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Geothermal Gradient Map of the Southwestern Wyoming Province, Southwestern Wyoming, Northwestern Colorado, and Northeastern Utah Volume Title Page

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Geothermal Gradient Map of the Southwestern Wyoming Province, Southwestern Wyoming, Northwestern Colorado, and Northeastern Utah Volume Title Page Chapter 16 Geothermal Gradient Map of the Southwestern Wyoming Province, Southwestern Wyoming, Northwestern Colorado, and Northeastern Utah Volume Title Page By Thomas M. Finn Chapter 16 of Petroleum Systems and Geologic Assessment of Oil and Gas in the Southwestern Wyoming Province, Wyoming, Colorado, and Utah By USGS Southwestern Wyoming Province Assessment Team U.S. Geological Survey Digital Data Series DDS–69–D U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey U.S. Department of the Interior Gale A. Norton, Secretary U.S. Geological Survey Charles G. Groat, Director U.S. Geological Survey, Denver, Colorado: Version 1, 2005 For sale by U.S. Geological Survey, Information Services Box 25286, Denver Federal Center Denver, CO 80225 For product and ordering information: World Wide Web: http://www.usgs.gov/pubprod Telephone: 1-888-ASK-USGS For more information on the USGS—the Federal source for science about the Earth, its natural and living resources, natural hazards, and the environment: World Wide Web: http://www.usgs.gov Telephone: 1-888-ASK-USGS Although this report is in the public domain, permission must be secured from the individual copyright owners to reproduce any copyrighted materials contained within this report. Any use of trade, product, or firm names in this publication is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. Manuscript approved for publication May 10, 2005 ISBN= 0-607-99027-9 Contents Introduction …………………………………………………………………………………… 1 Methods of Study …………………………………………………………………………… 1 Discussion …………………………………………………………………………………… 4 References …………………………………………………………………………………… 4 Plate Plate 1. Geothermal gradient map of the Southwestern Wyoming Province ………………… 11 Figures 1. Map of Rocky Mountain Region ………………………………………………………… 2 2. Index map of Southwestern Wyoming Province ………………………………………… 3 3–6. Maps showing: 3. Present-day temperature of the Fort Union Formation ………………………………… 6 4. Present-day temperature of the top of the Mesaverde Group ………………………… 7 5. Present-day temperature of the base of the Rock Springs Formation ………………… 8 6. Present-day temperature of the top of the Frontier Formation ………………………… 9 7. Correlation chart of Cretaceous and lower Tertiary rocks ……………………………… 10 III Geothermal Gradient Map of the Southwestern Wyoming Province, Southwestern Wyoming, Northwestern Colorado, and Northeastern Utah By Thomas M. Finn Introduction map (pl. 1) is to show variations in gradient values across the SWWP and to provide data for the generation of temperature maps showing areas that are potentially overpressured based The geothermal gradient map (pl. 1) was constructed as on measurement of present-day temperature. part of a project conducted by the U.S. Geological Survey to characterize and evaluate the undiscovered oil and gas resources of the Southwestern Wyoming Province (SWWP), which essentially coincides with the Greater Green River Methods of Study Basin, one of the many structural and sedimentary basins that formed in the Rocky Mountain region during the Laramide The geothermal gradient map was constructed using orogeny (Late Cretaceous through Eocene) (fig. 1). The about 4,300 bottom-hole temperature (BHT) measurements SWWP encompasses about 25,000 mi2 in southwestern Wyo- collected from about 3,300 geophysical-log headers from oil ming, northwestern Colorado, and northeastern Utah (fig. 2). and gas exploration and production wells. All temperature It is bounded on the west by the Wyoming thrust belt, on the measurements were corrected using the “AAPG correction” north by the Wind River Mountains and Granite Mountains, on (Kehle, 1972) to compensate for thermal disturbances in the the east by the Rawlins, Sierra Madre, and Park Range uplifts, well bore caused by drilling fluids. According to Kehle (1972), and on the south by the Uinta Mountains and Axial Basin the correction “factor” adds a temperature increment to the uplifts. Several major intrabasin uplifts are present, including BHT reported on the log header to make it more representa- the La Barge platform, Moxa arch, Sandy Bend arch, Rock tive of the true undisturbed equilibrium BHT. In all cases, if a Springs uplift, Cherokee ridge, and the Wamsutter arch suite of logs was run, the highest temperature recorded for a (fig. 2). Several of these uplifts subdivide the province into particular depth was used. smaller subbasins including the Washakie, Great Divide, Control points shown on plate 1 represent geothermal Hoback, Sand Wash, and Green River Basins (fig. 2). gradients derived by three different methods according to the Important conventional oil and gas resources have been amount of well data available in a given area. The first method discovered and produced in the SWWP from reservoirs rang- was used in areas where isolated single wells recorded a tem- ing in age from Cambrian through Tertiary (Law, 1996). In perature measurement only for a single depth, in which case addition, an extensive unconventional (continuous) basin- the gradient was calculated using a formula from Meissner centered gas accumulation (BCGA) has also been identified (1978): in Cretaceous and Tertiary reservoirs by numerous research- gradient in oF/100 ft = log header BHT (oF) + AAPG correction (oF) – MAAT (oF) ers, including Law and others (1980), McPeek (1981), Davis depth (100’s of feet) (1984), Law (1984a,b), Spencer (1987), Law and others where the MAAT is the mean annual air temperature. Lowers (1989), Tyler and others (1995), Law (1996), Surdam (1997), (1960) reported the mean annual air temperature (MAAT) for and Surdam and others (1997). This BCGA is overpressured different locations in the Green River/Bear River drainages in throughout large areas of the province, and Spencer (1987) southwestern Wyoming to be between 38o and 44oF, with an believed that the overpressuring is the result of present-day annual mean of about 40oF. According to Heasler and Hinck- or recently active generation of large volumes of thermogenic ley (1985), the MAAT is assumed to approximate the mean gas. The overpressuring occurs in low-permeability rocks annual ground temperature, and in this study a MAAT of 40oF that are associated with organic-rich source rocks that are was used to calculate the gradients for the entire Southwestern still capable of hydrocarbon generation (Spencer, 1987). Law Wyoming Province. and others (1989) and Spencer (1987) observed that, in many The second method was used in areas where isolated areas of the SWWP, the position of the top of the overpres- single wells reported temperature measurements from logging sured zone generally coincides with a vitrinite reflectance runs recorded at different depths. In this case, the temperature value higher than about 0.8 percent and an uncorrected pres- measurements were corrected and plotted on a depth vs. tem- ent-day temperature of about 180°F or greater (corrected to perature graph. Using a MAAT of 40oF, a visual best-fit line about 190° to 200°F). The purpose of this geothermal gradient was drawn through the data points to determine the 1 2 Petroleum Systems and Geologic Assessment of Oil and Gas in the Southwestern Wyoming Province, Wyoming, Colorado, and Utah o o o 112o 110 108 106o 104 Bull o Mile 46 Crazy Mountains Basin s C Mountains ity arch idger Basin ND Br uplift SD Po Bear Bi wder Absaroka Bi g uplifttoot g h MT Hor MT v WY olcanic Hor ID n n Riv Blac uplift o k Hills uplift 44 Basin er field eton uplift T Basin belt Casper Owl Creek uplift Wind Wind Riv arch er Basin SD Riv NE er Granite Mountains orogenic uplift uplift Shirley tville uplift Basin Har 42o ID WY Ra UT Greater Green uplift wlins Hanna River Basin Basin Sierra Madre (Southwestern e n Medicin uplift Larami Wyoming Province) Basi e Cordilleran Den Bo WY NE Pa w rk CO uplift Uinta uplift Axial ve Range r Basin North and Middle uplift Park Basins o F uplift 40 ront Uinta White Basin Piceance Basin River Range uplift Sa ael Basin w atch uplift Swell San Raf uplift U ncom G South Park unnison Basin upliftpahgre uplift o 38 San Sangre Juan de San Juan Raton volcanic Cr uplift ift isto r uplift UT CO field Basin AZ NM CO Thrust or NM reverse fault San Juan Basin o Grande (Neogene) Nacimient 36 uplift 0 50 100 Miles isto Cr o de uplift Rio Sangre Figure 1. Rocky Mountain region showing the location of Laramide sedimentary and structural basins and intervening uplifts. Modified from Dickinson and others (1988). Geothermal Gradient Map of the Southwestern Wyoming Province 3 107 111˚ 110˚ 109˚ 108˚ ˚ Teton Wind Fremont 43˚ -4,000 Natrona -2,000 Pinedale 0 Riv Hoback 2,000 er Basin anticline 4,000 Granite Sublette Mountains -8,000 Mountains La Barge -6,000 platform 0 Lincoln -4,000 6,00 -2,000 -8,000 0 -6,000 ust belt Sand 2,000 y -4 Great Divide 42 ,0 ˚ Ben 0 0 Basin d arch -2,000 Rawlins 0 Mo Carbon 2,000 0 xa 4,000 uplift Sweetwater 6,000 Wamsutter arch uplift oming thr Basin s arch ing Wy r Uinta Spr -4,000 ve k -2,000 -6,000 Ri Roc Washakie Sierra -8,000 -2,000 2,000 Basin -4,000 0 4,000 Green WY 4,000 41 ˚ 2,000 Cherokee ridge Madre 0 -2,000 Summit Daggett Uinta Mountains Sand Wash 0 Routt Basin -2,000 Uintah Duchesne -6,000 -4,000 2,000 Jackson 4,000 UT Axial 6,000 Moffat Basin Park CO Outcrop of Mesaverde Group uplift Grand Range Southwestern Wyoming Province 40˚ boundary Rio Blanco Contour interval = 1,000 feet 0 10 20 30 40 Miles Garfield Eagle Figure 2. Index map of southwestern Wyoming, northeastern Utah, and northwestern Colorado showing the major structural elements of the Southwestern Wyoming Province. Structure contours drawn on top of the Upper Cretaceous Mesaverde Group. Contour interval, 1,000 feet. 4 Petroleum Systems and Geologic Assessment of Oil and Gas in the Southwestern Wyoming Province, Wyoming, Colorado, and Utah geothermal gradient for that location.
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