Estudio Comparativo De Endo Y Ectoparásitos En Dos Especies De Aves Silvestres Acuáticas Y Una Doméstica En La Laguna De Colta”

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Estudio Comparativo De Endo Y Ectoparásitos En Dos Especies De Aves Silvestres Acuáticas Y Una Doméstica En La Laguna De Colta” UNIVERSIDAD CENTRAL DEL ECUADOR FACULTAD DE MEDICINA VETERINARIA Y ZOOTECNIA CARRERA DE MEDICINA VETERINARIA Y ZOOTECNIA “ESTUDIO COMPARATIVO DE ENDO Y ECTOPARÁSITOS EN DOS ESPECIES DE AVES SILVESTRES ACUÁTICAS Y UNA DOMÉSTICA EN LA LAGUNA DE COLTA” Trabajo de Grado Presentado como Requisito para Obtener el Grado o Título de Médico Veterinario Zootecnista AUTOR: MAGALY GABRIELA CRUZ FREIRE TUTOR: Dra. Nivia Cándida Luzuriaga Neira, Ph.D. Quito, mayo 2016 DEDICATORIA A Dios, mi familia y amigos que con su apoyo incondicional y palabras de aliento permitieron que alcance este sueño. Con mucho amor Magaly Gabriela Cruz Freire ii AGRADECIMIENTO Agradezco a Dios por darme la vida fortaleza y la sabiduría para enfrentar los obstáculos que se presenta a lo largo de la vida. A mis padres y familia por haberme apoyado y acompañado durante mi formación, gracias por el amor y la comprensión que siempre encontré en ustedes. A la Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia a su personal docente, por su amistad y compartir sus conocimientos y experiencias contribuyendo en mi formación profesional y personal. Un sincero agradecimiento al Ministerio del Ambiente de Riobamba y al Ilustre Municipio de Colta quienes otorgaron la autorización, el apoyo y las facilidades para realizar la investigación, en especial a los Ing. Miguel Acuña, César Yanqui. Al Centro Internacional de Zoonosis de la Universidad Central del Ecuador, por dar las facilidades para el desarrollo de los procedimientos de laboratorio, en especial a la Dra. Sandra Enríquez que con su paciencia hizo posible culminar en la parte experimental del proyecto. Al laboratorio de parasitología de la Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia por permitir realizar el procedimiento de identificación. Un especial reconocimiento la Doctora Nivia Luzuriaga, tutora de tesis, que con paciencia y atención dirigió el proyecto hasta su culminación. Agradezco inmensamente a los Dr. Luis Vasco, Edison Encalada y Richar Rodríguez por su valiosa contribución de conocimientos por sus atentas recomendaciones. Finalmente a mis amigos y compañeros de la Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia. Mil Gracias Magaly Gabriela Cruz Freire iii AUTORIZACIÓN DE LA AUTORIA INTELECTUAL Yo, MAGALY GABRIELA CRUZ FREIRE, en calidad de autora del trabajo de investigación o tesis realizada sobre “ESTUDIO COMPARATIVO DE ENDO Y ECTOPARÁSITOS EN DOS ESPECIES DE AVES SILVESTRES ACUÁTICAS Y UNA DOMÉSTICA EN LA LAGUNA DE COLTA”, por la presente autorizo a la UNIVERSIDAD CENTRAL DEL ECUADOR, hacer uso de todos los contenidos, que me pertenecen, que consta esta obra, con fines estrictamente académicos o de investigación. Los derechos que como autor me corresponden, con excepción de la presente autorización, seguirán vigentes a mi favor, de conformidad con lo establecido en los artículos 5, 6, 8, 19 y demás pertinentes de la Ley de Propiedad Intelectual y su reglamento. En la ciudad de Quito, a_____________________ del 2016. _______________________________ Magaly Gabriela Cruz Freire C.C. 1804087185 [email protected] iv INFORME DEL TUTOR En carácter de tutor del Trabajo de Grado, presentado por la señorita MAGALY GABRIELA CRUZ FREIRE, para optar por el Título o Grado de Médico Veterinario y Zootecnista, cuyo título es “ESTUDIO COMPARATIVO DE ENDO Y ECTOPARÁSITOS EN DOS ESPECIES DE AVES SILVESTRES ACUÁTICAS Y UNA DOMÉSTICA EN LA LAGUNA DE COLTA”, considero que dicho trabajo reúne los requisitos y méritos suficientes para ser sometido a presentación pública y evaluación por parte del tribunal asignado. En la ciudad de Quito, a_____________________ del 2016. ______________________________ Dra. Nivia Cándida Luzuriaga Neira, Ph.D C.C. 1103364517 v APROBACIÓN DEL TRIBUNAL vi vii viii ÍNDICE GENERAL CONTENIDO DEDICATORIA ........................................................................................... ii AGRADECIMIENTO .................................................................................. iii INFORME DEL TUTOR ............................................................................. v APROBACIÓN DEL TRIBUNAL ................................................................ vi ÍNDICE DE GRÁFICOS ........................................................................... xiii ÍNDICE DE FIGURAS .............................................................................. xiv RESUMEN .............................................................................................. xvii CAPITULO I ............................................................................................... 1 1. INTRODUCCIÓN ............................................................................ 1 1.1. EL PROBLEMA ............................................................................ 2 1.2. PLANTEAMIENTO DEL PROBLEMA ..................................... 2 1.3. JUSTIFICACIÓN ........................................................................... 4 Objetivo General ............................................................................. 8 Objetivos Específicos ...................................................................... 8 CAPITULO II .............................................................................................. 9 2. MARCO TEÓRICO .......................................................................... 9 2.1. Revisión bibliográfica................................................................ 9 2.1.1 Taxonomía de la Focha Andina (Fulica ardesiaca). ............... 9 2.1.2. Descripción morfológica y ecológica de las especies. ........ 9 2.1.2.1. Características Morfológicas ........................................... 9 2.1.2.2. Alimentación. ................................................................. 10 2.1.2.3. Distribución. ................................................................... 10 2.1.2.4. Parasitismo. ................................................................... 10 2.1.3. Taxonomía de la Gallina Doméstica (Gallus gallus domesticus) .................................................................................... 11 ix 2.1.4. Descripción morfológica y ecológica de la especie. .......... 12 2.1.4.1. Características Morfológicas. ........................................ 12 2.1.4.2. Alimentación. ................................................................. 12 2.1.4.3. Parasitismo. ................................................................... 12 2.2. Fundamentación Teórica ........................................................ 13 2.2.1. Endoparásitos .................................................................. 13 2.2.1.1. Nemátodos. ................................................................. 14 2.2.1.2. Acantocéphalos. ........................................................... 15 2.2.1.3. Céstodos. ...................................................................... 17 2.2.1.4. Tremátodos. ................................................................. 19 2.2.1.5. Protozoos. ................................................................... 20 2.2.2. Ectoparásitos ................................................................... 22 2.2.2.1. Taxonómica de los Piojos .............................................. 24 2.2.2.2. Orden Phthiraptera ........................................................ 25 2.2.2.3. Suborden Amblycera ..................................................... 26 2.2.2.4. Suborden Ischnocera ..................................................... 26 CAPÍTULO III ........................................................................................... 28 3. METODOLOGÍA ............................................................................ 28 3.1. Ubicación de la zona en estudio ............................................. 28 3.1.2. Ubicación geográfica ........................................................ 29 3.2. Determinación de la Metodología ........................................... 29 3.2.1. Criterios de la investigación .............................................. 29 3.3. Procedimiento de la Investigación .......................................... 29 3.3.1. Fase de Campo ................................................................ 29 3.3.1.1. Captura y obtención de muestras de las especies .. 30 3.3.2. Fase de Laboratorio .......................................................... 31 3.3.2.1. Identificación de Endoparásitos ..................................... 31 x 3.3.2.2. Procesamiento de las Muestras .................................... 31 3.3.2.3. Técnica de Mac Master (Método Cualitativo – Cuantitativo) ................................................................................ 32 3.3.2.4. Identificación de Ectoparásitos ...................................... 33 3.3.2.5. Proceso de aclarado del Orden Phithiraptera ................ 33 3.3.2.6. Identificación de ectoparásitos ..................................... 33 3.4. Análisis estadístico ................................................................. 34 3.5. INSTRUMENTOS DE LA INVESTIGACIÓN .......................... 35 3.5.1. MATERIALES ................................................................... 35 Material Biológico ....................................................................... 35 Suministros de Oficina ................................................................ 35 Materiales de campo:.................................................................. 35 CAPÍTULO IV ........................................................................................... 37 4. RESULTADOS
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