DOCSLIB.ORG

CAVE PROTECTION and ARCHAEOLOGY STATUTES STATE

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
CAVE PROTECTION and ARCHAEOLOGY STATUTES STATE CAVE PROTECTION and ARCHAEOLOGY STATUTES STATE – by – STATE NSS Cave Vandalism Deterrence Reward Commission Researched and Prepared by Thomas Lera, 2020 Updated by _______________, ______ name date There are many free websites which have Federal and State Laws, Codes, Statutes and Regulations. The Cave and Archaeology Laws and Statutes included on the following pages can be found on Justia US Law webpages. Access to the law and statutes is critical to understanding your rights and your responsibilities. In my opinion the Justia website is one of the best organized, most up-to-date, easy to navigate, and offers free access to federal and state codes, statutes, and regulations. Go to https://law.justia.com/ to begin your search. Also review the individual State code, statue, and regulation webpages. Links and citations have been included. Useful law school websites are https://www.law.cornell.edu/ and http://www.washlaw.edu/ . When in doubt, contact a lawyer. 1 INTRODUCTION Laws passed by legislatures are generally known as “statutes.” Often, they outline general guidelines authorizing agencies to develop the specifics of process and enforcement. “Laws” created by agencies are called regulations, which usually must be authorized by a statute. Although they are subordinate to statutes, they have the same legal force. Agencies and their departments are part of the executive branch of state and federal governments and are tasked with the execution of the law. They have expertise in their field and are expected to be better equipped to develop the details of how a law will operate. Regulations can be enforced by citations, fines, and other forms of discipline just as easily as statutes. They can have a bigger effect on organizations than statutes because they are more detailed. There are valid reasons for laws, statues, and regulations restricting access to some information, such as locations of caves and archaeological sites. Caves contain valuable mineral specimens, fragile important ecosystems, and can be dangerous if visitors are inexperienced or unprepared. Karst areas, which are landscapes associated with caves, area also important sources of drinking water in many areas of the United States. Some states’ cave protection and open record laws do not contain specific language exempting the site locations from open records requests. Instead they include vague statements indicating that information protected by law is confidential. Of the twenty-eight states having cave protection statutes, Hawaii, Maryland, and Virginia protect their locations. In Hawaii, the Cave Protection Law requires confidentiality of cave locations. The Freedom of Information laws in Maryland and Virginia specifically exempt cave locations from public release. Archaeological sites contain artifacts that can be used to interpret and reconstruct the culture and history of an area’s past inhabitants as well as its natural history. In addition, some archaeological sites, especially Indian mounds, located on private property, are protected by trespassing laws. While archaeological sites are protected in all states, the laws vary from state to state. Some state archaeological protection laws include a clause protecting site locations (e.g., West Virginia and Wisconsin), while others exempt release of information on archaeological sites in their public record or Freedom of Information (FOIA) laws. In cases where confidentiality of archaeological sites is not mentioned in either the state archaeological protection law or the open records law, the FOIA laws contain clauses saying information protected by Federal or other statutes is exempt from public release. The following pages list the individual state statutes but not the individual state regulations promulgated by the responsible department, such as the Department of Conservation and Natural Resources, the Division of Historical and Cultural Affairs, Department of Historic Resources, etc. We hope this information is useful in your research. Use your contacts to find the appropriate regulations, then send us a link to their website, a general phone number, and the office contact email (not your contact’s phone or email) and we will post this. Please send to [email protected]. Remember, the federal laws, state statutes, and department regulations are always changing. Make sure the information you are reviewing is the most current. If you find a change, let us know and we will update the appropriate page. Thomas Lera, 2020 2 CONTENTS State Cave Statutes- Page Archaeology Statutes - Page Alabama 5 7 Alaska 8 Arizona 9 10 Arkansas 11 13 California 15 19 Colorado 22 24 Connecticut 26 Delaware 27 Florida 34 36 Georgia 39 41 Hawaii 45 50 Idaho 52 53 Illinois 54 57 Indiana 60 62 Iowa 64 Kansas 66 Kentucky 69 72 Louisiana 74 Maine 78 80 Maryland 81 83 Massachusetts 86 Michigan 91 Minnesota 93 Mississippi 96 Missouri 98 103 3 State Cave Statutes- Page Archaeology Statutes - Page Montana 104 106 Nebraska 108 Nevada 111 114 New Hampshire 116 New Jersey 118 New Mexico 121 123 New York 125 North Carolina 129 131 North Dakota 134 Ohio 138 141 Oklahoma 142 143 Oregon 146 Pennsylvania 149 153 Rhode Island 155 South Carolina 157 South Dakota 161 Tennessee 163 165 Texas 167 172 Utah 175 Vermont 179 179 Virginia 186 190 Washington 192 West Virginia 196 198 Wisconsin 203 205 Wyoming 208 Additional References 210 4 ALABAMA CAVE PROTECTION STATUTES 2016 Code of Alabama Title 9 - Conservation and Natural Resources. Chapter 19 – Caves https://law.justia.com/codes/alabama/2016/title-9/chapter-19/ The 1988 law was updated in 2016. The universal citation: AL Code § 9-19-1 to 9-15-5 (2016). Section 9-19-1 - Definitions. The following words and phrases when used in this Chapter shall for the purpose of this Chapter have the meanings respectively ascribed to them in this section, except in those instances where the context clearly indicates a different meaning: (1) CAVE. Any natural subterranean cavity that is at least 50 feet in length or depth, or any combination of length and depth or that contains obligatory cavernicolous fauna (animals obliged to live underground). The word “cave” includes but is not limited to cavern, pit, pothole, well (natural), sinkhole, and/or grotto. (2) SPELEOTHEM. A natural secondary mineral deposit or formation in a cave. This includes but is not limited to deposits called stalactites, stalagmites, helictites, anthodites, gypsum flowers, needles, or angel’s hair, soda straws, draperies, bacon, cave pearls, popcorn, rimstone dams, columns, pallettes and flowstone. Speleothems are commonly composed of calcite, aragonite, epsomite, gypsum, celestite, and other similar minerals. (3) COMMERCIAL CAVE. Any cave or portion of a cave that is improved with trails and lighting utilized by the owner or lessee for the purpose of exhibition to the public as a profit or nonprofit enterprise. (4) WILD CAVE. Any cave or portion of a cave that is not a commercial cave. (Acts 1988, No. 88-582, p. 909, §1.) Section 9-19-2 - Liability for injury while engaged in cave related activity; liability for equipment failure. (a) While engaged in cave related activities, no person or organization, or formal or informal group of persons in the company of other persons whether he or they be leading, accompanying, or in the area with the other person, shall be held liable for injuries or the results of actions by said other person, unless said other person acted as a result of an act or order issued by the first person intended to inflict injury. (b) Each person in a group engaged in cave related activities is individually responsible for evaluating the safety of group equipment which that person intends to use, such as ropes, rigging, anchor devices, climbing gear and similar equipment. The club, organization, group, leader, organizer, or person owning or emplacing such gear or equipment shall not be held liable for failure of any such equipment or gear or its emplacement, except, if the rigging or equipment is altered after the person injured has had an opportunity to inspect it. (Acts 1988, No. 88-582, p. 909, §2.) Section 9-19-3 - Penalty for damage, litter, etc. It shall be unlawful and constitute a misdemeanor for any person, organization, firm or corporation, including an officer, agent or employee of any town or municipality to: (1) Maliciously break, break off, crack, carve upon, write, burn, damage, or otherwise mar or mark on, remove, or in any other manner destroy, disturb, deface, mar or harm the walls or any speleothem in any cave, except for recognized scientific purposes. 5 (2) Discard litter or refuse to any degree in any cave. (3) Break, force, tamper with, remove, or otherwise disturb a lock, gate, door, or other structure or obstruction designed to control or prevent access to any cave, unless such act is specifically ordered by the owner. (4) Offer for sale any speleothem or export from the State of Alabama speleothems for sale elsewhere. (5) Remove, kill, harm, or disturb any plant or animal life found within any wild cave, except for recognized scientific purposes. (6) The provisions of subdivisions (1) through (6) of this section shall not apply to a recognized rescue unit operating in response to an emergency or believed emergency. (Acts 1988, No. 88-582, p. 909, §3.) Section 9-19-4 - Penalty for risk of pollution of underground water resources. It shall be unlawful and constitute a misdemeanor for any person, organization, firm, corporation, including any officer, employee or agent of any town or municipality to risk the pollution of the underground water resources of the state by storing, dumping, disposing, or otherwise placing in caves, sinkholes or natural wells: chemicals, refuse, dead animals, garbage or other materials which are potentially injurious or hazardous to the quality of the aquifer, water and/or water table. (Acts 1988, No. 88-582, p.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Who Wants to Be a Speleologist?
    Timpanogos Cave Edition Diantha Smith, 2009 Rules of the Game! 1. Read each question and all choices carefully. 2. Choose an answer or choose a life line. 3. If you get the answer correct you continue answering. 4. If you answer incorrectly, another player gets the next question. 5. LEARN A LOT AND HAVE FUN! Ask the audience: The audience will raise their hands to show which question they think the player should choose. Fifty/Fifty: The game host will reveal two answers that are not correct, leaving two choices for the player . Info Sheet: The player may consult the Cave Information Sheet for one minute to try and find the answer. (Beware: not all answers are on the sheet!) $1,000,000 $500,000 Is that your final $250,000 answer? $100,000 $50,000 How do we know that the limestone in Mount $25,000 Timpanogos was formed in ancient sea beds? $10,000 $5,000 $1,000 A: lots of salt B: smells like the ocean $500 $200 C: fossils of sea creatures D: pirate ghosts $100 $1,000,000 $500,000 $250,000 $100,000 $50,000 How do we know that many caves, like Timpanogos, $25,000 are formed in rock from ancient sea beds? $10,000 $5,000 $1,000 A: large salt content B: smell like the ocean $500 $200 C: fossils of sea creatures D: pirate ghosts $100 $1,000,000 $500,000 Is that your final $250,000 answer? $100,000 $50,000 What is the length and weight of the $25,000 Great Heart stalactite? $10,000 $5,000 $1,000 A: 5 ½ ft.
    [Show full text]
  • Annual Report Cover 2011 Spread 8/10/11 11:28 AM Page 1
    Annual Report Cover 2011_Spread 8/10/11 11:28 AM Page 1 National Cave and Karst Research Institute 2010-2011 400-1 Cascades Avenue Carlsbad, New Mexico 88220-6215, USA ANNUAL REPORT www.nckri.org www.nckri.org The National Cave and Karst Research Institute (NCKRI) will be the world’s premier cave and karst research organization, facilitating and conducting programs in re- search, education, data management, and stewardship in all fields of speleology through its own efforts and by establish- ing an international consortium of partners whose individual efforts will be supported to promote cooperation, synergy, flexibility, and creativity. NCKRI was created by the U.S. Congress in 1998 in partnership with the State of New Mexico and the City of Carlsbad. Initially an institute within the National Park Ser- vice, NCKRI is now a non-profit 501(c)(3) corporation that retains its federal, state, and city partnerships. Federal and state funding for NCKRI is administered by the New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology (aka New Mexico Tech or NMT). Funds not produced by agreements through NMT are accepted directly by NCKRI. NCKRI’s enabling legislation, the National Cave and Karst Research Institute Act of 1998, 16 U.S.C. §4310, iden- tifies NCKRI’s mission as to: 1) further the science of speleology; 2) centralize and standardize speleological information; 3) foster interdisciplinary cooperation in cave and karst research programs; 4) promote public education; 5) promote national and international cooperation in pro- tecting the environment for the benefit of cave and karst landforms; and 6) promote and develop environmentally sound and sus- tainable resource management practices.
    [Show full text]
  • Role of Bacteria in the Growth of Cave Pearls
    13th International Congress of Speleology 4th Speleological Congress of Latin América and Caribbean 26th Brazilian Congress of Speleology Brasília DF, 15-22 de julho de 2001 Role of Bacteria in the Growth of Cave Pearls Michal GRADZIÒSKI Institute of Geological Sciences, Jagiellonian University, Oleandry 2a, 30-063 KrakÛw, Poland, e-mail: [email protected] Abstract The growth of micritic cave pearls have been studied based on ones collected in Perlova Cave (Slovakia). The pearls display rough surfaces and irregular internal lamination. Several living bacteria have been detected inside the biofilm which covered still growing cave pearls. These bacteria produce organic matter from inorganic, gaseous CO2 dissolved in water and hence cause oversaturation with respect to calcite within the bacterial surroundings. Thus calcite precipitation is due to the bacterial metabolism. SEM investigations indicate that the precipitation proceeds upon the surfaces of the bacterial cells. This process results in mineral replicas of bacterial cells and finally causes almost complete obliteration of primary microbial structures The bacteria uptake preferentially 16O and cause relative enrichment of heavier isotope (18O) in the bacterial surroundings and in precipitating calcite. Introduction Cave pearls, known also as cave pisoids, have been reported in literature for a long time (HILL & FORTI, 1997). This group of speleothems includes a broad spectrum of grains varying in shape and internal structure. Best known are the forms with smooth, lustrous surface and regular concentric lamination. The smooth and shining outer surface of these pisoids is related to abrasion on contacts with neighbouring grains and substrate (BAKER & FROSTICK, 1947). Additional recognised prerequisites for their growth include the presence of suitable nuclei for the grain growth, supersaturated state of the solution from which the grains crystallise, and constant, balanced supply of water to the environment of their growth (GRADZI—SKI & RADOMSKI, 1967; DONAHUE, 1969).
    [Show full text]
  • Complete Issue
    EDITORIAL EDITORIAL Indexing the Journal of Cave and Karst Studies: The beginning, the ending, and the digital era IRA D. SASOWSKY Dept. of Geology and Environmental Science, University of Akron, Akron, OH 44325-4101, tel: (330) 972-5389, email: [email protected] In 1984 I was a new graduate student in geology at Penn NSS. The effort took about 2,000 hours, and was State. I had been a caver and an NSS member for years, published in 1986 by the NSS. and I wanted to study karst. The only cave geology course I With the encouragement of Editor Andrew Flurkey I had taken was a 1-week event taught by Art Palmer at regularly compiled an annual index that was included in Mammoth Cave. I knew that I had to familiarize myself the final issue for each volume starting in 1987. The with the literature in order to do my thesis, and that the Bulletin went through name changes, and is currently the NSS Bulletin was the major outlet for cave and karst Journal of Cave and Karst Studies (Table 1). In 1988 I related papers (Table 1). So, in order to ‘‘get up to speed’’ I began using a custom-designed entry program called SDI- undertook to read every issue of the NSS Bulletin, from the Soft, written by Keith Wheeland, which later became his personal library of my advisor, Will White, starting with comprehensive software package KWIX. A 5-year compi- volume 1 (1940). When I got through volume 3, I realized lation index (volumes 46–50) was issued by the NSS in that, although I was absorbing a lot of the material, it 1991.
    [Show full text]
  • Dicionarioct.Pdf
    McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Earth Science Second Edition McGraw-Hill New York Chicago San Francisco Lisbon London Madrid Mexico City Milan New Delhi San Juan Seoul Singapore Sydney Toronto Copyright © 2003 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Manufactured in the United States of America. Except as permitted under the United States Copyright Act of 1976, no part of this publication may be repro- duced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written permission of the publisher. 0-07-141798-2 The material in this eBook also appears in the print version of this title: 0-07-141045-7 All trademarks are trademarks of their respective owners. Rather than put a trademark symbol after every occurrence of a trademarked name, we use names in an editorial fashion only, and to the benefit of the trademark owner, with no intention of infringement of the trademark. Where such designations appear in this book, they have been printed with initial caps. McGraw-Hill eBooks are available at special quantity discounts to use as premiums and sales promotions, or for use in corporate training programs. For more information, please contact George Hoare, Special Sales, at [email protected] or (212) 904-4069. TERMS OF USE This is a copyrighted work and The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. (“McGraw- Hill”) and its licensors reserve all rights in and to the work. Use of this work is subject to these terms. Except as permitted under the Copyright Act of 1976 and the right to store and retrieve one copy of the work, you may not decom- pile, disassemble, reverse engineer, reproduce, modify, create derivative works based upon, transmit, distribute, disseminate, sell, publish or sublicense the work or any part of it without McGraw-Hill’s prior consent.
    [Show full text]
  • Caves in Slovakia
    Caves in Slovakia ► Caves are real natural gems. Some Slovakia caves are interesting by their rich and unique decoration, others by archaeological excavations. You will be awed by geomorphologic cave structures: stalactites, stalagmites, tufa cascades and curtains, pillars, mounds, pea like and lake formations or soft tufa and eccentric formations. ► Slovakia is extremely rich in caves. 5,450 is the total number of our known caves in Slovakia, but new caves are being discovered constantly. Most of them are situated in Slovak Karst, Low Tatras and Spis – Gemer Karst (Slovak Paradise and Muran Plain), Great Fatra, Western, Eastern and Belianske Tatras. There is no other such concentration of caves with so high representative value located in the karst region of the mild climate zone as in Slovakia. 12 Slovak caves opened to public ► * Belianska Cave * Driny * Gombasecká Cave ► * Bystrianska Cave * Harmanecká Cave ► * Demänovská Cave of Liberty * Jasovská Cave ► * Demänovská Ice Cave * Ochtinská Aragonite Cave ► * Dobšinská Ice Cave * Važecká Cave ► * Domica Belianska cave is located in an attractive environment of the Tatra National Park ► The cave length is 3,640 m with elevation range of 160 m. The entrance parts, accessible through thirled tunnel, contain chimney spaces opening into them and leading from the upper original entrance situated 82 m above the present one. Belianska cave was open for public through the original entrance as early as in 1882. Electrically lit is the cave from 1896. Bystrianska cave is located on the southern edge of the Bystrá village, between Podbrezová and Mýto pod Ďumbierom. ► The cave was formed by tectonical and erosional processes and modelled by underground stream, which flows at present through the spaces 15 to 20 m under the show path.
    [Show full text]
  • Speleological Abstracts Bulletin Bibliographigue
    r 178 année 24 1985 SPELEOLOGICAL ABSTRACTS BULLETIN BIBLIOGRAPHIGUE SPELEOLOGIGUE Commission de Spéléologie de la Société Helvétique des Sciences Naturelles Commission de Bibliographie de l'Union Internationale de Spéléologie avec la participation de • Société Suisse de Spéléologie Fédération Française de Spéléologie Commission of Speleology of the Swiss Academy of Sciences Commission of Bibliography of the International Union of Speleology with the participation of Swiss Speleological Society French Federation of Speleology Commission de Bibliographie de l'Union Internationale de Spéléologie Commission of Bibliography of the International Union of Speleology cio Reno BERNASCONI, Hofwilstrasse 9, Postfach 63, CH- 3053 Münchenbuchsee ISSN 0253 - 8296 COLLABORATEURS À CE FASCICULE / CONTRIBUTORS TO THIS ISSUE: pour 1 for France: Roger LAURENT (Responsable, coordination) Claude CHABERT (corrections, vérifications ) Collaborateurs: (JF.B) Jean François BALACEY (JP.B ) Jean-Pierre BESSON (Cl.C ) Claude CHABERT (A.C ) Alain COUTURAND (R.D ) René DAVID (Ph.D ) Philippe DROUIN (JC.F ) Jean Claude FRACHON (F.G) François GAY (L.G) Lucien GRATTE (R.L) Roger LAURENT (R.M) Richard MAIRE (J.M) Jacques MATHIEU (Y.M ) Yves MAURIN (C.M) Claude MOURET (JC.S ) Jean Claude STAIGRE pour 1 for Belgique: (DU) Danièle UYTTERHAEGEN, B - 4900 Angleur (responsable) pour 1 for Bundesrepublik Deutschland: (DZ) Dieter w. ZYGOWSKI, D - 4400 Münster (responsable) pour 1 for Switzerland/Suisse: (RB ) R. BERNASCONI, CH - 3053 Münchenbuchsee pour 1 for Yugoslavia: (MK ) Maja KRANJC, YU - 66230 Postojna (responsable) pour / for URRS/USSR: (VK) Vladimir KISSELYOV, Moscov G-501, (responsiblc ) collaborateurs: (KG) Klara GORBUNOVA, Perm (AK ) Alexander .KLIMCHUK, Kiew autres collaborateurs 1 other contributors: Villy AELLEN, CH - 1211 Genève (RB) Reno BERNASCONI, CH - 3053 Münchenbuchsee (Ma.M ) Manfred MOSER, BRD - 8400 Regensburg (JQ) James QUINLAN, USA - Mamrnoth Cave, Ky - 42259 (AWS) Andrej W.
    [Show full text]
  • Anthodite - Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia
    Anthodite - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Log in / create account Article Discussion Read Edit View history Anthodite From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Main page Anthodites (Greek, anthos, “flower”, -ode, adjectival Contents combining form, -ite adjectival suffix) are speleothems (cave Featured content formations) composed of long needle-like crystals situated in Current events clusters which radiate outward from a common base. The Random article "needles" may be quill-like or feathery. Most anthodites are Donate to Wikipedia made of the mineral aragonite (a variety of calcium carbonate, Interaction CaCO3), although some are composed of gypsum Help (CaSO4·2H2O). About Wikipedia The term “anthodite” is first cited in the scientific literature in Community portal 1965 by Japanese researcher N. Kashima[1], who described Recent changes “flower-like dripstone” composed of “an alternation of calcite Contact Wikipedia and aragonite”[2][3]. Toolbox Contents [hide] Print/export 1 Structure, composition and appearance Anthodites are featured at the 2 Occurrence commercial Skyline Caverns in Virginia, 3 Types USA 4 Anthodite-like formations 5 References Structure, composition and appearance [edit] The individual crystals of anthodites develop in a form described as “acicular” (needle-like) and often branch out as they grow. They usually grow downward from a cave's ceiling. Aragonite crystals are contrasted with those made of calcite (another variety of calcium carbonate) in that the latter tend to be stubby or dog-tooth-like (“rhombohedral”, rather than acicular). Anthodites often have a solid core of aragonite and may have huntite or hydromagnesite deposited near the ends of the branches. Anthodite crystals vary in size from less than a millimeter to about a meter, but are commonly between 1 and 20 millimeters in length.
    [Show full text]
  • 871 Definitions
    433.871 Definitions. As used in this chapter, the following words shall have the meanings stated unless the context requires otherwise: (1) "Cave" means any naturally occurring void, cavity, recess, or system of interconnecting passages beneath the surface of the earth containing a black zone including natural subterranean water and drainage systems, but not including any mine, tunnel, aqueduct, or other man-made excavation, which is large enough to permit a person to enter. The term "cave" includes or is synonymous with "cavern." (2) "Commercial cave" means any cave utilized by the owner for the purposes of exhibition to the general public, whether as a profit or nonprofit enterprise, wherein a fee for entry is collected. (3) "Gate" means any structure or device situated so as to limit or prohibit access or entry to any cave. (4) "Person" or "persons" means any individual, partnership, firm, association, trust, or corporation or other legal entity. (5) "Owner" means a person who owns title to land wherein a cave is located, including a person who owns title to a leasehold estate in the land and specifically including the Commonwealth and any of its agencies, departments, boards, bureaus, commissions, or authorities as well as counties, municipalities and other political subdivisions of the Commonwealth. (6) "Speleothem" means a natural mineral formation or deposit occurring in a cave. This shall include or be synonymous with, but not restricted to stalagmite, stalactite, helectite, shield, anthodite, gypsum flower and needle, angel's hair, soda straw, drapery, bacon, cave pearl, popcorn, coral, rimstone dam, column, palette, flowstone, et cetera.
    [Show full text]
  • Cavern Geology Lesson Plan 1
    Thank you to the Sierra Nevada Recreation Corporation: Moaning Cavern, Black Chasm Cavern and California Cavern for permission to use their classroom lesson plan material. Cavern Geology Lesson 1: What is a Cavern? OBJECTIVE Students will learn to identify the different types of caves. BACKGROUND INFORMATION Cave or Cavern? Is there a difference between a cave and a cavern? This is a frequently asked question, and many people use the terms interchangeably. However, there is a difference. A cave is any cavity in the ground that is large enough that some portion of it will not receive direct sunlight. There are many types of caves (discussed in this lesson plan). A cavern is a specific type of cave, naturally formed in soluble rock with the ability to grow speleothems. So, although a cavern can accurately be called a cave (since it is a type of cave), all caves cannot be called caverns. Caves Caves can be classified into two main categories known as primary and secondary. This classification is based on their origin. Primary caves are developed as the host rock is solidifying. Examples of primary caves include lava tubes and coral caves (descriptions follow). Secondary caves are carved out of the host rock after it has been deposited or consolidated. Most caves fall in the secondary category. However, some primary caves may later be enlarged by the forces associated with secondary cave development. Listed here are the main types of caves, and how they are formed: Coral Caves When colonies of coral in shallow water expand and unite, they form lacy or bulbous walls around an open area.
    [Show full text]
  • 1455189355674.Pdf
    THE STORYTeller’S THESAURUS FANTASY, HISTORY, AND HORROR JAMES M. WARD AND ANNE K. BROWN Cover by: Peter Bradley LEGAL PAGE: Every effort has been made not to make use of proprietary or copyrighted materi- al. Any mention of actual commercial products in this book does not constitute an endorsement. www.trolllord.com www.chenaultandgraypublishing.com Email:[email protected] Printed in U.S.A © 2013 Chenault & Gray Publishing, LLC. All Rights Reserved. Storyteller’s Thesaurus Trademark of Cheanult & Gray Publishing. All Rights Reserved. Chenault & Gray Publishing, Troll Lord Games logos are Trademark of Chenault & Gray Publishing. All Rights Reserved. TABLE OF CONTENTS THE STORYTeller’S THESAURUS 1 FANTASY, HISTORY, AND HORROR 1 JAMES M. WARD AND ANNE K. BROWN 1 INTRODUCTION 8 WHAT MAKES THIS BOOK DIFFERENT 8 THE STORYTeller’s RESPONSIBILITY: RESEARCH 9 WHAT THIS BOOK DOES NOT CONTAIN 9 A WHISPER OF ENCOURAGEMENT 10 CHAPTER 1: CHARACTER BUILDING 11 GENDER 11 AGE 11 PHYSICAL AttRIBUTES 11 SIZE AND BODY TYPE 11 FACIAL FEATURES 12 HAIR 13 SPECIES 13 PERSONALITY 14 PHOBIAS 15 OCCUPATIONS 17 ADVENTURERS 17 CIVILIANS 18 ORGANIZATIONS 21 CHAPTER 2: CLOTHING 22 STYLES OF DRESS 22 CLOTHING PIECES 22 CLOTHING CONSTRUCTION 24 CHAPTER 3: ARCHITECTURE AND PROPERTY 25 ARCHITECTURAL STYLES AND ELEMENTS 25 BUILDING MATERIALS 26 PROPERTY TYPES 26 SPECIALTY ANATOMY 29 CHAPTER 4: FURNISHINGS 30 CHAPTER 5: EQUIPMENT AND TOOLS 31 ADVENTurer’S GEAR 31 GENERAL EQUIPMENT AND TOOLS 31 2 THE STORYTeller’s Thesaurus KITCHEN EQUIPMENT 35 LINENS 36 MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS
    [Show full text]
  • Indiana Bats, Kids & Caves
    Indiana Bats, Kids & Caves - Oh My! An Activity Book for Teachers By Diana M. Barber, Ph.D., Sarah D. Tye, & Leigh Ann O’Donnell The Education Department of Evansville’s Mesker Park Zoo & Botanic Garden Indiana Bats, Kids & Caves - Oh My! An Activity Book for Teachers Diana M. Barber, Ph.D., Sarah D. Tye, & Leigh Ann O’Donnell ©2007 The Education Department of Evansville’s Mesker Park Zoo & Botanic Garden 2421 Bement Avenue, Evansville, IN 47720 Sponsored in part by the US Fish & Wildlife Service The authors gratefully acknowledge the contribution made by Donna Bennett in proofing and preparing this document for publication. Indiana Bats, Kids & Caves - Oh My! An Activity Book for Teachers Table of Contents Chapter Title - Type of Activity 1. Karst for the Classroom - Bulletin Board Set-Up 2. Spelunker Speak - Cave Vocabulary 3. Sanctuary of Stone – Reading Comprehension 4. Caves & Bats in Indiana – Mapping Activity 5. In The Caves Where We Live – Cave Communities 6. Caves Under Construction –The Science of Cave Formation 7. Caves & Humans – So Happy Together? - Impact of Human Use 8. Cave Conservation - Why Care? - Research and Role Play 9. Bravo, Bats! - Why Bats Deserve Our Thanks 10. Pest Control - It All Adds Up – Word problems 11. Chiroptera Chat - Bat Vocabulary 12. The Wing’s the Thing - Bat Anatomy 13. Bats of Indiana - Playing Card Activity 14. Plotting Populations – Graph Drawing Activity 15. Indiana Bats And Me – Measurement Activity 16. Bats at Risk – Threats facing Indiana bats 17. Decades of Decline - Graph Interpretation 18. How Many Indiana Bats Can Sleep in a Shoe Box? – Spatial reasoning 19.
    [Show full text]