Goldfish Varieties
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Goldfi sh Varieties and Genetics A Handbook for Breeders Joseph Smartt Illustrations by Merlin Cunliffe Goldfi sh Varieties and Genetics A Handbook for Breeders Joseph Smartt Illustrations by Merlin Cunliffe Copyright © 2001 DISTRIBUTORS Marston Book Services Ltd Fishing News Books PO Box 269 A division of Blackwell Science Ltd Abingdon Editorial Offi ces: Oxon OX14 4YN Osney Mead, Oxford OX2 0EL (Orders: Tel: 01865 206206 25 John Street, London WC1N 2BS Fax: 01865 721205 23 Ainslie Place, Edinburgh EH3 6AJ Telex: 83355 MEDBOK G) 350 Main Street, Malden MA 02148 5018, USA USA and Canada 54 University Street, Carlton Iowa State University Press Victoria 3053, Australia A Blackwell Science Company 10, rue Casimir Delavigne 2121 S. State Avenue 75006 Paris, France Ames, Iowa 50014-8300 (Orders: Tel: 800-862-6657 Other Editorial Offi ces: Fax: 515-292-3348 Web www.isupress.com Blackwell Wissenschafts-Verlag GmbH email: [email protected] Kurfürstendamm 57 10707 Berlin, Germany Australia Blackwell Science Pty Ltd Blackwell Science KK 54 University Street MG Kodenmacho Building Carlton, Victoria 3053 7–10 Kodenmacho Nihombashi (Orders: Tel: 03 9347 0300 Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104, Japan Fax: 03 9347 5001) Iowa State University Press A catalogue record for this title A Blackwell Science Company is available from the British Library 2121 S. State Avenue Ames, Iowa 50014–8300, USA ISBN 0-85238-265-0 The right of the Author to be identifi ed as Library of Congress the Author of this Work has been asserted in Cataloging-in-Publication Data accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Smartt, J. Patents Act 1988. Goldfi sh varieties and genetics: a handbook for breeders/Joseph Smartt; illustrations by Merlin Cunliffe. All rights reserved. No part of this publication p. cm. may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, Includes bibliographical references (p. ). or transmitted, in any form or by any means, ISBN 0-85238-265-0 electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording 1. Goldfi sh. 2. Goldfi sh – Varieties. 3. Goldfi sh – or otherwise, except as permitted by the UK Genetics. I. Title. Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, without the prior permission of the publisher. SF458.G6 S63 2001 639.3'7484–dc21 2001025153 The author has endeavoured to contact any known copyright holders for any previously published For further information on illustrations and apologises if any formal permission Fishing News Books, visit our website: to use any of the illustrations in this book has not http://www.blacksci.co.uk/fnb/ been forthcoming by the time of publication. First published 2001 Set in 10/13 pt Times by Sparks Computer Solutions Ltd, Oxford http://www.sparks.co.uk Printed and bound in Great Britain by MPG Books Ltd, Bodmin, Cornwall The Blackwell Science logo is a trade mark of Blackwell Science Ltd, registered at the United Kingdom Trade Marks Registry Contents (Colour plate section falls between pages 118 and 119) Preface vii 1 Introduction 1 2 History and Development of the Goldfi sh 11 Pre-domestication 12 Domestication 14 Diversifi cation 16 The political dimension 20 Artefacts as evidence in tracing development of goldfi sh varieties 23 Dissemination of the goldfi sh 25 3 Goldfi sh Varieties – a Review of Literature 26 H. T. Wolf (1908) Goldfi sh Breeds 28 Hugh M. Smith (1909) Japanese Goldfi sh – Their Varieties and Cultivation 39 W. T. Innes (1917–1932, 1947) Goldfi sh Varieties 48 Hodge & Derham (1926) Goldfi sh Culture for Amateurs 53 Hugh M. Smith (1924) Goldfi sh and Their Cultivation in America 53 T.C. Roughley (1936) The Cult of the Goldfi sh 54 The contributions of Chen (1925) and Matsui (1934) 55 Chen (1925) Variation in External Characters of Goldfi sh Carassius auratus 55 Matsui (1934) Genetical Studies on Goldfi sh of Japan 58 Matsui, Y. (1972) Goldfi sh Guide (fi rst edition) 63 Hervey & Hems (1948) The Goldfi sh 64 Frank Orme (1979) Fancy Goldfi sh Culture 69 Watanabe (1988) Handbook of Goldfi sh 71 Pénzes & Tölg (1986) Goldfi sh and Ornamental Carp 72 Recent literature on Chinese goldfi sh 73 Man Shek-hay (1982, 1993) Goldfi sh in Hong Kong 74 Li Zhen (1988) Chinese Goldfi sh 75 B. Teichfi scher (1994) Goldfi sche in Aller Welt 76 iv Contents 4 Modern Goldfi sh Varieties 80 The Common Goldfi sh 80 The Comet 83 The Shubunkins 84 The Wakin 88 The Jikin 90 The Fantail 91 The Ryukin 92 The Tosakin 94 The Veiltail 95 The Telescope 98 The Celestial 103 The Bubble-eye 104 The Pompon 105 The Pearlscale 107 The Oranda 108 The Ranchu-Lionhead Group 110 Concluding remarks 114 5 The Aesthetic Appreciation of Goldfi sh 115 The Common Goldfi sh standard 116 The Comet standard 118 The Shubunkin standard 119 The Fantail standard 122 The Jikin standard 124 The Fringetail standard 124 The Ryukin standard 125 The Veiltail standard 126 The Tosakin standard 128 The Pearlscale standard 129 The Pompon standard 129 The Telescope-eye standards 130 The Celestial standard 131 The Bubble-eye standard 131 The Oranda standards 132 The Lionhead standards 134 Goldfi sh aesthetics and standards – some conclusions 135 Condition and deportment 137 Goldfi sh appreciation – a postscript 138 6 Basic Genetic Principles for Goldfi sh Breeders 139 The chromosome theory of heredity 139 Mendelian inheritance 140 Linkage 146 Polyploidy 147 Contents v Developmental aspects 150 Quantitative genetics 151 Population genetics 153 Breeding strategy 154 7 The Genetics of Goldfi sh Variety Evolution 158 The xanthic mutation 158 The twin-tail mutation 160 Fins – size and shape 163 General coloration 165 Eye mutants 174 Hypertrophies of the head 175 Scale types 176 The out-turned operculum 178 Body conformation 179 Evolutionary genetics of goldfi sh – some conclusions 179 Evolution of the goldfi sh – a genealogy 181 8 Genetics and Goldfi sh Improvement 185 Manipulation of dominance relationships between alleles at a genetic locus 187 Biotechnology and its actual and potential signifi cance 191 Population aspects 193 Envoi 195 Glossary 199 Bibliography 205 Index 209 Preface It is customary in a preface for an author to attempt a justifi cation for the work presented to the public. I see no reason to break with this longstanding and hallowed tradition. It has struck me in reviewing recent literature on the goldfi sh that varieties can be treated in a very cursory fashion. In the early part of the last century very much more extensive treatments were published. Much of this information is still relevant and nearly all of it is inaccessible at the present time, and it seemed to be both worthwhile and, I hope, useful to review critically the literature of the goldfi sh over the past century and beyond with an appropriate update. In order to appreciate how the present situation with regard to goldfi sh varieties has arisen, it is sensible to develop the genealogical approach of Matsui and to attempt a reconstruction of its evolutionary history. To do this requires the application of such genetical knowledge as we have and, by dint of careful thought tempered by practical experience, produce a credible working hypothesis of the evolutionary history of our subject. It is unfortunate that the major- ity of successful goldfi sh breeders are not exactly at ease with the subject matter of genetics. Truth to tell, this also applies to many aspiring and professional biologists. What I have at- tempted to do is to present a highly selective summary of the relevant genetical principles. The reader might fi nd it convenient to see, fi rst of all, what they make of the chapter on goldfi sh variety evolution and refer back as necessary to the consideration of the relevant principles in the previous chapter. At the present time among geneticists there is virtually no interest in a systematic explora- tion of the Mendelian genetics of the goldfi sh. We have to content ourselves with the substan- tial early work of Chen and Matsui between the wars for the basic information we need, sup- plemented by some more recent work in Japan by Kajishima published in the 1970s. We are helped by the past publication by Matsui of data which at the time could not be interpreted satisfactorily. This can be reviewed in the light of subsequent advances since the 1930s of our knowledge of genetical principles, tempered with the knowledge and experience of success- ful breeders. I have been very materially assisted in my work by contact with amateur and professional goldfi sh breeders as well as scientists over the past two decades. It is a very great pleasure to acknowledge the interest and support of two national goldfi sh societies, the Goldfi sh Society of Great Britain (GSGB) and the Goldfi sh Society of America (GFSA). I am deeply indebted to my mentors in these societies, Mr James H. Bundell and Mr A.I. Thommu, respectively, for their constant and sustained interest in what I attempted to do. In addition the membership of both societies has also been very supportive. In my travels abroad I have been fortunate viii Preface to meet a number of goldfi sh enthusiasts in China and Japan. It was a particular pleasure, through the good offi ces of Mr Neal Teitler, to meet Kajishima Sensei and to have some discussion with him. I am indebted to Mr Michael Stewart, formerly Curator of the Ocean Park Aquarium in Hong Kong, for arranging a visit to the goldfi sh farm of the Chang brothers, Mr Jackie Chan and Mr Louis Chan in China. There I had truly the goldfi sh experience of a lifetime. The visit to the Hong Kong Goldfi sh Pagoda was equally memorable. No less interesting have been visits to fi sh farms in the United States, most notably the Maryland-based Hunting Creek Fisheries.