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V-Dem Codebook V8" Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Project

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V-Dem Codebook V8 INSTITUTE Codebook V 8 - April 2018 Copyright © University of Gothenburg, V-Dem Institute All rights reserved Suggested citation: Coppedge, Michael, John Gerring, Carl Henrik Knutsen, Staffan I. Lind- berg, Svend-Erik Skaaning, Jan Teorell, David Altman, Michael Bernhard, Agnes Cornell, M. Steven Fish, Haakon Gjerløw, Adam Glynn, Allen Hicken, Joshua Krusell, Anna Lührmann, Kyle L. Mar- quardt, Kelly McMann, Valeriya Mechkova, Moa Olin, Pamela Paxton, Daniel Pemstein, Brigitte Seim, Rachel Sigman, Jeffrey Staton, Aksel Sundtröm, Eitan Tzelgov, Luca Uberti, Yi-ting Wang, Tore Wig, and Daniel Ziblatt. 2018. "V-Dem Codebook v8" Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Project. Main coders of factual (A/A*) data: Frida Andersson, Vlad Ciobanu, Lee Cojocaru, Valeriya Mechkova, Selemon Negash, Moa Olin, and Laura Saxer. Other coders of factual (A/A*) data: Tove Ahlbom, Pelle Ahlin, Eric Bader, Julia Bianco, Adam Bilinski, Solveig Bjørkholt, Sophie Cassell, Felix Dwinger, Kristian Frederiksen, Ionut Gusoi, Sune Hellegaard, Bernardo Isola, Talib Jabbar, Haakon Jernsletten, Eva Karlsdottir, Berker Kava- soglu, Thomas Krauchi, Joshua Krusell, Ole Martin Laegreid, Frederik Lasserre, Vilde Lunnan Djuve, Claudia Maier, Swaantje Marten, Mark Patteson, Livia Radaeski, Hayley Rassuchine, Janina Schlect, Tove Selnes, Katharina Sibbers, Konstantinos Skenteris, Andrew Slivka, Tolga Tan, Marcus Tannen- berg, and Philipp Tönjes. For data enquires: [email protected] 1 Structure of the Codebook • Contents • Part I. Explanatory Notes • Part II. V-Dem Democracy Indices – Section 2.1 V-Dem High-Level Democracy Indices – Section 2.2 V-Dem Mid-Level Indices: Components of the Democracy Indices Subcomponents of the V-Dem High-Level Democracy Indices. • Part III. V-Dem Indicators All variables assembled by the Varieties of Democracy project, divided by theme. – 3.1 Elections – 3.2 Political Parties – 3.3 Direct Democracy – 3.4 The Executive – 3.5 The Legislature – 3.6 Deliberation – 3.7 The Judiciary – 3.8 Civil Liberty – 3.9 Sovereignty/State – 3.10 Civil Society – 3.11 The Media – 3.12 Political Equality – 3.13 Historical V-Dem • Part IV. Indices Created Using V-Dem Data • Part V. Other Democracy Indices and Indicators (E) Variables on democracy gathered from other sources that may help in evaluating the causes and effects of democracy or may provide convergent validity tests for V-Dem data, divided into sections based on source. • Part VI. Background Factors (E) Variables gathered from other sources that may help in evaluating the causes and effects of democracy divided into sections based on theme. • List of References • Appendix A: Glossary This sections includes definitions of key terms. • Appendix B: Post-Survey Questionnaire This survey is completed by all coders. Data from the survey is not included in the V-Dem Dataset but provided on review by special request. • Appendix C: Background notes This section includes background materials and subject experts consulted in the course of de- veloping the questionnaire. • Appendix D: Structure of Aggregation All Indices and Indicators. An overview of all high-level indices, mid-level indices, and indica- tors. Consult this part to see the structure of the aggregation. • Appendix E: Changes Between Previous Versions of the Dataset 2 Contents 1 Explanatory Notes 26 1.1 What’s New in Version 8 compared to Version 7.1 . 26 1.2 Cautionary Notes . 27 1.3 Variable Types . 28 1.4 Variable Versions and Suffixes . 29 1.5 Aggregation . 30 1.6 Variable Entries . 31 1.7 Variable Tags . 31 1.8 Variable Information . 31 1.9 Suggested Citation . 33 1.10 Countries . 34 1.11 Identifier Variables in the V-Dem Datasets . 36 1.11.1 Country Name (country_name) . 36 1.11.2 Time-Specific Country Name (histname) . 36 1.11.3 V-Dem Country ID (country_id) . 36 1.11.4 Country Name Abbreviation (country_text_id) . 36 1.11.5 Year (year) . 36 1.11.6 Historical Date (historical_date) . 36 1.11.7 Start of Coding Period (codingstart) . 36 1.11.8 Contemporary Start of Coding Period (codingstart_contemp) . 36 1.11.9 Historical Start of Coding Period (codingstart_hist) . 36 1.11.10 Gap in Coding Period Starts (gapstart) . 37 1.11.11 Gap in Coding Period Ends (gapend) . 37 1.11.12 End of Coding Period (codingend) . 37 1.11.13 Historical End of Coding Period (codingend_contemp) . 37 1.11.14 Historical End of Coding Period (codingend_hist) . 37 1.11.15 V-Dem Project (project) . 37 1.11.16 Historical V-Dem coding (historical) . 37 1.11.17 COW Code (COWcode) . 37 1.11.18 Number of Coders per Country, Variable and Year/Date (v2*_nr) . 37 2 V-Dem Democracy Indices 38 2.1 V-Dem High-Level Democracy Indices (D) . 38 2.1.1 Electoral democracy index (D) (v2x_polyarchy) . 38 2.1.2 Liberal democracy index (D) (v2x_libdem) . 38 2.1.3 Participatory democracy index (D) (v2x_partipdem) . 39 2.1.4 Deliberative democracy index (D) (v2x_delibdem) . 39 2.1.5 Egalitarian democracy index (D) (v2x_egaldem) . 40 2.2 V-Dem Mid-Level Indices: Components of the Democracy Indices (D) . 40 2.2.1 Additive polyarchy index (D) (v2x_api) . 40 2.2.2 Multiplicative polyarchy index (D) (v2x_mpi) . 40 2.2.3 Freedom of Expression and Alternative Sources of Information index (D) (v2x_freexp_altinf) . 41 2.2.4 Freedom of association thick index (D) (v2x_frassoc_thick) . 41 2.2.5 Share of population with suffrage (D) (v2x_suffr) . 42 2.2.6 Clean elections index (D) (v2xel_frefair) . 42 2.2.7 Elected officials index (D) (v2x_elecoff) . 42 3 2.2.8 Liberal component index (D) (v2x_liberal) . 43 2.2.9 Equality before the law and individual liberty index (D) (v2xcl_rol) . 44 2.2.10 Judicial constraints on the executive index (D) (v2x_jucon) . 44 2.2.11 Legislative constraints on the executive index (D) (v2xlg_legcon) . 44 2.2.12 Participatory component index (D) (v2x_partip) . 44 2.2.13 Civil society participation index (D) (v2x_cspart) . 45 2.2.14 Direct popular vote index (D) (v2xdd_dd) . 45 2.2.15 Local government index (D) (v2xel_locelec) . 46 2.2.16 Regional government index (D) (v2xel_regelec) . 47 2.2.17 Deliberative component index (D) (v2xdl_delib) . 47 2.2.18 Egalitarian component index (D) (v2x_egal) . 47 2.2.19 Equal protection index (D) (v2xeg_eqprotec) . 48 2.2.20 Equal access index (D) (v2xeg_eqaccess) . 48 2.2.21 Equal distribution of resources index (D) (v2xeg_eqdr) . 49 3 V-Dem Indicators (A, B, or C) 50 3.1 Elections . 50 3.1.1 Elections introduction (A,B,C) (v2elintro) . 50 3.1.2 Non-election specific coding introduction (A, B, C) (v2elintro1) . 50 3.1.3 Disclosure of campaign donations (C) (v2eldonate, *_osp, *_ord) . 50 3.1.4 Public campaign finance (C) (v2elpubfin, *_osp, *_ord) . 50 3.1.5 Resident noncitizens who cannot vote (C) (v2elnoncit) . 51 3.1.6 EMB autonomy (C) (v2elembaut, *_osp, *_ord) . 51 3.1.7 EMB capacity (C) (v2elembcap, *_osp, *_ord) . 51 3.1.8 Election-specific questions introduction (A,B,C) (v2elintro2) . 52 3.1.9 Elections multiparty (C) (v2elmulpar, *_osp, *_ord) . 52 3.1.10 Executive elections multiparty (C) (v2elmulpar_ex, *_osp, *_ord) . 53 3.1.11 Legislative elections multiparty (C) (v2elmulpar_leg, *_osp, *_ord) . 53 3.1.12 Election voter registry (C) (v2elrgstry, *_osp, *_ord) . 53 3.1.13 Executive election voter registry (C) (v2elrgstry_ex, *_osp, *_ord) . 53 3.1.14 Legislative election voter registry (C) (v2elrgstry_leg, *_osp, *_ord) . 53 3.1.15 Election male suffrage in practice (C) (v2elmalsuf) . 53 3.1.16 Executive election male suffrage in practice (C) (v2elmalsuf_ex) . 54 3.1.17 Legislative election male suffrage in practice (C) (v2elmalsuf_leg) . 54 3.1.18 Election female suffrage in practice (C) (v2elfemsuf) . 54 3.1.19 Executive election female suffrage in practice (C) (v2elfemsuf_ex) . 54 3.1.20 Legislative election female suffrage in practice (C) (v2elfemsuf_leg) . 54 3.1.21 Election vote buying (C) (v2elvotbuy, *_osp, *_ord) . 54 3.1.22 Executive election vote buying (C) (v2elvotbuy_ex, *_osp, *_ord) . 55 3.1.23 Legislative election vote buying (C) (v2elvotbuy_leg, *_osp, *_ord) . 55 3.1.24 Election other voting irregularities (C) (v2elirreg, *_osp, *_ord) . 55 3.1.25 Executive election other voting irregularities (C) (v2elirreg_ex, *_osp, *_ord) 56 3.1.26 Legislative election other voting irregularities (C) (v2elirreg_leg, *_osp, *_ord) 56 3.1.27 Election government intimidation (C) (v2elintim, *_osp, *_ord) . 56 3.1.28 Executive election government intimidation (C) (v2elintim_ex, *_osp, *_ord) 56 3.1.29 Legislative election government intimidation (C) (v2elintim_leg, *_osp, *_ord) 56 3.1.30 Election other electoral violence (C) (v2elpeace, *_osp, *_ord) . 57 3.1.31 Executive election other electoral violence (C) (v2elpeace_ex,*_osp, *_ord) . 57 4 3.1.32 Legislative election other electoral violence (C) (v2elpeace_leg,*_osp, *_ord) 57 3.1.33 Election boycotts (C) (v2elboycot, *_osp, *_ord) . 57 3.1.34 Executive election boycotts (C) (v2elboycot_ex, *_osp, *_ord) . 58 3.1.35 Legislative election boycotts (C) (v2elboycot_leg, *_osp, *_ord) . 58 3.1.36 Election free campaign media (C) (v2elfrcamp, *_osp, *_ord) . 58 3.1.37 Executive election free campaign media (C) (v2elfrcamp_ex, *_osp, *_ord) . 58 3.1.38 Legislative election free campaign media (C) (v2elfrcamp_leg, *_osp, *_ord) 58 3.1.39 Election paid campaign advertisements (C) (v2elpdcamp, *_osp, *_ord) . 58 3.1.40 Executive election paid campaign advertisements (C) (v2elpdcamp_ex, *_osp, *_ord) . 59 3.1.41 Legislative election paid campaign advertisements (C) (v2elpdcamp_leg, *_- osp, *_ord) . 59 3.1.42 Election paid interest group media (C) (v2elpaidig, *_osp, *_ord) . 59 3.1.43 Executive election paid interest group media (C) (v2elpaidig_ex, *_osp, *_ord) 59 3.1.44 Legislative election paid interest group media (C) (v2elpaidig_leg, *_osp, *_ord) 59 3.1.45 Election free and fair (C) (v2elfrfair, *_osp, *_ord) . 59 3.1.46 Executive election free and fair (C) (v2elfrfair_ex, *_osp, *_ord) . 60 3.1.47 Legislative election free and fair (C) (v2elfrfair_leg, *_osp, *_ord) .
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