive-noise in the displays of sub- 42:305-306: - adults. Pitelka (pers. comm.) noted that the dive MIRSKY, E. N. 1976. Song divergence in humming- of young males is not totally silent for there is a bird and iunco oooulations on Guadaluue Island. rush of air, which is a noise. In molting birds, he Condor j8:2301235. noted a rush of air which might progress to a louder PEARSON, 0. P. 1960. Speed of the Allen Hum- click noise as the feathers mature. Whereas the de- mingbird while diving. Condor 62:403. veloping rectrices may contribute to the louder dive- PITELKA, F. A. 1951. Ecologic overlap and inter- noise, it could be that ontogeny of the voice parallels specific strife in breeding populations of Anna development of the rectrices. “Crystallization” of the and Allen hummingbirds. Ecology 32:641-661. (vocal) dive-noises may be complete when the rectri- Ro~crms, T. L. 1940. The dive note of the Anna ces are fully mature. If so, then the function of Hummingbird. Condor 42 :86. the specialized rectrices may be to provide added WAGNER, H. 6. 1966. Meine Freunde, die Kolibris. maneuverability during the complex dive display. Verlaa Paul Parev. Hamburg. We thank Millicent S. Ficken and Frank A. Pitelka WELLS, S.,R. A. BRADLEY AND c F. BAPTISTA. 1978. for their valuable comments on an earlier draft of Hybridization in Calypte hummingbirds. Auk this paper. 95:537-549. WILLIAMSON, F. S. L. 1956. The molt and testis LITERATURE CITED cycles of the Anna Hummingbird. Condor 58: 342-366. HAMILTON, W. J., III. 1965. Sun-oriented display of the Annas’ Hummingbird. Wilson Bull. 77: LMoore Laboratory of Zoology, Occidental College, 3844. Los Angeles, California 90041. Accepted for publi- MILLER, L. H. 1940. Sound produced in the nup- cation 1 September 1978. Cwdor, 81:89-91 0 The Cooper Ornithological Society 1979 METABOLIC RATE IN FIVE Schultheis thermometer or thermocouple probe and Bailey Bat-8 digital thermometer. TROPICAL BIRD SPECIES We measured oxygen consumption in an open flow respirometer analogous to the mask system de- scribed by Withers ( 1977). Birds were placed in a CAROL M. VLECK plastic or glass metabolic chamber within a darkened AND box maintained at 30 2 1°C and at ambient water vapor pressures which did not exceed 24 torr. Air DAVID VLECK flow through the metabolic chamber ranged from 120 to 645 cc/min. Carbon dioxide and water vapor were absorbed from air leaving the chamber by using Metabolic rates are often predicted from allometric Ascarite (sodium hydroxide asbestos) and Drierite equations relating metabolism to body mass. Al- ( anhydrous calcium sulfate). Fractional concentra- though the relationship between metabolic rate and tion of oxygen was then determined with an Applied body mass varies among taxa of birds (Lasiewski and Electrochemistry S3A Oxygen Analyzer. Flow rates Dawson 1967), and with time of day Aschoff and ( were measured downstream of the oxygen sensor with Pohl 1970), it has not been shown to vary predictably a Gilmont Flowmeter calibrated against a Brooks with climate (Scholander et al. 1950 ). Few meta- Thermal Mass Flowmeter. Oxygen consumption was bolic data are available on birds living in the lowland calculated from equation 4a of Withers (1977). All tropics where ambient temperatures are usually high. gas volumes are -reported at standard temperature A few birds from hot climates have low metabolic (0°C) and nressure (760 torr. 1 torr = 0.133 kPa ). rates (Hudson and Kimzey 1966, Weathers 1977). It ’ ’ Birds satA in the ’ chamber undisturbed for at is therefore of interest to determine if metabolic rates least one hour before we began recording oxygen of tropical species are lower than those predicted consumption. The lowest rate of oxygen consumption from allometric equations based largely on temperate during the second hour of each experiment was as- species. We report standard metabolic rates of four sumed to be the standard metabolic rate at 30°C. tropical passerines, all suboscines, and one tropical Rate of oxygen consumption usually did not vary nonpasserine, a dove. more than 5% throughout the last 30 min of an experiment. bxygen consumption was converted to MATERIALS AND METHODS energy assuming a caloric equivalent of 4.8 kcal/l 02 ( 1 kcal = 4.184 kJ) (King and Farner 1961, Lasiew- Birds were mist-netted in August and September 1977 ski and Dawson 1967 ). on several islands in Gatun Lake in central Panama, latitude 9”N. Rates of oxygen consumption were measured for at least two hours during the night after RESULTS capture. We kept the birds in the dark without food Standard metabolic rates of the five species are for 3-8 h before testing. They were weighed to the shown in Table 1. Predicted metabolic rates in the nearest 0.5 g with a Pesola scale before and after resting phase of the daily activity cycle were calcu- testing. Cloaca1 temperatures were measured at the lated from the appropriate allometric equations of end of each experiment with a quick-registering Aschoff and Pohl (1970). For nonpasserines: 90 SHORT COMMUNICATIONS TABLE 1. Nighttime resting metabolic rates at 30°C and body temperatures in five tropical bird species. Predicted metabolic rates are calculated from the appropriate equation in Aschoff and Pohl ( 1970). Per- centage is (observed + predicted) x 100. Metabolic rate (k&/day) Sample MEUS Tb Per- species Sex size (g?SD) (“C-cSD) Observed-C SD Predicted centage __-__ Leptotila vefreaux:i (White-tipped Dove) ? 2 131 & 20 38.6 -c 0.4 18.3 k 2.12 16.53 111 Pipra mentalis (Red-capped Manakin) ?/Juv.l 2 14.5 -c 0.7 39.5 ? 2.8 6.14 ? 0.94 5.31 116 Manacus vitellinus $ 2 18.2 k 1.1 38.5 2 0.0 4.88 k 1.27 6.26 78 (Golden-collared Manakin) o/Juv.l 9 15.0 & 1.1 38.7 -c- 0.7 5.91 ? 0.72 5.44 109 (Total) 11 15.6 & 1.7 38.7 & 0.4 5.72 zk 0.87 5.60 102 Xiphorhynchus guttatus ( Buff-throated Woodcreeper) ? 2 45.2 -c 5.3 39.3 ? 0.6 9.21 2 1.46 12.12 76 Thamnophilus punctatus (Slaty Antshrike) I!! 1 21.0 37.3 7.05 6.95 101 1 We were not able to distinguish female from juvenile mannkins. MR = 73.5 MO,“&‘ normal range for birds at rest (King and Farner 1961). and for passerines: Oxygen consumption rates of Manacus vitellinus MR = 114.8 MO.”‘ ranged widely from 1.83 to 4.30 cmY/g h (mean = 3.26 _‘ 0.71 cm3/g h) in the 11 individuals tested. where MR is metabolic rate in kcal/day and M is We found no regular relationship between oxygen body mass in kg. The White-fronted Dove (LeptotiZa consumption and sex or body temperature. The two verreauxi) had a metabolic rate slightly higher than lowest values were only 55 and 74% of predicted. predicted, as did the Red-capped Manakin (Pipra A check of the system revealed no reason to doubt mentalis), Golden-collared Manakin ( Manacus vitel- the validity of these measurements. Manakins are Zinus), and Slaty Antshrike ( Thamnophilus puncta- small frugivorous birds which may face periods of tus). The Buff-throated Woodcreeper ( XiphoThyn- decreased energy availability (Foster 1977). Man- thus guttatus) had a metabolic rate only 76% of acus may ameliorate the effects of such energy the predicted rate. Birds rested quietly throughout shortages by reducing metabolic rates when resting an experiment, and none showed obvious signs of as has been suggested for several other species stress afterwards. Body temperatures ranged from (Steen 1958, Warren 1960, Lasiewski 1963, Chaplin 38.6”C in Leptotila to 39.5”C in Pipra. 1974, 1976). Birds with low metabolic rates were not captured earlier in the day or treated differently DISCUSSION from others. However, we do not know their history prior to capture. The birds with low metabolic rates The climate in the lowlands of central Panama is did not have conspicuously low body temperatures, always warm. Annual mean minimum and maximum but it may not be possible for birds to become air temperatures for the Canal Zone are 23.7”C and measurably hypothermic in two hours at 30°C. 30.1”C respectively. During the rainy season (May- Some birds from tropical climates, e.g. Xiphorhyn- December 7 humidities are- high, often near satura- thus (this study), Lo&Aura (Weathers 1977), Wax- tion. Weathers ( 1977) has suggested that a low bills (Estrilda: Lasiewski et al. 1964) have metabolic basal metabolic rate may be adaptive for endotherms rates below the passerine norm while other tropical living in a hot, humid, tropical climate because species apparently do not. Time, energy, and water lower heat production might reduce heat stress. budget data are needed to assess the role of reduced Some tropical birds, notably Caprimulgiformes, have levels of metabolism in adaptation to a hot and humid low rates of metabolism which are associated with environment. Ricklefs (1971) suggested that the low body temperatures (Lasiewski et al. 1970). A Mangrove Swallow ( Tachycineta albilinea) of the few tropical passerines, for example the Dusky tropics must reduce its activity in the middle of the Munia (Lonchura fuscans; Weathers 1977), have day because of the difficulty of dissipating heat relatively low basal metabolic rates at normal pas- from flight metabolism. However, the available data serine body temperatures. The standard metabolic are insufficient to evaluate the thermal importance rate of Xiphorhynchus guttatus (9.21 kcal/day) lies of resting metabolic rates.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • GSSB HCV Assessment Report 2020 Rev20200815.Pdf
    CONTENTS PAGE NO. 1.0 Introduction and Background 1 - 4 2.0 Description of the Assessment Area 5 - 9 3.0 HCV Assessment Team 10 4.0 Methods 10 - 17 5.0 Assessment Findings/ HCV Identification 17 - 20 6.0 HCV Management and Monitoring 21 - 22 7.0 References 23 8.0 Addendum 24-25 9.0 Annexes 26 - 59 ii LIST OF FIGURES PAGE NO. Figure 1.1 Location of the Project Area 4 Figure 2.1 Average rainfall 2009-2015 7 Figure 2.2 Average temperature 2009-2015 7 Figure 2.3 Average humidity 2009-2015 8 Figure 2.3 Fire scar 1983 across Sabah 9 Figure 4.1 Illustration of mist netting for the bird survey 13 Figure 4.2 Illustration of stream transect method 15 Figure 4.3 Illustration of remote cameras placement 15 LIST OF TABLES PAGE NO. Table 2.1 Vegetation Type 9 Table 4.1 Summary of the timeline of HCV Assessment 10 Table 4.2 Transect lines coordinates 11 – 13 Table 4.3 Road survey coordinates 12 Table 4.4 Mist nets coordinate in Bengkoka Forest Reserve 14 Table 4.5 Mist nets coordinate in Tambalugu Forest Reserve 14 Table 4.6 Remote cameras coordinate in Bengkoka Forest Reserve 16 Table 4.7 Remote cameras coordinate in Tambalugu Forest Reserve 16 Table 5.1 Findings of large and medium-sized mammals 18 Table 5.2 Findings of bird species 18 - 19 Table 6.1 HCV Management and Monitoring - Precautionary Approach 21 - 22 Table 7.1 Summary of threats to the HCV in the project area 25 iii Update from the Last Version (14 February 2020) The purpose of this section is to highlight the changes made in the document from the previous report.
    [Show full text]
  • The Relationships of the Starlings (Sturnidae: Sturnini) and the Mockingbirds (Sturnidae: Mimini)
    THE RELATIONSHIPS OF THE STARLINGS (STURNIDAE: STURNINI) AND THE MOCKINGBIRDS (STURNIDAE: MIMINI) CHARLESG. SIBLEYAND JON E. AHLQUIST Departmentof Biologyand PeabodyMuseum of Natural History,Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511 USA ABSTRACT.--OldWorld starlingshave been thought to be related to crowsand their allies, to weaverbirds, or to New World troupials. New World mockingbirdsand thrashershave usually been placed near the thrushesand/or wrens. DNA-DNA hybridization data indi- cated that starlingsand mockingbirdsare more closelyrelated to each other than either is to any other living taxon. Some avian systematistsdoubted this conclusion.Therefore, a more extensiveDNA hybridizationstudy was conducted,and a successfulsearch was made for other evidence of the relationshipbetween starlingsand mockingbirds.The resultssup- port our original conclusionthat the two groupsdiverged from a commonancestor in the late Oligoceneor early Miocene, about 23-28 million yearsago, and that their relationship may be expressedin our passerineclassification, based on DNA comparisons,by placing them as sistertribes in the Family Sturnidae,Superfamily Turdoidea, Parvorder Muscicapae, Suborder Passeres.Their next nearest relatives are the members of the Turdidae, including the typical thrushes,erithacine chats,and muscicapineflycatchers. Received 15 March 1983, acceptedI November1983. STARLINGS are confined to the Old World, dine thrushesinclude Turdus,Catharus, Hylocich- mockingbirdsand thrashersto the New World. la, Zootheraand Myadestes.d) Cinclusis
    [Show full text]
  • Preliminary Report on Wildlife Inventories and Assessment in SFM Project Areas
    Preliminary Report on Wildlife Inventories and Assessment in SFM Project Areas Timimbang – Botitian Forest Reserve Prepared by: Rayner Bili Sabah Forestry Department. Survey Period 7th May – 16th May 2014 Date of Report: 18th June 2014 Table of Contents Acknowledgment Abstract List of abbreviations 1.0 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Study Area 1.2 Objectives 2.0 METHODOLOGY 2.1 Recce Walked 2.2 Night Spotting 2.3 Morning Drive 2.4 Camera Trapping 2.5 Interviews 2.6 Opportunistic Sighting 3.0 RESULTS 3.1 Mammals 3.2 Birds 4.0 DISCUSSION 5.0 RECOMMENDATION References Annex I : List of participant and time table Annex II : Datasheet of night spotting Annex III : Datasheet of morning drive Annex IV : Datasheet recce walks Annex V : Opportunistic wildlife sighting sheet Annex VI : Camera trapping datasheet Annex VII : Description of IUCN red list Annex VIII : Photos Acknowledgement By this opportunity, I would like to deeply indebted to Beluran District Forest Officer (DFO) and Assistant District Forest Officers (ADFOs), Forest Rangers, Forester and all forest staff’s of SFM Timimbang-Botitian (Ali Shah Bidin, Mensih Saidin, Jamation Jamion, Jumiting Sauyang and Rozaimee Ahmad) for their help and support during the rapid wildlife survey and assessment in SFM Timimbang-Botitian project area. My sincere thank goes to Mr. Awang Azrul (ADFO) for organizing our accommodation and providing permission to carry out the wildlife survey and for his continuous support for the smooth execution of the programs due the survey requires night movement inside the SFM Timimbang-Botitian forest reserves. Deepest thanks to Mr. Zainal Kula, Mr. Sarinus Aniong and Mr.
    [Show full text]
  • NESTLING MOUTH Marklngs It '" "' of OLD WORLD FINCHES ESTLLU MIMICRY and COEVOLUTION of NESTING
    NESTLING MOUTH MARklNGS It '" "' OF OLD WORLD FINCHES ESTLLU MIMICRY AND COEVOLUTION OF NESTING r - .. ;.-; 5.i A&+.FINCHES .-. '4 AND THEIR VIDUA BROOD PARASITES - . , , . :.. - i ' -, ,' $*.$$>&.--: 7 -.: ',"L dt$=%>df;$..;,4;x.;b,?b;.:, ;.:. -, ! ,I Vt .., . k., . .,.-. , .is: 8, :. BY ERT B. PAYNE MISCELLANEOUS PUBLICATIONS MUSEUM OF ZOOLOGY, UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN, NO. 194 Ann ntwi day, 2005 lSSN 0076-8405 PUBLICATIONS OF THE MUSEUM OF ZOOLOGY, UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN NO. 194 J. B. BLJR(.H,Editor JI.:NNIFERFBLMLEE, Assistcint Editor The publications of the Museum of Zoology, The University of Michigan, consist primarily of two series-the Mi.scel/aneous Pziblications and the Occa.siona1 Papers. Both series were founded by Dr. Bryant Walker, Mr. Bradshaw H. Swales, and Dr. W.W. Newcomb. Occasionally thc Museum publishes contributions outside of these series; beginning in 1990 thcsc arc titled Special Publications and arc numbered. All submitted manuscripts to any of the Museum's publications receive external review. The Occasional Papers, begun in 1913, serve as a medium for original studies based principally upon the collections in the Museum. They arc issued separately. When a sufficient number of pages has been printed to make a volume, a title page, table of contents, and an index are supplied to libraries and individuals on the mailing list for the series. The Miscellaneotls Pt~hlication.~,initiated in 1916, include monographic studies, papers on field and museum techniques, and other contributions not within the scope of the Occasional Papers, and are published separately. It is not intended that they be grouped into volurnes. Each number has a title page and, when necessary, a table of contents.
    [Show full text]
  • BORNEO: June-July 2016 (Custom Tour)
    Tropical Birding Trip Report BORNEO: June-July 2016 (custom tour) A Tropical Birding CUSTOM tour BORNEO (Sabah, Malaysia) th th 25 June – 9 July 2016 Borneo boasts more than 50 endemic bird species, 5 of which are barbets; Golden-naped Barbet, Mount Kinabalu Tour Leader: Sam Woods (with Azmil in Danum and Remy at Sukau) All of the photos in this report were taken on this tour. Thanks to participants Chris Sloan and Michael Todd for their photo contributions; (individually indicated). 1 www.tropicalbirding.com +1-409-515-9110 [email protected] Page Tropical Birding Trip Report BORNEO: June-July 2016 (custom tour) INTRODUCTION The small Malaysian state of Sabah, in the north of the island of Borneo, is rightly one of the most popular Asian birding destinations. Its appeal is obvious: Sabah contains all but a few of the 50+ endemic bird species on the island; possesses an impressive mammal list too, including a number of Bornean specialties like Bornean Orangutan and Proboscis Monkey; is small enough to require relatively little travel to cover from one side of the state to the other to include both lowland and highland sites; and boasts some of the best, nature, and birder, -focused infrastructure in the region. The number of bird species that are endemic to the island varies greatly depending on taxonomy followed, reaching 59 at the most liberal, upper level; and most agreeing there are over 50 of them. Importantly, on top of this there is a single monotypic (one species) bird family only found there, the enigmatic Bornean Bristlehead, which clearly won the bird of the tour vote.
    [Show full text]
  • FIELD GUIDES BIRDING TOURS Borneo
    Field Guides Tour Report Borneo Jun 7, 2012 to Jun 24, 2012 Rose Ann Rowlett & Hamit Suban Sunrise over craggy Mt. Kinabalu, as seen from our doorsteps at the Hill Lodge inside Kinabalu Park. (Photo by tour participant Fred Dalbey) It was another fabulous tour to Borneo! As always, it was different from all previous tours in many of the specifics, from the weather (windy and rainy in the highlands this trip; surprisingly dry in the lowlands) to some of the birds and other critters observed. But there is great overlap among many of the spectacular basics from one tour to the next. And we had another wonderful sampling of the best of Borneo. In our efforts to overcome jetlag, we all arrived early and managed to get in a little extra birding pre-tour. Most folks went to Manukan Island for a morning, and we all went to the KK Wetland the day before the tour started, seeing a handful of species we wouldn't see on our official tour route. I've included those species in the list below since most folks in the group were experiencing Asian birding for the first time. Our most exciting encounter was with a pair of White-breasted Waterhens duetting as we watched at close range. We began officially in the Crocker Range, where we saw a number of highland endemics, from the usually very tough Whitehead's Spiderhunter to Mountain and Bornean barbets, Bornean Bulbul, Bornean Leafbird, and endearing flocks of Chestnut-crested Yuhinas, not to mention the non-endemic but dramatic Long-tailed Broadbill.
    [Show full text]
  • This Article Appeared in a Journal Published by Elsevier. the Attached Copy Is Furnished to the Author for Internal Non-Commerci
    This article appeared in a journal published by Elsevier. The attached copy is furnished to the author for internal non-commercial research and education use, including for instruction at the authors institution and sharing with colleagues. Other uses, including reproduction and distribution, or selling or licensing copies, or posting to personal, institutional or third party websites are prohibited. In most cases authors are permitted to post their version of the article (e.g. in Word or Tex form) to their personal website or institutional repository. Authors requiring further information regarding Elsevier’s archiving and manuscript policies are encouraged to visit: http://www.elsevier.com/copyright Author's personal copy Forest Ecology and Management 261 (2011) 531–544 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Forest Ecology and Management journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/foreco Bird community assembly in Bornean industrial tree plantations: Effects of forest age and structure Alison R. Styring a,1, Roslina Ragai b,2, Joanes Unggang b,2, Robert Stuebing b,3, Peter A. Hosner c,4, Frederick H. Sheldon c,∗ a The Evergreen State College, Olympia, WA 98505, United States b Grand Perfect Sdn. Bhd., ParkCity Commerce Square, 97000 Bintulu, Sarawak, Malaysia c Museum of Natural Science, Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, United States article info abstract Article history: Plantations of exotic trees for industrial and agricultural purposes are burgeoning in the tropics, and Received 24 June 2010 some of them offer the opportunity to study community ecology of animals in a simplified forest set- Received in revised form 1 November 2010 ting.
    [Show full text]
  • Forktail 28 Cover
    FORKTAIL 28 (2012): 29–37 Peat swamp forest birds of the Tuanan research station, Central Kalimantan, Indonesia, with notes on habitat specialists MARY ROSE C. POSA & DAVID ALEXANDER MARQUES The avifauna of tropical peat swamp forest has not been well documented, even though it is an extensive habitat in parts of South-East Asia. We conducted surveys using various methods at the Tuanan research station and surrounding areas in Central Kalimantan, Indonesian Borneo. These observations resulted in a list of 138 bird species and numerous noteworthy records. Although more depauperate than lowland rainforest on mineral soils, peat swamp forest is an important habitat for many threatened and Near Threatened bird species, especially habitat specialists such as Hook-billed Bulbul Setornis criniger and Grey-breasted Babbler Malacopteron albogulare. We also recorded in selectively logged peat swamp several high-profile, globally threatened species such as Crestless Fireback Lophura erythrophthalma, Storm’s Stork, Ciconia stormi, Great Slaty Woodpecker Mulleripicus pulverulentus, Black Hornbill Anthracoceros malayanus and Wrinkled Hornbill Aceros corrugatus. In view of its importance to certain species, peat swamp forest should be afforded more protection, especially in light of the recent rapid loss of this habitat to land conversion and forest fires. INTRODUCTION & Liew 2010). Many areas have already been converted into oil palm and paper pulp plantations and much of what remains under forest Borneo is the third largest tropical island in the world and particularly cover has been selectively logged (Miettinen & Liew 2010). Such rich in biodiversity, with 630 recorded bird species (Mann 2008). disturbance renders PSF extremely prone to forest fires, since peat Geopolitically, the island is divided into Brunei Darussalam, the itself is combustible when dry (Page et al.
    [Show full text]
  • Interspecific Variation of Thermoregulation Between Small Migratory and Resident Passerines in Wenzhou
    ZOOLOGICAL RESEARCH Interspecific variation of thermoregulation between small migratory and resident passerines in Wenzhou Qing-Gang QIAO1, Hong-Ji LIANG1, Min-Lan BAI1, Wei-Hong ZHENG1,2, Jin-Song LIU1,2,* 1 School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China 2 Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab for Subtropical Water Environment and Marine Biological Resources Protection, Wenzhou 325035, China ABSTRACT thermogenesis. Taken together, these data illustrate small migratory and resident passerines that exhibit Physiological adaptation arises from several the different characteristics of thermoregulation. fundamental sources of phenotypic variation. Most analyses of metabolic adaptation in birds have Keywords: Basal metabolic rate; Body temperature; focused on the basal metabolic rate (BMR), the Thermal conductance; Eophona migratoria; Lonchura lower limit of avian metabolic heat production. In this striata; Aegithalos concinnus study, we investigated thermoregulation in three passerine species; the yellow-billed grosbeak INTRODUCTION1 Eophona migratoria, white-rumped munia Lonchura striata and black-throated bushtit Aegithalos Heat production in response to ambient temperature is concinnus, in Wenzhou, China. Metabolic rate was commonly referred to as facultative, or adaptive, thermogenesis measured using the closed-circuit respirometer (Angilletta et al., 2010; Silva, 2006; Zhou et al., 2016). containing 3.5 L animal chambers. Body temperature Endotherms primarily use mechanisms that equalize rates of (Tb) was measured during metabolic measurements heat production and loss to maintain a high and constant body using a lubricated thermocouple. The minimum temperature (Corp et al., 1997; Liu et al., 2004a). The necessity thermal conductance of these species was of maintaining an optimal body temperature is one of the major calculated by measuring their Tb and metabolic rates.
    [Show full text]
  • Changes in Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services 4
    Chapter 4 CHANGES IN BIODIVERSITY AND ECOSYSTEM SERVICES 4. Introduction Chapter 4 Chapter 4 Introduction Tohru Nakashizuka Tohoku University This chapter examines the changes in ecosystem services caused by changes in biodiversity. Ecosystem services were classified into three types—provisioning, regulating, and cultural—following the definitions of the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment. In particular, we focused here on ecosystem services that have close relationships with biodiversity. Timber supply is one of the most important provisioning services of forest ecosystems, although the tree species available must change according to the change of forest structure caused by forest use system (Seino et al., in this Chapter). Woody material is also important as fuel. Coniferous trees are commercially more valuable in Japan, but broadleaf trees can have value as fuel for locals and for particular products (Oh). Recently, Non Timber Forest Products (NTFPs) have attracted more attention in the context of sustainable forest use (Naito, Kanazawa, in this Chapter). Mushroom and other organisms for livelihood are important NTFPs that depend on the forest type (Yamashita, Kato); thus, changes in the forest ecosystem have caused great changes in the patterns of forest utilization by local people. We focused on the control of pest animals as a regulating service provided by the forest ecosystem. Some species of parasitoid wasps were found to be abundant in traditionally used landscapes (Maeto & Kitabatake). Agricultural damage cased by deer and monkeys in recent years may have a close relationship with past forest utilization. The rapid increase in young plantations caused an increase in the population of wild animals, which has led to serious damage to agricultural crops (Agetsuma).
    [Show full text]
  • Final Report
    1 FINAL REPORT DISTRIBUTION AND STATUS WHITE-SHOULDERED IBIS (Pseudibis davisoni) IN EAST KALIMANTAN EDY SUTRISNO IMANUDDIN 2 PREFACE Indonesia has a very high biodiversity, which are many of its still lack of information. Based on that condition, Biodiversity Conservation Indonesia (BCI) take a small parts to fulfill the data of Indonesia biodiversity with finishing the one year of research of “Distribution and Status White-shouldered Ibis (Pseudibis davisoni) in East Kalimantan”. This final report presenting results of distribution and population surveys and some aspects of its ecology, includes of White-shouldered Ibis behavior, diets and habitat. The potential treats of this species were also presented. We hope this research can support institutional or anybody who concern for conservation effort for water birds, especially White-shouldered Ibis and its habitat. Therefore We can planned the continuous development synergy with biodiversity conservation. 3 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY White-shouldered ibis (Pseudibis davisoni) is a water bird species from Threskiornithidae family with declining population, and classified as Critical Endangered species in IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. East Kalimantan Province was chosen as survey area in this research because it was reported to have the largest population of White-shouldered Ibis in Indonesia. Aims of this research is to provide a comprehensive basic data of White-shouldered Ibis to be used for further monitoring and conservation activities by assessing its distribution, population and the quality of its habitat in East Kalimantan Province. Direct observation method combined with semi-guided interview with local inhabitant in the observation area was carried out for those aims. During survey there were 21 sightings with total 53 individual birds were recorded.
    [Show full text]
  • Ficus Seed Dispersal Guilds: Ecology, Evolution and Conservation Implications
    Ficus seed dispersal guilds: ecology, evolution and conservation implications MICHAEL J. SHANAHAN Submitted in accordance with the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy The University of Leeds Centre for Biodiversity and Conservation School of Biology December 2000 The candidate confirms that the work submitted is his own and that appropriate credit has been given where reference has been made to the work of others 1 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Firstly, I wish to thank my supervisor, Dr Steve Compton, for initially turning me on to the genus Ficus and for his guidance throughout my doctorate, especially during the write-up period. This research was conducted whilst I was a visiting research fellow at the Institute of Biodiversity and Environmental Conservation (IBEC) at Universiti Malaysia Sarawak (UNIMAS). For my appointment to this post I thank Professor Ghazally Ismail and Dr Stuart Davies and, for administrative help at UNIMAS, Yaziz and Dayang. Fieldwork conducted in Sarawak was undertaken with permission of the Forest Department Sarawak and for this I thank, in particular, Abdul Abang Hj. Hamid and Sapuan Hj. Ahmad. Logistical support in Lambir was provided by Johan and Mr Abdullah. Canopy studies were greatly aided by permission to use the walkways and towers of the Canopy Biology Program in Sarawak and I wish to acknowledge the assistance of Professor Tohru Nakashizuka and the late Professor Tamiji Inoue. For permission to live in the "American house" in Lambir I am grateful to the Center for Tropical Forest Science (Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute) and in particular, Drs Jim La Frankie and Elizabeth Losos. My work in Borneo was greatly aided by my first-rate research assistant Siba anak Aji whose constant hard work and high spirits were an inspiration to me.
    [Show full text]