From a Defensive to an Integrated Approach Victor N
01chap.qxd 5/4/09 10:26 AM Page 17 Copyright 2009 by Resources for the Future, in Water Policy in the Netherlands: Integrated Management in a Densely Populated Delta, edited by Stijn Reinhard and Henk Folmer. No part of this book chapter may be reproduced, distributed, or stored in any form or by any means (including photocopying, email, online posting, or electronic archiving on a disk drive or server) without the written permission of the Publisher. CHAPTER 1 From a Defensive to an Integrated Approach Victor N. de Jonge RESENT WATER MANAGEMENT policy and practice in the Netherlands have P been heavily influenced by a combination of the geological history of the country and the activities carried out by its inhabitants since about 2500 BP (years before present).The history of Dutch water policies began when the inhabitants of the coastal and floodplain areas tried to safeguard themselves and their livestock by building and living atop dwelling mounds.This was followed by the defensive and offensive periods, during which dikes were built, peat was excavated, and land was reclaimed for safety, living space, and agriculture. Quantitative water policy began in the 1200s, when farmers started organizing to combat flooding. Since then, local, and later also regional, water boards were formed. In the late 1960s, qualitative water policy was added to the existing quantitative policy.Two decades later, in the late 1980s, the focus of qualitative and quantitative water policies broad- ened to include the protection of aquatic ecosystems and sustainable economic development. This chapter describes the geological history of the Netherlands, the impact of humans on its aquatic environments, and the history of water management in the country.It provides the foundation for more detailed discussions in the chapters to follow.
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