CJNH 2010 2 17 January 2011.Indd

Cambodian Journal of Natural History

Carnivorous plants Dragonﬂ ies and damselﬂ ies Banteng ecology

December 2010 Vol 2010 No. 2 Cambodian Journal of Natural History

Editors Email: [email protected] • Dr Jenny C. Daltry, Senior Conservation Biologist, Fauna & Flora International. • Dr Neil M. Furey, Head of Academic Development, Fauna & Flora International: Cambodia Programme. • Dr Carl Traeholt, Chief Lecturer in Biodiversity Conservation, Centre for Biodiversity Conservation, Royal University of Phnom Penh.

International Editorial Board • Dr Stephen J. Browne, Fauna & Flora • Dr Sovanmoly Hul, Muséum National d’Histoire International (FFI), Cambridge, UK. Naturelle, Paris, France. • Dr Martin Fisher, Editor of Oryx – The • Dr Andy L. Maxwell, World Wide Fund for International Journal of Conservation. Nature, Cambodia. • Dr L. Lee Grismer, La Sierra University, • Dr Jörg Menzel, University of Bonn, Germany. California, USA. • Dr Brad Pett itt , Murdoch University, Australia. • Dr Knud E. Heller, Nykøbing Falster Zoo, • Dr Campbell O. Webb, Harvard University Denmark. Herbaria, USA.

Other peer reviewers for this volume. • Mark Bezuijen, Victoria, Australia. • Dr Oleg E. Kosterin, Russian Academy of • Dr Charles Clarke, Monash University Sunway Sciences, Russia. Campus, Malaysia. • Nguyen Manh Ha, Vietnam National University • Dr Alex Diment, FFI, UK. (VNU), Vietnam. • David Emmett , Conservation International, • Annett e Olsson, Conservation International, Cambodia. Cambodia. • Dr Tom Evans, Wildlife Conservation Society • Edward Pollard, WCS, Cambodia. (WCS), Cambodia. • Dr Jodi Rowley, Australian Museum, Australia. • Andreas Fleischmann, University of Munich, • Weston Sechrest, Global Wildlife Conservation, Germany. USA. • Dr Simon Hedges, WCS, Lao PDR. • Dr K.S. Gopi Sundar, International Crane • Dr Matt i Hämäläinen, National Museum of Foundation (ICF), India. Natural History, The Netherlands. • Tang Hung Ban, Singapore. • Jeremy Holden, FFI, Cambodia. • Dr Tranh Triet, ICF and VNU, Vietnam. • Dr Matt hew Jebb, National Botanic Gardens, • Robert J. Timmins, Wisconsin, USA. Ireland. • Hugh Wright, University of East Anglia, UK.

The Cambodian Journal of Natural History is a free journal published by the Centre for Biodiversity Conserva- tion, Royal University of Phnom Penh. The Centre for Biodiversity Conservation is a non-proﬁ t making unit dedicated to training Cambodian biologists and to the study and conservation of Cambodian biodiversity.

Cover photo: (© Jeremy Holden/ Fauna & Flora International) The pitcher plant Nepenthes bokorensis was ﬁ rst described in 2009 by French Cambodian botanist François Sockhom Mey. This carnivorous plant is believed to be endemic to Phnom (Mount) Bokor. See Mey (this volume) for further information. Editorial 83

Editorial - Taxonomy and conservation go hand-in-hand

Paul J.J. Bates

Harrison Institute, Bowerwood House, 15 St Botoloph’s Road, Sevenoaks, Kent, TN13 3AQ, United Kingdom. Email [email protected]

It is apparent that mainland Southeast Asia, includ- expertise grew - especially in the biodiversity-rich ing Cambodia, is a ‘hotspot’ for rare and endemic tropics - the availability of taxonomists declined biodiversity (Mitt ermeier et al., 1999). Unfortunate- substantially in the great natural history museums ly, it is also a sobering fact that some 40% of the of Europe and North America. Towards the end of region’s fauna and fl ora face extinction by the end the 20th Century, Western governments tended to of the century, making it one of the world’s most view research on biodiversity as a luxury, especially threatened areas for biodiversity (SCBD, 2010). when the biodiversity being studied was not their National governments, supported by international own, but rather in countries thousands of miles NGOs, are formally committ ed to wildlife conserva- away from London, Paris, New York or Moscow. tion and seek to deliver relevant initiatives. Except- Meanwhile, conservation organisations, fi ghting ing certain larger mammals and some other charis- for their own resources, gave litt le support or, in matic groups, however, there are too few scientists many cases, much appreciation to the scientists or conservationists, nationally or internationally, or their institutions that historically had provided who can identify and provide authoritative data much of the information on which their conserva- on the species composition, distribution, ecology tion initiatives were based. and status of much of Southeast Asia’s diverse and Taxonomy had few friends at the beginning of endangered wildlife. the 21st Century. To many biologists, taxonomy Taxonomists, with their identifi cation guides, appeared descriptive and old fashioned in their new keys, databases, and specialist knowledge of par- world of DNA and cutt ing edge molecular science. ticular animal or botanical groups, are uniquely To many conservationists, taxonomy seemed irrele- qualifi ed to identify, describe and document the vant and slow, “a victim of the narcissism of minor biodiversity of ecosystems and thereby support the distinction” (Godfray & Knapp, 2004). Conversely, work of ecologists and conservationists. They can taxonomists viewed many conservationists as sur- advise on priorities for species and site-based con- prisingly ill-informed, with litt le understanding of servation and help monitor biodiversity loss from the biodiversity they purported to be conserving the impacts of climate change and habitat fragmen- and a limited understanding of the real conserva- tation. They can assess the spread of invasive alien tion priorities that surrounded them. species and identify the host species in the study of Happily, this is changing. Taxonomy is expe- zoonoses (the transmission of disease from animals riencing a renaissance in how it is perceived and to man). With the introduction of international in increased recruitment to the science. This is laws such as CITES - the Convention on Interna- partly due to international programmes such as tional Trade on Endangered Species of Wild Fauna the IUCN’s Global Taxonomy Initiative, launched and Flora - taxonomists can assist with specialist in 1998, and in part to a raised profi le through identifi cations to enable customs offi cers, police enquiries and publications, such as the UK Govern- and other enforcers to control the trade in wildlife. ment’s Science and Technology Reports (House of Ironically, even as human pressures on the Lords, 2002, 2008). Equally importantly, it is due to environment increased and the need for taxonomic the developing world becoming richer, with bett er

Cambodian Journal of Natural History 2010 (2) 83-85 © Centre for Biodiversity Conservation, Phnom Penh 84 Editorial

communications, a more skilled workforce and, in would imply there are somewhere in excess of 300 many cases, an ambitious and knowledge-hungry species of bats. My own institution has been part university sector with a growing interest in the of a team of international taxonomists who, since environmental sciences. It is now possible, perhaps 2004, have described fi ve new species of Asian the fi rst time, for the centres of excellence to be bat, at least one of which (Harrison’s tube-nosed located in the centres of biodiversity richness: in the bat Murina harrisoni) is thought to be endemic to universities, museums, and other institutes of Asia, Cambodia (Csorba & Bates, 2005). Other bats are Africa and Central and South America. now in the process of being described and, in addition, many new country records have been added The process of capacity building and repatria- in a series of papers by taxonomists from Hungary, tion of taxonomic information has already begun. Ireland, Russia, and the United Kingdom. Of course, For example, in Cambodia, through the collabora- new discoveries are not confi ned to bats. New bird tion of the Royal University of Phnom Penh and species have been described from Laos (Woxvold et Fauna & Flora International, and with fi nancial al., 2009) whilst the number of bird species record- support from the UK Government’s Darwin Initia- ed from Thailand has increased by 25% in the last tive, the MacArthur Foundation, and US Fish and 45 years (Phil Round, pers. comm.). Wildlife Service, a new natural history museum has been set up within the university’s Centre for Bio- Some may question whether it is important to diversity Conservation. With its growing reference know about the diversity of animals and plants collection of small mammals, reptiles, amphibians that live in the diff erent parts of the world. Well, and other groups, this is becoming an archive of the community of nations obviously believes it is. the country’s natural history and a resource centre Since its inception in 1992, 193 countries, including to promote further research of Cambodia’s biodi- Cambodia, have signed the Convention on Biologi- versity. Its young Cambodian curator, Ith Saveng, cal Diversity or CBD (see htt p://www.cbd.int/con- recently completed his MSc in mammal taxonomy. vention/text/). Comprising 42 articles, it lays down Saveng is now beginning to publish his own taxo- legally binding commitments for the individual nomic, fi rst-authored papers in international jour- countries relating to their wildlife. For example, nals and embarking on a taxonomic PhD. Other Article 7 states that each nation shall ‘identify com- Cambodian scientists are also being introduced to ponents of biodiversity important for its conserva- the world of biodiversity research, with a view to tion and sustainable use’. The CBD also requires studying a broad range of taxonomic groups. countries to build in-country capacity to ensure that this process can be undertaken. Thus, Article So what are the prospects for a young taxono- 12 states that countries should establish scientifi c mist beginning his or her career in Southeast Asia? training programmes for the identifi cation, conser- Without doubt they are exciting. For example, in vation and sustainable use of biodiversity. Other the fi rst issue of this journal, Jenny Daltry wrote articles take this process one step further. Recog- a thought-provoking editorial in which she cata- nising that much biodiversity information is held logued the remarkable ongoing revolution in our in foreign institutions, they specifi cally require that understanding of Cambodia’s wildlife. Among the biodiversity information is exchanged and repat- many statistics she quoted was the increase in the riated (Article 17). There is also a commitment to number of known bird, mammal and reptile species international scientifi c co-operation between insti- in the kingdom by 35%, 47% and 101% respectively tutions in promoting and enhancing biodiversity between the early 1990s and 2008 (Daltry, 2008). conservation (Article 18). More recently, a paper by Francis et al. (2010), based on the results of DNA barcoding, suggested that the Today, it is encouraging to see how rapidly tax- diversity of mainland Southeast Asian bats may be onomic capacity is growing amongst a new cohort twice what it is thought to be today. If correct, this of young, enthusiastic and dedicated scientists in

Southeast Asia. In our own projects in collaboration References with a range of institutions in Southeast Asia, and Csorba, G. & Bates, P.J.J. (2005) Description of a also supported by the Darwin Initiative, the results new species of Murina from Cambodia (Chirop- to date have been more than encouraging. Four tera: Vespertilionidae, Murininae). Acta Chirop- students from Cambodia, Laos and Thailand have terologica, 7, 1-7. completed their MSc studies in taxonomy and are now embarking on their PhD research on mammals Daltry, J.C. (2008) Editorial – Cambodia’s biodiver- and birds. In addition, we have been able to place sity revealed. Cambodian Journal of Natural History, one PhD student from Vietnam in the University of 2008, 3-5. Tübingen in Germany. There is also a new genera- Francis, C.M., Borisenko, A.V., Ivanova, N.V., Eger, tion of younger students coming through with an J.L., Lim, B.K., Guillén-Servent, A., Kruskop, S.V., interest in a wide range of vertebrates and inver- Mackie, I. & Hebert, P.D.N. (2010) The role of DNA tebrates. As part of our programme, collaborative barcodes in understanding and conservation of ﬁ eld studies have taken place throughout mainland mammal diversity in Southeast Asia. PLoS ONE Southeast Asia and taxonomic workshops have 5, e12575. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0012575. been held in Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, Cambo- Godfray, H.C.J. & Knapp, S (2004) Introduction: dia, and Vietnam. Our student team, together with taxonomy for the 21st Century. Philosophical Trans- their supervisors, have published eight taxonomic actions of the Royal Society of London B, Biological papers and are currently preparing a further 14 for Sciences, 359, 559-569. international journals. House of Lords (2002) What on Earth? The Threat to Mace (2004) wrote “Taxonomy and conserva- the Science Underpinning Conservation. HL Paper tion go hand in hand. We cannot necessarily expect 118(i), Authority of the House of Lords, London, to conserve organisms that we cannot identify, and UK. our att empts to understand the consequences of House of Lords (2008) Systematics and Taxonomy: environmental change and degradation are com- Follow Up. HL Paper 162, Authority of the House promised fatally if we cannot recognise and describe of Lords, London, UK. the interacting components of natural ecosystems”. Mace, G.M. (2004) The role of taxonomy in species Taxonomists are not necessarily conservationists. conservation. Philosophical Transactions of the However, there is no doubt that the work of tax- Royal Society of London B, Biological Sciences, 359, onomists becomes more meaningful if it is guided 711-719. by a desire to facilitate and promote conservation. Mitt ermeier, R.A., Myers, N., Gil, P.R. & Mitt ermei- In the same way, conservationists who ignore the er, C.G. (1999) Hotspots: Earth’s Biologically Richest knowledge and experience of the taxonomic com- and Most Endangered Terrestrial Ecoregions. Con- munity are at best misguided and at worst wilful servation International, Washington DC, USA, in their disregard of an expert resource. Taxono- and CEMEX, Mexico City, Mexico. mists working together with conservationists can provide an invaluable insight into local, regional SCBD - Secretariat of the Convention on Biological and global priorities and help design more mean- Diversity (2010) Global Biodiversity Outlook 3. Sec- ingful and targeted conservation programmes. retariat of the Convention on Biological Diversi- After 2010 - the International Year of Biodiversity - ty, Montreal, Canada. Htt p://www.cbd.int/gbo3/ it is perhaps more important than ever that all sides ebook/ [accessed 10 December 2010]. work together to conserve the unique, but highly Woxvold, I.A., Duckworth, J.W. & Timmins, R.J. threatened biodiversity of Southeast Asia. (2009) An unusual new bulbul (Passeriformes: Pycnonotidae) found in the limestone karst of Lao PDR. Forktail, 25, 1-12.

Cambodian Journal of Natural History 2010 (2) 83-85 © Centre for Biodiversity Conservation, Phnom Penh 86 News

News of climate change challenges and opportunities, improve access to accurate and timely data, dis- seminate knowledge, and promote research and Announcing the Cambodia learning on climate change through a national Climate Change Alliance knowledge and learning platform. The CCCA will provide a small grant facility to The Cambodia Climate Change Alliance (CCCA) is a support climate change mainstreaming and capac- multi-donor supported climate change programme ity development for government and civil society with the funding support from the European Union organizations engaged in key sectors. (EU), Sweden (SIDA), Denmark (DANIDA) and United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)/ Owned by the Government - aligned with its United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) Strategic Development objectives and priorities - for the period of 2010 to 2012. The initiative aims supported by a unifi ed group of Development Part- to enable Cambodia to align climate change inter- ners, and based on achieving measurable, mean- ventions with national development priorities. The ingful results, the CCCA embodies the principles Ministry of Environment, on behalf of the National of the Paris Declaration on Aid Eff ectiveness. Climate Change Committ ee (NCCC), is the leading For more information, please see the EU Del- Government institution to manage and implement egation website (Htt p://ec.europa.eu/delegations/ the initiative. cambodia/) or contact Poun Pok, Press and Infor- The partnership was launched in February 2010 mation Offi cer, Delegation of the European Union and the CCCA will strengthen the key institutions – to Cambodia (email [email protected]) or including the NCCC and other key climate change Koen Everaert, Natural Resources Management functional units within sectors at national and sub- and Climate Change Offi cer, Delegation of the national levels. The aim is to support the integra- European Union to Cambodia (email below). tion of climate change considerations into policy and planning processes. KOEN EVERAERT, Delegation of the European Union The CCCA will also strengthen the emerging to Cambodia, Phnom Penh, Cambodia. community of practice among government, private Email [email protected] sector and civil society. It will promote awareness

Letter to the Editor Administration to select the correct individuals for captive breeding and release (Starr et al., 2010). Recently, Heng et al. (2010) detected hybridiza- This section presents informative contributions of tion between two macaque species in northeastern fewer than 650 words, usually in response to material Cambodia from intermediate morphological char- published in the Journal. Lett ers to the Editors are not acters, and genetic analysis could assist a regional peer-reviewed (unlike Short Communications and Full investigation of the extent of this hybridization. Papers), but may be edited for length and grammar. Identify species and individuals from faeces. Few species can be defi nitely identifi ed from the visual appearance of their scats. The faeces of the Asian Building conservation genetic wild dog or dhole Cuon alpinus, for example, look capacity in Cambodia like those of a domestic dog Canis lupus familiaris. Extracting DNA from cells excreted on the surface Nowadays, most people working in conservation of the faeces makes it possible to identify which are aware of genetics, but exactly how it can help species is present. Furthermore, studies of micros- is unclear to many, and even fewer truly appreciate atellites (highly variable stretches of DNA) allow us its full scope. This lett er aims to inform or remind to identify individuals, which can provide accurate the conservation community of the relevance and population estimates. The genetic profi les obtained scope of molecular genetics in conservation man- from microsatellites can also show how individuals agement. By working closely with the national uni- in the population are related, and therefore provide versities, we hope to educate and build capacity, to an understanding of population dynamics. bring through a generation of Khmer geneticists. Tracking migration and dispersal. Having a unique Conservation genetics presents myriad oppor- genetic profi le for an individual acts as a ‘tag’. Scats tunities to support and inform the management of collected from diff erent geographic locations can biodiversity, from identifying signifi cant taxonomic trace the movement patt erns of individuals, pro- units to understanding and producing methods to viding information on home-range size or disper- control pathogens (organisms that cause diseases). sal. The collection of elephant dung in the Carda- Presented here are a number of examples where mom Mountains range, for example, could be used conservation genetics has been, or could be, used to to answer questions with regard to the connectivity inform conservation management in Cambodia. and movement of elephant populations. Correct identifi cation of species. It is not always These are just a few examples of how genetics easy to diff erentiate between similar species based can help detect and solve management problems on their physical appearance alone. Recently, for for Cambodia’s wildlife. For further information, example, a genetics study revealed a new, unde- or if you would like details of how to incorporate scribed species of snakehead fi sh (Channa sp.) in the genetics into survey methodologies, including a Sekong River (Adamson et al., 2010). quote, please contact Vitt oria Elliott . Assessment of hybrids. It is also important to determine whether hybridization is occurring VITTORIA L. ELLIOTT, and KENNETH J. WILSON, between closely-related taxa. Genetic assessment of University Health Sciences, Phnom Penh, Cambodia. captive crocodiles at Phnom Tamao Wildlife Rescue Email vitt oria_elliott @yahoo.co.uk Centre, for example, helped to separate 23 pure- bred Siamese crocodiles Crocodylus siamensis from a larger number of hybrids between C. siamensis and two other species. This has enabled the Forestry

Cambodian Journal of Natural History 2010 (2) 87-88 © Centre for Biodiversity Conservation, Phnom Penh 88 Letter to the Editor

References in Cambodia. Cambodian Journal of Natural History, 2010, 7-11. Adamson, E.A.S., Hurwood, D.A. & Mather, P.B. (2010) A reappraisal of the evolution of Asian Starr, A., Daltry, J.C. & Nhek R. (2010) DNA study snakehead ﬁ shes (Pisces, Channidae) using reveals C. siamensis at the Phnom Tamao Wildlife molecular data from multiple genes and fossil Rescue Centre, Cambodia. Newslett er of the IUCN/ calibration. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, SSC Crocodile Specialist Group, 28, 5-7. 56, 707-717. Heng S., Naven H. & Rawson, B. (2010) A new record of Macaca fascicularis x M. mulatt a hybrids

Short Communication

Recent camera trap records of globally threatened species from the Eastern Plains Landscape, Mondulkiri

Phan Channa1, Prum Sovanna1,2 and Thomas N.E. Gray1

1 WWF Greater Mekong Cambodia Country Program, Eastern Plains Landscape Project, Khum Doh Kromom, Srok Sen Monorom, Mondulkiri, Cambodia. Email (Corresponding author) [email protected] 2 Forestry Administration, #40 Preak Norodom, Daun Penh, Phnom Penh, Cambodia.

Paper submitted 8 September 2010, revised manuscript accepted 9 November 2010.

The Mondulkiri Protected Forest (MPF) and the con- 69 ± SD 46; range 3-235 nights) using commercially tiguous Phnom Prich Wildlife Sanctuary (PPWS) in available infrared, remote-trip digital camera units eastern Cambodia form part of the Eastern Plains (Reconyx RapidFire Professional PC90; Wisconsin, Landscape, one of the largest protected area com- plexes in tropical Asia. Both protected areas are dominated by deciduous dipterocarp forest with smaller areas of mixed deciduous, semi-evergreen and, in PPWS, evergreen forest in higher areas and along rivers. The core areas of MPF and PPWS have been identifi ed as conservation priorities in the Lower Mekong Dry Forest Ecoregion (Tordoff et al., 2005) and support a largely intact community of large mammals and birds with recent (post-2005) records of some of Asia’s most threatened species including wild water buff alo Bubalus arnee, tiger Panthera tigris, Siamese crocodile Crocodylus siamensis, giant ibis Pseudibis gigantea, and white-shouldered ibis P. davisoni (WWF unpublished data). However, there are few published data on the biodiversity of either protected area (but see Long et al., 2000; Timmins & Ou, 2001). This short communication summarises the results of intensive camera trapping carried out in the core areas of MPF and eastern PPWS throughout 2009, with details of all globally threatened species recorded. One hundred and fi ve camera trap locations (65 in MPF and 40 in PPWS; Fig. 1) were employed for a total of 7,295 camera trap-nights (3,571 in MPF Fig. 1 Map showing the locations of camera traps and 3,724 in PPWS) between January and Decem- (•) in Mondulkiri Protected Forest and Phnom ber 2009 (mean camera trap-nights per location = Prich Wildlife Sanctuary, eastern Cambodia.

Cambodian Journal of Natural History 2010 (2) 89-93 © Centre for Biodiversity Conservation, Phnom Penh 90 Phan C. et al.

Fig. 2 Camera trap images from Mondulkiri Protected Forest and Phnom Prich Wildlife Sanctuary, Mon- dulkiri, Cambodia 2009.

(a) Siamese crocodile Crocodylus siamensis. (b) Asian elephants Elephas maximus.

(e) Leopard Panthera pardus.

USA). The cameras were left on their default factory and river beds, 22 alongside animal trails, and 16 sett ings, which gave satisfactory performance, with at other locations including ridge-lines, seasonal three consecutive exposures when tripped followed waterholes, natural springs and two sandbars on by a three-minute interval to the next exposure. The the Srepok River in MPF. All cameras were placed interval between checking cameras and replacing on trees between 20 cm and 150 cm above the memory cards varied depending upon staﬀ avail- ground (mean = 57 cm) with 82 camera trap loca- ability and accessibility, but most camera trap locations in areas dominated by deciduous dipterocarp tions were visited every 30-40 days. The camera forest and 23 in semi-evergreen and mixed decidu- traps were largely deployed in locations designed ous forest (Fig. 1). Fifty camera traps in the core to maximize the chances of encountering terrestrial area of MPF were arranged in a grid patt ern, with mammals. Forty camera trap locations were along a spacing of approximately two-to-three kilometres motorbike trails and footpaths, 27 along dry stream between adjacent cameras, following the protocols

Table 1 Species recorded in 105 camera trap locations in Mondulkiri Protected Forest (MPF) and Phnom Prich Wildlife Sanctuary (PPWS), in descending order of frequency. The table shows the most frequently encountered species, and all globally threatened species, recorded between January and December 2009. IUCN Status follows IUCN (2010): LC = Least Concern; NT = Near Threatened; DD = Data Defi cient; VU = Vulnerable; EN = Endangered; CR = Critically Endangered. Common name Scientifi c name IUCN Number of Number of MPF PPWS Status encounters locations (%) Red muntjac Muntiacus muntjak LC 402 83 (79) x x Wild pig Sus scrofa LC 330 75 (71) x x Banteng Bos javanicus EN 160 45 (43) x x Leopard Panthera pardus NT 148 52 (50) x x Asian elephant Elephas maximus EN 114 38 (36) x x Large Indian civet Viverra zibetha NT 76 29 (28) x x East Asian porcupine Hystrix brachyura LC 57 28 (27) x x Green peafowl Pavo muticus EN 59 27 (26) x x Common palm civet Paradoxurus hermaphroditus LC 56 29 (28) x x Dhole Cuon alpinus EN 35 20 (19) x x Gaur Bos gaurus VU 26 14 (13) x x Pig-tailed macaque Macaca nemestrina VU 18 8 (8) x x Large-spott ed civet Viverra megaspilla VU 17 10 (10) x x Lesser adjutant Lepotilos javanicus VU 7 6 (6) x x Siamese crocodile Crocodylus siamensis CR 6 2 (2) x - Hog badger Arctonyx collaris NT 5 3 (3) x x Sun bear Ursus malayanus VU 5 4 (4) x x Siamese fi reback Lophura diardi NT 4 3 (3) x x Sambar Cervus unicolor VU 2 2 (2) x - Clouded leopard Neofelis nebulosa VU 1 1 (1) - x Ferret badger Melogale sp. DD 1 1 (1) x - White-winged duck Asarcornis scutulata EN 1 1 (1) - x

Cambodian Journal of Natural History 2010 (2) 89-93 © Centre for Biodiversity Conservation, Phnom Penh 92 Phan C. et al.

of Nichols & Karanth (2002) for closed population Of concern was the lack of evidence of tigers capture-recapture studies on large carnivores. This despite intensive camera trapping in the core area grid was operational between 18 April and 30 June of MPF close to where a single female tiger was 2009. Camera traps in PPWS were set on a largely photographed in November 2007 (WWF unpub- ad hoc basis, based on staff availability, targeting lished data). This suggests that if still extant, tigers areas with concentrations of large mammal signs. now occur at very low densities in both protected No two cameras were placed closer than one kilo- areas. Encounter rates of cervid deer were also metre from each other. very low, suggesting their populations have been severely depressed by hunting. Sambar Cervus uni- A total of 1,606 independent encounters (defi ned color were photographed on only two occasions as successive photographs of the same species whilst Eld’s deer C. eldii, which occur in scatt ered separated by >20 minutes) of 43 vertebrate species groups in both protected areas (WWF unpublished (28 mammals, 11 birds and three reptiles) were data), were not recorded. recorded. The species detected ranged in size from Asian elephant Elephas maximus (Fig. 2b) to Berd- Signifi cant non-mammal records include green more’s squirrel Menetes berdmorei and blue-winged peafowl Pavo muticus, which is widespread in both pitt a Pitt a moluccensis. Eighteen globally threatened protected areas, white-winged duck Asarcornis scu- species (13 mammal, four birds and one reptile) tulata (the fi rst confi rmed record from PPWS/ MPF, were photographed including six Critically Endan- although this species has been recorded in the adja- gered (CR) and Endangered (EN) species (Table 1). cent Seima Protected Forest and Yok Don National Park, Vietnam) and Siamese crocodiles Crocodylus Two widespread and generalist ungulates - siamensis (Fig. 2a). The latt er were photographed the red muntjac Muntiacus muntjak and wild pig from specifi cally targeted cameras at two locations Sus scrofa - were the most frequently encountered along the Srepok River downstream from Koh species, recorded from more than three-quarters of Mereuch in MPF. camera trap locations. Leopards Panthera pardus, recorded from half the camera trap locations (Fig. The major threats to globally threatened species 2e), were the fourth most regularly encountered within MPF and PPWS are hunting and habitat species and the most frequent of the four cat species loss resulting from agricultural expansion, illegal recorded (the other three being the leopard cat mining, social and economic land concessions and Prionailurus bengalensis, jungle cat Felis chaus and infrastructure developments including hydro-pow- clouded leopard Neofelis nebulosa). The high number er and roads. However, active management by the of encounters of wild catt le (banteng Bos javanicus, Forestry Administration (MPF) and the Ministry of the third most frequently recorded species [Fig. 2c], the Environment (PPWS), with technical and fi nan- and gaur B. gaurus), Asian elephant, dhole Cuon cial support from WWF-Cambodia, is working alpinus, and leopard (Table 1) suggest the presence to reduce and mitigate these threats. Key activi- of globally signifi cant populations of these threat- ties include strict enforcement of the Cambodian ened species. A capture-mark-recapture analysis of Forest, Land and Protected Areas Laws, alternative camera trap data from the core area of MPF indi- livelihoods work with communities adjacent to the cated a density of 4.0 ± 1.0 leopards per 100km2 protected areas, and engagement with local com- (Gray & Prum, submitt ed) whilst robust popula- munities and the provincial government to plan tion estimates for banteng and Asian elephant in land use. It is hoped that the continued application both protected areas will soon be available from of these strategies will mitigate the worst of the distance-based line transect and faecal DNA analy- threats and ensure the persistence of the irreplace- sis respectively. ably globally signifi cant biodiversity characteristic of MPF and PPWS.

Acknowledgements of the Lower Mekong Dry Forests Ecoregion. WWF Greater Mekong, Phnom Penh, Cambodia. We thank the Forestry Administration and the Ministry of Environment for support and permis- Timmins, R.J. & Ou R. (2001) The Importance of sion to work in Mondulkiri Protected Forest and Phnom Prich Wildlife Sanctuary and Adjacent Areas Phnom Prich Wildlife Sanctuary. Kheav Oudom, for the Conservation of Tigers and Other Key Species: Ing Seangrithy, Lien Nor, Vann Sonny, Lien Kha, a Summary. WWF Cambodia Conservation Men Samorn and Sary Tre assisted with camera Program, Phnom Penh, Cambodia. trapping and Jeremy Holden provided camera trap training. Major funding for camera trapping was provided by WWF-US and Humanscale. Two anon- About the Authors ymous reviewers provided useful comments which improved the quality of the manuscript whilst Pin PHAN CHANNA is a graduate from the MSc Chanratt anak produced the map. course in Biodiversity Conservation at the Royal University of Phnom Penh. Since 2008 he has led WWF’s research work in Phnom Prich Wildlife References Sanctuary focusing on yellow-cheeked crested gibbon, Asian elephant and large carnivores and IUCN (2010) 2010 IUCN Red List of Threatened their prey species. Species. Htt p://www.redlist.org [accessed 10 December 2010]. PRUM SOVANNA has been active in conservation Long, B., Swan, S. & Kry M. (2000) Biological surveys in Cambodia since 1998, coordinating research and in Northeast Cambodia, April 2000. Fauna & Flora biodiversity surveys for the Forestry Administra- International - Indochina Programme, Hanoi, tion and partner NGOs throughout Cambodia. He Vietnam, and the Wildlife Protection Offi ce, is also Deputy Chief of Forestry Administration Phnom Penh, Cambodia. Division, Konyak District, Mondulkiri. His particular interests include Asian elephant, douc langurs Nichols, J.D. & Karanth, K.U. (2002) Statistical and Eld’s deer. concepts: estimating absolute densities of tigers using capture-recapture sampling. In Monitoring THOMAS GRAY is research and monitoring tech- Tiger and Their Prey: a Manual for Researchers, Man- nical adviser for WWF in the Eastern Plains Land- agers and Conservationists in Tropical Asia (eds K.U. scape, Mondulkiri. He has conducted conserva- Karanth & J.D. Nichols), pp. 124-147. Centre for tion research in Cambodia since 2005, initially on Wildlife Studies, Bangalore, India. Bengal fl orican in the Tonle Sap fl oodplain, and Tordoff , A.W., Timmins, R.J., Maxwell, A., Huy K., subsequently on the threatened species of the dry- Lic V. & Khou E.H. (2005) Biological Assessment forests of eastern Cambodia.

Cambodian Journal of Natural History 2010 (2) 89-93 © Centre for Biodiversity Conservation, Phnom Penh 94 A.T. Starr et al.

Short Communication

New records of threatened mammals in Southwest Cambodia

Adam T. Starr1, Sam Han2 and Lun Det2

1 (Corresponding author) Cambodian Crocodile Conservation Programme, Fauna & Flora International - Cambodia Programme, No. 19, Street 360, Boeung Keng Kong I, Phnom Penh, Cambodia. Email adamstarr.fﬁ @gmail.com 2 Cambodian Crocodile Conservation Programme, Forestry Administration, #40 Preak Norodom, Daun Penh, Phnom Penh, Cambodia. Email [email protected], [email protected]

Paper submitted 12 May 2010, revised manuscript accepted 22 December 2010.

During a camera trap study of Siamese crocodiles Five Reconyx RC55 digital infrared camera traps (Crocodylus siamensis) by the Cambodian Croco- with heat/ motion sensors were used in this study. dile Conservation Programme (CCCP) in 2010, This model was selected due to its infrared night photographs were taken of a Vulnerable (CITES vision capability, memory cards with capacity to Appendix I) marbled cat (Pardofelis marmorata) and hold thousands of photos, long batt ery life (up to an Endangered (CITES Appendix II) Indochinese three months in the fi eld), and a suffi ciently durable lutung (Trachypithecus germaini). The study was build to withstand tropical climates. The units were conducted in Dong Peng Commune, Sre Ambel set to take three or fi ve consecutive images every District, Koh Kong Province. Although there have time the sensors were tripped at ‘high sensitivity’. been records of both species in the nearby Central On 13 January 2010, four camera traps were Cardamoms Protected Forest, these are the fi rst placed at key sites along the Kampong Ta Chey records in this locality. River where crocodiles were reported to come onto The CCCP fi rst became active in Dong Peng land (three sandy banks and one small forest clear- commune in 2007, after our surveys revealed a ing next to the river) and a fi fth was placed at Tra- signifi cant population of Critically Endangered peang Peang, a large marsh adjacent to the river. All Siamese crocodiles in the Kampong Ta Chey River cameras were set at approximately human knee- watershed. Since then, the CCCP has been imple- height on trees to obtain ground level photographs. menting a community-based conservation project The units were monitored by the Forestry Admin- with several local villages, as well as annual transect istration’s CCCP staff approximately once every surveys to monitor the status of the crocodile pop- two weeks to verify they had not been damaged or ulation (currently estimated to contain at least 15 stolen, and to change the memory cards. On 6 April adults). The study area is a gently inclined valley 2010, after 84 days of continuous operation, the with lowland dry evergreen to submontane semi- units were removed due to fears of the river fl ood- evergreen forest, situated in state forest between the ing once the monsoon rains began. Central Cardamom Protected Forest, Phnom Aural During this study, 2,864 photographs were Wildlife Sanctuary and Kirirom National Park. taken, recording 17 diff erent species (not includ- The CCCP conducted the camera trap survey ing humans, domestic dogs and domestic water along the Kampong Ta Chey River to photograph buff alo). Unfortunately, no Siamese crocodiles and potentially identify individual adult crocodiles were captured on any of the traps during this to supplement other ongoing monitoring methods. period, despite the CCCP having successfully pho-

Fig. 1 Marbled cat Pardofelis marmorata. Fig. 2 Indochinese lutung Trachypithecus germaini. tographed this species at other sites in Cambodia Province. Other records of this species have been using similar methods (e.g. Holden, 2007). Possible obtained in southern Cambodia: in Bokor National reasons were the limited available sites for camera Park (Kampot Province), Phnom Samkos Wildlife placement, the small number of units used, and/or Sanctuary (Pursat Province) at approximately 1,100 there are so few crocodiles in this area that they are m (Holden, 2006), and the Central Cardamoms Pro- easily missed. The CCCP team was initially con- tected Forest (Koh Kong Province) at an elevation cerned that the camera units would not be able to of over 500 m (Conservation International, unpub- capture images of cold-blooded animals, but this lished data, 2006). Cambodia has had a relatively was dispelled when photographs were taken of large number of records of this species, compared a clouded monitor lizard Varanus nebulosus and a to other cats (Duckworth et al., 2005). This species is Chinese water dragon Physignathus cocincinus. thought to inhabit higher elevation moist and mixed Although this study did not achieve its overall deciduous-evergreen tropical hill forest (Hearn et goal, what could be considered successful is the al., 2008). At an elevation of only 32 m, this record is range of biodiversity captured by these traps in believed to be the lowest. The cat’s presence in the Dong Peng Commune. Multiple photos were study area may suggest there have been pressures taken of long-tailed macaques Macaca fascicularis, upon its normal habitat in the surrounding hills, or wild pigs Sus scrofa, East Asian porcupines Hystrix that this species uses a much wider range of eleva- brachyura, leopard cats Prionailurus bengalensis and tions and habitats than previously thought. Further globally Vulnerable smooth-coated ott ers Lutrogale studies are required to determine this. perspicillata. However, the most important photo- The photographs of the Indochinese lutung graphs were three frames of a single marbled cat were taken at UTM P48 369486E, 1270459N, 22 (Fig. 1) and ﬁ ve frames of an Indochinese lutung metres above sea level, on 23 March 2010 at 0808h. (Fig. 2): the ﬁ rst records of these species in the study Two species of silvered langur occur in Cambodia, area. T. germaini in the West and T. margarita in the East, The marbled cat was photographed at UTM P48 which are believed to be separated by the Mekong 371587E, 1269499N, 32 metres above sea level, on River (Roos et al., 2008). Although listed as Endan- 23 March 2010 at 0839h. This species has previous- gered, the Indochinese lutung still has a wide range ly been recorded in Northeast Cambodia in Seima throughout Cambodia and has been recorded in Protected Area and Phnom Prich Wildlife Sanc- Preah Vihear Protected Forest (Prey Vihear Prov- tuary (Mondulkiri Province), as well as in Kratie ince), Phnom Prich Wildlife Sanctuary and Seima Protected Forest (Mondulkiri Province), western

Cambodian Journal of Natural History 2010 (2) 94-96 © Centre for Biodiversity Conservation, Phnom Penh 96 A.T. Starr et al.

Ratanakiri Province, Phnom Samkos Wildlife Sanc- References tuary (Pursat Province) and the Central Carda- Duckworth, J.W., Poole, C.M., Tizard, R.J., Walston, moms Protected Forest (Koh Kong Province), and J.L. & Timmins, R.J. (2005) The jungle cat Felis along stretches of the Mekong and Tonle Sap Great chaus in Indochina: a threatened population of Lake (Rawson, 2010). Nadler et al. (2008) describe T. a widespread and adaptable species. Biodiversity germaini as a primarily lowland species that prefers and Conservation, 14, 1263-1280. evergreen and semi-evergreen, mixed deciduous, riverine and gallery forests. There have been few Hearn, A., Sanderson, J., Ross, J., Wilting, A., records of this species at high elevations. Given Sunarto, S., Ahmed Khan, J., Kukherjee, S. & the riverine forest habitat in which the study took Grassman, L. (2008) Pardofelis marmorata. In place, the presence of this species is not surprising, IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2010.1 but it is a new record for this location. (IUCN) Htt p://www.iucnredlist.org/apps/redlist/ details/16218/0 [accessed 27 May 2010]. Perhaps what is of equal interest, if not concern, Holden, J. (2006) Camera trapping and photography in were the multiple threats documented during the the Phnom Samkos Wildlife Sanctuary. Unpublished study. The camera traps also took photographs report to the Cardamom Mountains Wildlife of bush ﬁ res, electro-ﬁ shers, monkey-hunters, Sanctuary Project, Ministry of Environment and roaming domesticated catt le and dogs, and other Fauna & Flora International, Phnom Penh, Cam- signs of heavy human presence. Given that this bodia. locality is now known to contain several globally threatened species, ranging from Vulnerable to Holden, J. (2007) Camera trapping in Veal Veng Marsh, Critically Endangered, there is a greater urgency to O’Som Commune, Pursat Province. Unpublished reduce such pressures and apply appropriate con- report to the Cambodian Crocodile Conservation servation actions to protect them. Programme, Forestry Administration and Fauna & Flora International, Phnom Penh, Cambodia. Nadler, T., Timmins, R.J. & Richardson, M. (2008) Acknowledgements Trachypithecus germaini. In IUCN Red List of Threat- The Cambodian Crocodile Conservation Pro- ened Species. Version 2010.1 (IUCN). Htt p://www. gramme is co-managed by the Forestry Adminis- iucnredlist.org/apps/redlist/details/39874/0 tration (Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fish- [accessed 27 May 2010]. eries) and Fauna & Flora International. The authors Rawson, B. (2010) The status of Cambodia pri- would like to thank everyone who contributed to mates. In Conservation of Primates in Indo- the implementation of this camera trapping study. china (eds T. Nadler, B. Rawson & Van N.T.), International experts that contributed to the prep- pp. 17-25. Frankfurt Zoological Society and Con- aration of this communication included Jeremy servation International, Hanoi, Vietnam. Holden, Dr Ben Rawson, Annett e Olsson, and Dr Roos, C., Nadler, T. & Walter, L. (2008) Mitochon- Neil Furey. Fieldwork, and the preparation of this drial phyogeny, taxonomy and biogeography of communication, were supported by BBC Wildlife the silvered langur species group. Molecular Phy- Fund, Conservation, Food and Health Foundation, logenetics and Evolution, 47, 629-636. Disney Worldwide Conservation Fund, US Fish and Wildlife Service (grant no. 96200-9-G297), and especially Fauna & Flora International.

Short Communication

Incidental records of dragonﬂ ies and damselﬂ ies (Order Odonata) in Cambodia

Hanns-Jürgen Roland1, Ursula Roland1 and Edward Pollard2

1 Im Mühlahl 35, 61203 Reichelsheim, Germany. Email (Corresponding author) [email protected] 2 WCS Cambodia Program, 21 Street 21, Phnom Penh, Cambodia. Email [email protected]

Paper submitted 7 September 2010, revised manuscript accepted 13 October 2010.

Much of the information in this paper, including photographs, ﬁ rst appeared in Agrion - the Newsletter of the Worldwide Dragonﬂ y Association in July 2010. This updated version of Roland & Roland (2010) is being published with the kind permission of the Agrion editorial team.

Observations of dragonfl ies and damselfl ies were 8. Siem Reap to Preah Vihear road (13°40.350’N, made during a guided birdwatching tour in Cam- 104°31.222’E): Dry waterfall with one small bodia from the 12th to 26th February 2010. The puddle remaining. emphasis on birdwatching meant that some of 9. Tmatboey village, Preah Vihear (13°58.053’N, the locations visited were not ideal for Odonata. 104°52.868’E): Various natural pools in decidu- However, opportunistic observations were made at ous dipterocarp forest. the following places (Fig. 1): 10. Beng Mealea temple (13°28.286’N, 104°13.749’E): 1. Hotel Khemara Angkor, Siem Reap (13°22. Moat around the temple. 060‘N, 103°50.809‘E): A tiny artifi cial pond in 11. Stoung, Kampong Thom (13°00.864’N, 104°29. the hotel grounds. 856’E): A few remnant pools in the Tonle Sap 2. Angkor Wat (13°24.741’N, 103°51.526’E): Artifi - grasslands. cial ponds and canals, around the temples. 12. Mekong and surroundings, Kratie (12°29.192’N, 3. Banteay Srei Temple (13°35.857’N, 103°57.942’E): 106°00.977’E): Main stream of the Mekong River, Flooded rice paddy, artifi cial ponds and and neighbouring rice paddy. ditches. 13. Seima Protection Forest, Mondulkiri 4. Banteay Samre Temple (13°27.719’N, 103°52. (12°08.344’N, 106°55.046’E): Large artifi cial 708’E): Flooded fi eld south of the temple. pond in evergreen forest. 5. Angkor Thom (13°25.549’N, 103°51.573’E): Small Over 500 photographs of Odonata were taken at 16 artifi cial ponds. locations in these 13 sites. Most photographs were 6. Prek Toal (13°10.149’N, 103°38.615’E): Prek Toal of free-fl ying individuals. On occasion, insects fl ooded forest and the Great Lake. were caught with a small hand net, photographed and then released. Identifi cations were based on 7. Ang Trapaeng Thmor Conservation Area Orr (2005) and by comparison to the photographs (13°47.388’N, 103°19.126’E): Pond adjacent to shown on htt p://www.asia-dragonfl y.net/index. the main reservoir near the Forestry Adminis- php (accessed March 2010). Only one species, Pseu- tration offi ce. dothemis jorina, was not photographed, but its identifi cation was based on fi eld observations.

Cambodian Journal of Natural History 2010 (2) 97-102 © Centre for Biodiversity Conservation, Phnom Penh 98 H.-J. Roland et al.

Fig. 1 Map of locations visited.

Odonata were observed at all 13 locations (Table Protection Forest. This species has a wide range 1). Overall, we found 25 Anisoptera (dragonfl y) and in South and Southeast Asia. eight Zygoptera (damselfl y) species. The most fre- • Aethriamanta gracilis (Brauer, 1878) (Fig. 4): quently seen species were Brachythemis contaminata Encountered only in Seima Protection Forest. (eight sites), and Crocothemis servilia and Orthetrum Known to be on the Malayan Peninsula (includ- sabina (at six sites each). ing southern Thailand), Singapore, certain Five species were recorded for the fi rst time in Indonesian islands and the Philippines (Tsuda, Cambodia: 2000; Orr, 2005). It has also been recorded from Chantaburi Province in south-eastern Thailand • Aethriamanta aethra Ris, 1912 (Fig. 2): Seen only (Kitagawa & Katatani, 2002), but has not been in Ang Trapaeng Thmor. This species is also reported from Indochina previously. Identifi ca- known from Indonesia, Peninsular Malaysia, tion of this species can be diffi cult, and a speci- Singapore and Thailand. men would be desirable. • Aethriamanta brevipennis (Rambur, 1842) (Fig. 3): • Brachydiplax farinosa Krüger, 1902 (Fig. 5): Seen Observed in Ang Trapaeng Thmor and Seima at small pools at Banteay Srei and Tmatboey

Fig. 2 Aethriamanta eathra (© U. Roland). Fig. 3 Aethriamanta brevipennis (© U. Roland).

Fig. 4 Aethriamanta gracilis (© U. Roland). Fig. 5 Brachydiplax farinosa (© H.-J. Roland).

Fig. 6 Rhyothemis triangularis (© U. Roland).

Cambodian Journal of Natural History 2010 (2) 97-102 © Centre for Biodiversity Conservation, Phnom Penh 100 H.-J. Roland et al.

and the large pond in SPF. This species has a are Globally Threatened or Near Threatened wide range in Asia from India to China, includ- on the IUCN Red List. Throughout this region, ing Vietnam and Thailand. Odonata are threatened by habitat loss and pollution of watercourses: issues which are of increasing • Rhyothemis triangularis Kirby, 1889 (Fig. 6): concern in Cambodia. Observed only in Seima Protection Forest. A widespread species found from Sri Lanka to Clausnitz er et al. (2009) noted that the Odonata Taiwan, including Thailand and Vietnam. are a relatively easy group to study and are good indicators of environmental health and aquatic bio- Looking for Odonata as a by-product of a bird- diversity. Given the current poor level of knowl- watching tour is not ideal. The sites visited were edge in Cambodia, research priorities include a chosen for their importance for birds and it is likely comprehensive survey of Odonata and an assess- that only the commonest species were observed. ment of the potential impact of development activi- Because there was no chance to search for Odonata ties such as mining, dams and plantations. along creeks and forest rivers; we missed the species of these habitats almost totally. In addition Further photographs can be seen at htt p://www. the large evergreen forest block in the south-west of libellen-wetterau.de/exotische_libellen/libellen_ the country was not visited. anderer_laender.html Published knowledge of the Odonata of Cam- bodia is surprisingly scarce. Most of the records Acknowledgements published prior to 2000 were summarized by Tsuda (2000), and some occasional records from This article has been adapted from a piece that short visits were added by Donnelly (2000), Ben- originally appeared in Agrion - the Newslett er of stead (2006), and Kosterin & Vikhrev (2006). In total the Worldwide Dragonfl y Association (htt p://ecoevo. these sources mention only 59 species for Cambo- uvigo.es/WDA/). The present paper is published dia to which an additional fi ve can now be added. with kind permission of the editors. Hämäläinen (2004) wrote “Perhaps a total of some The results were reviewed by Oleg Kosterin 70-80 species has been collected from Cambodia”, (Institute of Cytology & Genetics, University of but did not provide a checklist. By contrast around Novosibirsk, Russia). Mr Tang Hung Bun was con- 340 species are known from Thailand (Hämäläinen, sulted on the identifi cation of Aethriamanta. Thanks 2004; Ferro et al., 2009). Even when one acknowl- also to Oleg Kosterin for encouraging and motivat- edges that Thailand has a much greater biogeo- ing us to write up the results, and Thomas Sacher, graphical range than Cambodia, this implies that Dr Hugo Rainey, and three anonymous review- there is still a great deal to be learned about Cam- ers for providing very valuable comments about bodia’s Odonata. That such an easily observable the manuscript. Many thanks to the Cambodian and identifi able order is poorly known reveals how Forestry Administration and Ministry of Environ- litt le entomological survey work has been carried ment for allowing access to the conservation areas. out in Cambodia. Special thanks are extended to Ms Sanh Sophoan Although none of the insects recorded in this from the Sam Vaesna Center and Dr Til Macke for trip are globally threatened, a recent global assess- guiding and Juergen Schneider of Albatros-Tours, ment of Odonata (Clausnitz er et al., 2009) revealed for organising the birdwatching trip. that the Indo-Malayan realm (including Cambodia) has more Critically Endangered and Endangered species than any other realm (2.05%, and 3.32% of assessed species respectively). Over 50% of the Odonata from the region that have been assessed

Table 1 List of Odonata species observed (* ﬁ rst record for Cambodia; • species recorded in this site). Location (map code number)

Scientifi c names (10) Siem Reap (1) Angkor (2,4,5) Banteay Srey (3) Prek Toal (6) Ang Trap. Thmor (7) Roadside (8) Tmatboey village (9) Beng Me- -alea Stoung (11) Kratie (12) Seima PF (13) Zygoptera (damselfl ies) Vestalis gracilis ------•---- Agriocnemis minima -•- -•- - - - -• Ceriagrion cerinorubellum ------• Paracercion calamorum dyeri ------•-• Pseudagrion australasiae ------•--• Pseudagrion williamsoni ----•------Ischnura senegalensis ------• Copera ciliata ------• Anisoptera (dragonfl ies) Ictinogomphus decoratus ------• Acisoma panorpoides ----•-•---• * Aethriamanta aethra ----•------* Aethriamanta brevipennis ----•-----• * Aethriamanta gracilis ------• Brachydiplax chalybea - -•-•- -•- -• * Brachydiplax farinosa - -•- - -•- - -• Brachythemis contaminata •••• - - - •••• Crocothemis servilia -•- -•- -•- -• Diplacodes trivialis --•••----•• Diplacodes nebulosa ----•---•-• Neurothemis fl uctuans --•------• Neurothemis fulvia - -•- -•- - - -• Neurothemis intermedia atalanta ------•---• Neurothemis tullia - -•-•-•- -•- Orthetrum sabina -••-•-••--• Potamarcha congener -----•----- Pseudothemis jorina -•------Rhodothemis rufa --•------• Rhyothemis phyllis -•- -•- - - - -• * Rhyothemis triangularis ------• Rhyothemis variegata -••-•------Trithemis aurora ------• Trithemis pallidinervis -•--•------Urothemis signata ----•-----• Number of species 1 8 10 2 15 2653325

Cambodian Journal of Natural History 2010 (2) 97-102 © Centre for Biodiversity Conservation, Phnom Penh 102 H.-J. Roland et al.

References Orr, A.G. (2005) Dragonfl ies of the Peninsular Malay- sia and Singapore. Nature History Publications Benstead, P. (2006) Casual observations of Odonata (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia. recorded in Cambodia in 2005 and 2006. Malang- po, 21, 218-220. Roland, H.-J. & Roland, U. (2010) New records of Odonata on a birding trip to Cambodia 12th-26th Clausnitz er, V., Kalkman, V. J., Ram, M., Collen, B., February 2010. Agrion, 14, 30-33. Baillie J.E.M., Bedjanic, M., Darwell, W.R.T., Dijk- stra, K-D.B., Dow, R., Hawking, J., Karube, H., Tsuda, S. (2000) A Distributional List of World Odonata Malikova, E., Paulson, D., Shütt e, Kai., Suhling, 2000. Privately published, Osaka, Japan. F., Villanueva, R.J., von Ellenreider, N. & Wilson, K. (2009) Odonata enter the biodiversity crisis About the Authors debate: The fi rst global assessment of an insect HANNS-JÜRGEN ROLAND is a retired banker group. Biological Conservation, 142, 1864-1896. from Frankfurt, Germany, who now has free time Donnelly, N. (2000) Farangpo 2000 - Hong Kong, for his hobbies, including studying and photo- Thailand and Cambodia. Argia, 12, 18-21. graphing dragonfl ies and damselfl ies. In this, he is Ferro, M.L., Sites, R.W. & Vitheepradit, A. (2009) supported by his wife URSULA ROLAND. Contributions to the faunistics of Odonata in EDWARD POLLARD is a Technical Advisor to the Thailand. Insecta Mundi, 0104, 1-24. Wildlife Conservation Society Cambodia Program, Hämäläinen, M. (2004) Critical species of Odonata working primarily in Mondulkiri. He has worked in Thailand and Indochina. International Journal of in Southeast Asia for 12 years, where he has focused Odonatology, 7, 295-304. on protected areas management and eff orts to Kitakawa, K. & Katatani, N. (2002) Notes on Thai minimise the impacts of industrial-scale natural Odonata, Part. 1: The Odonata from Chantaburi resource extraction. in March 1998. Aeschna, 39, 33-42. Kosterin, O.E. & Vikhrev, N.E. (2006) Odonata seen for three days in a populated lowland part of Cambodia. Malangpo, 21, 212-217.

Short Communication

Clutch size of sarus crane Grus antigone in the Northern Plains of Cambodia and incidence of clutches with three eggs

Markus Handschuh1, Vann Rours2 and Hugo Rainey3

1 Angkor Centre for Conservation of Biodiversity (ACCB), Kbal Spean, Phnom Kulen National Park, P.O. Box 93 054, Siem Reap, Cambodia. Email [email protected] 2 (Corresponding author) Wildlife Conservation Society - Cambodia Program, PO Box 1620, Phnom Penh, Cambodia. Email [email protected] 3 Wildlife Conservation Society, Global Conservation Program, 2300 Southern Boulevard, Bronx, NY 10460, USA.

Paper submitted 17 August 2010, revised manuscript accepted 3 November 2010.

From 2003 to 2009, 254 nests of sarus crane Grus high. The protection teams are visited every one- antigone, a globally Vulnerable species with key to-two weeks by village rangers and WCS monitor- populations in Cambodia (Birdlife International, ing staff to check the status of the nests. Nests are 2010), were recorded in the Kulen Promtep Wild- checked using binoculars from a distance if possi- life Sanctuary and Preah Vihear Protected Forest, ble and extreme care is taken not to disturb nests Preah Vihear Province, northern Cambodia (Fig. 1). excessively, which might cause abandonment. For an example of nesting habitat, see Fig. 2. Most Clutch size was recorded for 171 of the 254 nests were reported to researchers of the Ministry nests. Twenty-two nests (12.9%) contained one egg of Environment, the Forestry Administration and and 147 nests (86%) contained two eggs. In two the Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS) during the course of a bird nest protection programme in the Northern Plains landscape (Clements et al., 2010). Large bird species in these areas are threatened by human disturbance and, particularly, the collection of eggs and chicks by local communities, who either consume them or sell them to middle men in the wildlife trade. The bird nest protection programme was initiated in 2002 to locate, monitor and protect the remaining nesting sites of key species. Local people are off ered a monetary reward for reporting nests, or are employed to monitor and protect the nest sites until the chicks fl edge. All reported sarus crane nests are protected. It is very likely that the great majority of cranes breeding in the Northern Plains are detected, because large numbers of local community members are present Fig. 1 Map showing the location of Kulen Promtep in the forest and the incentive to report nests is Wildlife Sanctuary (cross-hatching) and Preah Vihear Protected Forest (simple hatching).

Cambodian Journal of Natural History 2010 (2) 103-105 © Centre for Biodiversity Conservation, Phnom Penh 104 M. Handschuh et al.

nests (1.2%), both in KPWS in 2009, there were In both nests in the present study, all three eggs three eggs. It is possible that clutch size may have hatched and the chicks survived for at least 12 and been under-recorded in some cases, particularly for 16 days respectively. By this time the monitoring nests with one egg, which may have been partially ended, because the chicks were mobile and thus predated prior to checking, or another egg may more diffi cult to monitor and less susceptible to have been laid after checking. It is unlikely that the poaching. This successful hatching of all three chicks third egg was laid by an additional female because in a three-egg clutch is rare, as breeding pairs of sarus cranes are highly territorial during the breed- sarus cranes characteristically raise only one or two ing season, and nest parasitism has never been con- chicks each year (e.g. Borad et al., 2002). It is sus- fi rmed in any crane species (Kathju, 2007). pected that the second egg is laid as an insurance in case of the loss of the fi rst one (Meine & Archibald, Sarus cranes, like most cranes of the genus Grus, 1996), and clutches of more than two eggs may normally have a clutch size of two eggs and rarely be suboptimal for cranes to incubate (Sundar & one (e.g. Johnsgard, 1983; Meine & Archibald, 1996; Choudhury, 2005). In two clutches of three eggs in Ellis et al., 1996; see also Table 1). A clutch size of India, the adults abandoned the third egg after two three eggs is extremely rare (Table 1). There is only chicks hatched, even when it was fertile (Sundar & one record of a nest with four eggs from India Choudhury, 2003; Kathju, 2007). (Sundar & Choudhury, 2003). The clutch sizes in the Northern Plains of Cambodia were broadly compa- There are only very few cases where the suc- rable to other populations of this species. The per- cessful raising of three chicks in sarus crane has centage of nests with three eggs ranges from 0.0% been reported. Sundar (2006) described two pairs to 2.7% in diff erent studies, and if all nests in Table encountered with three fl edged chicks of the same 1 are combined, three-egg clutches account for 0.8% age. Pairs with three chicks of apparently similar (fi ve out of 647 nests). age have also been observed in migrating fl ocks

Table 1 Unusual clutch sizes of sarus cranes recorded in various studies. For the Northern Plains of Cambo- dia (this study), the combined percentage of three-egg clutches was 1.2% (two out of 171 nests). Location No. of No. of nests No. of nests Source nests containing one containing three examined egg (%) eggs (%) Kulen Promtep Wildlife 75 14 (18.7) 2 (2.7) This study. Sanctuary, northern Cambodia Preah Vihear Protected 96 8 (8.3) 0 (0.0) This study. Forest, northern Cambodia Kheda District, Gujarat State, 70 1 (1.4) 0 (0.0) Mukherjee et al. (2002). India Gujarat State, India 73 no data 1 (1.4) Kathju (2007). Keoladeo National Park, 132 4 (3.0) 2 (1.5) Walkinshaw (1973; cited in Rajasthan, India Sundar & Choudhury, 2005). Keoladeo National Park, 11 2 (18.2) 0 (0.0) Ramachandran & Vijayan Rajasthan, India (1994; cited in BirdLife International, 2001). Southeast Rajasthan, India 33 10 (30.3) 0 (0.0) Vyas (1999; cited in BirdLife International, 2001). Etawah and Mainpuri 157* 40 (25.5) 0 (0.0) Sundar (in litt . 2010). districts, Utt ar Pradesh, India *One nest (0.64%) in this sample contained four eggs (Sundar & Choudhury, 2003).

References BirdLife International (2001) Threatened Birds of Asia: The BirdLife International Red Data Book. BirdLife International, Cambridge, UK. BirdLife International (2010) Species Factsheet: Grus antigone. Htt p://www.birdlife.org [accessed 14 August 2010]. Borad, C.K., Mukherjee, A., Patel, S.B. & Parashar- ya, B.M. (2002) Breeding performance of Indian sarus crane Grus antigone antigone in the paddy crop agroecosystem. Biodiversity and Conservation, 11, 795–805. Clements, T., Garrett , L., John, A., Keo, O., Kongkim, Fig. 2 Sarus crane nesting habitat and nest with S., Pech, B., Rours, V., Tan, S., Thong, S. & Rainey, two eggs in grassland in open deciduous diptero- H.J. (2010) Bird Nest Protection Program in the carp forest in the Kulen Promtep Wildlife Sanctu- Northern Plains of Cambodia. Wildlife Conserva- ary, Preah Vihear Province, northern Cambodia, tion Society, New York, USA. June 2007 (© M. Handschuh/ACCB). Ellis, D.H., Gee, G.F. & Mirande, C.M. (eds) (1996) in Cambodia (G.W. Archibald verbally, cited by Cranes: Their Biology, Husbandry, and Conservation. Sundar, 2006). In none of these cases had the actual Hancock House, Blaine, Washington DC, USA. nests been seen, but the families were encountered Johnsgard, P.A. (1983) Cranes of the World. Indiana after the chicks had fl edged. Thus, it is possible that University Press, Indiana, USA. one or two chicks had been adopted by a diff erent Kathju, K. (2007) Observations of unusual clutch pair, or joined a diff erent family after being sepa- size, renesting and egg concealment by sarus rated from their own parents. Unfortunately, it was cranes Grus antigone in Gujarat, India. Forktail, 23, not possible to determine whether the chicks in the 165-167. two cases from Cambodia, reported here, survived Meine, C.D. & Archibald, G.W. (1996) Cranes: Status until fl edging. Survey and Conservation Action Plan. IUCN, Gland, Switz erland and Cambridge, UK. Acknowledgements Mukherjee, A., Borad, C.K. & Parasharya, B.M. (2002) Breeding performance of the Indian sarus We thank K.S. Gopi Sundar and two anonymous crane in the agricultural landscape of western reviewers for comments on a previous draft of the India. Biological Conservation, 105, 263–269. note and Chandresh Borad for providing referenc- Sundar, K.S.G. & Choudhury, B.C. (2003) Nest es. Simon Bruslund Jensen and Bernd Marcordes sanitation in sarus cranes Grus antigone in Utt ar provided information on clutch size of sarus crane Pradesh, India. Forktail, 19, 144-146. in captivity and suggested the value of this note. The WCS nest protection scheme is supported by Sundar, K.S.G. & Choudhury, B.C. (2005) Eff ect of the Angkor Centre for Conservation of Biodiver- incubating adult sex and clutch size on egg orien- sity, Critical Ecosystem Partnership Fund, Wild4E- tation in sarus cranes Grus antigone. Forktail, 21, ver and the Global Environment Facility/ United 179-181. Nations Development Programme. V. R. and H. R. Sundar, K.S.G. (2006) Instances of successful raising thank Eleanor Briggs for her continuing long-term of three chicks by sarus crane Grus antigone pairs. support for conservation in Cambodia. Forktail, 22, 124-125.

Cambodian Journal of Natural History 2010 (2) 103-105 © Centre for Biodiversity Conservation, Phnom Penh 106 F.S. Mey

Introduction to the pitcher plants (Nepenthes) of Cambodia

François Sockhom Mey

3 rue Frédéric Chopin, 59320 Haubourdin, France. Email [email protected]

Paper submitted 14 October 2010, revised manuscript accepted 15 December 2010. esckþIsegçb rukçCatibMBg;Rsemac (pitcher plants) énBYk Nepenthes (GMbUr Nepenthaceae) enARbeTskm<úCaKWmankaryl;dwgtictUcNas;. GtßbT enHBiBN’naBIkarRsavRCavfrI²TaMgGs;énrukçCatienAkñúgBYkenHénRbeTskm<úCa. vaBiBN’nasegçbelIRbvtþrukçCatiénÉktþ³RbePTmYyenARbeTskm<úCa nig bgðajkarsegçbcMNat;fñak;RbePTtamlkçN³viTüasaRsþ EdlrYmbBa©ÚlnUvkareFVIcMNat;fñak;frI²mYyedIm,IsÁal;RbePTenaH. GtßbTenHpþl;[nUvkaryl;c,as; eTAelIlkçN³eGkULÚsIuénBYkTaMgenH r)ay nigkarGPirkSrbs;BYkvaenAkñúgRbeTskm<úCa. fVIebImankare)aHBum

Abstract The pitcher plants of the genus Nepenthes (Nepenthaceae) in Cambodia are poorly known. This article dis- cusses all of the recent research on this genus in Cambodia. It outlines the botanical history of the Cam- bodian taxa and presents a taxonomic summary that includes a key to the currently recognised taxa. The paper also provides insights into the ecology of the genus, its distribution, and its conservation status on Cambodian territory. Despite a number of recent publications, the diversity and variability of the genus Nepenthes in Cambodia remain poorly understood and require signiﬁ cant further research. Keywords Cambodia, carnivorous plants, conservation, Indochina, Nepenthes, taxonomy.

Introduction Cambodia is the home of several species of carnivorous plants. These att ract, capture, kill and As a result of past internal and international con- digest prey using modifi ed leaves that act as traps fl icts, Cambodia’s borders have long been closed to (Lloyd, 1942). This group of plants, which is cur- researchers. It was only in the late 1990s that scien- rently composed of approximately 720 known tists were able to begin investigating Cambodia’s species divided among 11 families and 19 genera biological diversity in earnest. Now, thanks to the (McPherson, 2010), is represented in Cambodia by increased eff orts of local and international scien- three genera in three diff erent families: the sundews tists, Cambodia is revealing its diverse fl ora and Drosera L. (Droseraceae), the pitcher plants Nepen- fauna. Even so, the documentation of biodiversity thes L. (Nepenthaceae) and the bladderworts Utri- in Cambodia is still in its infancy (Daltry, 2008) and, cularia L. (Lentibulariaceae). Carnivorous plants without doubt, many species remain to be described from the countries of the Indochinese Peninsula (Ashwell, 1997). Data on the fl ora of Cambodia are - namely Cambodia, Laos, Thailand and Vietnam particularly scant. The number of plant collections - have received litt le att ention from researchers in has risen steadily in the past decade, but owing to comparison to those from other parts of the world, a lack of research and literature, hundreds of speci- such as Australia, the Malesian region, South Africa mens remain unidentifi ed (Daltry, 2008).

and the Americas, where many species have been dormant state. The other two Cambodian sundews, studied and described (McPherson, 2010). The lit- D. indica L. and D. burmanni Vahl, are annual species erature on Cambodian carnivorous plants is par- that endure the drought as seeds (McPherson, 2008). ticularly scarce and has not been updated in recent Several of the bladderworts, including U. caerulea times. Most records date back to colonial times, L. and U. bifi da L., are also annual (Taylor, 1989). from the end of the 19th Century to the early 20th The genus Nepenthes currently includes 129 Century (Mey, 2009). known species worldwide, with the islands of Although the spectacular genus Nepenthes Borneo, Sumatra and the southern Philippine (commonly known as the ‘tropical pitcher plants’, archipelago considered to be the Nepenthes centres ‘Asian pitcher plants’, ‘monkey cups’, or ‘Ampuong of diversity (Danser, 1928; McPherson, 2009). They Sramoch’ and ‘Ampuong Kralôm’ in the Khmer host 36, 37 and 24 species respectively (McPherson, language) has been the subject of several papers in 2009; 2010). In comparison, only fi ve species are recent years (Cheek & Jebb, 2009; Mey, 2009; Holden, known from Cambodia and 14 from the four coun- 2010; Mey et al., 2010), only a relatively small part of tries of the Indochinese Peninsula. Of these, nine Cambodian territory has been prospected. Signifi - species are thought to be so closely related that they cantly more surveillance work is needed to develop have been ascribed to a single group, the Nepenthes a full understanding of the diversity and the dis- thorelii aggregate (Mey et al., 2010). tribution of Nepenthes in Cambodia. In the same fashion, though to a greater extent, the relatively inconspicuous carnivorous plant genera Drosera Botanical history of the and Utricularia also require further in-depth study. Cambodian species Most of Cambodia’s carnivorous plants are In 1909, botanist Paul Henri Lecomte published an adapted to the strongly seasonal Indochinese account on the species of French Indochina – Cam- climate, which is roughly divided into wet and bodia, Laos and Vietnam – in which he described dry seasons. Indochina is subject to the infl uence three taxa: Nepenthes thorelii Lecomte, from of monsoons with seasonal rainfall patt erns: the Vietnam, and N. kampotiana Lecomte and N. geof- dry season begins in November or December and frayi Lecomte from Kampot Province in Cambodia lasts until April or May (Anon., 2006). While most (Lecomte, 1909). For a long time, Lecomte’s publi- carnivorous plants worldwide occur in relatively cation and its successor - the Flore Générale de l’Indo- wet habitats, species of the Indochinese Peninsula Chine (Lecomte, 1946) - were the only substantial have adapted to the seasonal droughts. Four of the literature on the Nepenthes of this area. fi ve known Cambodian species of Nepenthes are There has since been a striking lack of research regarded as pyrophytes: these taxa have the ability on the Indochinese Nepenthaceae, which is to survive in seasonally dry savannahs or semi- explained by several factors. Most signifi cant is the deciduous monsoon forests, which are prone to great internal and international confl icts that have dry season fi res, due to their development of water aff ected many of these countries, leading them to storage organs in the form of a fl eshy rootstock close their borders for long periods. Furthermore, (Mey et al., 2010). most of the type specimens for this region are com- The carnivorous plants in the other two genera prised of fragmented material that is diffi cult to have developed their own ways to survive the Indo- study and, given the superfi cial similarity of some chinese climate. One of the sundews, Drosera peltata species to one another, a great deal of confusion Thunb., produces a tuber typical of the tuberous has developed. It has, for instance, recently been Drosera species within the section Ergaleium. This revealed that one of the Vietnamese taxa, N. thore- allows the plant to survive the dry season in a lii, was described from mixed material belonging to

Cambodian Journal of Natural History 2010 (2) 106-117 © Centre for Biodiversity Conservation, Phnom Penh 108 F.S. Mey

a number of diff erent Indochinese taxa, including When collecting and studying Nepenthes, it one Cambodian taxon (Mey, 2009, 2010). is crucial to take into account the dimorphism of the pitchers. Like most of their counterparts from The Nepenthes of Indochina have recently other countries, Cambodian Nepenthes produce received signifi cantly more att ention, making up two diff erent types of pitchers. These are com- for a century of critically lacking research. This has monly referred to as lower (or terrestrial) and included an account about the enigmatic N. thorelii upper (or aerial) pitchers. The lower pitchers lie (Mey, 2010), a Vietnamese taxon which may also on the ground and are usually squat and colourful. occur in Cambodia (see below) and the descrip- Most Cambodian Nepenthes produce reddish lower tion of several new taxa, namely N. bokorensis Mey, pitchers. There are two fringed wings on the front N. holdenii Mey (Mey, 2009, Mey et al., 2010) from of this type of pitcher. The upper pitchers usually Cambodia; and N. thai Cheek (Cheek & Jebb, 2009), lack wings (they are reduced to two thin ribs), and N. andamana M. Catal., N. chang M. Catal., N. surat- are more elongated and infundibular (Clarke, 2001; ensis M. Catal., N. mirabilis (Lour.) Druce var. globosa Jebb & Cheek, 2001). The size and shape of the per- M. Catal. and N. kerrii M. Catal. & T. Kruetr. from istome, the nature of its inner margin, the gland Thailand (Catalano, 2010). size and their distribution on the lower surface of the pitcher lid provide important diagnostic Identifying the Cambodian characters. Botanists are strongly advised to press species specimens so that the leaf petiole insertion, which provides important diagnostic characters, is clearly Nepenthes are long lianas that usually climb among visible. The leaf shape, the number of longitudinal neighbouring shrubs or threes, but can also scram- veins and the indumentum are also helpful. ble along the ground. They produce highly special- ized leaves: at the end of the leaf blade (the normal- Because Nepenthes is an entirely dioecious genus, looking leaf) arises the pitcher, which is connected it is also advisable to collect both male and female to the leaf blade by a thin tendril. The pitchers are plants, or at least infl orescences from the same seasonal in some species. In Cambodia, pitcher pro- locality, although in the vast majority of Indochi- duction is low during the dry season, making it dif- nese taxa, both sexes develop very similar infl ores- fi cult for the untrained eye to recognise a Nepenthes cences (Jebb, 1991; Jebb & Cheek, 1997, 2001). plant. Cambodia’s Nepenthes fl ora can be divided into The pitcher has an oblique mouth which is over- two informal groups. The fi rst group consists of N. hung by a lid. The edge of the pitcher ‘mouth’ bears mirabilis only, a species which can be easily identi- a ridge of hardened tissue: a fi nely ribbed structure fi ed thanks to its petiolate leaves. The other group commonly called the peristome. There are many consists of the four species that comprise the N. nectar glands on the underside of the lid and their thorelii aggregate. The species of this aggregate are size, nature and distribution are of some taxonomic similar in overall appearance and share many fea- importance. Some appendages can also be found tures: infl orescences that take the form of long thyr- on the lower surface of the lid, either at the base of soid panicles which are 1- or 2-pedicellate, fl ower the midline or at the apex. The pitcher cup, which production during the rosett e stage, seed with sometimes has a pronounced hip, is divided into reduced fi liform appendages, coriaceous narrow two distinct zones. The upper part is called the leaves, decurrent leaf att achment, and pyrophytic “waxy zone” because its surface is covered with habit, with the production of a thickened rootstock. wax plates, while the “digestive zone”, in the lower A key to this aggregate was proposed in Mey et al. part of the pitcher, is covered with digestive glands (2010). and contains fl uid.

Fig. 1 Nepenthes bokorensis, Mount Bokor (© F. Fig. 2 Nepenthes holdenii, Cardamom Mountains (© Mey). F. Mey).

Fig. 3 Nepenthes kampotiana from Trat, Thailand (© Fig. 4 Nepenthes mirabilis, Kbal Chay (© F. Mey). M. Catalano).

Cambodian Journal of Natural History 2010 (2) 106-117 © Centre for Biodiversity Conservation, Phnom Penh 110 F.S. Mey

Fig. 5 Nepenthes smilesii, Kampot area (© F. Mey). Fig. 6 Nepenthes smilesii x mirabilis, Kampot area (© F. Mey).

Fig. 7 Unidentiﬁ ed taxon, Cardamom Mountains (© J. Holden).

Key to the Nepenthes of Cambodia lamina oblongue to lanceolate; long tendril. Upper pitchers wholly infundibular; peristome cylindri- 1a. Leaves petiolate, margins of lower leaves fi m- cal and bulbous, often striped, lid orbicular with briate……..………………………….…… N. mirabilis a cordate base, vaulted. Infl orescence with fl owers 1b. Leaves sub-petiolate to sessile, slightly to strong- borne solitary on pedicels, occasionally on 2-fl ow- ly decurrent leaf att achment ……….……..……… 2 ered partial peduncles, usually without bracts. 2a. Leaves lanceolate to oblong, infl orescences Indumentum variable. with scatt ered 2-fl owered partial peduncles, Material examined: M. Martin 1231 bis (holo P!), wholly infundibular upper pitchers, vaulted lid, Bokor Hill, 800 m, province of Kampot, Cambodia. striped bulbous peristome….….... N. bokorensis Chevalier 36411, 36429, Damrei Mountains (P!). 2b. Leaves linear to linear-lanceolate, 1- fl owered Geoff ray 324, 325, 326, 327, 328 (P!), Popokvil Falls, or 2-fl owered pedicellate infl orescences...... 3 Bokor Hill, 960 m, province of Kampot, Cambodia. Mey 3 (RUPP!), Phnom Bokor (Bokor Hill), 992 m. 3a. Short hairs on all vegetative parts, tendril as long Middleton & Monyrak 589 (P!), Bokor Hill, 944 m. as or shorter than pitcher………...... N. smilesii Poilane 206, 14728 (P!). 3b. Stem and leaves glabrous (pitcher and tendril Distribution: Endemic to Phnom Bokor (Bokor excluded), tendril longer than pitcher....……….…4 National Park). This species has been collected 4a. 1-fl owered pedicels on both male and from the road leading to the summit plateau and female infl orescences, cylindrical peristome...... from the Popokvil Falls. Whether or not the species ...... N. kampotiana grows elsewhere in the extensive Bokor massif or in the Phnom Damrei (Elephant Mountains) range 4b. 2-fl owered partial peduncles on both male remains to be answered. Additional surveys are and female infl orescences, slightly sinuate peris- required. tome...... …..……. N. holdenii Ecology: Pyrophyte. 800-1,000 metres above sea level. Inhabits clearings in lower montane forest Systematic accounts and the edge of forests. Seasonally wet habitats. Nepenthes bokorensis Mey (Fig. 1)

Nepenthes bokorensis Mey, in Carniﬂ ora Australis - Nepenthes holdenii Mey (Fig. 2) Journal of the Australasian Carnivorous Plants Society, Nepenthes holdenii Mey, in S.R. McPherson (ed.) 7(1), 6–15 (2009). Carnivorous Plants and their Habitats: Volume 2, pp. N. bokor Cheek in Kew Bulletin 64, 319-325 1,306-1,331 (2010). (2009). Type: Mey 1A (holo, RUPP!), western Cambodia, Type: Marie Martin 1231 bis (holo P!), southern Cardamom Mountains, province of Pursat, 653 m, Cambodia, province of Kampot, Phnom Bokor, 800 1 VIII 2009. m, 07 XII 1968. Distinguishing characteristics: A member of the N. Distinguishing characteristics: A member of the N. thorelii aggregate. Leaves coriaceous, sub-petiolate; thorelii aggregate. Leaves coriaceous, subpetiolate; lamina linear to linear lanceolate; long tendril.

[Editor’s note: In this paper, the herbaria acronyms are: P = Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France; and RUPP = Royal University of Phnom Penh, Cambodia. Specimen acronyms are: holo = holotype; synt = syntype; iso = isotype. An exclamation mark (!) indicates that the author has examined that specimen, while an absence of an exclamation mark means the author did not examine the specimen or saw only its photograph].

Cambodian Journal of Natural History 2010 (2) 106-117 © Centre for Biodiversity Conservation, Phnom Penh 112 F.S. Mey

Upper pitchers infundibular; slightly sinuated per- borne on pedicels. Indumentum absent except on istome. Lid elliptic with a cordate base, not vaulted. leaf axils, tendril and pitchers. Infl orescences male and female with 2-fl owered Material examined: Geoff ray 89, 90, 191, 362 (synt P!), partial peduncles, usually with bracts. Indumen- Kampot, Cambodia. tum glabrous except on leaf axils, tendril and pitchers. Distribution: Kampot Province. Nepenthes kampotiana has not been reported in Cambodia since its Material examined: Mey 1A (holo, RUPP!), Carda- description in 1909. Unfortunately, Geoff ray, the mom Mountains, 650 m, province of Pursat, Cam- original collector, did not specify the exact loca- bodia, 1 VIII 2009. Mey 1B, 1C, 1D (iso RUPP !), ibid. tion: “Kampot” could mean either the province or Mey 7A, 7B, 7C (RUPP!), Cardamom Mountains, its main city. The author of the present paper has 760 m, province of Pursat, Cambodia, 12 VIII 2009. tried to search for N. kampotiana near Kampot city Neang & Holden 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 (RUPP photo), Car- several times in vain. Nepenthes kampotiana has been damom Mountains, between 600-750 m, province found in Thailand (Catalano, 2010), in Trat Prov- of Pursat, Cambodia, VII 2008. ince near the south western border of Cambodia. Distribution: 600-800 m above sea level. Known only Additional investigations are required to locate N. from two peaks in the western Cardamom Moun- kampotiana on the Cambodian side, including the tains in Pursat Province. Further study may reveal extreme western part of Phnom Samkos Wildlife the presence of this species on other peaks in the Sanctuary. extensive Cardamom Mountains range. Ecology: Pyrophyte. Inhabits seasonally inundated Ecology: Pyrophyte. Inhabits the transitional zone open savannahs and grasslands. between lowland evergreen forest and low montane evergreen forest. Nepenthes holdenii grows on steep ridges in peaty soil, in bright to fully sun-exposed Nepenthes mirabilis (Loureiro) Druce (Fig. 4) areas. Nepenthes mirabilis (Loureiro) Druce, in Report of the Botanical Society and Exchange Club of the British Isles, 1916, p. 601 (1917). Nepenthes kampotiana Lecomte (Fig. 3) Phyllamphora mirabilis Loureiro, De Flora Nepenthes kampotiana Lecomte, in Les Nepenthes Cochinchinensis, 2, p. 606 (1790). d’Indo-Chine. Notulae Systematicae, pp. 62-63 (1909). Nepenthes phyllamphora Willdenow, Caroli Linnaei Species Plantarum, 4, p. 874 (1805). N. geoff rayi Lecomte, in Les Nepenthes d’Indo- Chine. Notulae Systematicae, p. 62 (1909). N. phyllamphora Willdenow var. pediculata Lecomte in Les Nepenthes d’Indo-Chine. Notulae Types: Geoff ray 89, 90, 191, 362 (all P!), Cambodia, Systematicae, p. 65 (1909). Kampot. Type: Loureiro s. n. Vietnam, near Hue. Distinguishing characteristics: A member of the N. thorelii aggregate. Leaves coriaceous, sub-petiolate; Distinguishing characteristics: This taxon does not lamina linear to lanceolate; long tendril. Lower produce a thickened rootstock. Leaves chartaceous, pitchers ovate in the lower third, narrowing above. petiolate; lamina oblong to lanceolate. Lower pitch- Upper pitchers cylindrical with a bulbous base, to ers bulbous at the base with a distinct hip at the obovate. Peristome narrow, usually without stripes. lower third; lid orbicular to ovate. Upper pitchers Lid orbicular with a cordate base, not vaulted. wholly cylindrical, sometimes with a swollen base. Infl orescence with solitary male and female fl owers Infl orescence with male and female fl owers borne solitary on pedicels, without bracts. Indumentum,

young parts with short hairs; mature plants gla- female fl owers borne solitary on pedicels. Indu- brous; margins of lower leaves fi mbriate. mentum, the whole plant is covered with hairs. Material examined: Kbal Chay, vide Mey 2007, 2009. Material examined: Mey 2 (RUPP!), Kirirom National Kep, vide Mey 2009. Sihanoukville, vide Mey 2009. Park, 712 m, province of Kampong Speu, Cambo- Kampot city, vide Mey 2009, 2010. dia. Mey 4 (RUPP!), Kampot city, 16 m, province of Kampot, Cambodia. Poilane 17457 (P!), south of Distribution: This is the most widespread species Chambok, province of Kampong Speu, Cambodia. of this genus. Nepenthes mirabilis occurs in the Kampot city, vide Mey, 2010. four countries of the Indochinese Peninsula and throughout the Malesian region (Indonesia, Malay- Distribution: Apart from N. mirabilis, this is the sia, Brunei, Singapore, the Philippines, Papua New most widespread species in the Indochinese Penin- Guinea and northern Australia). This species was sula, known from Cambodia, Laos, Thailand and collected in Cambodia in the 19th Century, in small Vietnam. It has been found at sea level in Kampot copses near Kep city (Lecomte, 1909). Nowadays, it and between 600-720 m in Kirirom National Park. still grows around Kep (pers. obs.) and it has also The low altitudinal range around Kampot city been found in two localities near Kampot city: one is unusual because N. smilesii is usually found in wet grassland and another near a paddy fi eld. between 500 and 1,000 m in the other countries of Given the simple growing conditions demanded Indochina. by this species, it is likely it grows in many similar Ecology: Pyrophyte. Usually found in seasonally habitats along the southern coast of Cambodia. wet habitats such as open sandy savannahs and This species has also been found growing in small grasslands. In Kirirom National Park, Nepenthes numbers along roadside ditches around Siha- smilesii grows in clearings among pine trees. noukville, and there is an established population in Kbal Chay nearby. Ecology: Inhabits wet localities along roads or paddy Nepenthes smilesii x mirabilis (Fig. 6) fi elds. Type: None. This natural hybrid has not been formally described as a taxon.

Nepenthes smilesii Hemsley (Fig. 5) Distinguishing characteristics: The following short description is based on a single specimen. Leaves Nepenthes smilesii Hemsley, in Kew Bulletin, p. 116 chartaceous, sub-petiolate; lamina lanceolate. (1895). Lower pitchers wholly cylindrical with a distinct N. anamensis Macfarlane, in Nepenthaceae, A. hip at the lower third; lid orbicular. Upper pitchers Engler, Das Pfl anzenreich, pp. 39-40 (1908). completely green, infundibular; peristome cylindrical and bulbous, without stripes. Infl orescence Type: Smiles F.S. (K), northern Siam, Baw Saw, Nam unknown. Indumentum, plants lined with short Kawng, 22 V 1893. hairs. The presence of hairs on the whole plant dis- Distinguishing characteristics: A member of the N. cards the possibility of the glabrous N. kampotiana, thorelii aggregate. Leaves coriaceous, subpetiolate; which has been collected in the same area, to be one lamina narrowly linear to lanceolate, short tendril. of the parents. Lower pitchers often cylindrical with a swollen Material examined: Mey 6 (RUPP!), near Kampot base; peristome narrow, usually without stripes. city, 14 m, Kampot Province, Cambodia. Upper pitchers, cylindrical with a swollen base, to infundibular. Lid usually elliptic with a cordate Distribution: A single large specimen, with multiple base, not vaulted. Infl orescence with male and off shoots, of this natural hybrid has been recorded

Cambodian Journal of Natural History 2010 (2) 106-117 © Centre for Biodiversity Conservation, Phnom Penh 114 F.S. Mey

from Kampot city (exact locality withheld for con- to cure fever and pain (pers. comm.). People from servation purposes). Kampot used to boil the roots of N. bokorensis and give them to pregnant women to ease their pains Ecology: Nepenthes smilesii x mirabilis has been found (Marie Martin, herbarium label on Marie Martin in a large, open, inundated area, close to a stream, 1231 bis). with populations of Utricularia caerulea and Drosera indica. Populations of the pyrophytic N. smilesii and As is the case in most parts of the world, Nepen- N. mirabilis were found within a few kilometres of thes are greatly threatened by human activities. the site. It is not known whether this hybrid pro- Cambodia’s biodiversity is under pressure from duces a tuberous stem or a thickened root system various threats such as logging, poaching, land like the species of the N. thorelii aggregate. speculation and encroachment in protected areas and other forests, invasive alien species, and trans- formation of natural habitats by roads, agricultural Other taxa that may occur in Cambodia concessions, mines and hydroelectric dams (Daltry, 2008). The lowland Nepenthes species especially Populations of unknown Nepenthes have been have been wiped out from most of the ﬁ elds, grass- observed in Botum Sakor National Park, Koh Rong, lands and wastelands where they used to grow. and several parts of the Cardamom Mountains (J. According to Cambodian people the author met on Holden and V. Ly, pers. comm.). For the moment, various expeditions, pitcher plants were once much they are known to the author of the present paper more common, especially before the Khmer Rouge only from photographs (e.g. Fig. 7). regime. The Cambodian lowland species (N. kam- Of the other Indochinese pitcher plants, Nepen- potiana, N. mirabilis, N. smilesii) are the most acces- thes thorelii Lecomte is a Vietnamese species that has sible and hence the most vulnerable. Any remnant been collected near the Cambodian border in the specimens that survive development are also likely former Vietnamese province of Song Bé (now Binh to be collected for traditional uses. Duong and Binh Phuoc Provinces). This species has All Nepenthes species are on Appendix II of not been oﬃ cially recorded since its description in CITES (www.cites.org), but this regulates only their 1909 and is therefore believed to be on the brink of international trade. It is important to locate, study extinction in Vietnam (Mey, 2010). It is conceivable and name Nepenthes populations in Cambodia to that it also occurs on the other side of the border in assign them with their correct category of threat on Cambodia, and a survey of this area is required. the IUCN Red List (see IUCN, 2001), ensure they Nepenthes chang M. Catal., a close Thai relative are adequately protected under national law, and of N. holdenii which grows in Khao Kuap in the guide and develop in situ or ex-situ conservation Banthad Mountains, could also be found in the programmes. The following paragraphs summarise neighbouring Cardamom Mountains of Cambo- the threats that face each of the currently known dia. Cambodian pitcher plants. Nepenthes bokorensis: This species, endemic to a ridge of Phnom Bokor and the Popokvil Falls, is at Ethnobotany and conservation risk because its habitat has been leased for private Pitcher plants have long been used in Cambodia development. Monitoring is needed and further for traditional medicine. Nepenthes mirabilis is used explorations of the plateau, the National Park and in the countryside around Kampot city to make the Phnom Damrei range are required to locate any medicines (pers. obs.). Villagers who live near the additional populations of this species. Nepenthes type locality of Nepenthes holdenii report using the bokorensis has been assessed as Vulnerable accord- leaves and roots of this plant to make a decoction

ing to IUCN criteria by Mey (2009), while Cheek & Kampot city, close to sea level. The population on Jebb (2009) assessed it as Endangered B2ab(iii). the Kirirom plateau seems to be well established in an eco-tourism site where there appears to be Nepenthes holdenii: This recently described no immediate threat. The lowland populations species is known only from a couple of peaks of the are highly endangered. Only two isolated popula- Cardamom Mountains. It has been assessed as Near tions around Kampot city have been documented, Threatened (Mey et al., 2010). The known popula- each of which consists of a small number of plants tions are scatt ered, highly localised and composed near crop plantations and paddy fi elds. However, of only a few dozen specimens. In the short term, there are insuffi cient data to assess the status of this the main threat is likely to come from over-collec- species, and it probably ought to be classed as Data tion. In the long term, the species could be aff ected Defi cient (IUCN, 2001). by habitat loss, logging and land speculation. Nepenthes smilesii x mirabilis: During numer- Nepenthes kampotiana: This species has not been ous expeditions in Cambodia, only one plant of reported since it was fi rst described by Lecomte this natural hybrid has been documented. This is in 1909. This taxon was collected somewhere in a very old, large specimen that grows in isolation Kampot Province in the late 19th Century and near Kampot city. Further research might reveal must now be very rare or even extinct. Att empts to more such hybrids, but given the increasing rarity rediscover it in the Kampot area were unsuccess- of Nepenthes, the loss of their habitats in the Cambo- ful. Isolated populations, believed to belong to this dian lowlands, and the natural rarity of Nepenthes species, were observed by Catalano (2010) in the hybrids, their number is likely to be very low. Thai province of Trat, near the south-western Cam- bodian border. It is important to locate this species, named after a Cambodian locality, to develop an Conclusions appropriate conservation programme. Studies of the genus Nepenthes in Cambodia have Nepenthes mirabilis: This is the least threatened only recently begun, with surveys having covered of the Cambodian species. It is known from several only a very small part of this territory. Many areas localities in the southern coast and it is possible in Cambodia that have suitable Nepenthes habitat many other small populations will be found in the have yet to be prospected. The Cardamom Moun- future. The Kbal Chay roadside populations consist tains range, parts of the Damrei (Elephant) Moun- of several dozen individuals, which could be easily tains, the islands of the southern coast and the wiped out by development. The other known pop- numerous southern provinces along the Vietnam ulations consist of small numbers of specimens border, are especially likely to reveal more Nepen- persisting on wastelands or paddy fi elds. Nepen- thes populations. thes mirabilis seems to have a patchy distribution in southern Cambodia and was once fairly common. Moreover, several populations of unidentifi ed It may still grow in good numbers in protected pitcher plants have been observed. Additional areas, such as Botum Sakor National Park. It is also botanical survey work is certainly warranted and known from the Vietnamese island of Phu Quoc, is likely to result in new discoveries that will help south of Kampot city. This taxon may be classifi ed to reveal the extent of the diversity of Nepenthes in as Least Concern. Cambodia. Nepenthes smilesii: Cambodian populations of this widespread Indochinese species (also known from Thailand, Laos and Vietnam) have been studied on the Kirirom plateau at intermediate altitudes (600-700 m above sea level), and around

Cambodian Journal of Natural History 2010 (2) 106-117 © Centre for Biodiversity Conservation, Phnom Penh 116 F.S. Mey

Acknowledgements Danser, B.H. (1928) The Nepenthaceae of the Neth- erlands Indies, Bulletin du Jardin Botanique de I would like to express sincere thanks to all the Buitenzorg Series 3, 9, 249–438. [Reprinted 2006 people who helped in the preparation of this paper. by Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Much gratitude is off ered to Jeremy Holden, Dr Neil Kinabalu, Malaysia]. Furey (Fauna & Flora International), Ly Viboth and the staff of the Royal University of Phnom Penh for Druce, G.C. (1917) Nomenclatural notes; chiefl y their assistance when I travelled in Cambodia, and African and Australian. Report of the Botanical to Dr Alastair Robinson and Marcello Catalano for Exchange Club of the British Isles, 1916, second sup- kindly reviewing the paper. Thanks are also due plement, 601-635. to Dr Sovanmoly Hul, from the Paris herbarium Hemsley, W.B. (1895) Nepenthes smilesii (Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, MNHN), (Nepenthaceae). Bulletin of Miscellaneous Informa- for her constant encouragement, to Dr Jenny Daltry tion, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, 1895, 116. for her patience and kindness, and to Ratana Che Holden, J. (2010) Introducing some species of Cam- and Sam Han for translating the abstract into bodian fl ora, Cambodian Journal of Natural History, Khmer. In addition, I would like to thank Dr Luu 2010, 12-14. Hong Truong from the Institute of Tropical Biology IUCN (2001) IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria: of Ho-Chi-Minh City who was keen to share with Version 3.1. IUCN Species Survival Commission. me his resources on Vietnamese Nepenthaceae, IUCN, Gland, Switz erland, and Cambridge, UK. and Alain Kern who provided information on the Jebb, M.H.P. (1991) An account of Nepenthes in New Nepenthes from Phu Quoc. Guinea. Science in New Guinea, 17, 7-54. Jebb, M.H.P. & Cheek, M. (1997) A skeletal revision References of Nepenthes (Nepenthaceae). Blumea, 42, 1-106. Anonymous (2006) The Atlas of Cambodia, National Jebb, M.H.P. & Cheek, M. (2001) Nepenthaceae: Flora Poverty and Environments Maps. Save Cambodia’s Malesiana, Series I, Volume 15. National Herbarium Wildlife, Phnom Penh, Cambodia. of the Netherlands, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands. Ashwell, D. (1997) A National Biodiversity Prospec- tus: A Contribution Towards the Implementation of Lecomte, P.H. (1909) Les Nepenthes d’Indo-Chine. In the Convention on Biological Diversity with Particu- Notulae Systematicae (ed. P.H. Lecomte), pp. 46-65. lar Emphasis upon Terrestrial Ecosystems. IUCN- Laboratoire de Phanérogamie, Muséum National Cambodia, Phnom Penh, Cambodia. d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France. Catalano, M. (2010) Nepenthes Della Thailandia. Lecomte, P.H. (1946) Flore Générale de l’Indo-Chine. Prague, Czech Republic. Masson, Paris, France. Cheek, M. & Jebb, M.H.P. (2009) Nepenthes group Lloyd, F.E. (1942) The Carnivorous Plants. Chronica Montanae (Nepenthaceae) in Indo-China, with N. Botanica Company, Waltham, Massachussett s, thai and N. bokor described as new. Kew Bulletin, USA. 64, 319-325. de Loureiro, J. (1790) Phyllamphora. De Flora Clarke, C.M. (2001) Nepenthes of Sumatra and Penin- Cochinchinensis, 2, 606-607. sular Malaysia. Natural Publications (Borneo), Macfarlane, J.M. (1908) Nepenthaceae. In Das Pfl an- Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia. zenreich (ed. A. Engler), pp. 39-40. Verlag von Daltry, J.C. (2008) Editorial – Cambodia’s biodiver- Wilhelm Engelmann, Leipzig, Germany. sity revealed. Cambodian Journal of Natural History, McPherson, S.R. (2008) Glistening Carnivores, The 2008, 3-5. Sticky-leaved Insect-Eating Plants. Redfern Natural History Productions, Poole, UK.

McPherson, S.R. (2009) Pitcher Plants of the Old Taylor, P. (1989) The genus Utricularia: a taxonomic World. Redfern Natural History Productions, monograph, Kew Bulletin, Additional Series XIV, Poole, UK. Her Majesty’s Stationary Offi ce, London, UK. McPherson, S.R. (2010) Carnivorous Plants and Their Willdenow, C.L. (1805) Nepenthes. Caroli Linnaei Habitats. Redfern Natural History Productions, Species Plantarum, 4, 873-874. Poole, UK. Mey, F.S. (2009) Nepenthes bokorensis, a new species About the Author of Nepenthaceae from Cambodia. Carnifl ora Aus- FRANÇOIS MEY was born in Ha-Tien, Vietnam, tralis - Journal of the Australasian Carnivorous Plants after his Cambodian parents fl ed the Khmer Rouge Society, 7, 6–15. regime. He arrived in France at the age of three, and Mey, F.S., Catalano, M., Clarke, C., Robinson, A., now teaches French literature in high school. He Fleischmann, A. & McPherson, S. (2010) Nepen- became seriously interested in carnivorous plants thes holdenii (Nepenthaceae), a new species of in 2004, and has since intensively studied their pyrophytic pitcher plant from the Cardamom systematic and ecology, with a particular focus Mountains of Cambodia. In Carnivorous Plants on the Indochinese Nepenthaceae. François has and Their Habitats: Volume 2 (ed. S.R. McPherson), undertaken extensive fi eld research across Cambo- pp. 1,306-1,331. Redfern Natural History Produc- dia and Vietnam, and his observations led to the tions, Poole, UK. publications of N. bokorensis and N. holdenii. He Mey, F.S. (2010) The elusive Nepenthes thorelii. In has produced botanical diagrams and illustrations Carnivorous Plants and their Habitats: Volume 2 (ed. for several carnivorous plants books and is now, S.R. McPherson), pp. 1,340-1,367. Redfern Natural with biologist Jeremy Holden, working on a book History Productions, Poole, UK. devoted to the carnivorous plants of Cambodia.

Cambodian Journal of Natural History 2010 (2) 106-117 © Centre for Biodiversity Conservation, Phnom Penh 118 Phan C. & T.N.E. Gray

Ecology and natural history of banteng in eastern Cambodia: evidence from camera trapping in Mondulkiri Protected Forest and Phnom Prich Wildlife Sanctuary

Phan Channa and Thomas N.E. Gray

WWF Greater Mekong Cambodia Country Program, Eastern Plains Landscape Project, Khum Doh Kromom, Srok Sen Monorom, Mondulkiri, Cambodia. Email (Corresponding author) [email protected]

Paper submitted 8 September 2010, revised manuscript accepted 5 November 2010. esckþIsegçb Tinñn½yEdlTak;TgeTAnwgRbvtþiFmrCatiénkarKMramkMEhgeTAelIRbePTnimYy² KImansarHsMxan;Nas; sMrab;eFIVkarGPirkSRbkbedayRbsiT§iPaB. b:uEnþman Tinñn½yTaMgenHmancMnYntictYcEdlRtUv)ane)aHBum

Abstract Information on the natural history of threatened species is essential for their eﬀ ective conservation. However there are few published data on the natural history and ecology of the globally Endangered banteng Bos javanicus in Indochina. We present results from a camera trapping study conducted within the core areas of Mondulkiri Protected Forest and Phnom Prich Wildlife Sanctuary, eastern Cambodia, between January and December 2009. One hundred and three camera trap locations were trapped for >7,000 camera trap-nights producing 160 photographic encounters of banteng from 45 locations. A number of photographs contained females with calves, suggesting successful reproduction. Banteng were photographed at similar rates in both deciduous dipterocarp and semi-evergreen/ mixed deciduous forest, highlighting the importance of this habitat mosaic for wild catt le. Mean banteng group size was 2.6 (range 1-13; median 1), which is smaller than reported from elsewhere in Southeast Asia. Banteng showed a distinctly nocturnal activity patt ern with >80% of encounters between 1800h and 0600h. This contrasts with the limited published information on the activity patt erns of banteng in Java, which are predominantly diurnal. We suggest that the nocturnal activity of banteng in Cambodia is a response to human disturbance and hunting, and stress the importance of improved law enforcement to reduce the hunting threats to this charismatic species. Keywords Banteng, camera trap, Eastern Plains Landscape, habitat mosaic, Mondulkiri, wild catt le.

Introduction is dominated by deciduous dipterocarp and mixed deciduous forest with smaller patches of semi-ever- Automatic camera traps have, over the past 20 green and evergreen forest along watercourses and years, become a mainstream tool in conservation at slightly higher elevations. The deciduous dipte- and ecology. Rowcliff e & Carbone (2008) docu- rocarp forest experiences a high-frequency burning mented a 50% annual increase in the number of regime, with widespread fi res between December published papers using camera trapping since the and March (pers. obs.). This encourages the regen- early 1990s. Uses for camera trapping in ecology eration of grass and herbaceous bamboo (Arundi- and conservation include inventorying protected naria spp.), providing abundant forage for large areas, discovering new species, estimating relative herbivores (pers. obs.). and absolute abundance, and studying population dynamics and forest ecology (Karanth & Nichols, Although banteng have been studied in Java 1998; Zetra et al., 2002; Weckel et al., 2006; Giman (Halder, 1973; Pudyatmoko & Djuwantoko, 2006) et al., 2007; Sharma et al., 2009). Given the diffi culty and in northern Australia (Choquenot, 1993), where of obtaining direct observations of rare, large ver- a feral population exists, the ecology and natural tebrates in tropical forests, camera traps may also history of banteng in mainland Southeast Asia be very valuable for obtaining basic ecological and is extremely poorly known. There have been few natural history information on some of Asia’s rarest published studies since Charles Wharton’s ground- species. breaking work on Cambodian wild catt le in the 1950s (Wharton, 1957). The aims of the present The banteng Bos javanicus is a species of wild study were to use camera trap data to obtain basic catt le that historically inhabited deciduous and information on the ecology and natural history of semi-evergreen forests from Northeast India and banteng from two protected areas - Mondulkiri southern Yunnan through mainland Southeast Protected Forest and Phnom Prich Wildlife Sanctu- Asia and Peninsular Malaysia to Borneo and Java ary - in the lowland deciduous forest mosaic of the (Timmins et al., 2008). Banteng populations have Eastern Plains Landscape. declined dramatically throughout Southeast Asia due to hunting and habitat loss as well as possible competition and disease transmission from domes- Methods tic livestock (Timmins et al., 2008; Pedrono et al., 2009). Consequently, banteng are listed by IUCN as Study Area Endangered. This species has been extirpated from India, Bangladesh, Brunei and Peninsular Malay- Phnom Prich Wildlife Sanctuary (PPWS; 2,225 2 sia, and only small, scatt ered populations remain km ) is located in the west of Mondulkiri Prov- in Myanmar, Thailand, Cambodia, Indonesian ince (approximate location 12°08′N, 106°05′E; Fig. Borneo and Java and, to a much lesser extent, Laos 1). The protected area is contiguous with Mon- and Vietnam (Timmins et al., 2008). dulkiri Protected Forest (to the east) and Seima Protected Forest (to the south). It is character- In Cambodia, three main regions - the South- ized by higher elevation and relief (maximum 640 west (Cardamom Mountains), the Northern Plains metres above sea level) in the southeastern section (Preah Vihear Province) and Eastern Plains (Ratan- near the Mondulkiri Plateau, with gently undulat- akiri/ Mondulkiri Provinces) - still support banteng ing lowlands, elevation circa 80-200 metres above populations. The Eastern Plains Landscape, com- sea level, over the majority of the protected area. prising the protected areas of Seima, O’ Yadao and Mondulkiri Forest Protected (MPF; 3,350 km2; Mondulkiri Protected Forests and Phnom Prich approximate location 12°40′N, 107°00′E) is in the and Lumphat Wildlife Sanctuaries, may support north of Mondulkiri Province and is bordered by the largest population in Cambodia. This landscape Yok Don National Park, Vietnam to the east, PPWS

Cambodian Journal of Natural History 2010 (2) 118-126 © Centre for Biodiversity Conservation, Phnom Penh 120 Phan C. & T.N.E. Gray

were set to be operational for 24 hours and all photographs were digitally stamped with the date and time. Camera traps were deployed in 103 locations (63 in MPF; 40 in PPWS; Fig. 1) selected to maximize the chances of encountering terrestrial mammals. Forty camera trap locations were along motorbike trails and footpaths, 27 along dry-steam and river beds, 22 alongside animal trails and 14 at other locations including ridge-lines, seasonal waterholes and natural springs. A total of 7,245 camera trap nights were conducted: 3,521 in MPF and 3,724 in PPWS. All cameras were placed on trees between 20 and 150 cm above the ground (mean = 0.57 cm). No two cameras were placed closer than one kilo- metre from each other. Eighty camera traps were placed in deciduous dipterocarp forest (51 in MPF; 29 in PPWS) and 23 camera traps were placed in mixed deciduous and semi-evergreen forest (12 in MPF; 11 in PPWS). The habitats at camera trap locations were deﬁ ned post-hoc in ArcGIS using a remotely-sensed forest cover data set (JICA, 2003) and ground-truthed by WWF ﬁ eldworkers.

Data Analysis Fig. 1 Map showing the locations of Mondulkiri Protected Forest and Phnom Prich Wildlife Sanc- All independent encounters with banteng - defi ned tuary in the Eastern Plains Landscape, Cambodia. when successive photographs of the species were Locations of camera traps, with presence (closed separated by more than 20 minutes - were extract- circles) and absence (open circles) of banteng, are ed from camera trap data and the date, time and also shown. camera trap location were recorded. Minimum group size (number of individuals) for each encounter was estimated from the photographs (see Dis- to the west and Lumphat Wildlife Sanctuary and cussion for limitations of this approach). Activity O’Yadao Protected Forest, Ratanakiri Province, to patt erns of banteng were calculated based upon the the north (Fig. 1). In comparison to PPWS, this pro- time imprinted on each photograph with the time tected area is fl att er with fewer areas of dense semi- of encounters with camera traps assumed to corre- evergreen and evergreen forest. The Srepok River, late with activity levels. Time periods were pooled a major tributary of the Mekong, fl ows through the to one-hour intervals and encounters classifi ed as protected area. nocturnal (1800h-0600h) or diurnal (0600h-1800h) although, due to approximately one hour variation Camera trapping in sunrise and sunset times throughout the year, Between January and December 2009, commercially these periods do not correspond exactly to night available infrared, remote-trip digital camera units and day. (Reconyx RapidFire Professional PC90; Wisconsin, At each camera trap location, a banteng Rela- USA) were used to survey terrestrial mammals tive Abundance Index (RAI) sensu O’Brien et al. within the core areas of PPWS and MPF. Cameras (2003) was calculated as the number of independ-

ent encounters per 100 trap-nights. Diff erences in Abundance Index (RAI) was signifi cantly higher at mean RAI between camera traps located in MPF camera trap locations in PPWS (mean RAI = 3.24, and PPWS, and between those in deciduous dipte- ± SEM 0.9) than in MPF (mean RAI 1.6 ± SEM 0.5; rocarp forest and mixed deciduous/semi-evergreen z = 3.3, p <0.01). Banteng were encountered more forest, were tested for using independent sample frequently by camera traps in semi-evergreen and t-tests or, when data were not normally distributed, mixed deciduous forest (mean RAI = 3.0 ± SEM 1.5) Mann-Whitney U tests using SPSS v13.0 statistical than those in deciduous dipterocarp forest (mean software. RAI = 1.98 ± SEM 0.5). However, this diff erence was not statistically signifi cant (z = 0.2, p = 0.8).

Results Banteng herd size - estimated from the number of individuals recorded in photographs at each Banteng were photographed from 45 (43%) camera encounter - was between one and 13 (median = 1; trap locations - 20 in MPF and 25 in PPWS (Fig. 1) - mean = 2.6 ± SEM 0.4). There was no signiﬁ cant with a total of 160 independent encounters. Relative diﬀ erence in mean group size of banteng between

Fig. 2 Number of individual banteng per photographic encounter from camera trap data from Mondulkiri Protected Forest and Phnom Prich Wildlife Sanctuary, eastern Cambodia.

Fig. 3 Activity patt erns (percentage of encounters per hour) for banteng, taken from camera trap data from Mondulkiri Protected Forest and Phnom Prich Wildlife Sanctuary, eastern Cambodia.

Cambodian Journal of Natural History 2010 (2) 118-126 © Centre for Biodiversity Conservation, Phnom Penh 122 Phan C. & T.N.E. Gray

MPF (mean = 2.5 ± SEM 0.3) and PPWS (mean Discussion = 2.7 ± SEM 0.6; z = 1.4, p = 0.9). The majority of Basic understanding of the natural history of threat- encounters (54%) were of single individuals (Fig. ened species is essential for their eff ective conser- 2). Where these could be identifi ed to sex (n = 38), vation (Sutherland, 2000). However there are litt le all were males. Thirty-two encounters (20%) were published data on the natural history and ecology of two or three individuals and 28 (18%) encounters of banteng in Indochina. Our camera traps in MPF comprised from four-to-six individuals. Only two and PPWS regularly photographed banteng, sug- encounters were of groups estimated to comprise gesting the presence of relatively healthy and more than 10 individuals (Fig. 2). potentially substantial populations of this globally In both MPF and PPWS, banteng showed a Endangered species. A number of photographic distinctly nocturnal activity patt ern with 83% of encounters of banteng comprised groups or indi- encounters between 1800h and 0600h. However, viduals accompanied by juveniles (approximately activity patt erns diff ered slightly between the two 50-75% smaller than adult females; Pudyatmoko & protected areas (Fig. 3). In PPWS there was a dis- Djuwantoko, 2006) indicating successful reproduc- tinct peak in activity after dusk (c. 1900h) and prior tion (Fig. 4). However, it was diffi cult to quantify to midnight (0000h) whilst in MPF activity peaked the proportion of groups accompanied by calves in the early morning (0200h-0400h). due to the poor quality of some images, particular-

Fig. 4 Camera trap photograph of juvenile banteng, accompanied by mother, from Phnom Prich Wildlife Sanctuary.

ly at night, and it was diffi cult to detect small calves ous/ semi-evergreen forest with encounter rates in tall bamboo. higher in the latt er habitats, though not signifi cantly so. Whilst it is possible that camera trap detec- Further evidence for the importance of the tion probabilities may vary between forest types, banteng population within the study region comes it seems unlikely that banteng would have lower from observations during distance-based line probability of detection in open deciduous diptero- transects in which banteng were recorded 34 times carp forest. Analysis of banteng camera trap encoun- from 520 km of randomly distributed line transects ter histories from MPF in an occupancy framework throughout the core areas of both protected areas (sensu Linkie et al., 2007) - thereby accounting for during the 2009/10 dry season (WWF unpublished imperfect detection at camera trap locations - indi- data). Line transects will continue to be used in the cates similar probabilities of detecting banteng 2010/11 dry season to generate suffi cient data to presence using camera traps in both deciduous produce a robust density estimate. dipterocarp and mixed deciduous/ semi-evergreen The use of a simple Relative Abundance Index forests (Gray, unpublished manuscript). Although (sensu O’Brien et al., 2003) based on camera trap the banteng is generally regarded, particularly in encounter rates for ecological studies is contro- Indochina, as a specialist of deciduous dipterocarp versial because a large number of variables (e.g. forests (Steinmetz , 2004; Timmins et al., 2008), the body size, average group-size, behaviour, and regular use of mixed deciduous forest, particularly habitat type) are likely to aff ect trapping rates and in the dry season, was noted by Wharton (1957). confound the relationship with actual abundance Wharton (1957) also suggested banteng were (Carbone et al., 2001; Jennelle et al., 2002; Treves et less restricted, year-round, to open deciduous al., 2010). Although banteng encounter rates were dipterocarp forest than the formerly sympatric higher in PPWS than in MPF, it is unclear whether kouprey Bos sauvelli and wild water buff alo Bubulus this refl ects genuine patt erns of abundance. We arnee. A richer array of food types, including forage, suggest that this diff erence may in fact be an arte- browse and fruits in mixed deciduous forest, is fact of camera trap placement, which in each pro- likely to make the habitat particularly att ractive to tected area was performed by diff erent teams of banteng and gaur Bos gaurus (Steinmetz , 2004). The rangers with slightly diff erent objectives. In PPWS movements and habitat selection of banteng in the a higher proportion of cameras (43%) were set on Eastern Plains Landscape are likely to be aff ected animal trails than in MPF (7%), whilst in the latt er by water availability and dry season fi res in the site more cameras were placed on man-made roads deciduous dipterocarp forest, leading to regular (42% vs 19% in PPWS). Given that banteng, unlike utilisation of denser forest types. Year-round radio large carnivores such as leopards Panthera pardus or satellite telemetry of banteng would generate and tigers P. tigris, are unlikely to actively follow much valuable information on their movements, man-made trails (pers. obs.), this may explain home ranges and habitat preferences. the higher encounter rate in PPWS. In contrast, encounter rates of banteng on the line transects, Banteng herd size, estimated by counting the which were randomly distributed across the core number of individuals photographed during areas of MPF and PPWS, were very similar in the each encounter, was low (mean 2.6 individuals two protected areas (WWF unpublished data). This per encounter) with only 22 (14%) encounters of highlights the fact that great care is required when groups estimated to comprise more than fi ve indi- comparing raw camera trap encounter rates (i.e. viduals. Whilst this maybe an artefact of camera Relative Abundance Indices) between sites. trap photographs, which are likely to under-estimate group size (e.g. due to poor quality of images Banteng were photographed from camera traps at night, not all individuals in a group being pho- in both deciduous dipterocarp and mixed decidu- tographed, diffi culties in detecting all calves), data

Cambodian Journal of Natural History 2010 (2) 118-126 © Centre for Biodiversity Conservation, Phnom Penh 124 Phan C. & T.N.E. Gray

from line transect observations are similar. During to hunting pressure and human disturbance or is 34 encounters mean herd size was three individuals a natural patt ern is unclear. Halder (1976, cited (range 1-12; median 2) with six groups (18%) of fi ve by Timmins et al., 2008) suggested that banteng in or more individuals (WWF unpublished data). Java “display a more or less fi xed diurnal patt ern of behavior” but “in areas which are subject to These fi gures are considerably lower than those frequent human disturbance... become rather quoted from remnant banteng populations else- nocturnal and generally enter open areas only at where in mainland Southeast Asia and Indonesia. night, although in especially att ractive localities it In Yok Don National Park, Vietnam, Nguyen (2009) will tolerate human presence to a certain extent.” reported a mean herd size of seven individuals, Hoogerwerf (1970, cited by Timmins et al., 2008) whilst in Thailand, the average recorded banteng also suggested that whilst banteng in Java “do not herd size is reportedly between six and 10 (Pray- diff erentiate much in their activities between day urasiddhi, 1997, cited in Nguyen, 2009). Nguyen and night... really large assemblages on open plains (2009) also suggested that herd sizes in Yok Don occur almost exclusively by day.” had declined since the early 1990s when “average herds” were comprised of 20 to 30 individuals. This The strong nocturnal patt erns of activity docu- decline in herd size was att ributed to declining mented from our camera trap data diff er mark- habitat availability and fragmentation, high illegal edly from this. Given that both protected areas hunting pressure, and competition with domestic experienced extensive hunting from the 1970s until livestock. In Balarun National Park, Java, median the mid-1990s and banteng meat remains avail- banteng herd size, from 736 observations, was fi ve able in Mondulkiri, with regular confi scations by with 29% of observations consisting of herds larger law enforcement staff (WWF unpublished data), than 10 individuals (Pudyatmoko & Djuwantoko, it seems likely that the nocturnal patt erns of activ- 2006). However, these data were obtained from ity we have noted are at least in part a response to observations at an open grassland feeding area with human activity. A similar tendency towards noc- artifi cial water sources, which may have encour- turnal behaviour in response to human activity has aged congregation. been detected through camera trapping studies in a number of other hunted species (Griffi ths & van Indeed, Timmins et al. (2008) suggest that the Schaik, 1993; Bitett i et al., 2008). It will be fascinat- basic social group in banteng, as in the other large ing to note whether, with continued conservation Asian Bovini, is the female-juvenile unit with investment in MPF and PPWS, banteng activ- larger groups tending to be more or less temporary ity becomes increasingly diurnal. Given that the assemblages. If group size is therefore highly fl uid, Eastern Plains Landscape is likely to support one possibly even varying daily (Hoogerwerf, 1970 in of, if not the, largest global populations of banteng, Timmins et al., 2008), our low estimation of herd size it is imperative to improve law enforcement to could simply refl ect the fact that few camera traps eliminate the impacts of hunting on this charismat- were at locations (e.g. seasonal waterholes and salt- ic species of the deciduous forests of Cambodia. licks) where aggregations are more likely to form. During the late dry season 2010, when water availability was highly restricted, camera trapping at two Acknowledgements waterholes in the core area of MPF produced 37 banteng encounters with a mean group size of 4.5 This study was conducted as part of WWF Greater individuals and three encounters of herds of more Mekong Cambodia Program’s Eastern Plains than 15 individuals (WWF unpublished data). Landscape project with major funding provided by WWF-US and Humanscale. Work in MPF is In both MPF and PPWS, the banteng appear to with permission of the Forestry Administration be highly nocturnal. Whether this is in response and support from His Excellency Ty Sokhun, His

Excellency Cheng Kimsun, Men Phymean, Song Halder, U. (1973) Ecological aspects of social organ- Keang and Keo Sopheak. Work in PPWS is with isation in banteng (Bos javanicus) and feral buff alo permission of the Ministry of the Environment and (Bubalus bubalis) in Java. In (ed. S. Lündstrom) support from His Excellency Chay Samith, Chak Proceedings of the 11th Congress of the International Sokhavicheaboth and Sanrangdy Vicheth. Prum Union of Game Biologists, pp. 159-64. International Sovanna, Kheav Oudom, Ing Seangrithy, Lien Nor, Union of Game Biologists, Stockholm, Sweden. Vann Sonny, Lien Kha, Men Samorn and Sary Tre Jennelle, C.S., Runge, M.C & MacKenzie, D.I. assisted with camera trapping. Pin Chanratt anak (2002) The use of photographic rates to estimate produced the map. Three anonymous reviewers densities of tigers and other cryptic mammals: a provided comments which improved the quality of comment on misleading conclusions. Animal Con- this manuscript. Jeremy Holden provided camera servation, 5, 119-120. trapping training and Craig Bruce, Barney Long, JICA - Japan International Cooperation Agency Bob King and Seng Teak assisted with project logis- (2003) Cambodia Reconnaissance Survey Digital Data tics and funding. Project: Meta Database. Ministry of Public Works and Transportation, Phnom Penh, Cambodia. References Karanth, K.U. & Nichols, J.D. (1998) Estimation of tiger densities in India using photographic cap- Bitett i, M.S., Paviolo, A., Ferrari, C.A., de Angelo, tures and recaptures. Ecology, 79, 2852-2862. C. & di Blanco, Y. (2008) Diff erential responses to Linkie, M., Dinata, Y., Nugroho, A. & Haidir, I.A. hunting in two sympatric species of Brocket Deer (2007) Estimating occupancy of a data defi cient (Mazama americana and M. nana). Biotropica, 40, mammalian species living in tropical rainforests: 636-645. sun bears in the Kerinci Seblat region, Sumatra. Carbone, C., Christie, S., Conforti, K., Coulson, Biological Conservation, 137, 20–27. T., Franklin, N., Ginsberg, J.R., Griffi ths, M., Nguyen, M.H. (2009) The status of gaur Bos gaurus Holden, J., Kawanishi, K., Kinnaird, M., Laidlaw, and banteng Bos javanicus in Ea So Nature Reserve R., Lynam, A., Macdonald, D.W., Martyr, D., and Yok Don and Cat Tien National Parks, McDougal, C., Nath, L., O’Brien, T., Seidenstick- Vietnam. Oryx, 43, 1-7. er, J., Smith, D.J.L., Sunquist, M., Tilson, R. & Wan Shahruddin, W.N. (2001) The use of photograph- O’Brien, T.G., Kinnaird, M.F. & Wibisono, H.T. ic rates to estimate densities of tigers and other (2003) Crouching tigers, hidden prey: Sumatran cryptic mammals. Animal Conservation, 4, 75-79. tiger and prey populations in a tropical forest landscape. Animal Conservation, 6, 131-139. Choquenot, D. (1993) Growth, body condition and demography of wild banteng (Bos javanicus) on Pedrono, M., Ha M.T., Chouteau, P. & Vallejo, F. Coburg Peninsula, northern Australia. Journal of (2009) Status and distribution of the Endangered Zoology, 231, 533–542. banteng Bos javanicus birmanicus in Vietnam: a conservation tragedy. Oryx, 43, 618-625. Giman, B., Stuebing, R., Megum, N., McShea,W.J. & Stewart, C.M. (2007) A camera trapping inventory Pudyatmoko, S. & Djuwantoko (2006) Sex ratio, in a mixed use planted forest in Sarawak. Raffl es herd size and composition and sexual segregation Bulletin of Zoology, 55, 209-215. in banteng in the Baluran National Park, Indone- sia. Journal of Biological Sciences, 6, 370-374. Griffi ths, M. & van Schaik, C.P. (1993) The impact of human traffi c on the abundance and activity Rowcliff e, J.M. & Carbone, C. (2008) Surveys using patt erns of Sumatran rain forest mammals. Con- camera traps: are we looking to a brighter future? servation Biology, 7, 623-626. Animal Conservation, 11, 185-186.

Cambodian Journal of Natural History 2010 (2) 118-126 © Centre for Biodiversity Conservation, Phnom Penh 126 Phan C. & T.N.E. Gray

Sharma, R.K., Jhala, Y., Qureshi, Q., Vatt akaven, J., Wharton, C.H. (1957) An ecological study of the Gopal, R. & Nayak, K. (2009) Evaluating capture– kouprey, Novibos sauveli (Urbain). Monographs of recapture population and density estimation of the Institute of Science and Technology, Manila, 5, tigers in a population with known parameters. 1–107. Animal Conservation, 13, 94-103. Zetra, B., Rafi astanto, A., Rombang, W.M. & Steinmetz , R. (2004) Gaur (Bos gaurus) and banteng Trainor, C.R. (2002) Rediscovery of the Critically (B. javanicus) in the lowland forest mosaic of Xe Endangered Sumatran ground cuckoo Carpococ- Pian Protected Area, Lao P.D.R.: abundance, cyx viridis. Forktail, 18, 63-66. habitat use, and conservation. Mammalia, 68, 141-157. About the Authors Sutherland, W.J. (2000) The Conservation Hand- book: Research, Management and Policy. Blackwell, PHAN CHANNA is a native of Takeo Province Oxford, UK. and a graduate from the MSc course in Biodiver- sity Conservation at the Royal University of Phnom Timmins, R.J., Duckworth, J.W., Hedges, S., Stein- Penh where, as part of his thesis, he habituated a metz , R. & Patt anavibool, A. (2008) Bos javanicus. family group of yellow-cheeked crested gibbon in In (IUCN) IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Veun Sai forest, Ratanakiri Province. Since 2008 he Version 2010.2. Htt p://www.iucnredlist.org has been part of WWF’s biodiversity research and [accessed 26 July 2010]. monitoring team working across the Eastern Plains Treves, A., Mwina, P., Plumptre, A.J. & Isoke, S. Landscape. (2010) Camera trapping forest-woodland wildlife of western Uganda reveals how gregariousness THOMAS GRAY fi rst came to Cambodia to under- biases estimates of relative abundance and distri- take PhD research on the Critically Endangered bution. Biological Conservation, 143, 521-528. Bengal fl orican in the Tonle Sap fl oodplain with the University of East Anglia and the Wildlife Weckel, M., Giuliano, W. & Silver, S. (2006) Jaguar Conservation Society. Since completing his thesis, (Panthera onca) feeding ecology: distribution he has worked as biodiversity research and moni- of predator and prey through time and space. toring technical adviser for WWF in Mondulkiri Journal of Zoological Society (London), 270, 25-30. Province where his favourite species are banteng, green peafowl, white-shouldered ibis and silvered langur.

First report on the herpetofauna of Dalai Mountain in Phnom Samkos Wildlife Sanctuary, southwestern Cardamom Mountains, Cambodia

Neang Thy1,2, L. Lee Grismer3, Chan Kin Onn4, Jesse L. Grismer5, Perry L. Wood Jr.6 and Timothy M. Youmans3

1 (Corresponding author) Department of National Parks, Ministry of Environment, 48, Samdech Preah Sihanouk, Tonle Bassac, Chamkarmorn, Phnom Penh, Cambodia. E-mail [email protected] 2 Fauna & Flora International (FFI) Cambodia, 19, Street 360, BKK1, Chamkarmorn, Phnom Penh, Cambodia. 3 Department of Biology, La Sierra University, 4500 Riverwalk Parkway, Riverside, California 92515, USA. E-mail [email protected]; [email protected] 4 Institute for Environment and Development (LESTARI), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia. E-mail [email protected] 5 Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology and Natural History Museum & Biodiversity Research Center, University of Kansas, Dyche Hall, 1345 Jayhawk Blvd., Lawrence, Kansas 66045–7561, USA. E-mail [email protected] 6 Department of Biology, Villanova University, Villanova, PA 19085, USA. E-mail [email protected]

Paper submitted 4 October 2010, revised manuscript accepted 9 December 2010. esckþIsegçb karsikSaRsavRCavflClik nig]rgÁstVénPñMdaéL enAkñúgtMbn;EdnCRmkstVéRBPñMsMkusCaelIkdMbUg )anrkeXIjstVcMnYn 24 ¬9 RbePT CaflClikstV nig 15 RbePTeTotCa]rgÁstV¦ ehIyEdl 18 RbePTRtUv)aneKsÁal;famanvtþmanEtenAkñúgtMbn;CYrPñMRkvaj. kñúgcMeNamTaMg 24 RbePTEdl)anrkeXIj man 4 RbePT tMNageGayRbePTEdleTIbEt)aneFVIkMNt;RtaCaelIkdMbUg sMrab;tMbn;EdnCRmkstVéRBPñMsMkus ¬Megophrys auralensis, Theloder- ma asperum, Philautus parvulus nig Dasia olivacea¦ehIy 3 RbePTepSgeTot RtUv)aneKeCOfa CaRbePTfrIsMrab;viTüasaRsþ ¬swsuIelon Ichthyophis sp. Eføn\teCIg Dibamus sp. nigEføneCIgxøI Lygosoma sp.¦. kMNt;Rta nigRbePTfrITaMgenH bgðajBIkMeNInya:gelOn éncMnnYn flClik nig]rgÁstVrkeXIjBItMbn;PñMRkvaj EdleTIbEtmankarRsavRCavtictYcenAeLIy ehIyEdlmantMémøbEnßmeTotya:gsMxan; sMrab;karGPirkS. BaküKnøwH³ flClikstV km<úCa PñMRkvaj PñMdaéL ]rgÁstV karRsavRCav.

Abstract The fi rst herpetological survey of Dalai Mountain in Phnom Samkos Wildlife Sanctuary revealed 24 species (nine amphibians and 15 reptiles), 18 of which are presently known only from the Cardamom Mountains. Of these, four represent fi rst records for Phnom Samkos Wildlife Sanctuary (Megophrys auralensis, Theloder- ma asperum, Philautus parvulus and Dasia olivacea) and a further three are believed to be new to science (a cae- cilian Ichthyophis sp. and two lizards Dibamus sp. and Lygosoma sp.). These new records and taxa highlight the rapidly growing number of amphibian and reptile species known from this litt le-explored region of the Cardamom Mountains, and represent a signifi cant additional value worthy of conservation att ention. Keywords Amphibians, Cambodia, Cardamom Mountains, Dalai, reptiles, survey.

Cambodian Journal of Natural History 2010 (2) 127-143 © Centre for Biodiversity Conservation, Phnom Penh 128 Neang T. et al.

Introduction has grown rapidly with additional fi eldwork, these fi gures likely underestimate the true diversity of Compared with mammals and birds, the amphib- amphibian and reptiles within the area because ians and reptiles of Cambodia have received litt le only approximately 10% of the sanctuary’s land- att ention. The earliest herpetological collections scape has been surveyed thus far. Additional fi eld- were made by Henri Mouhot in mountainous areas work in as-yet unexplored areas of the sanctuary is of eastern and southwestern Cambodia during the required to complete the inventory and evaluate the mid-1800s. Mouhot’s collections were described by distribution and conservation status of the species Gray (1861a, b) and Günther (1861, 1864). Subse- present. In this paper, we report the fi ndings of the quent collections were made by Malcolm A. Smith fi rst study of the herpetofauna of Dalai Mountain, (1922, 1928), Bourret (1936, 1941, 1942), and Saint which lies in the northern part of Phnom Samkos Girons (1972) in the Cardamom Mountains and Wildlife Sanctuary. other parts of Cambodia. Until recently, these works represented the only signifi cant sources of information for herpetological explorations in Cambodia. Methods Shortly after the political reconciliation and The fi eld survey was carried out from 4–10 July integration in the late 1990s, fi eld surveys were 2009, during the middle of the wet season, on initiated at the request of the Cambodian govern- Dalai Mountain (Fig. 1), with additional mate- ment to assess the biodiversity of priority areas in rial collected during 16-22 November 2009 and a drive to conserve Cambodian natural resources 9-23 January 2010. One of many mountain peaks (e.g. Daltry & Momberg, 2000). This resurgence in within the Phnom Samkos Wildlife Sanctuary, the herpetological fi eld investigations targeted three Dalai Mountain (elevation 1,043 metres) lies adja- distinct biogeographical areas: (1) mountainous cent to Tumpor Mountain, but is isolated from it areas in northeastern Cambodia (Long et al., 2000; by the Tumpor River which fl ows into the Pursat Stuart et al., 2006; Rowley et al., 2010; Stuart et al., River. These mountains are separated by the low- 2010); (2) low lying fl oodplains around the Tonle lying Samkos Basin from Mount Samkos (1,717 Sap Lake (Touch et al., 2000; Lehr & Holloway, metres), Cambodia’s second highest peak, which 2000; Stuart et al., 2000), augmented by collections lies approximately 30 km to the south. Dalai Moun- in Siem Reap (Hartmann et al., 2009, 2010) and along tain is covered with semi–evergreen forest on its the Mekong River (Bezuijen et al., 2009); and (3) the lower hill slopes and primary evergreen forest on Cardamom Mountains (Daltry & Chheang, 2000; the upper hills and ridges. Parts of this mountain Swan & Daltry, 2000; Swan & Daltry, 2002; Daltry were selectively logged, and a signifi cant number & Wüster, 2002; Long et al., 2002; Ohler et al., 2002; of commercial tree species removed, while this area Daltry & Traeholt, 2003; Stuart & Platt , 2004; Stuart was under Khmer Rouge control during the early & Emmett , 2006; Grismer et al., 2007a, b; 2008a, b; 1990s. Selective logging continues to degrade the Grismer et al., 2010; Wood et al., 2010; Neang et al. regenerating forests at lower altitudes, and newly (in review). created logging roads were observed during the To date, herpetological investigations in Cam- present study. bodia’s Cardamom Mountains, which cover an The fi eld survey focussed on hillside habitats area of approximately two million hectares (Fig. 1), between rocky streams and mountain ridges in two have documented 138 species of amphibians and main areas as follows: reptiles (Grismer et al., 2008b). Of these, 32 amphibian and 75 reptile species are confi rmed to occur in Camp I was located approximately 20 metres Phnom Samkos Wildlife Sanctuary, in the north- from a pond at the base of a large waterfall on west of the range. Although the number of species the Dalai stream (12°25’233”N, 103°04’072”E, 556

Fig. 1 Map showing the location of Dalai Mountain in the Cardamom Mountains of Southwest Cambodia.

Fig. 2 Ichthyophis sp. (LSUHC 9335) from Camp II Fig. 3 Quasipaa fasciculispina from Camp II on Dalai on Dalai Mountain (© Neang T.). Mountain (© Neang T.).

Cambodian Journal of Natural History 2010 (2) 127-143 © Centre for Biodiversity Conservation, Phnom Penh 130 Neang T. et al.

metres elevation) in an area of disturbed evergreen hill forest. Night-time searches focussed on a rocky, fast-moving and shallow stream and adjacent forests, while searches during the day were undertaken throughout the surrounding forest area. Camp II was located beside a small, rocky and fast-moving stream (12°26’134”N, 103°03’217”E, 968 metres elevation) in undisturbed tall evergreen hill forest. Daytime and night-time searches for amphibians and reptiles were undertaken along the stream and throughout the surrounding forest Fig. 4 Hylarana mortenseni from Camp I on Dalai area. Mountain (© Neang T.). Camp III was in primary tall evergreen forest (12°26’26.091”N, 103°4’39.708”E, 1,009 metres elevation). Search activities were carried out both by day and by night along a slow-fl owing stream and in the forest. Camp IV was in lowland disturbed evergreen forest beside O’Peam (12°12’15.079”N, 103°4’12.330”E, 293 metres elevation). Survey eff orts were made in the forest during the daytime and along the slow-moving stream at night. Specimens were located through visual searches and captured by hand, sometimes with the aid of blowpipes for arboreal reptiles. Following euthana- sia, liver tissue was taken and stored in 97% ethanol. Fig. 5 Cnemaspis chanthaburiensis from Camp II on All specimens were tagged and fi xed in 10% for- Dalai Mountain (© Neang T.). malin for a minimum of 24 hours, then transferred to 70% ethanol. All specimens were deposited in the herpetological laboratory of La Sierra Univer- sity, California, USA (LSUHC). Species identifi cations were undertaken through comparison with museum material and species descriptions in the literature. Morphological characters were measured to the nearest 0.1 mm using a dial calliper under a Nikon SMZ645 dissecting microscope. Characters measured included: snout to vent length (SVL); tympanum to eye distance (TYE) from the posterior margin of the eye to the anterior margin of the tympanum; head depth (HD) from the posterior margin of the eyelid to the throat; interorbital dis- Fig. 6 Ahaetulla prasina from Camp I on Dalai Mountain (© Neang T.). tance (ID), the shortest distance between the medial

base of the eyelids; the number of scale rows ante- Dicroglossidae rior to head; the number of mid-body scale rows Limnonectes gyldenstolpei (Anderson, 1916) (excluding the ventral scale for snakes); the number of scale rows anterior to the vent; the number of Material examined: LSUHC 9313– 9315: Camp I, 6 ventral scale rows from the mental scale to the last July. scale at the vent; and subdigital scales on the third, One adult female (SVL 51.7 mm) and two juve- fourth and fi fth toes, counted from the base of the nile females (SVL 36.5–37.8 mm) match the diag- proximal interphalangeal joint to the tip of toe. In nosis of this species by Taylor (1962) and Ohler et the following accounts, left (L) and right (R) refer to al. (2002) in lacking a fang-like process in the lower scale counts on the left and right sides of snakes. jaw; not having a prominent fl ap on the head (but a fl att ened vestigial fl ap is visible), the head is not swollen and the jaw not widened; and the diameter Results of tympanum is four-fi fths the diameter of the eye. All specimens have small tubercles on the eyelids A total of 24 species, comprising nine amphibian and numerous tubercles on the dorsum and limbs. species (eight genera in fi ve families) and 15 reptile In life, they had a pale, interorbital bar and the body species (10 lizards and fi ve snakes, in 14 genera in six was dark brown above and white below. families) were found on Dalai Mountain in Phnom Samkos Wildlife Sanctuary (Table 2). Accounts of The specimens were collected at night from all species are presented below. muddy, gravelly substrate at the edge of a slow- moving rocky stream. This species was reported Amphibians by Daltry & Chheang (2000), Ohler et al. (2002) and Swan & Daltry (2002) from Phnom Samkos Wild- life Sanctuary, the Central Cardamoms Protected Ichthyophiidae Forest and Phnom Aural Wildlife Sanctuary. Ichthyophis sp. (Fig 2) Quasipaa fasciculispina (Inger, 1970) (Fig. 3) Material examined: LSUHC 9335: Camp II, 7 July. Material examined: LSUHC 9316–17: Camp I, 6 A single specimen (SVL 177.6 mm) is in accord July; LSUHC 9322: Camp II, 7 July. with Taylor’s (1968) diagnostic characters of this Three adult females (SVL 86.8–97.7mm) closely genus in having a distinct tail (length 3 mm); agree with the expanded descriptions of this species four series of teeth (two rows in the upper jaw by Stuart & Emmett (2006) from Knorng Louk in the and another two in the lower jaw); longitudinal Central Cardamoms Protected Forest and Grismer vent; and primary and secondary annuli forming et al. (2007a) from Phnom Aural Wildlife Sanctuary, a medial, posteriorly directed ventral angle. The in having expanded toe discs; proximal subarticu- specimen was uniform dark brown in life, and in lar tubercles on the fi ngers that are twice as long as preservative it is dark grey on the dorsum and the distal, subarticular tubercles; small black spots paler on the ventral surface, with cream-white on on the tubercles of the dorsum, head, limbs and the anal region. anal region; and small, black, keratinized tuber- This specimen was found during the day in cles on the upper parts of the throat and chest that damp soil beneath a fallen log on a hillside. Two do not form groups as in males. In life, the head, specimens from the Central Cardamom Mountains dorsum, fl anks, and surface of limbs were brown- ascribed to the genus Ichthyophis were previously ish green and the belly was whitish except for the listed by Grismer et al. (2007a), although their spe- chest, which had faint dark blotches. cifi c identify remains unknown. The specimen from Specimens LSUHC 9316–17 were found at night Dalai Mountain is presently being described as a sitt ing half-submerged in shallow, slow-moving new species. water in the cascade sections of streams. LSUHC 9322 was collected from soil substrate on the bank

Cambodian Journal of Natural History 2010 (2) 127-143 © Centre for Biodiversity Conservation, Phnom Penh 132 Neang T. et al.

1.3 metres from the slow-fl owing water of a rocky Table 1 Selected measurements in millimetres for stream. Ohler et al. (2002) reported this species from Hylarana mortenseni and H. faber. Values given are: the Cardamom Mountains. mean, standard deviation, (minimum-maximum). See text for an explanation of the measurements. Megophryidae Hylarana mortenseni Hylarana faber Megophrys (Xenophrys) auralensis Ohler, Swan & Sex Male Female Male Female Daltry, 2002 (n = 6) (n = 3) (n = 1) (n = 1) SVL 63.1 ± 4.87 62.0 ± 5.90 58.1 68.7 Material examined: LSUHC 9346: Camp II, 8 July. (56.0-68.3) (56.8-68.4) A single adult female (SVL 31.1 mm) with a TYW 3.7 ± 0.62 3.1 ± 0.77 1.8 3.0 remnant short pointed tail (0.9 mm) agrees with (2.8-4.9) (2.4-3.8) diagnosis of this species by Ohler et al. (2002) and Grismer et al. (2007a) for Phnom Aural Wildlife HD 10.7 ± 0.80 9.9 ± 0.78 9.1 10.0 Sanctuary, and Stuart & Emmett (2006) for Knorng (9.2-11.5) (9.1-11.0) Louk in the Central Cardamoms Protected Forest, in having a vomerine ridge lacking vomerine teeth; large head; visible tympanum; no white band on the upper lip; and relatively long tibia. In preserva- (LSUHC 7923, 7926, 7927, 8754-8756) and two adult tive, the specimen is dark-brown dorsally with a females (LSUHC 8757, 8758) of H. mortenseni col- darker, triangular marking on the head, and has a lected in the lowland areas of the Cardamom greyish belly with black spots. Mountains for comparison. We found that the distance from the posterior margin of eye to ante- This specimen was collected at night after a light rior margin of tympanum (TYE) in both sexes was rain, in leaf litt er on the forest fl oor, 20 metres from much longer in H. mortenseni than in H. faber from a rocky, fast-fl owing stream. This is the fi rst report Dalai Mountain (Table 1). Additionally, H. faber has of this species in Phnom Samkos Wildlife Sanctu- fl at, elongated rictal glands as opposed to the trian- ary. This record, together with previous records gular rictal glands in H. mortenseni. The two species by Ohler et al. (2002), Stuart & Emmett (2006) and may be further separated by the greater head Grismer et al. (2007a), suggest M. auralensis may be depth (HD) in both sexes in H. mortenseni than in widely distributed in suitable habitats throughout H. faber (Table 1). For the latt er character, however, the Cardamom Mountains. these preliminary data only slightly separated the females of each species and were based on a very Ranidae small sample size. Hylarana faber (Ohler, Swan & Daltry, 2002) In preservative, the specimens have a light greyish brown colour on the dorsum; small yellow- Material examined: LSUHC 9323: Camp II, 7 July; ish spots on the fl anks in females; and cream–white LSUHC 9347: Camp II, 8 July. blotches on an immaculate ventral surface. An adult male (SVL 58.1 mm) and adult female LSUHC 9323 was collected at night on a twig, 50 (SVL 68.7 mm) agree with the original diagnosis cm above the water near the bank of a rocky section by Ohler et al. (2002) and with Stuart & Emmett ’s of a fast-moving stream. LSUHC 9347 was found at (2006) description of this species from the Carda- night in leaf litt er on the forest fl oor away from any mom Mountains in having an indistinct humeral stream. gland; distinct nuptial pad on fi nger I reaching the distal subarticular tubercle; no vocal pouch in Hylarana mortenseni Boulenger, 1903 (Fig. 4) males; males smaller than females; and distinct thin Material examined: LSUHC 9311: Camp I, 6 July. dorsolateral folds in both sexes. A single adult female (SVL 60.7 mm) matches a This species is often confused with Hylarana series of six males and two females (SVL 56.8–68.4 mortenseni (Fig. 4) so we examined six adult males mm) from the Cardamom Mountains (see above).

Our specimen agrees with the diagnostic characters from Phu Kading, Loei Province, Thailand, and listed by Ohler et al. (2002) and Stuart & Emmett Stuart & Emmett ’s (2006) description of specimens (2006) for Cardamom Mountains specimens in from Kampot and Knorng Louk, Central Carda- having males and females with nearly equal SVL mom Mountains, in having a short pointed snout, (Table 1); an enlarged, short head; distinct thick all fi ngers with slight webbing, a row of granular dorsolateral folds; triangular rictal gland; brown tubercles on outer edge of arm and tarsus; and the dorsum; cream-white venter; and a dark brown venter bearing rounded granulate tubercles. In chest and throat bearing darker blotches (in pre- life, the dorsum was brown to dark brown, there servative). were numerous black spots on the fl anks, throat and chin; and the anal region and undersides of the This specimen was collected at night on a rocky thighs were orange. bank, one metre from the edge of a slow-moving rocky stream. LSUHC 9312 was found at 1330h resting on a large, long leaf of a tree, 1.2 m above the ground Rhacophoridae near a pond along the stream. LSUHC 9340 was collected on the leaf of a tree, 80 cm above ground. Philautus parvulus (Boulenger, 1893) This species was also reported by Ohler et al. (2002) Material examined: LSUHC 9342–9345: Camp II, 8 and Stuart & Emmett (2006) from the Cardamom July. Mountains. Four adult males (SVL 13.5-20.4 mm) match Theloderma asperum Boulenger, 1886 Taylor’s (1962) original diagnosis of this species, Material examined: LSUHC 9341: Camp II, 8 July. Boulenger’s (1893) description of specimens from Chiang Mai Province in Thailand, Stuart & A single adult male (SVL 33.2 mm) agrees with Emmett ’s (2006) description of specimens from the original diagnosis of this species by Taylor Kampot Province in the southeastern Cardamom (1962) and description of this species by Stuart et Mountains, and the description by Grismer et al. al. (2006) from Keo Seima, Mondulkiri Province, (2007a) from Phnom Aural Wildlife Sanctuary, in northeastern Cambodia, in having scatt ered white having a pointed snout; invisible tympanum; inter- asperities on the dorsum, head and limbs, but not orbital distance wider than width of upper eyelid; the fl anks; larger white tubercles in the anal region; lacking vomerine teeth; having a large vocal sac; fi ngers slightly webbed at their base; and the inter- slight webbing between fi ngers III and IV; webbing orbital distance wider than the width of the upper of the third and fi fth toe reaching the distal subar- eyelid. In preservative, the specimen is dark grey ticular tubercle; toes with relatively large discs; and above; has a dark interorbital bar; an indistinct a granular venter. creamy, rust-coloured marking on the occiput that bifurcates into distinct lines continuing down the All four specimens were found at night while fl anks; a dark grey throat; a dark ventral surface; calling from the leaves of saplings 1.0–1.5 m above and white reticulations at the base of the underside the ground. In most cases, this species can be located of the thigh. only while calling owing to its cryptic colouration and small size. Ohler et al. (2002) reported Philau- The specimen was collected at night after a tus parvulus from Phnom Aural Wildlife Sanctuary. light rain from the mossy base of tree, 50 cm above Our record may represent the fi rst account of this ground, among small bushes. Ohler et al. (2002) and species in Phnom Samkos Wildlife Sanctuary. Swan & Daltry (2002) reported this species from the eastern Cardamom Mountains, and Stuart et al. Rhacophorus bisacculus Taylor, 1962 (2006) reported it from northeastern Cambodia. Material examined: LSUHC 9312: Camp I, 6 July; LSUHC 9340: Camp II, 8 July. Two adult females (SVL 34.8 and 40.5 mm) correspond to Taylor’s (1962) diagnosis of this species

Cambodian Journal of Natural History 2010 (2) 127-143 © Centre for Biodiversity Conservation, Phnom Penh 134 Neang T. et al.

Reptiles Calotes emma Gray, 1845 Material examined: LSUHC 9306: On road near Agamidae Camp I; LSUHC 9308: Camp I, 6 July. Acanthosaura cardamomensis Wood, Grismer, An adult female LSUHC 9306 (SVL 100.1 mm), Grismer, Neang, Chav & Holden, 2010 a male LSUHC 9307 (SVL71.3 mm) and a juvenile Material examined: LSUHC 9328: Camp I, 6 July; agree with the descriptions of this species by Taylor LSUHC 9324, 9329: Camp II, 7 July; LSUHC 9330, (1963) for Thailand; by Stuart et al. (2006) from Ta 9348, 9351–9355: Camp II, 8 July. Veng (Ratanakiri Province), northeastern Cambo- dia; and Stuart & Emmett (2006) from Thmar Baing Five adult males (SVL 97.5–138 mm), two adult (Koh Kong Province) in the Central Cardamoms females (SVL 98.3–143.8mm) and three juvenile Protected Forest, in having a spine on the poste- males (48.5–54.5 mm) match the diagnosis of this rior end of supraciliary edge; a spine above the species by Wood et al. (2010) in having a maximum tympanum; a spine in the occiput region midway SVL of 143.8 mm in females and 138 mm in males; a between the tympanum and nuchal crest; and an large long cylindrical spine above posterior edge of oblique skin fold anterior to the shoulder bearing eye; a long large spine on the nape between tympa- black and pinkish scales. The male specimen from num and nuchal crest; a naked, round tympanum; Dalai Mountain has distinct large cream-coloured a large rectangular rostral scale; small dewlap in paravertebral stripes on the upper fl anks extend- both sexes; scatt ered groups of larger keeled scales ing from the posterior margin of the tympanum on fl anks; high fl att ened nuchal crest; 6–16 scales to two-thirds of the body length between the front in nuchal diastema except for the juvenile (LSUHC and hind limb insertion. A similar, but less distinct, 9330) which had 24 nuchal scales; vertebral crest line occurs in the female. with fl att ened, enlarged, pointed scales extending from above shoulder region to the base of the tail; All specimens were found during the day sitt ing tail length 124–157% of SVL; the area around eye on tree trunks and branches of saplings approxi- black; large dark bands alternating with smaller mately one metre above the ground near a rocky light bands on the tail; greenish yellow above; and stream. As Calotes emma has been found in both the females being darker green than males. Cardamom Mountains and northeastern Cambo- dia, it is likely to occur in suitable habitat through- The majority of specimens were collected at out the country. night sleeping on tree trunks, one-to-two metres above the ground. Others, especially juveniles, were Draco maculatus (Gray, 1845) found during the day on the forest fl oor. A juvenile Material examined: LSUHC 9304: Camp I, 6 July. was also found deep in the centre of a rott ing tree One adult female (SVL 62.4 mm) matches the base. Hatchlings were found in a tree hole. Wood description of this species by Gray (1845) and by et al. (2010) reported Acanthosaura cardamomensis Grismer et al. (2007a) from Phnom Aural Wildlife ranging from Bokor National Park (Kampot Prov- Sanctuary in the southeastern Cardamom Moun- ince), Phnom Aural Wildlife Sanctuary (Kampong tains in having outwardly directed nostrils; two Speu Province), Thmar Baing District (Koh Kong enlarged, medial, maxillary teeth; nine supralabi- Province) in the Central Cardamom Mountains, to als; tympanum covered by scales; enlarged scales Phnom Samkos Wildlife Sanctuary in the western on lateral pouches; nuchal crest absent; fi ve ribs in Cardamom Mountains and extending northwest- the patagia; and strongly keeled caudal scales. The ward along the Cardamom Mountains in Thailand single specimen from Dalai Mountain has enlarged, to Nakhon Ratchasima Province. dorsolateral body tubercles. In preservative, the dorsum is bluish grey; has a dark interorbital bar with a large black spot on middle top of head; a patagium with alternative rows of creamy, pale

grey coloured dark lines; and white dorsolateral ters: nasal sutures complete; rostral suture present body tubercles. and incomplete; rostral pad divided into two equal parts; a single postocular; three scales border- The specimen was found during the day on a ing posterior edge of fi rst infralabial; 20 midbody tree trunk, 5 m above the ground. Draco maculatus scale rows; 22 transverse scale rows just posterior was also reported by Stuart & Emmett (2006) from to head; 20 scale rows anterior to vent; 185–209 Phnom Srouch (Kampong Speu Province) and ventral scales; 50 subcaudal scales in males and Thmar Baing (Koh Kong Province) in the Central 48-52 in females; possessing an enlarged, medial, Cardamom Mountains. sublabial scale. In life, dorsum and fl anks are light Draco taeniopterus Günther, 1861 brown; the ventral surface lighter brown; and the Material examined: LSUHC 9305, 9309: Camp I, tail darker brown. Some individuals have nuchal 6 July; LSUHC 9331–9333 between Camp I & II, 8 and body scales bearing a cream-coloured band July. and small cream-coloured markings. Four adult males (SVL 64.5–73.5 mm) and one All specimens were found at midday on the soil adult female (SVL 69.1 mm) correspond to Stuart surface beneath a rott en log in primary evergreen & Emmett ’s (2006) description of specimens from forest. This new species is currently being described Thmar Baing District, Koh Kong Province, in the by Neang et al. (in review). Central Cardamom Mountains, and the description of this species by Grismer et al. (2007a) from Phnom Gekkonidae Aural Wildlife Sanctuary, in having upwardly Cnemapsis chanthaburiensis Bauer & Das, 1998 directed nostrils; a row of keeled scales on rostrum; (Fig. 5) two enlarged, maxillary teeth; 7–10 keeled supralabials; tympanum naked; fi ve ribs in patagium; Material examined: LSUHC 9337–38: Camp II, 8 enlarged scales on lateral pouches, hind limb July. length equalling the distance between limbs; and Two adult males (SVL 32.2–42.4 mm) correspond caudal scales strongly keeled. The specimens from to the description of this species by Bauer & Das Dalai Mountain have few, enlarged dorsolateral (1998) from southeastern Thailand and Grismer et scales on the posterior body. In life, the gums (soft al. (2008a) from Phnom Samkos Wildlife Sanctu- tissue around the teeth) were blue; the upper part ary in having an extra phalange in the second digit of dewlap was yellowish, the base of dewlap was of manus and pes (2–4–4–5–4); 7–8 preanal pores; red in males; there was a black spot on the head; lacking femoral pores; fi fth digit of manus slightly and black transverse bands on the upper surface of shorter than fourth; ventral and subcaudal scales the patagium. smooth; 23 subdigital scales on the third toe; 20 All specimens were found during the day resting on the fourth toe; 12 on the fi fth toe; dorsal patt ern on tree trunks from 4–6 m above the ground. This with white paravertebral blotches and scatt ered species is known to occur throughout the Carda- black granular tubercles. mom Mountains (Daltry & Chheang, 2000; Swan & One specimen was found on the ground Daltry, 2002; Stuart & Emmett , 2006; Grismer et al., underneath a rott en log and another was collect- 2007a). ed from loose bark on the forest fl oor. Cnemaspis chanthaburiensis probably occurs throughout the Dibamidae Cardamom Mountains and may overlap with the distribution of the rock-dwelling C. neangth- Dibamus sp. yi (Grismer et al., 2010) to the east. Cnemaspis Material examined: CBC 00559–560, LSUHC chanthaburiensis ranges as far west as the Carda- 9779–80: Camp III, 20 November 2009. mom Mountains of southeastern Thailand (Bauer One male (SVL 123.8 mm) and three females & Das, 1998). (SVL 116.8–127.6 mm) have the following charac-

Cambodian Journal of Natural History 2010 (2) 127-143 © Centre for Biodiversity Conservation, Phnom Penh 136 Neang T. et al.

Cyrtodactylus intermedius (Smith, 1917) The specimen was found during the day on the trunk of a strangler fi g tree, one metre above the Material examined: LSUHC 9318–19: Camp I, 6 ground along the bank of a rocky stream. Stuart & July; LSUHC 9325–26, LSUHC 9336: Camp II, 7 Emmett (2006) reported this species from Chum July; LSUHC 9349: Camp II, 8 July. Noab Commune, Koh Kong Province, in the Central Two adult males (SVL 70–74.5mm), one adult Cardamom Mountains. female (SVL 76.3 mm) and three juveniles (SVL Lygosoma sp. 46.3–52.8 mm) agree with Taylor’s (1963) expanded description of Thai specimens, Stuart & Emmett ’s Material examined: LSUHC 9321: Camp I, 6 July. (2006) description of the Central Cardamom speci- Adult male (SVL 159.2 mm) with its original tail mens and the description by Grismer et al. (2007a) of (TL 157 mm); body elongate, robust, limbs stout, specimens from the Phnom Aural Wildlife Sanctuary greatly reduced, do not overlap when adpressed in possessing 7–9 preanal pores in males; enlarged against body; eyelids well developed, lower eyelid preanal scales; 7–11 enlarged femoral scales; a dis- scaly; nostril in nasal scale; supranasals present; tinct ventrolateral body fold; ear opening less than large frontonasal followed by widely separated half the diameter of eye; a dark brown band extend- prefrontals; frontoparietals paired; interparietal ing from the eye across the neck, edged in white to bounded posteriorly by parietals; digits short, yellow; four brown bands on body; and a dark and robust; 15 keeled subdigital lamellae on fourth toe; light banded tail. overall dorsal colouration brown, slightly lighter All specimens were collected at night at the base ventral colouration. of trees and on leaves and branches 1–1.5 m above The specimen was collected in the early morning the ground. This species was most commonly seen from a hole inside a large log laid on the ground. around Camp II. Cyrtodactylus intermedius has been It was fi rst seen near the log, but ran into the reported from throughout the Cardamom Moun- hole when approached. This species is now being tains from 300–1,100 metres in elevation (e.g. Daltry described as new species. & Chheang, 2000; Stuart & Emmett , 2006; Grismer et al., 2007a). Scincella reevesii (Gray, 1838) Material examined: LSUHC 9781-82: Camp III, 17 Scincidae and 18 November; LSUHC 9783–86: Camp IV, 13, Dasia olivacea Gray, 1838 14, 15 and 16 January 2010. Material examined: LSUHC 9303: Camp I, 6 July. One adult male (SVL 43.7 mm), three adult females (SVL 42.9–44.1 mm) and two juveniles A single female (SVL 100.5 mm) agrees with the (SVL 26.5–33.5 mm) agree with the expanded diagnosis of this species by Taylor (1963), and with description by Ouboter (1986) in lacking suprana- Stuart & Emmett ’s (2006) description of specimens sal scales; having a central transparent disc in the from the Central Cardamom Mountains, in having lower eyelid surrounded by tiny scales, a broad a pair of supranasals separated by the contact of suture formed by the prefrontals; the fi fth and sixth the rostral and frontal scales; prefrontals touching; supralabials separated from small granular scales four supraoculars; preanal scales slightly enlarged; of lower eyelids by a scale row; 31–33 body scale a pair of transversely enlarged and elongate nuchal rows; mean SVL/ head width ratio of 7.8; mean scales, 30 midbody scale rows; and 57 ventral scales. SVL/ head length ratio of 5.3. In life, all specimens In preservative, the specimen is greenish brown had a light brown dorsum; dark irregular vertebral and the body scales are darkly edged, forming cor- spots; a reddish tail; dark lateral stripe extending rugate patt ern of dark lines; the belly is bluish grey; from the nostrils through the eyes and onto the a light cream dorsolateral stripe beginning from upper fl anks, fading at the base of tail; and a white the lumbar region and extending to one third of the belly and subcaudal region. way down the tail.

LSUHC 9782 was caught at night on the trunk of Amphiesma boulengeri, Gressit, 1937 a tree 45 cm above the ground in evergreen forest. Material examined: LSUHC 9339: Camp II, 7 July. LSUHC 9783 was found at night beneath the bark of a partly fallen dead tree, 50 cm above ground and A single adult male (SVL 493.4 mm) matches a 40 m from stream. LSUHC 9784 was found at night series of six specimens from Phnom Aural Wildlife on and beneath the leaf litt er of the forest ﬂ oor, and Sanctuary in the southeastern Cardamom Moun- LSUHC 9786 was collected during the day on the tains that were reported as A. cf. khasiensis by ground near the base of a tree at O’Peam campsite. Grismer et al. (2007a). Our specimen agrees with the This species was reported by Daltry & Chheang diagnosis of David et al. (2007) in having a distinct (2000) and Swan & Daltry (2002) in Phnom Samkos white narrow streak beginning from the posterior and Phnom Aural Wildlife Sanctuaries respective- lower margin of the eye and running along the pos- ly. terior three supralabials to the nuchal region and not forming a distinct chevron; a light dorsolateral Colubridae stripe with distinct lighter spots; light coloured stripe running across the darkened margin of the Ahaetulla prasina (Lacépede, 1789) (Fig. 6) ventral scales forming distinct dark brown square Material examined: LSUHC 9320: Camp I, 6 July. blotches ventrolaterally; two light elongated spots on parietal scales, which are distinct in all juveniles A single male (SVL 780.4 mm) agrees with the from Phnom Aural, but absent in adult specimens descriptions of this species by Stuart et al. (2006) from Dalai; two preoculars; three postoculars; nine from Mondulkiri Province, northeastern Cambo- supralabials; and 19 longitudinal scale rows at mid- dia, Stuart & Emmett (2006) from the Central Carda- body. LSUHC 9339 has 165 ventral scales compared mom Mountains, and Taylor (1965) from Thailand, to 163–176 reported by Grismer et al. (2007a) and in having an elongate head distinct from the neck; 139–156 reported by David et al. (2007). The tail had pointed snout, the length being approximately two 36 subcaudal scales, but was broken. times of the diameter of eye; rostral scale directed upwards with a free edge above, but not bearing a The specimen was found at night on the edge distal nasal appendage; the orbit bordered below of a boulder beside a slow, rocky stream. When by three labials; and the anal scale divided. In pre- approached, it retreated into the shallow water servative, there are two distinct black streaks along beneath the boulder. the side of neck; the anterior region of the dorsum is Boiga cyanea (Duméril, Bibron & Duméril, 1854) grey brown above with interstitial black and white markings (Fig. 6). Our specimen has distinct black Material examined: LSUHC 9327: Camp I, 6 July; dorsolateral spots on the posterior four-ﬁ fths of the LSUHC 9334: Camp II, 7 July. right side of the tail and indistinct spots on the left One juvenile female (SVL 537.1 mm) and a juve- side of the tail. nile male (SVL 666.8 mm) agree with the diagnosis The specimen was found at night sleeping on of this species by Taylor (1965) and descriptions branches 1.5 m above the ground. This species was by Stuart et al. (2006) from Keo Seima in Mon- previously recorded in Cambodia by Saint Girons dulkiri Province, Stuart & Emmett (2006) from the (1972), Stuart & Emmett (2006) from the Central Central Cardamom Mountains, and Grismer et al. Cardamom Mountains, Grismer et al. (2008b) from (2008a) from Phnom Samkos Wildlife Sanctuary, Bokor, and Stuart et al. (2006) from Mondulkiri in possessing eight supralabials; 11–12 infralabi- Province, eastern Cambodia, suggesting Ahaetulla als; one preocular; two postoculars; 21 scale rows at prasina occurs in suitable habitat throughout Cam- midbody; enlarged ventral scales; 244–250 ventral bodia. scales; and 132–140 paired subcaudal scales. The juvenile female LSUHC 9327 is light brown above and the male LSUHC 9334 is grey to blue brown anteriorly and light brown posteriorly.

Cambodian Journal of Natural History 2010 (2) 127-143 © Centre for Biodiversity Conservation, Phnom Penh 138 Neang T. et al.

Table 2 Checklist of herpetofauna known from Dalai Mountain in Phnom Samkos Wildlife Sanctuary (PSWS). Asterisks (*) indicate species new to science. Status follows IUCN (2010) for species that have been evaluated: LC = Least Concern; NT = Near Threatened; DD = Data Deﬁ cient; VU = Vulnerable. New record for In Cambodia, restricted Status PSWS to Cardamom Mts APODA (CAECILIANS) Ichthyopidae * Ichthyophis sp. Yes Yes - ANURA (FROGS) Dicroglossidae Limnonectes gyldenstolpei (Anderson, 1916) No Yes LC Quasipaa fasciculispina (Inger, 1970) No Yes VU Megophryidae Megophrys auralensis Ohler, Swan & Daltry, 2002 Yes Yes DD Ranidae Hylarana faber (Ohler, Swan & Daltry, 2002) No Yes LC Hylarana mortenseni (Boulenger, 1903) No Yes NT Rhacophoridae Theloderma asperum (Boulenger, 1886) Yes No LC Rhacophorus bisacculus Taylor, 1962 No Yes LC Philautus parvulus (Boulenger, 1893) Yes Yes LC SQUAMATA (LIZARDS AND SNAKES) Agamidae Acanthosaura cardamomensis Wood, Grismer, No Yes - Grismer, Neang, Chav & Holden, 2010 Calotes emma Gray, 1845 No No - Draco maculatus (Gray, 1845) No Yes LC Draco taeniopterus Günther, 1861 No Yes LC Dibamidae * Dibamus sp. Yes Yes - Gekkonidae Cnemaspis chanthaburiensis Bauer & Das, 1996 No Yes - Cyrtodactylus intermedius (Smith, 1917) No Yes - Scincidae Dasia olivacea (Gray, 1838) Yes Yes LC Scincella reevesii (Gray, 1838) No Yes - * Lygosoma sp. Yes Yes - Colubridae Ahaetulla prasina (Reinwart in Boie, 1827) No No LC Amphiesma boulengeri (Gressitt, 1937) No Yes - Boiga cyanea (Duméril, Bibron & Duméril, 1854) No No - Rhabdophis chrysargos (Schlegel, 1837) No No - Viperidae Viridovipera cf. vogeli (David, Vidal & Pauwels, 2001) No No -

The female was collected at night in bushes 3 m Viperidae above the ground, and the male was found at night Vividovipera cf. vogeli (David, Vidal & Pauwels, crawling on tree branches 5 m above the ground. 2001) This is a common species that occurs from North- east Cambodia (Stuart et al., 2006; Bezuijen et al., Material examined: LSUHC 9356: Camp II, 8 July. 2009) and extends to the Southwest as well (Stuart A single adult female (SVL 640 mm) has two (L) & Emmett , 2006; Grismer et al., 2008a), suggests and three (R) preoculars; two postoculars; enlarged Boiga cyanea occurs in similar habitats throughout internasals separated by one scale; 10L/11R supral- Cambodia. abials, the fi rst separated completely from the nasal Rhabdophis chrysargos Schlegel, 1837 scale, the third in contact with subocular, the fourth separated from subocular by one scale; 13L/12R Material examined: LSUHC 9310: Camp I, 6 July. infralabials; 21 dorsal scale rows, strongly keeled; A single juvenile male (SVL 163.7 mm) matches 22 scale rows posterior to head; 13 scale rows ante- the diagnosis by Taylor (1965) of Thai specimens, rior to vent; 172 ventral scales; and a white ventro- the descriptions by Stuart et al. (2006) of specimens lateral stripe running along the lower part of the from Mondulkiri Province in northeastern Cambo- fi rst dorsal scale row. This specimen had 42 pairs dia; Stuart & Emmett (2006) of material from the of subcaudal scales, but the tail was broken. These Central Cardamom Mountains, and the descrip- characters agree with both Vividovipera stejnegeri tion of this species by Grismer et al., (2007a) from and V. vogeli, which are morphologically similar Phnom Aural Wildlife Sanctuary, in having nine except for colouration (see David et al., 2001; Mal- supralabials, the fourth, fi fth and six touching the hotra & Thorpe, 2004), which could not be assessed orbits; three postoculars (but four were recorded by in the preserved female. Swan & Daltry (2002), Grismer et al., 2007a); 18 keeled dorsal scale rows Stuart & Emmett (2006) and Grismer et al. (2007a) at midbody; two anterior temporals; 154 ventral reported V. vogeli from the Eastern and Central Car- scales; and 93 subcaudal scales. In preservative, the damom Mountains, and David et al. (2001) reported specimen has a pair of light spots on parietal scales; this species from Chanthaburi and Trat Provinces white nuchal V-shaped band connected to the in southeastern Thailand, which are relatively close corners of the mouth; olive–brown dorsum with and in the same mountain range. Vividovipera ste- short white transverse bars on upper fl anks; white jnegeri, on the other hand, occurs in northeastern supralabials and infralabial and white venter with Thailand and northeastern Vietnam. Thus we refer small black lateral spots. the Dalai Mountain specimen to V. cf. vogeli. This specimen was found during the day cross- This specimen was collected at night on branch of ing a logging road 4 m from a fast-moving stream. tree near the stream bank, 3 m above the ground. One specimen was seen crawling across the forest fl oor near the peak of the mountain, but escaped capture. Rhabdophis chrysargos has been reported Discussion to occur from northeastern Cambodia (Stuart et Our results include four new records (Megophrys al., 2006) to the Cardamom Mountains (e.g. Saint Girons, 1972; Stuart & Emmett , 2006; Grismer et auralensis, Philautus parvulus, Theloderma asperum, al., 2007a), suggesting that R. chrysargos is found in and Dasia olivacea) for Phnom Samkos Wildlife suitable habitat throughout Cambodia. Sanctuary plus three previously undescribed taxa (Ichthyophis sp., Lygosoma sp. and Dibamus sp.). This study has increased the sanctuary’s known species richness to 36 amphibian and 78 reptile species. The three taxa new to science are currently being described and may prove to be endemic to Cambodia’s Cardamom Mountains. If so, this

Cambodian Journal of Natural History 2010 (2) 127-143 © Centre for Biodiversity Conservation, Phnom Penh 140 Neang T. et al.

would increase the number of endemic herpetofau- Acknowledgements nal species in the Cardamom Mountains to nine: The authors would like to thank His Excellency the other six being Lycodon cardamomensis (Daltry Mok Mareth, Senior Minister of Environment, and & Wüster, 2002), Megophrys auralensis, Hylarana His Excellency Chay Samith, Delegate of the Royal faber, Philautus cardamonus (Ohler et al., 2002), Chi- Government of Cambodia in charge as General romantis samkosensis (Grismer et al., 2007b) and Director of Department of Administration for Cnemaspis neangthyi (Grismer et al., 2010). The new Nature Conservation and Protection, for granting species would also increase the number of Cambo- survey and export permits, and Mr Sy Ramony, dian endemics to twelve; including Ophryophryne Director of the Department of Wildlife Sanctuaries, synoria, Leptobrachium mouhoti (Stuart et al., 2006) Ministry of Environment, Cambodia for facilitating and Leptolalax melicus (Rowley et al., 2010), which the fi eld survey. Thanks are also due to Dr Neil M. have not been found outside of the country. Furey, Fauna & Flora International, for his support; The reports of Megophrys auralensis by Ohler et Dr James R. Wilson, Chair of Biology at the La Sierra al. (2002) and Grismer et al. (2007a) from Phnom University for allowing Neang Thy to work at the Aural Wildlife Sanctuary and by Stuart & Emmett Herpetology Laboratory in La Sierra University; (2006) from the Central Cardamom Mountains and Mr Toby Eastoe, Mr Jeremy Holden and Mr Seng the present report suggest this amphibian occurs Rathea for collecting specimens of Scincella reevesii; in similar habitats throughout the mountain range. Mr Choun Phirom, Fauna & Flora International, for The same may be true of Dasia olivacea (fi rst reported his assistance in producing maps; and fi nally the from the Central Cardamom Mountains by Stuart residents from villages in Tumpor for their help in & Emmett , 2006), but this lizard is diffi cult to detect the fi eld. due to its cryptic, arboreal lifestyle. This work was made possible by grants gracious- Table 2 shows that out of the 24 species known ly provided by the Zoological Parks and Gardens to inhabit the Dalai Mountain, 18 species (eight Board of Victoria (Australia), Darwin Initiative species of frogs and ten species of reptiles) have, (Defra, UK: Grant No. 14–037, EIDPO028) and the within Cambodia, been found only in the Car- John D. and Catherine D. MacArthur Foundation damom Mountains (Grismer et al., 2008b; Wood (US: Grant No. 09–92411–000–GSS). This research et al., 2010; Neang et al., in review). The other six was also supported by a grant to Lee Grismer from species (one frog: Theloderma asperum and fi ve rep- the Committ ee for Research and Exploration of tiles: Calotes emma, Ahaetulla prasina, Boiga cyanea, National Geographic Society (8487–08) and College Rhabdophis chrysargos, Vividovipera cf. vogeli) have a of Arts and Sciences, La Sierra University. broader distribution and are known from both the Cardamom Mountains and northeastern Cambodia (Stuart et al., 2006; Grismer et al., 2008b; Bezuijen et References al., 2009). Bauer, A.M. & Das, I. (1998) New species of Cne- The growing number of new taxa and records maspis (Reptilia: Gekkonidae) from southeastern and the presence of species listed by IUCN as Data Thailand. Copeia, 1998, 439-444. Defi cient (Megophrys auralensis), Vulnerable (Quasi- Bezuijen, M.R., Bunna V. & Lieng S. (2009) A collec- paa fasciculispina) and Near Threatened (Hylarana tion of amphibians and reptiles from the Mekong mortenseni) from the Cardamom Mountains, under- river, north-eastern Cambodia. Hamadryad, 34, score the importance of continuing research in the 134–164. area. The fact that many of the recently recorded Boulenger, G.A. (1893) Concluding report on the species appear to have restricted distribution ranges reptiles and batrachians obtained in Burma by suggests that these should be accorded priority. Signor L. Fea, dealing with the collection made

in Pegu and the Karin Hills in 1887–1888. Annali Gray, J.E. (1861a) Description of a soft tortoise from del Museo Civicodi Storia Naturale di Genova, 13, Cambodia. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of 304–347. London, 1861, 41–42. Bourret, R. (1936) Les Serpents de L’Indochine. Volumes Gray, J.E. (1861b) List of Mammalia, tortoises and I and II. Imprimerie Henri Basuyau & Cie., Tou- crocodiles collected by M. Mouhot in Cambodia. louse, France. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1861, Bourret, R. (1941) Les tortues de l’Indochine. Insti- 135–140. tut Océanographique de l’Indochine, 38, 1–235. Grismer, L.L., Chav T., Neang T., Wood, Jr. P.L., Bourret, R. (1942) Les batrachiens de l’Indochine. Grismer, J.L., Youmans, T.M., Ponce, A., Daltry, Mémoires de l’Institut Océanographique de J.C & Kaiser, H. (2007a) The herpetofauna of the l’Indochine, 6, 1–547. Phnom Aural Wildlife Sanctuary and checklist of the herpetofauna of the Cardamom Mountains, Daltry, J.C. & Chheang D. (2000) Reptiles. In Carda- Cambodia. Hamadryad, 30, 216–241. mom Mountains Biodiversity Survey 2000 (eds J.C. Daltry & F. Momberg), pp. 99–110. Fauna & Flora Grismer, L.L., Neang T., Chav T. & Holden, J. International, Cambridge, UK. (2007b) A new species of Chiromantis Peters 1354 (Anura: Rhacophoridae) from Phnom Samkos in Daltry, J.C. & Momberg, F. (eds) (2000) Cardamom the northwestern Cardamom Mountains, Cam- Mountains Biodiversity Survey 2000. Fauna & Flora bodia. Herpetologica, 63, 392–400. International, Cambridge, UK. Grismer, L.L., Neang T., Chav T., Wood, Jr. P.L., Daltry, J.C. & Traeholt, C. (2003) Reptile and Oaks, J.R., Holden, J., Grismer, J.L, Szutz , T. R. & amphibian survey. In Biodiversity Assessment of Youmans, T.M. (2008a) Additional amphibians the Southern Cardamoms and Botum-Sakor Penin- and reptiles from the Phnom Samkos Wildlife sula (comps J.C. Daltry & C. Traeholt), pp. 82–100 Sanctuary, northwestern Cardamom Mountains, and Appendices III and IV. WildAid Cambodia Cambodia, with comments on their taxonomy Program, and Department of Forestry and Wild- and the discovery of three new species. Raﬄ es life, Phnom Penh, Cambodia. Bulletin of Zoology, 56, 161–175. Daltry, J.C. & Wüster, W. (2002) A new species of Grismer, L.L., Neang T. Chav T. & Grismer, J.L. wolf snake (Serpentes: Colubridae, Lycodon) from (2008b) Checklist of the amphibians and reptiles the Cardamom Mountains, southwestern Cam- of the Cardamom region of Southwestern Cam- bodia. Herpetologica, 58, 498–504. bodia. Cambodian Journal of Natural History, 2008, David, P., Bain, R.H., Nguyen Q.T., Orlov, N.,Vogel, 12–28. G., Vu N.T. & Ziegler, T. (2007) A new species of Grismer, J.L., Grismer, L.L & Chav T. (2010) New the natricine snake genus Amphiesma from the species of Cnemaspis Strauch 1887 (Squamata: Indochinese Region (Squamata): Colubridae: Geckoniade) from southwestern Cambodia. Natrinae). Zootaxa, 1462, 41–60. Journal of Herpetology, 44, 28–36. David, P., Vidal, N. & Pauwels, O.S.G. (2001) Mor- Günther, A. (1861) Second list of Siamese reptiles. phological study of Stejneger’s pitviper Trimeresu- Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1861, rus stejnegeri (Serpentes, Viperidae, Crotailinae), 187–189. with the description of a new species from Thai- land. Russian Journal of Herpetology, 8, 205–222. Günther, A.C.L.G. (1864) The Reptiles of British India. Taylor and Francis, London, UK. Gray, J.E. (1845) Catalogue of the Specimens of Lizards in the Collection of the British Museum. Trustees of Hartmann, T., Hun C., Handschuh, M., Nguyen the British Museum, London, UK. T.Q. & Böhme, W. (2009) First record of Tropi- dophorus cocincinensis Duméril and Bibron, 1839 from Cambodia. Herpetology Notes, 2, 87–89.

Cambodian Journal of Natural History 2010 (2) 127-143 © Centre for Biodiversity Conservation, Phnom Penh 142 Neang T. et al.

Hartman, T., Nguyen Q.T., Ohler, A., Hun C., Rowley, J.J.L., Stuart, B.L., Neang T. & Emmett , Handschuh, M. & Bohme, W. (2010) Rediscov- D.A. (2010) A new species of Leptolalax (Anura: ery of the rare Thai scincid lizard Sphenomorphus Megophryidae) from northeastern Cambodia. lineopunctulatus Taylor, 1962: new country record Zootaxa, 2567, 57–68. from Cambodia and Laos and a redescription. Saint Girons, H. (1972) Les serpents du Cambodge. Russian Journal of Herpetology, 17, 105–109. Mémoires du Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle. IUCN (2010) 2010 IUCN Red List of Threatened Nouvelle Serie A, Zoologie, 74, 1–170. Species. Htt p://www.redlist.org [accessed 10 Smith, M. (1922) The frogs allied to Rana doriae. December 2010]. Journal of the Natural History Society of Siam, 4, Lehr, E. & Holloway, R. (2000) Geographic distribu- 215–229. tion: Manouria impressa. Herpetological Review, 31, Smith, M.A. (1928) Description of a new species of 111. Draco from the Indo-chinese region. Annals and Long, B., Swan, S.R. & Kry M. (2000) Biological Magazine of Natural History, 10, 248. Surveys in Northeast Mondulkiri, Cambodia. Fauna Stuart, B.L., Rowley, J.J.L., Neang T., Emmett , & Flora International and Department of Forest- D.A. & Som S. (2010) Signifi cant new records of ry, Phnom Penh, Cambodia. amphibians and reptiles from Virachey National Long, B., Swan, S.R., Tith B. & Ay R. (2002) Rapid Park, northeastern Cambodia. Cambodian Journal conservation assessment of the large mammals, of Natural History, 2010, 38–47. birds, reptiles and amphibians of the Veal Veng Stuart, B.L. & Emmett , A.E. (2006) A collection of wetland. In Social and Ecological Surveys of the amphibians and reptiles from the Cardamom Veal Veng Wetland, Cardamom Mountains, Cam- Mountains, southwestern Cambodia. Fieldiana bodia, With Special Reference to the Conservation of Zoology, 109, 1–27. The Siamese Crocodile (ed. J.C. Daltry), pp. 34–37. Stuart B.L., Sok K. & Neang T. (2006) A collection of Fauna & Flora International Cambodia Pro- amphibians and reptiles from hilly eastern Cam- gramme, Phnom Penh, Cambodia. bodia. The Raffl es Bulletin of Zoology, 54, 129–155. Malhotra, A. & Thorpe, R.S. (2004) A phylogeny Stuart, B.L., Smith, J., Davey, K., Prom, D. & Platt , of four mitochondrial gene regions suggests a S.G. (2000) Homalopsine watersnakes: the harvest revised taxonomy for Asian pitvipers (Trimeresu- and trade from Tonle Sap, Cambodia. Traffi c Bul- rus and Ovophis). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evo- letin, 18, 115–124. lution, 32, 83–100. Stuart, B.L. & Platt , S.G. (2004) Recent records Neang T., Holden, J., Eastoe, T., Seng R., Saveng I. of turtles and tortoises from Laos, Cambodia & Grismer, L.L. A new species of Dibamus (Squa- and Vietnam. Asiatic Herpetological Research, 10, mata: Dibamidae) from Phnom Samkos Wildlife 129–150. Sanctuary, Southwestern Cardamom Mountains, Swan, S.R. & Daltry, J.C. (2000) Amphibians. In Cambodia. In review. Cardamom Mountains Biodiversity Survey 2000 (eds Ohler, A., Swan, S.R. & Daltry, J.C. (2002) A recent J.C. Daltry & F. Momberg), pp. 111–121. Fauna & survey of the amphibian fauna of the Cardamom Flora International, Cambridge, UK. Mountains, southwest Cambodia with descrip- Swan, S.R. & Daltry, J.C. (2002) Reptiles and amphib- tions of three new species. Raffl es Bulletin of ians. In Social and Ecological Surveys of Phnom Aural Zoology, 50, 465–481. Wildlife Sanctuary, Cardamom Mountains, Cambodia Ouboter, P.E. (1986) A revision of the genus Scincel- (ed. J.C. Daltry), pp. 23-40. Fauna & Flora Interna- la (Reptilia: Sauria: Scincidae) of Asia with some tional: Cambodia Programme, and the Ministry notes on its evolution. Zoologische Verhandelingen, of Environment, Phnom Penh, Cambodia. 229, 1-65.

Taylor, E.W. (1962) The amphibian fauna of Thai- L. LEE GRISMER is an American professor of land. The University of Kansas Science Bulletin, 43, biology at La Sierra University and an honorary 265–599. fellow of the National University of Malaysia. He Taylor, E.W. (1963) The lizards of Thailand. The spent 25 years researching the evolutionary biology University of Kansas Science Bulletin, 44, 687–1077. of the herpetofauna of Baja California, Mexico and its adjacent islands before commencing systematic Taylor, E.W. (1965) The serpents of Thailand and research in Southeast Asia, primarily Cambodia adjacent waters. The University of Kansas Science and Malaysia. Bulletin, 45, 609–1096. Taylor, E.H. (1968) The Caecilians of the World. Uni- CHAN KIN ONN is a graduate student from the versity of Kansas Press, Lawrence, Kansas, USA. National University of Malaysia working on the systematics of amphibians and reptiles in Penin- Touch S.T., Prak L.H., Chul T., Lieng S., Chun S., sular Malaysia and phylogeography of Southeast Hout P. & Heng K. (2000) Overview of turtle trade Asian herpetofauna. in Cambodia. In Asian turtle trade. Proceedings of a Workshop on Conservation and Trade of Freshwater JESSE L. GRISMER is an American graduate student Turtles and Tortoises in Asia. Phnom Penh, Cambodia, at Villanova University working on systematic and 1–4 December 1999 (eds P.P. van Djik, B.L. Stuart evolutionary studies on components of the South- & A.G.J. Rhodin), pp. 55–57. Chelonian Research east Asian herpetofauna. He spent many years Monographs No. 2., Chelonian Research Founda- working in Baja California, Mexico before starting tion, Lunenburg, MA, USA. fi eld studies in Malaysia, Thailand, Cambodia and Wood Jr., P.L., Grismer L.L., Grismer, J.L., Neang T., Vietnam. Chav T. & Holden, J. (2010) A new cryptic species PERRY L. WOOD JR. is an American graduate of Acanthosaura Gray, 1831 (Squamata: Agami- student at Villanova University working on the dae) from Thailand and Cambodia. Zootaxa, 2488, systematics and biogeography of Southeast Asian 22–38. amphibians and reptiles. He has spent many years working in Southeast Asia and is currently working About the Authors on the herpetofauna of Thailand and its adjacent islands. NEANG THY is a Cambodian national born in Kandal Province. He studied forestry in the former TIMOTHY M. YOUMANS is an American gradu- Soviet Union for six years before returning to Cam- ated student from La Sierra University with a BSc bodia to work with the Forestry Administration. degree in 2006. He has carried out herpetological Thy works as a counterpart to Fauna & Flora Inter- fi eld work in Malaysia since 2002 and in Cambodia national and is also Head of the Botanical Garden since 2005. He currently teaches biology at Moreno offi ce for the Department of National Park within Valley High School, Riverside, California. the General Department of Administration for Nature Conservation & Protection, Ministry of the Environment. An active herpetologist since 2003, [Editor’s note:- Ratana Che and Sam Han kindly assisted Thy regularly undertakes fi eld research throughout with translating the abstract of this paper into Khmer]. Cambodia with a number of international experts.

Cambodian Journal of Natural History 2010 (2) 127-143 © Centre for Biodiversity Conservation, Phnom Penh 144 Thesis abstracts

Recent theses being “fair” to “good” and supported their expansion in the core area and to other sites in the Tonle Sap region. Most respondents agreed that ecotour- This section presents the abstracts of research theses ism activities had directly or indirectly benefi tt ed produced by Royal University of Phnom Penh graduates local communities and conservation at the site. awarded the degree of Masters of Science in Biodiversity At present, 38 villagers are employed as rangers Conservation. The abstracts have been slightly edited for at Prek Toal and over 100 families have benefi t- English. ed from ecotourism activities. Most respondents (76-87%) also believed that ecotourism had led to reduced hunting and bird egg-collection because local people wanted to retain wildlife to att ract Impacts of ecotourism in the Tonle visitors and tourists. According to interviews, the Sap Biosphere Reserve: a case number of visitors to the site increased annually up study in Prek Toal Core Area, to 2009, and declined thereafter due to the global Battambang Province economic crisis. Notwithstanding this, an increase to 600-1,000 foreign visitors per year was consid- Long Kheng ered possible. Many defi nitions have been developed for ecot- Although ecotourism management at Prek Toal ourism, and requirements for sustainable devel- was considered “fair” to “good”, certain facilities opment generally dictate that this should create and services at the site require improvement to reach environmental benefi ts and support the well-being international standards. Appropriate strategies and of local communities. Ecotourism is believed to be mechanisms need to be developed to involve more the fastest growing segment of the world tourism local people in ecotourism services such as trans- market, with travellers willing to pay 8.5% more for portation and accommodation. In addition, a long- related travel services and products. term plan is needed to minimize negative ecotourism impacts and maximize revenues available for The Prek Toal Core Area in the Tonle Sap Bio- conservation and improving the wellbeing of local sphere Reserve has high ecotourism potential due communities. to a variety of att ractions, which include colonies of globally threatened water birds and pristine areas of fl ooded forest. Although ecotourism activities began at the site in 1999, litt le is known about their Monitoring of law enforcement, success in changing att itudes to wildlife conserva- illegal activity and large mammals in tion and improving local livelihoods. Understand- Phnom Samkos Wildlife Sanctuary, ing such issues is crucial to improving ecotourism management at Prek Toal. As a result, the aim of Cardamom Mountains, Southwest my study was to assess the impacts of ecotour- Cambodia ism at the site and explore how future ecotourism activities might be improved through a review of Seng Rathea stakeholder perceptions, which included extensive Phnom Samkos Wildlife Sanctuary is in Southwest interviews with local communities, management Cambodia and supports exceptionally rich biodi- authorities, foreign visitors and ecotourism opera- versity with many endemic animals and plants of tors. global conservation importance. In common with The majority of respondent groups ranked many protected areas in Cambodia, ranger teams ecotourism services and facilities at Prek Toal as have been established to combat illegal activities

at the site. Although the rangers have routinely luxury timber confi scated decreased, while quanti- recorded data on natural resource off ences at the ties of sassafras oil and wildlife traps confi scated sanctuary for a number of years, longer term trends and the numbers of off enders arrested increased. at the site have remained unclear due to lack of First off enders were typically required to sign a analysis. contract pledging to stop their illegal activities, or, in cases of serious crime, were sent to court for sen- As a consequence, my research aimed to (i) tencing. Results also suggest that the abundance of evaluate law enforcement activities undertaken by Asian elephant Elephas maximus, banteng Bos javani- rangers at Phnom Samkos; (ii) ascertain changes in cus, gaur Bos gaurus, red muntjac Muntiacus muntjak the scale and scope of illegal activities occurring and sambar Cervus unicolor declined at monitoring at the site; and (iii) analyse changes in the abun- sites between 2007 and 2009. dance of large mammals in selected areas. Ranger data from 2005 to 2009 and large mammal moni- I conclude that existing law enforcement eff orts toring data from 2007 to 2009 provided the main are not fully eff ective in combating illegal activities source of information. A variety of statistical tests in Phnom Samkos Wildlife Sanctuary because (i) were employed in this analysis, including regres- current ranger numbers are insuffi cient to properly sion models, chi-squared tests, Pearson product- police the site; (ii) the human population is increas- moment correlations and chi-square analysis of ing rapidly in the area and placing ever greater contingency tables. demands on natural resources; and, (iii) increased ranger patrols do not appear to have led to a major The study found that ranger patrols had decrease in illegal activities. However, there seems increased signifi cantly over time, with a mean of litt le doubt that ranger activities have signifi cantly 34 additional patrols per year over the fi ve-year reduced local rates of natural resource degradation period. Four main kinds of illegal activity were and loss. Without their protection, the biodiversity apparent: logging of luxury timber, land encroach- of Phnom Samkos Wildlife Sanctuary would be ment, wildlife poaching and sassafras oil extraction. declining much faster. Each year, the number of chainsaws and volume of

Cambodian Journal of Natural History 2010 (1) 144-145 © Centre for Biodiversity Conservation, Phnom Penh 146 Recent literature

Recent literature from Cambodia

This section summarizes recent scientifi c publications concerning Cambodian biodiversity and natural resources. The complete abstracts of most articles are freely available online (and can be found using Google Scholar or other Internet search engines), but not necessarily the whole article. The lead authors may be willing to provide free reprints or electronic copies on request and their email addresses, where known, are included in the summaries below. Documents that use the Digital Object Identifi er (DOI) System can be opened via the website htt p://dx.doi.org (enter the full DOI code in the text box provided, and then click Go to fi nd the document). If you or your organisation have recently published a technical paper or report that you wish to be listed in the next issue, please send an electronic copy, summary or Internet link to: [email protected]

New species and taxonomic Online: htt p://www.ecbol.org/docs/Publications/ reviews francis_etal_2010.pdf Deng, M., Zhou, Z.K. & Coombes, A. (2010) Lecto- Gephart, N., Blate, G., McQuistan, C. & Thompson, typifi cation and new synonymy in Quercus subg. C. (2009) New Blood: Greater Mekong New Species Cyclobalanopsis (Fagaceae). Novon - a Journal for Discoveries 2009. WWF Greater Mekong, Vien- Botanical Nomenclature, 20, 400-405. tiane, Lao PDR. The Cambodian oak Quercus cambodiensis Hickel This report contains a checklist of 147 new species & A. Camus, described from the Elephant Moun- discovered in the Greater Mekong Region in 2009, tains, is not a valid species, but is instead a junior adding to the 1,200 identifi ed since 1999. Of these, synonym of Q. langbianensis Hickel & A. Camus. three were described in Cambodia: the plants Quercus langbianensis is widely distributed in Indo- Aeschynanthus cambodiensis Middleton, Dasymas- china and is one of the dominant species in broad- chalon acuminatum Wang & Saunders, and Nepen- leaved evergreen forests. Author: [email protected]. thes bokorensis Mey. Online: htt p://assets.panda.org/ ac.cn; Online: htt p://hua.huh.harvard.edu/china/ downloads/greater_mekong_species_report_web_ novon/novo-20-4-400.pdf version_report_1_oct_2010.pdf [Editor’s note:- These statistics do not include invertebrates, and at least one Francis, C.M., Borisenko, A.V., Ivanova, N.V., Eger, new insect was described in Cambodia in 2009: the cicada J.L., Lim, B.K., Guillén-Servent, A., Kruskop, S.V., Qurana ggoma (cited in the Cambodian Journal of Mackie, I. & Hebert, P.D.N. (2010) The role of DNA Natural History volume 2010, issue 1)]. barcodes in understanding and conservation of mammal diversity in Southeast Asia. PLoS ONE Hartmann, T., Hun C., Handschuh, M., Nguyen 5, e12575. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0012575. Q.T. & Böhme, W. (2009) First record of Tropi- DNA barcodes were obtained from bats through- dophorus cocincinensis Duméril and Bibron, 1839, out Southeast Asia, including Cambodia, repre- from Cambodia. Herpetology Notes, 2, 87-89. senting 165 recognized species. Many of the cur- The fi rst record of the water skink Tropidophorus coc- rently recognized species were found to contain a incinensis from Cambodia (Phnom Kulen National number of distinct genetic lineages, suggesting the Park, Siem Reap Province). This lizard was previ- presence of unrecognised taxa. The authors con- ously known from Vietnam, Laos and Thailand. cludes that the number of mammal species in the This discovery increases the number of known region may have been underestimated by at least water skink species in Cambodia to two: the other 50%, with higher levels of endemism than previ- being T. microlepis. Author: t.hartmann.zfmk@uni- ously recognized. Author: [email protected]; bonn.de

Hartmann, T., Nguyen Q.T., Ohler, A., Hun C., (1913) should henceforth be known as Citrus lucida. Handschuh, M. & Böhme, W. (2010) Rediscovery This species also occurs in Laos, Thailand, Java of the rare Thai scincid lizard Sphenomorphus lin- and possibly Vietnam. Author: d.mabberley@kew. eopunctulatus Taylor, 1962: new country records org; Online: htt p://docserver.ingentaconnect.com/ from Cambodia and Laos and a redescription. deliver/connect/nhn/00065196/v55n1/s9.pdf?expire Russian Journal of Herpetology, 17, 105-109. s=1294004348&id=60492636&titleid=75002419&acc The fi rst report of the line-spott ed forest skink in name=Guest+User&checksum=2ADF2E8B59B92D Cambodia (Phnom Kulen National Park, Siem 59160D80B4B6DCF300 Reap Province) and Laos. This lizard was previous- Malley, R. & Nuss, M. (2010) Phylogeny and ly known only from Thailand. This paper provides nomenclature of the box tree moth, Cydalima a fuller description of this species and new obser- perspectalis (Walker, 1859) comb. n., which was vations on its natural history. Author: t.hartmann. recently introduced into Europe (Lepidoptera: [email protected] Pyraloidea: Crambidae: Spilomelinae). European Hinsley, A. (2010) Two new Dendrobium records in Journal of Entomology, 107, 393-400. Cambodia. The Orchid Review, 118, 96-97. This paper notably includes new records of the fol- The fi rst records of the orchids Dendrobium ber- lowing moths in Cambodia (Phnom Samkos Wild- coglossum and D. friedricksianum from Cambodia. life Sanctuary, Cardamom Mountains): Agrioglypta Both species were discovered in the Central Carda- eurytusalis, Cydalima laticostalis, Glyphodes onychina- moms Protected Forest and are occasionally kept as lis and Sisyrophora pfeiff erae. Author: richard.mally@ ornamental house plants by local people. Author: senckenberg.de; Online: htt p://citeseerx.ist.psu. amy.hinsley@fauna-fl ora.org edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.167.6025&rep= rep1&type=pdf Kosterin, O.E. (2010) A Glance at the Odonata of the Cambodian Coastal Mountainous Regions: End of Maxwell, J.F. (2009) Vegetation and vascular fl ora Dry Season in 2010. Report No 29, International of the Mekong River, Kratie and Steung Treng Dragonfl y Fund, UK. Provinces, Cambodia. Maejo International Journal of Science and Technology, 3, 143-211. This 75-page report describes a rapid survey of the coastal provinces of Koh Kong, Kampong Saom, During a botanical survey of the islands in the Kampot and Kep. Fifty-one species of dragonfl ies Mekong River between Kratie and Stung Treng, and damselfl ies were identifi ed, including 14 new 690 species (683 vascular plants and seven bryo- national records: Neurobasis chinensis, Dysphaea glo- phytes) were collected, including one species new riosa, Euphaea masoni, Onychargia atrocyana, Copera to science (provisionally named Amorphophal- marginipes, C. vitt ata, Prodasineura autumnalis P. lus hemicryptus Hett erscheid) and 23 new country verticalis sensu Asahina, 1983, Lathrecista asiatica, records: Acacia leucophloea, Desmodium fl exuosum, Orthetrum chrysis, Rhyothemis obsolescens, Tramea Indigofera zollingeriana, Rhodamnia cinerea, Brachy- transmarina euryale, Zygonyx iris malayana, and stelma kerrii, Diospyros oblonga, Ardisia att enuata, Zyxomma petiolatum. The author also collected two Calcareoboea bonii, Kaempferia siamensis, Typhonium species that may be new to science, in the genera laoticum, Brachycorythis helferi, Habenaria viridifl ora, Burmagomphus and Microgomphus. Author: koster- Liparis rheedii, Liparia siamensis, Nervilia punctata, [email protected] Nervilia calcicola, Vandopsis gigantea, Fimbristylis brunneoides, F. jucunda, Murdannia discreta, Amor- Mabberley, D.J. (2010) The species of Citrus (Ruta- phophallus koratensis, Cryptocoryne crispatula and ceae) with pinnate leaves. Blumea, 55, 73–74 Hemisorghum mekongense. In addition, “some of The plant genus Feroniella is formally transferred the unidentifi ed species collected may perhaps be to Citrus, and Cambodia’s Feroniella oblata Swingle new”. The vegetation was classifi ed into six river-

Cambodian Journal of Natural History 2010 (1) 146-171 © Centre for Biodiversity Conservation, Phnom Penh 148 Recent literature

ine zones and four terrestrial classes (facies). Ripar- Describes and illustrates a new species of pitcher ian habitats were found to be mostly intact, but plant. Nepenthes holdenii was named after Cam- the terrestrial vegetation was often destroyed or bodia-based biologist and photographer Jeremy degraded, potentially endangering the livelihoods Holden, who fi rst observed the plant in Phnom of local people. Detailed descriptions of all vegeta- Samkos Wildlife Sanctuary, and it may be endemic tion types, a database, and photographs are con- to Cambodia’s Cardamom Mountains. This paper tained in this report. Author: scopplrn@chiangmai. also presents a key to the nine known species of the ac.th; Online: htt p://www.mijst.mju.ac.th/vol3/143- “Nepenthes thorelii aggregate” in Indochina. Author: 211.pdf [email protected]; Online: htt p://www.carnivorous- plants.it/desc.holdenii.pdf [Photographs and descrip- McLeod, D.S. (2010) Of Least Concern? Systemat- tions of all known pitcher plants in Cambodia are pre- ics of a cryptic species complex: Limnonectes kuhlii sented by Mey in the current issue of the Cambodian (Amphibia: Anura: Dicroglossidae). Molecular Journal of Natural History]. Phylogenetics and Evolution, 56, 991-1000. A mitochondrial DNA study of “Limnonectes kuhlii”, Rowley, J.J.L., Stuart, B.L., Neang T. & Emmett , which occurs throughout Southeast Asia includ- D.A. (2010) A new species of Leptolalax (Anura: ing Cambodia, suggests that this common frog is Megophryidae) from northeastern Cambodia. actually a species complex that contains a number Zootaxa, 2567, 57-68. of new, undescribed species. However, this paper Describes a new megophryid frog, Leptolalax melicus, does not att empt to name or describe the new taxa. from the Kon Tum Plateau in Northeast Cambodia. (The title refers to Limnonectes kuhlii being classed All specimens of the new species were found near as Least Concern on the IUCN Red List). Author: rocky streams in evergreen forest between 650 and [email protected] 850 metres above sea level. The authors suggest the new species should be classifi ed as Data Defi cient. Mey, E. (2010) The Pedicinus species (Insecta, Author: [email protected] Phthiraptera, Anoplura, Pedicinidae) on douc langurs (Pygathrix spp.). Vietnamese Journal of Pri- Tarasov, S., Krikken, J. & Huijbregts, J. (2010) The matology, 4, 57-68. Indochinese members of the Onthophagus (Par- All three species of Southeast Asian douc langur ascatonomus) aurifex species group (Coleoptera: monkeys harbour unique parasitic lice. In Cam- Scarabaeidae), with the description of a new bodia, Pedicinus tongkinensis parasitises the red- species. Zootaxa, 2490, 63-68. shanked douc Pygathrix nemaeus, while the black- This paper reviews the dung beetles within the shanked douc P. nigripes is host to the louse Pedicinus Onthophagus (Parascatonomus) aurifex species atratulus, described in this paper as a new species. group in Indochina, and describes a new species, Author: [email protected]; Online: htt p:// Onthophagus alexeevi, from southern Cambodia zgf.de/download/1229/Vietnamese+Journal+of+Pri (Sihanoukeville) and western Thailand. The Cam- matology+4_low.pdf#page=3 bodian specimens were collected in disturbed forest using pitfall traps baited with dead fi sh. Author: Mey, F.S., Catalano, M., Clarke, C., Robinson, A., [email protected]; Online: htt p://www.mapress. Fleischmann, A. & McPherson, S. (2010) Nepen- com/zootaxa/2010/f/zt02490p068.pdf thes holdenii (Nepenthaceae), a new species of pyrophytic pitcher plant from the Cardamom Telepova-Texier, M. (2009) Acampe hulae Telepova Mountains of Cambodia. In Carnivorous Plants (Orchidaceae), une nouvelle espèce du Cambodge and Their Habitats: Volume 2 (ed. S.R. McPherson), et du Laos. Adansonia, 31, 267-272. [In French]. pp. 1306-1331. Redfern Natural History Produc- Describes Acampe hulae Telepova, a new species of tions, Poole, UK. orchid from Cambodia and Laos. Author: telepova@

mnhn.fr; Online: htt p://www.mnhn.fr/museum/ northern buff -cheeked gibbon N. annamensis in the front/medias/publication/22731_a09n2a3.pdf Northeast, and the buff -cheeked gibbon N. gabriel- lae in the East, separated by the Srepok River. Adult The Plant List (2010) The Plant List, Version 1. Htt p:// females of both species look almost identical, while www.theplantlist.org/ [Accessed 30 December adult males may be distinguished by the darker 2010]. cheek patches of N. annamensis. The calls of the two Developed by the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew species also diff er. Author: vanthinhngoc@yahoo. and Missouri Botanical Garden, The Plant List is a com; Online: htt p://zgf.de/download/1229/Vietnam new working compendium of the world’s plants. ese+Journal+of+Primatology+4_low.pdf#page=3 Version 1 is intended to contain all known species of vascular plants (fl owering plants, conifers, ferns Wang, J., Chalermglin, P. & Saunders, R.M.K. (2009) and their allies) and bryophytes (mosses and liv- The genus Dasymaschalon (Annonaceae) in Thai- erworts). The online searchable checklist provides land. Systematic Botany, 34, 252-265. the accepted scientifi c names for most species, with As part of a taxonomic revision of this plant genus links to their synonyms. Remarkably, by the end in Thailand, a new species has been described from of 2010, the compilers had rejected 477,601 plant Thailand and Cambodia: Dasymaschalon acumina- species names as synonyms, thereby slashing the tum Wang & Saunders. The Annonaceae is com- total number of recognized plant species world- monly called the custard apple family. Author: wide. To date, only 298,900 plant species have been [email protected] accepted as valid. [This ongoing review is bound to signifi cantly aff ect the names and total number of plant species recognized in Cambodia - Ed.]. Guides and monographs Das, I. (2010) A Field Guide to the Reptiles of South-East Tippery, N.P., Les, D.H., Regalado Jr, J.C., Avery- Asia: Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, Vietnam, anov, L.V., Vu N.L. & Raven, P.H. (2009) Transfer Peninsular Malaysia, Singapore, Sumatra, Borneo, of Villarsia cambodiana to Nymphoides (Menyan- Java, Bali. New Holland Publishers, London, UK. thaceae). Systematic Botany, 34, 818-823. For the fi rst time, descriptions and natural history Villarsia cambodiana is formally renamed Nym- notes are given to all the >1,000 reptile species that phoides cambodiana. This semi-aquatic fl owering have been recorded from this region, together with plant is considered rare, putatively due to loss of colour illustrations of 700 species. This 376-page natural wetlands, but has been reported to occur book is now widely on sale for around US$50. with rice crops in Cambodia. Author: nicholas. Author: [email protected] [email protected]; Online: htt p://www.eeb. uconn.edu/people/les/Manuscript_Files/Syst_ Bot_34%28818%29%5B2009%5D.pdf Biodiversity inventories Van N.T., Mootnick, A.R., Vu N.T., Nadler, T. & Beunen, R. & Louwsma, M. (2010) Vietnam & Cam- Roos, C. (2010) A new species of crested gibbon, bodia, 15 January–12 February 2010. Unpublished from the central Annamite mountain range. Viet- report, AVG-W, The Netherlands. namese Journal of Primatology, 4, 1-12. Illustrated report containing a checklist of 127 The southern white-cheeked gibbon Nomascus siki species of birds identifi ed during a private tour to is split into two taxa based on genetic, acoustic and Kampong Thom, Siem Reap, Sihanoukeville, Kratie morphological diff erences, and the second form is and Phnom Penh. Author: raoulbeunen@gmail. described as a new species, N. annamensis. This dis- com; Online: htt p://www.travellingbirder.com/ covery brings the total number of crested gibbon tripreports/reports/100801171050_birding_trip_ species to seven, all endemic to Indochina. Cam- report.pdf bodia therefore has two crested gibbon species: the

Cambodian Journal of Natural History 2010 (1) 146-171 © Centre for Biodiversity Conservation, Phnom Penh 150 Recent literature

van Bochove, J.H., Vitlin, N., Bush, V. & Raines P. A brief survey concluded that Preah Kieu still (2010) Initial results from scientifi c surveys con- supports “an abundance of” banteng, Annamese ducted on Cambodia’s fringing reefs. Scientifi c silvered langur, bears and other globally threat- poster att ributed to Coral Cay Conservation [no con- ened species. A possible tiger footprint was also ference details provided]. found. This evergreen forest is an important source Baseline surveys of the coral reef resources around of forest products for local villagers, and signs various off shore islands in Preah Sihanouk Province of hunting and logging were observed. Author: found hard coral cover was approximately 24%. [email protected]; Online htt p:// Coral cover were dominated by massive Porites sp. www.prcf-alliance.org/cambodia/cambodia_pdf/ (50% cover) and Diploastrea heliopora, followed by PD09002_Rapid_Biodiversity_Survey_Preah_ Pavona decussata, Favia spp., Galaxea spp., Favites Kieu_March_2009_EN.pdf spp., Pocillopora spp., Goniopora or Alveopora spp., Kang, B., Perrett , L., Li, Y. & Daming, H.E. (2010) Lobophyllia spp., Podabocia spp. Echinopora spp., Tur- Are the fi sh of the upper and lower Mekong binaria spp., Montipora foliose, Porites rus and Plero- interconnected? Chinese Journal of Oceanology and gyra spp. Anthropogenic impacts were generally Limnology, 27, 400-407. low, but the populations of certain economically- Of the 162 fi sh species in the Upper Mekong and valuable fi sh appeared to have been suppressed the 869 species in the Lower Mekong, 61 species and high levels of sedimentation were recorded at are common to both groups. Eight cascade dams all survey sites. In May 2010, water temperatures are currently planned or under construction on this exceeded 34 oC, causing signifi cant bleaching (from river, of which the Mengsong Dam (on the border 31-45% in shallow-water sites). The authors recom- of China and Laos) poses the greatest threat to mend developing a management plan to address migratory species from the Lower Mekong. Author: the signifi cant threats of coastal development to [email protected]; Online: htt p://www.spring- Cambodia’s coral reefs. Online: htt p://www.coral- erlink.com/content/p726754u7rjl44g1/fulltext.pdf cay.org/component/option,com_docman/task,doc_ download/gid,363/Itemid,393/ Lan, W., Li, H., Wang, W.-D., Katayama, Y. & Gu, J.-D. (2010) Microbial community analysis of Dreyer, N.P. (2010) Cambodia, January 2010. Unpub- fresh and old microbial biofi lms on Bayon Temple lished report, Fuglebjerg, Denmark. sandstone of Angkor Thom, Cambodia. Microbial Illustrated report containing records of over 200 Ecology, 60, 105-115. species of birds, plus mammals, identifi ed during a Using genetics to identify the taxa, this study inves- private tour to Siem Reap, Prek Toal, Ang Trapeang tigated the microbial diversity of the fresh and old Thmor, Tmatboey, Preah Vihear Protected Forest, biofi lms on the sandstone surfaces of the Bayon Kampong Thom, Kratie and the Seima Biodiver- Temple. Organisms were clustered into 11 bacte- sity Conservation Area. Author: npd@dreyerfoto. rial, 11 eukaryotic and two archaeal divisions (Aci- dk; Online: htt p://dreyerfoto.dk/index/wp-content/ dobacteria, Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Cyano- uploads/cambodia1.pdf bacteria, Proteobacteria; Alveolata, Fungi, Metazoa, Grindley, M.E. (2009) Rapid Field Survey Report 2009: Viridiplantae; Crenarchaeote, and Euyarchaeota). Preah Kieu, Lomphat Wildlife Sanctuary. General The old biofi lm was very similar to the newly Department of Administration for Nature Con- formed biofi lm in terms of its bacterial composi- servation and Protection, Phnom Penh, Cambo- tion, but diff ered in its eukaryotes. This study has dia, People Resources and Conservation Founda- implications for understanding microbial colonisa- tion, Amherst, USA, and BirdLife International, tion and succession on exposed sandstone. Author: Hanoi, Vietnam. [email protected]; Online: htt p://www.springerlink.com/content/f4921722v722m15q/fulltext.pdf

Lithner, S. (2010) Birds, mammals, amphibians and rep- tribution and abundance of the sessile animals. tiles seen i[n] Thailand and Cambodia Jan 23 – Feb 11 Author: [email protected] 2010. Unpublished report, Karlshamn, Sweden. Sorongon, P.M.E. & Palomares, M.L.D. (2010) Non- Illustrated report containing 170 species of birds, fi sh vertebrates of the South China Sea. In Marine plus a smaller number of mammals and reptiles Biodiversity of Southeast Asian and Adjacent Seas identifi ed in Cambodia during a private tour to (eds M.L.D. Palomares & D. Pauly), pp. 32-42. Siem Reap, Kampong Thom grasslands, Kulen Fisheries Centre Research Report No. 18. Fisher- Promtep Wildlife Sanctuary, Ang Trapeang Thmor, ies Centre, University of British Columbia, Van- and Prek Toal. Author: [email protected]; Online: htt p:// couver, Canada. www.club300.se/Files/TravelReports/Thailand%20 The South China Sea has 102 non-fi sh vertebrates, and%20Cambodia%202010.pdf according to data held on SeaLifeBase (www.sealife- Marsh, S.T., Brummitt , N.A., de Kok, R.P.J. & base.org) and other sources. More than half of these Utt eridge, T.M.A. (2009) Large–scale patt erns (11 sea birds, 30 marine mammals and 20 marine of plant diversity and conservation priorities in reptiles) have been reported in Cambodian waters. South East Asia. Blumea, 54, 103-108. Approximately 35% of the marine mammals, 8% Distribution data for all plant genera in Indochina, seabirds and 78% reptiles in the South China Sea Malesia and the Pacifi c were compiled from region- are either Data Defi cient or have not yet been evalu- al fl oras and herbarium specimens at the Royal ated against IUCN categories of threat. The authors Botanic Gardens, Kew. Over this wide geographi- propose a strategy to fi ll in these information gaps cal area, Cambodia was identifi ed among the lowest and enlarge the SeaLifeBase database. Author: plant conservation priority areas due to its relative- [email protected]; Online: ftp://ftp.fi sheries. ly low plant diversity (679 genera, none endemic) ubc.ca/FCRR/18-3.pdf#page=36 and relatively low threat from human activities. In Sriphairoj, K., Klinbu-nga, S., Kamonrat, W. & Na- terms of its plant genera, Cambodia is most similar Nakorn, U. (2010) Species identifi cation of four to Laos. Author: R.Brummitt @rbgkew.org.uk economically important Pangasiid catfi shes and Ohtaka, A., Narita, T., Kamiya, T., Katakura, H., closely related species using SSCP markers. Aqua- Araki, Y., Im S., Chhay R. & Tsukawaki, S. (2010) culture, 308, S47-S50. Composition of aquatic invertebrates associated Single Stranded Conformation Polymorphism with macrophytes in Lake Tonle Sap, Cambodia. (SSCP) approaches were used to develop species- Limnology, doi: 10.1007/s10201-010-0330-4. specifi c genetic markers for Pangasiidae fi sh, includ- Aquatic invertebrates that live on submerged plants ing specimens from Cambodia. A new marker, are an important prey for fi sh and other higher PL8, was shown to be eff ective at identifying most predators. Invertebrate communities were studied species, including Pangasianodon gigas, P. hypopthal- in diff erent parts of the Tonle Sap Lake, with par- mus, Pangasius bocourti and P. larnaudii. This could ticular att ention to the root systems of the free- be a useful tool for identifying fi sh larvae or species fl oating, alien water hyacinth Eichhornia crassipes. in food products. Author: [email protected] Nine invertebrate phyla were collected, of which Tanaka, S. & Ohtaka, A. (2010) Freshwater Cladocera oligochaetes, shrimps, Limnoperna mussels and (Crustacea, Branchiopoda) in Lake Tonle Sap and meiobenthic crustaceans were the most abundant. its adjacent waters in Cambodia. Limnology, 11, The Tonle Sap might be unique in its abundance 171-178. of sessile animals, such as sponges, bryozoans and Sixty species of freshwater cladocerans (commonly mussels, in its macrophyte-associated fauna. Water called water fl eas) were recorded from the Great movement controls the dispersal of larvae and is Lake and its adjacent waters. Four species - Cerio- therefore an important factor determining the dis- daphnia laticaudata, Bunops cf. tuberculatus, Ley-

Cambodian Journal of Natural History 2010 (1) 146-171 © Centre for Biodiversity Conservation, Phnom Penh 152 Recent literature

digia australis and Chydorus cf. dentifer - were new need to be managed at fi ner spatial scales. Author: records for Southeast Asia. Cladocerans are espe- [email protected] cially diverse in shallow and heavily vegetated Anonymous (2010) Increase in Cambodia’s vul- areas. Author: [email protected] tures gives hope to imperilled scavengers. The Thi M.H.D, Lebbe, R.V., Nguyen H.P. & Nguyen Babbler, 35, 34. Thi B.L. (2010) Indochinese bamboos: biodiversi- Record numbers of vultures were counted in Cam- ty informatics to assist the identifi cation of “ver- bodia’s annual vulture census by the Cambodia nacular taxa”. In Tools for Identifying Biodiversity: Vulture Conservation Project in 2010, with nearly Progress and Problems (eds P.L. Nimis & R. Vignes 300 individuals of three Critically Endangered Lebbe), pp. 207-211. EUT - Edizioni Universita di species (white-rumped vulture Gyps bengalensis, Trieste, Trieste, Italy. slender-billed vulture G. tenuirostris, and Indian This is a preliminary report from the Sud Expert vulture G. indicus) counted at multiple sites across Plantes project ‘Indochina Bamboos’ (2008-2010), the Northern and Eastern Plains. Cambodia is which aims to update the bamboo fl ora of this therefore considered to be the only place where region and publish free access keys, digital images these species are increasing. Vulture populations and information on their traditional and economic have crashed elsewhere in Asia, primarily due to use. Specimens have been collected in Vietnam, the use of the veterinary drug diclofenac in catt le, Laos and Cambodia and the software programme which poisons the birds when they scavenge on Xper2 has been applied to compare and identify carcasses. Online: htt p://birdlifeindochina.org/ taxa based on morphological characteristics. Three sites/default/fi les/Babbler%2035.pdf [This article new species have been detected so far (locali- was taken from a press release by the Wildlife Conserva- ties not given) and will be published separately. tion Society - Ed.]. Online: htt p://www.openstarts.units.it/dspace/ Anonymous (2010) Largest ever white-shouldered bitstream/10077/3825/1/My%20Hanh%20Diep%20 Ibis count. The Babbler, 35, 35. Thi%20et%20al,%20bioidentify.pdf A record count of 429 white-shouldered ibises Pseudibis davisoni was obtained in Cambodia in the Species ecology and status 2010 census, suggesting the global population of this Critically Endangered species could exceed 500; Adamson, E.A.S., Hurwood, D.A., Baker, A.M. & larger than previously thought. Lomphat Wildlife Mather, P.B. (2009) Population subdivision in Sanctuary, Ratanakiri Province, is especially sig- Siamese mud carp Henicorhynchus siamensis in the nifi cant, with up to 40% of the known population. Mekong River basin: implications for manage- White-shouldered ibises declined during the past ment. Journal of Fish Biology, 75, 1371-1392. century due to habitat loss and hunting, and the Spatial analysis of mitochondrial DNA fragment species is now extinct from Thailand, Myanmar, (ATPase 6 and 8) identifi ed fi ve distinct stocks: Vietnam, Malaysia and China. Online: htt p://birdli- one in the Khlong River, Thailand, and four in the feindochina.org/sites/default/fi les/Babbler%2035. Mekong River. Populations in northern Laos and pdf [This article, published in The Babbler, was origi- northern Thailand represent two independent nally taken from a public press release by the University stocks, while Thai tributaries and adjacent Mekong of East Anglia]. sites above the Khone Falls form a third stock. All Duong V, Blassdell, K., May, T.T., Sreyrath L., sites below the Khone Falls constitute a single vast Gavott e, L., Morand, S., Frutos, R. & Buchy, P. stock that includes Cambodia and the Mekong (2010) Diversity of Orientia tsutsugamushi clinical Delta. These results suggest H. siamensis is not as isolates in Cambodia reveals active selection and mobile as previously assumed and populations recombination process. Infection, Genetics and Evo-

lution, 18 September 2010 [E-pub ahead of print]. human activities on these Endangered primates. Orientia tsutsugamushi is an obligate intracellu- Author: [email protected] lar bacterium that commonly parasitises rodents Nekaris, K.A.I., Shepard, C.R., Starr, C.R. & Nijman, and causes scrub typhus in humans, an often fatal V. (2010) Exploring cultural drivers for wildlife disease. This pathogen is transmitt ed through the trade via an ethnoprimatological approach: a bites of infected larvae of trombiculid mites (genus case study of slender and slow lorises (Loris and Leptotrombidium). A genetics study of Cambodian Nycticebus) in South and Southeast Asia. American O. tsutsugamushi found them to be highly clonal, Journal of Primatology, 72, 877-886. probably because their transmission mode via mites Analysis of international records from the last 30 generates repeated bott lenecks. Consequences for years reveals that the trade in live lorises exceeds the epidemiology of scrub typhus are discussed. the trade in their body parts, with Laos, Cambodia Author: [email protected] and Thailand being the main exporters. In Cambo- Lynam, A.J. (2010) Securing a future for wild Indo- dia, there is widespread domestic trade in north- chinese tigers: transforming tiger vacuums into ern slow lorises N. bengalensis and pygmy lorises tiger source sites. Integrative Zoology, 5, 324-334. N. pygmaeus for traditional medicines. Att itudes Habitat loss and fragmentation, market-driven towards wildlife trade vary among diff erent ethnic poaching and loss of prey have led to the disap- groups, even within a country. Author: anekaris@ pearance of tigers Panthera tigris across most their brookes.ac.uk; Online: htt p://onlinelibrary.wiley. former range. Decisions on where to focus conser- com/doi/10.1002/ajp.20842/pdf vation eff ort should consider both the vulnerability Phan C. & Gray T.N.E. (2010) Status and habitat (likelihood of extinction) and irreplaceability (likeli- of yellow-cheeked gibbons (Nomascus gabriel- hood that the area contributes to regional conserva- lae) in Phnom Prich Wildlife Sanctuary, Mon- tion) of tiger sub-populations. This paper att empts dulkiri, Cambodia. In Conservation of Primates in to identify priority sites in Thailand, Laos, Penin- Indochina (eds T. Nadler, B. Rawson & Van N.T.), sular Malaysia, Myanmar and Cambodia. Even pp. 79-89. Frankfurt Zoological Society, Frank- though tigers are possibly extinct in Cambodia’s furt, Germany, and Conservation International, Eastern Plains, this site is considered irreplaceable Hanoi, Vietnam. because it represents the region’s largest (>10,000 Using acoustic survey methods, Phnom Prich Wild- km2) block of dry forest habitat. The author recom- life Sanctuary was estimated to contain approxi- mends re-introduction as the only option to enable mately 195 family groups - the second largest pop- tigers to recover here. Author: [email protected] ulation after the Seima Biodiversity Conservation Neilson, E. (2010) The use of singing behaviour to Area (with >800 groups). The gibbons are at risk model the occupancy of pileated gibbons (Hylobates from habitat loss and degradation, but the authors pileatus) in the Cardamom Mountains, Cambodia. consider these threats to be manageable. Author: MSc thesis, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, [email protected] UK. Rawson, B. (2010) The status of Cambodia pri- A high density of pileated gibbons was found in the mates. In Conservation of Primates in Indo- evergreen hill forests of Phnom Samkos Wildlife china (eds T. Nadler, B. Rawson & Van N.T.), Sanctuary, and detection rates increased at higher pp. 17-25. Frankfurt Zoological Society, Frank- elevations (>700 m). The gibbons tended to be less furt, Germany, and Conservation International, vocal (making fewer “great calls”) in lower areas Hanoi, Vietnam. where there was increased human presence. The Cambodia contains 11 species of primates, some of authors advises on how to mitigate the eff ects of which occur in greater numbers than in neighbouring countries. The kingdom’s populations of black-

Cambodian Journal of Natural History 2010 (1) 146-171 © Centre for Biodiversity Conservation, Phnom Penh 154 Recent literature

shanked douc, yellow-cheeked crested gibbon and reduce poverty. This is in line with the National pileated gibbon are particularly signifi cant. Most Forest Programme of Cambodia. Author: B.Dell@ species are globally threatened and, in Cambodia, murdoch.edu.au are at risk from hunting and habitat loss. Author: Starr, C.R. (2010) The use, distribution and ecology of [email protected] two species of loris (Nycticebus bengalensis and N. Rowley, J., Brown, R., Bain, R., Kusrini, M., Inger, pygmaeus) in Cambodia: implications for conserva- R., Stuart, B., Wogan, G., Neang T., Chan-ard, T., tion. PhD thesis, The University of Queensland, Cao T.T., Diesmos, A., Iskandar, D.T., Lau, M., Brisbane, Australia. Ming, L.Z., Makchai, S., Nguyen Q.T. & Phim- Thesis not seen. Author: [email protected] machak, S. (2010) Impending conservation crisis Starr, C., Rogers, L., Nekaris, K.A.I. & Streicher, U. for Southeast Asian amphibians. Biology Lett ers, 6, (2010) Surveys and preliminary fi eld observa- 336-338. tions of the northern slow loris (Nycticebus benga- The amphibians of Southeast Asia, including Cam- lensis) in Cambodia. In Conservation of Primates in bodia, are severely threatened by high deforestation Indochina (eds T. Nadler, B. Rawson & Van N.T.), rates and harvesting. There is a clear need to identi- pp. 43-52. Frankfurt Zoological Society, Frank- fy and protect habitats that have high species diver- furt, Germany, and Conservation International, sity and/or are regionally distinctive. Long-term Hanoi, Vietnam. population monitoring, enhanced survey eff orts, Seven protected areas were surveyed, but lorises biological, ecological and taxonomic research, and were observed in only two: Phnom Samkos Wild- evaluation of the impact of commercial trade are life Sanctuary and Phnom Kulen National Park. The also needed. Author: [email protected]. authors suggest that northern slow lorises occur au; Online: htt p://rsbl.royalsocietypublishing.org/ only West of the Mekong, and present new data content/6/3/336.full on their status, behavioural ecology and threats. So T., Theilade, I. & Dell, B. (2010) Conservation Author: [email protected] and utilization of threatened hardwood species Starr, A., Sam H. & Daltry, J. (2010) 2010 monitor- through reforestation: an example of Afzelia xylo- ing and nest surveys reveal status and threats of carpa (Kruz.) Craib and Dalbergia cochinchinensis community-protected Crocodylus siamensis sub- Pierre in Cambodia. Pacifi c Conservation Biology, populations in Cambodia. Crocodile Specialist 16, 101-116. Group Newslett er, 29, 7-9. Throughout their ranges, the leguminaceous rose- Analysis of monitoring data since 2001 suggest that woods, Afzelia xylocarpa (Caesalpiniodeae) and populations of the Critically Endangered Siamese Dalbergia cochinchinensis (Faboideae) are threat- crocodile have stabilized and may even be increas- ened by habitat loss and over-exploitation for their ing in community-managed crocodile sanctuar- extremely valuable timber. This paper considers ies in the Areng River and Veal Veng Marsh (esti- how both species could be used in planting pro- mated to hold 40 and 50 adults respectively), both grammes to alleviate the pressure on the wild stocks in the Cardamom Mountains. Numbers at a third and generate revenue. This will require testing and important site, Chay Reap, appear to be decline, improving silvicultural practices, and increasing however, putatively due to hunting, electro-fi shing the supply of genetically superior seeds from seed and other increasing human activities in this area. production areas and/or seed orchards. A network The authors present evidence that Cambodia’s of in situ gene banks has already been established wild Siamese crocodiles continue to be subjected to in natural forests in Cambodia. The participation of poaching, and warn of the even greater impending a wide range of stakeholders is considered neces- threats from proposed hydrodams in Cambodia. sary to address socio-economic development and Author: adamstarr.ffi @gmail.com

Takagi, A.P., Ishikawa, S., Nao T., Song, S.L., Sitha gene as the marker. Parasitology International, 59, H., Thammavong, K., Saphakdy, B., Phomsou- 242-247. vanhm, A., Nishida, M. & Kurokura, H. (2010) The liver fl uke Opisthorchis viverrini causes serious Genetic diff erentiation and distribution routes public-health problems in the Lower Mekong Basin. of the bronze featherback Notopterus notopterus Genetic analysis of six fl uke populations in Cambo- (Osteoglossiformes: Notopteridae) in Indochi- dia, Laos and Thailand revealed no signifi cant geo- na. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 101, graphic variation. The authors therefore reject the 575-582. notion of an O. viverrini species complex. Author: The mitochondrial DNA of bronze featherback [email protected] fi sh from 11 localities in Indochina was analysed, Tingay, R.E., Nicoll, M.A.C, Whitfi eld, D.P., Sun V. revealing three genetically distinct groups from: & McLeod, D.R.A. (2010) Nesting ecology of the 1) Chao Phraya River; 2) Middle Mekong River; grey-headed fi sh-eagle at Prek Toal, Tonle Sap and 3) Lower Mekong River. The third group was Lake, Cambodia. Journal of Raptor Research, 44, most closely related to populations on the Malay 165-174. Peninsula. Even though they inhabit the same river Prek Toal supports a globally signifi cant popula- basin, molecular clock calculations indicate groups tion of grey-headed fi sh-eagles Ichthyophaga ich- 2 and 3 separated approximately 1.2 million years thyaetus, a Near Threatened species. This paper ago. Author: [email protected] presents the fi rst quantitative information on this Tateishi, M., Miyazawa, Y., Tomo’omi, K., Ma V., species’ nesting ecology, in seasonally fl ooded Sokh H. & Mizoue, N. (2010) Interspecies com- swamp forest. Nesting fi sh-eagles were found to parison of transpiration in Cambodia for the pre- select trees that had an open crown structure and diction of water use under the tropical monsoon were relatively tall, and close to permanent water. climate. Geophysical Research Abstracts, 12, Fewer active nests were found in areas with more EGU2010-7900. Paper presented to European Geo- people, which may refl ect indirect eff ects of human sciences Union (EGU) General Assembly, 2-7 May, exploitation of the fi sh-eagles’ prey (which include Vienna, Austria. aquatic snakes). This may be exacerbated in the Exotic, fast-growing trees are generally assumed future by changes to the Tonle Sap ecosystem to consume more water than native species. Water caused by dams upstream. Author: dimlylit100@ fl ow was monitored in four tree species: two native hotmail.com (Dipterocarpus obtusifolius and Shorea roxburghii) Thompson, C. (2010) River of Giants: Giant Fish of and two exotic (Acacia auriculiformis and Eucalyptus the Mekong. WWF Greater Mekong Programme, camaldulensis). All demonstrated similar transpira- Vientiane, Lao PDR. tion rates under the same conditions during the This report profi les four fi sh in the Mekong River rainy season. In the dry season, however, the water that rank among the world’s 10 largest freshwater uptake of A. auriculiformis decreased while the tran- fi sh: the giant freshwater stingray Himantura chao- spiration rate of the native S. roxburghii remained phraya, Mekong giant catfi sh Pangasianodon gigas, high. This suggests S. roxburghii has deep roots giant pangasius (dog-eating catfi sh) Pangasius san- to access groundwater. Author: tmakiko@forest. itwongsei and giant barb Catlocarpio siamensis. The kyushu-u.ac.jp primary threat to these fi sh is the construction of Thaenkham, U., Nuamtanong, S., Sa-nguankiat, S., large-scale hydropower dams in the Lower Mekong Yoonuan, T., Touch S., Manivong, K., Vonghach- River and large tributaries, which will block their ack, Y., Sato, M. & Waikagul, J. (2010) Monophyly migration routes to spawning grounds. Plans for 11 of Opisthorchis viverrini populations in the lower hydropower dams are currently in various stages of Mekong Basin, using mitochondrial DNA nad1 development, and of particular concern is the dam

Cambodian Journal of Natural History 2010 (1) 146-171 © Centre for Biodiversity Conservation, Phnom Penh 156 Recent literature

proposed in Sayabouly Province, northern Laos. At Coasts, wetlands and aquatic least 50 migratory species are highly vulnerable to resources mainstream dam development, comprising 40-70% van Bochove, J.-W., Sandström, M. & Raines P. of the catch of fi sh in the Mekong. The report warns (2010) Cambodia Reef Conservation Project: Pilot that such dams will also reduce sediment fl owing Project Report, August–October 2009. Fisheries downstream to the Mekong Delta, increasing the Administration, Phnom Penh, Cambodia, and vulnerability of millions of people to the eff ects Coral Cay Conservation, London, UK. of climate change such as sea level rise. Author: [email protected]; Online: htt p:// Illustrated report on a three-month assessment of assets.panda.org/downloads/new_river_of_giants_ the coral reef resources around Koh Rong and Koh report_14_may_2010_web_version.pdf Rong Semleon Islands, Preah Sihanouk Province in 2009. A low abundance of snappers (Lutjanidae), Walston, J., Robinson, J., Bennett , E., Breiten- groupers (Serranidae) and parrotfi shes (Labridae: moser, U., da Fonseca, G., Goodrich, J., Gumal, Scarinae) was interpreted as evidence of over- M., Hunter, L., Johnson, A., Karanth, K., Leader- fi shing, while a high abundance of long-spine sea Williams, N., MacKinnon, K., Miquelle, D., Pat- urchins (Diadema sp.) points towards instability tanavibool, A., Poole, C., Rabinowitz , A., Smith, in the reef ecosystem. Comparisons with similar J., Stokes, E., Stuart, S., Vongkhamheng, C. & surveys in 2003 revealed that coral cover had Wibisono, H. (2010) Bringing the tiger back from remained the same, at around 23%, but the density the brink—the six percent solution. PLoS Biology, of snappers and groupers had fallen. Based on the 8, doi: 10.1371/journal.pbio.1000485. survey fi ndings, the authors recommend develop- Numbers of tigers Panthera tigris have plummeted ing a network of no-take zones to protect important due to hunting and habitat destruction, and fewer reef sites and allow fi sh stocks to recover, under- than 3,500 animals remain in the wild, within less pinned with community capacity building and than 7% of their historical range. This paper pro- educational programmes. Measures should also poses that by focusing conservation eff orts on be taken to minimise land run-off and pollution. 42 “source sites”, representing 6% of the tiger’s Author: [email protected]; Online: htt p://www. range, this species could be saved at the annual coralcay.org/component/option,com_docman/ cost of $82 million. In selecting sites, the team task,doc_download/gid,340/Itemid,393/ looked for areas with potential to maintain at least van Brake, M.L. & Ross, L.G. (2010) Aquaculture 25 breeding females, and surrounding habitats development and scenarios of change in fi sh that could support at least 50 females. The analy- trade and market access for the poor in Cambo- sis also favoured nations with existing conserva- dia. Aquaculture Research, doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2109 tion infrastructure and tiger protection laws. Most .2010.02661.x. of the 42 proposed sites are in India, Sumatra and the Russian Far East. No sites were identi- Poor fi shers in Cambodia have very litt le opportu- fi ed in Cambodia, China, North Korea or Vietnam nity to access urban markets, but there is greater, because these countries are considered to have no unrealised potential for them to trade with rural breeding populations left. Author: jwalston@wcs. markets. With the aid of a Geographic Informa- org; Online: htt p://www.plosbiology.org/article/ tion System-based model, the authors predict that info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pbio.1000485 improving rural market access would benefi t up to one million poor aquatic resource users in Cambo- dia. Author: [email protected] Brooks, S.E., Kebede, B., Allison, E.H. & Reynolds, J.D. (2010) The balance of power in rural mar- keting networks: a case study of snake trading

in Cambodia. Journal of Development Studies, 46, s11852-010-0117-0. 1003-1025. Sre Ambel is Cambodia’s most productive coastal This study used a combination of price analysis and area for marine fi sheries. The ability of local fi shers interview data to assess the status of snake hunters to apply laws and regulations was measured using in the trade of aquatic snakes from the Tonle Sap the weight average index method. While the fi shers’ Lake. In spite of their dependency on intermediate education levels were found to be good enough to traders for market access and credit, the hunters apply regulations, their understanding of exist- are not powerless participants. They can command ing fi sheries laws and guidelines was poor. The relatively high prices from the traders, who operate authors recommend developing stronger collabo- under high competition due to the decreasing avail- ration among the various stakeholders in the area ability of snakes. Author: sharonelizabethbrooks@ and converting the current open-access system to googlemail.com a common property resource use regime. Author: [email protected] Chea E., Va D. & Irvine, K. (2010) Levels of Cr, Cu and Zn in food stuff s from a wastewater treatment Dugan, P.J., Barlow, C., Agostinho, A.A., Baran, E., wetland, Phnom Penh: a preliminary assessment Cada, G.F., Chen, D., Cowx, I.G., Ferguson, J.W., of health risks. Asian Journal of Water, Environment Jutagate, T., Mallen-Cooper, M., Marmulla, G., and Pollution, 7, 23-30. Nestler, J., Petrere, M., Welcomme, R.L. & Wine- The natural wetlands of Phnom Penh support a miller, K.O. (2010) Fish migration, dams, and loss peri-urban community that actively harvests veg- of ecosystem services in the Mekong Basin. Ambio etables, snails and fi sh. Field sampling and social - A Journal of the Human Environment, 39, 344-348. surveys revealed lower toxic metal concentrations Dams on the Mekong River and its major tributar- in edible aquatic plants, such as the morning glory ies will have major impacts on the Mekong Basin’s Ipomoea aquatica, than in fi shes and snails. None of fi sheries and the people who depend upon them. the foods posed a severe health risk, however, with This study found no evidence that current strides the exception of fi sh at one site whose chromium towards dam construction will stop, and considers levels could be hazardous to children. Author: chea. two scenarios for the future of the basin’s fi sheries [email protected] and its ecosystem. The authors conclude that major investment in innovative technology is needed to Day, M.B., Hodell, D.A., Brenner, M., Curtis, J.H., reduce the loss of ecosystem services, plus alterna- Kamenov, G.D., Guilderson, T.P., Peterson, L.C., tive livelihood strategies to cope with losses that do Kenney, W.F. & Kolata, A.L. (2010) Middle to late occur. Author: [email protected] Holocene initiation of the annual fl ood pulse in Tonle Sap Lake, Cambodia. Journal of Paleolimnol- Irvine, K. & Koott atep, T. (2010) Natural wetlands ogy, doi: 10.1007/s10933-010-9482-9. treatment of sewage discharges from Phnom The Tonle Sap Lake possesses one of world’s most Penh, Cambodia: successes and future challeng- productive inland fi sheries because the fl ow of the es. Asian Journal of Water, Environment and Pollu- Tonle Sap River reverses seasonally, driving the tion, 7, 1-2. lake’s biological productivity. Based on radiocar- Recent studies have found Boeung Cheung Ek to be bon dating, the authors estimate this annual fl ood remarkably eff ective in treating the waste discharge pulse fi rst began between 4,450 and 3,910 years ago. from central and south Phnom Penh. The wetland Author: [email protected] also receives stormwater discharges when it rains and thereby helps to reduce fl ooding in the city. Dok D. & Yakupitiyage, A. (2010) A policy alter- Parts of Boeung Cheung Ek are being fi lled in to native for lagoon management: case study of create land for urban growth, however, and infi ll- Sre Ambel coastal marine fi sheries, Cambodia. ing of the natural treatment wetlands north of the Journal of Coastal Conservation, 15, doi: 10.1007/

Cambodian Journal of Natural History 2010 (1) 146-171 © Centre for Biodiversity Conservation, Phnom Penh 158 Recent literature

city (e.g. Boeung Kak, Boeung Poung Peay) has also agement of the Mekong Basin, whose members include begun. Because Cambodia cannot aff ord Western Cambodia, Laos, Thailand and Vietnam. The MRC also wastewater treatment technology, these natural administers the formal consultation process that develop- wetlands should be conserved as a cost-eff ective ers must undergo to build dams on the Mekong River]. alternative. Author: irvinekn@buff alostate.edu; Muth S., Sayasone S., Odermatt -Biays, S., Phom- Online: htt p://iospress.metapress.com/content/ pida S., Duong S. & Odermatt , P. (2010) Chapter x478306367n83358/fulltext.pdf 7: Schistosoma mekongi in Cambodia and Lao Peo- Mekong River Commission (2010) State of the Basin ple’s Democratic Republic. Advances in Parasitol- Report 2010. Mekong River Commission, Vien- ogy, 72, 179-203. tiane, Lao PDR. The indigenous blood fl uke Schistosoma mekongi is The report gives a generally positive appraisal of carried by the freshwater snail Neotricula aperta and the health of the Mekong Basin, but warns that the causes the disease schistosomiasis in human com- river ecosystem, and its ability to sustain local live- munities along the Mekong River. High mortality lihoods, is being seriously jeopardised by planned rates were reported in northern Cambodia (Stung new infrastructure, rapidly growing human popu- Treng and Kratie Provinces) and southern Laos lations and changing consumption patt erns. More (Champasack) during the early 1970s and 1990s. than 60 million people now live in the basin, many Control programmes entailing mass drug adminis- of whom depend heavily on fi sh and other aquatic tration and education campaigns have been carried organisms. The basin’s rich biodiversity is still not out in Cambodia since 1995, successfully achieving fully known and new species are being discovered a signifi cant reduction in schistosomiasis in this every year. Particular care is needed to protect country. Some problem areas remain, however, wildlife habitats and to gain a bett er understanding and there is evidence that the fl uke’s host snail is of the interaction between the river’s fl ow regime becoming more widespread, increasing the risk and its aquatic life. The estimated total produc- of humans becoming infected. This paper calls for tion of the Mekong fi shery is about 3.9 million more concerted bilateral eff orts between Cambodia tonnes per year, and while there are no signs of and Laos to eradicate S. mekongi. Author: sinuonm@ this total being threatened, studies in the Tonle Sap cnm.gov.kh Lake have shown a drop in the number of larger May R., Jinno, K. & Tsutsumi, A. (2010) Infl uence fi sh being caught. Other statistics in the report of fl ooding on groundwater fl ow in central Cam- include the estimated total hydropower potential bodia. Environmental Earth Sciences, doi: 10.1007/ of the Lower Mekong Basin at 30,000 MW, of which s12665-010-0679-z. about 10% has already been developed. Hydro- The Mekong, Tonle Sap and Bassac Rivers fl ood power can be a useful source of renewable energy, every year, endangering human populations and but the authors warn of the broad range of possi- property, and changing the water quality in aqui- ble social and economic impacts: “Major interfer- fers. A two-dimensional groundwater fl ow model, ences with natural hydrological regimes, through coupled with a groundwater recharge model, was water management and utilisation, may have huge applied to central Cambodia. The results showed impacts on the integrity of the ecosystem”. Online: that during fl ooding periods (August to October), [Full report in English] htt p://www.mrcmekong. all three rivers play an important role in recharging org/download/MRC-SOB-report-2010%28full- groundwater. During the dry season, the Tonle Sap report%29.pdf; [Summary report in Khmer] htt p:// River is supplied by groundwater from the North- www.mrcmekong.org/download/MRC-SOB-Sum- west. Author: [email protected] mary-report%28Khmer%29.pdf [Editor’s note: - The Mekong River Commission is the intergovernmental Nagabhatla, N. & van Brakel, M. (2010) Landscape body responsible for cooperation on the sustainable man- level characterization of seasonal fl oodplains under

community based aquaculture: illustrating a case of 7, 13-21. the Ganges and the Mekong Delta. CBFC Working Freshwater snails and fi sh belonging to Cyprini- Paper No. 4, Community-based Fish Culture in dae (carp family) were sampled in four sites in the Seasonal Floodplains and Irrigation Systems Boeung Cheung Ek wetland, Phnom Penh. The snail (CBFC) project, World Fish Centre, Penang, West Lymnaea (Radix) auricularia rubiginosa was found to Malaysia, and CGIAR Challenge Program on be infected with the trematode Gymnocephalus cer- Water and Food, Batt tarmulla, Sri Lanka. cariae, an intestinal and liver parasite of herbivo- Although it is unfi nished, this report contains rous mammals. In the same wetland, the liver fl uke numerous maps and statistics describing the land- Opisthorchis viverrini was detected in 15 species of scape and fi sheries of the Lower Mekong area of fi sh: Puntius orphoides contained the highest number Cambodia and Vietnam. Author: n.nagabhatla@ of liver fl uke metacercariae, followed by Hampala cgiar.org; Online: htt p://www.worldfi shcenter. dispar and Henicorhynchus sp. Both snails and fi sh org/resource_centre/CBFC/4_Nagabhatla_land- exhibited higher rates of infection during the dry scape%20report.pdf season. Author: irvinekn@buff alostate.edu Neang T. (2010) An Investigation into Frog Consump- Nguyen T.P. & Dang T.H.O. (2010) Striped catfi sh tion and Trade in Cambodia. Species, Habitats and aquaculture in Vietnam: a decade of unprec- Ecosystems Team, Fauna & Flora International: edented development. Success Stories in Asian Cambodia Programme, Phnom Penh, and the Aquaculture, 2010, 131-147. Angkor Centre for Conservation of Biodiversity, The striped catfi sh Pangasianodon hypophthalmus Siem Reap, Cambodia. is native to the Mekong and Chao Phraya River Six species of anuran amphibians are routinely systems in Thailand, Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia. harvested for local consumption and trade: (in This paper charts the rise of commercial farming of decreasing order of reported numbers) Hoplobat- this species in Vietnam, starting in 2000 when arti- rachus rugulosus, Fejervarya limnocharis, Glyphoglos- fi cial propagation techniques were developed. By sus molossus, Kaloula pulchra, Rana lateralis, and Bufo 2007, striped catfi sh production and export turno- melanostictus. Traditional collection on a small scale ver reached 1,200,000 tonnes, generating US $1 appears to be sustainable, but this may change with billion. This industry now employs at least 150,000 the rising demand from Phnom Penh and interna- people - mostly rural women - and exports the fi sh tional buyers. Native frog populations are also to around 80 countries. Author: [email protected]. under pressure from pesticide use, habitat loss, and vn the alien chytrid fungus Batrachochytrium dendroba- Nguyen V.T., Choi, J.-H. & Won, J.-S. (2009) Land- tidis (newly discovered in Cambodia). Frog farming cover change detection at Tonle Sap, Cambodia, seems a logical solution to meet market needs and using ALOS PALSAR. Paper presented to the 30th is already underway in many parts of the country, Asian Conference on Remote Sensing, 18-23 October, but there is a high risk that exotic species and dis- Beijing, China. eases will escape into the wild. Author: neangthy@ See the next summary. Author: nvtrungvn@yonsei. yahoo.com; Online: htt p://www.accb-cambodia. ac.kr; Online: htt p://www.a-a-r-s.org/acrs/pro- org/en/Frog%20Consumption%20Report.pdf ceeding/ACRS2009/Papers/Oral%20Presentation/ Ngoen-klan, R., Piangjai, S., Somwang, P., TS40-01.pdf Moophayak, K., Sukontason, K., Sukontason, Nguyen V.T., Choi, J.-H. & Won, J.-S. (2010) Change K.L., Sampson, M. & Irvine, K. (2010) Emerging detection of the Tonle Sap fl oodplain, Cambo- helminths infection in snails and cyprinoid fi sh in dia, using ALOS PALSAR data. Korean Journal of sewage treatment wetlands waters in Cambodia. Remote Sensing, 26, 287-295. Asian Journal of Water, Environment and Pollution,

Cambodian Journal of Natural History 2010 (1) 146-171 © Centre for Biodiversity Conservation, Phnom Penh 160 Recent literature

Water levels in the Tonle Sap are largely infl u- the wetland, but none of these compounds could enced by the Mekong River. To detect changes in be detected in sediment where the water leaves the the Tonle Sap fl oodplain, this study used satellite wetland and enters the Bassac River. This demon- data - particularly the L-band, which can penetrate strates that Boeung Cheung Ek is eff ective in trap- the tree canopy to detect water in fl ooded forests. ping toxic compounds and protecting river systems Change images, extracted from ratio images, coher- downstream, but people who eat fi sh and shellfi sh ence images and texture feature ratio images, were caught in this wetland might be at risk of poison- constructed to detect land cover change. In addi- ing. Author: [email protected] tion to seasonal changes in water levels, the satellite Tiev V., Mongtoeun Y., Saneth V., Irvine, K. & images were also infl uenced by seasonal leaf fall Koott atep, T. (2010) Effi ciency of Phnom Penh’s and crop cultivation. Author: nvtrungvn@yonsei. natural wetlands in treating wastewater dis- ac.kr; Online: (part) htt p://210.101.116.28/W_ charges. Asian Journal of Water, Environment and kiss61/1r600722_pv.pdf Pollution, 7, 39-48. Nguyen V.T., Choi, J.-H. & Won, J.-S. (2010) Fusion Water quality samples were collected in three sewer of ALOS PALSAR and ASTER data for land- channels that discharge into Boeung Cheung Ek cover classifi cation at Tonle Sap fl oodplain, wetland and in two sites within the wetland. Levels Cambodia. Proceedings of SPIE - The International of copper, chromium, zinc, phosphorus, nitrates, Society for Optical Engineering, 7858, 785815; doi: detergents, Escherichia coli and total suspended 10.1117/12.869413. solids were compared during the dry season, and The northern fl oodplain of the Tonle Sap Lake is water leaving the lake was found to be signifi cant- characterised by various vegetation types and set- ly less contaminated than water entering. Author: tlements. The purpose of this study was to classify [email protected] land cover to guide farming, fi shing and conservation management. ALOS PALSAR data were fused with ASTER data acquired during the dry season, Forests and forest resources and 10 land cover classes were identifi ed. Combin- Anonymous (2009) The Importance of Forest and ing the two data sets was found to provide clearer Wildlife Conservation in Mondulkiri Province. WWF distinctions between the land cover classes than Greater Mekong Programme and Wildlife Con- the ASTER data alone. Author: nvtrungvn@yonsei. servation Society Cambodia Program, Phnom ac.kr Penh, Cambodia. [In Khmer]. Sengheat C., Kluskens, B. & Ford, D. (2010) Deter- This report identifi es management zones in Mon- mination of polychlorinated biphenyl (PCBs) and dulkiri Province for conservation, development dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDTs) in sedi- and multiple uses. Online: htt p://assets.panda.org/ ments in Boeng Cheung Ek, Phnom Penh, Cam- downloads/the_importance_of_forest_and_wild- bodia. Asian Journal of Water, Environment and Pol- life_conservation_in_mondulkiri_1.pdf lution, 7, 3-11. Chheang D. & Kamol, W. (2010) Management of Harmful PCBs and DDTs continue to be used in the Emerald Triangle Protected Forests Complex electrical equipment and agriculture in Cambo- to promote cooperation for trans-boundary bio- dia, despite being prohibited. Boeung Cheung Ek diversity conservation between Thailand, Cam- is a wetland south of Phnom Penh, which receives bodia and Laos (Phase II), ITTO PD 289/04 Rev.1 wastewater from the south-central part of the city. (F). Paper presented to the International Conference High-Performance Liquid Chromatography detect- on Managing Forest Resources for Multiple Ecosys- ed DDT, DDE (up to 100 ppb) and possibly some tem Services under Robust and Fragile Environments, PCBs in the sediment where city wastewater enters 9-10 August, Phnom Penh, Cambodia.

The “Emerald Triangle” comprises four protected inces, including the Tonle Sap Lake. This paper areas in Thailand, the Phou Xieng Thong protected considers how to minimise forest loss and deg- area in Laos, and Preah Vihear Protected Forest in radation during the construction of hydropower Cambodia. The authors describe recent progress developments (noting plans for 11 hydrodams are in an ongoing transboundary conservation initia- in various stages of development in the Cardamom tive that aims to improve cooperation between all Mountains). The impact of destroying forests on three nations, protect and monitor biodiversity, watersheds is illustrated by Koh Kong town, which and promote community-based management and ran out of water in 2010, putatively due to the clear- sustainable use of natural resources. This paper ance of 20 km2 of forest upstream. Online: htt p:// notably contains statistics on the forests and fauna nopheasasaki.net/conference/2010/5suwanna.pdf in the Preah Vihear Protected Forest. Online: htt p:// Grindley, M.E. (2009) Management Eff ectiveness nopheasasaki.net/conference/2010/8dany.pdf Tracking Tool: Lomphat Wildlife Sanctuary First Chheng K. & Nophea S. (2010) Managing forests in Reassessment, March 2009. General Department of Cambodia for multiple benefi ts. Paper presented Administration for Nature Conservation and Pro- to the International Conference on Managing Forest tection, Phnom Penh, Cambodia, People Resourc- Resources for Multiple Ecosystem Services under es and Conservation Foundation, Amherst, USA, Robust and Fragile Environments, 9-10 August, and BirdLife International, Hanoi, Vietnam. Phnom Penh, Cambodia. The WWF/ World Bank Management Eff ectiveness Forests play important roles in national and rural Tracking Tool was fi rst applied to Lomphat Wild- development in Cambodia, but total forest cover life Sanctuary in December 2007. Since then, the decreased by 0.7% per year from 1993 to 2003, park’s score has risen from 20.5 to 36.0 (out of a pos- emitt ing approximately 50 million tonnes of CO2. sible 99 points). While this clear improvement in its To manage Cambodia’s forests more sustainably management is encouraging, the report identifi es and reduce carbon emissions, the authors propose a number of specifi c areas where more att ention a suite of interventions tailored to diff erent forest is needed. Author: [email protected]; types, including Reduced Impact Logging (RIL), Online htt p://www.prcf-alliance.org/cambodia/ enrichment planting, assisted natural regenera- cambodia_pdf/PD09003_METT_First_Reassess- tion and fi re prevention. The need for fi nancial ment_LWS_May_2009_EN.pdf and technical support could be met in part by gen- Hance, J. (2010) Secret titanium mine threatens erating revenue from Reducing Emissions from Cambodia’s most untouched forest. The Babbler, Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD). The 36, 18-19. authors also call for a new system to certify forest- Plans have been revealed for a titanium mine that ers in Cambodia. Online: htt p://nopheasasaki.net/ would cover 15-20,000 ha of the southern Carda- conference/2010/1kimsun.pdf mom Mountains. The proposed mine is on a major Gauntlett , S. (2010) Forest watershed in relation Asian elephant migration route and threatens an to water shortages in Cambodia. Paper presented emerging ecotourism scheme around Chi Phat. to the International Conference on Managing Forest Wildlife conservationists and local communities Resources for Multiple Ecosystem Services under are opposing the mine. Online: htt p://birdlifeindo- Robust and Fragile Environments, 9-10 August, china.org/sites/default/fi les/Babbler_36.pdf Phnom Penh, Cambodia. Hannay, R.M. (2010) Living landscapes: the vision Cambodia’s largest watershed, the Cardamom and role of community forestry in sustainable devel- Mountains, covers approximately 1.8 million ha, opment. MA thesis, Oxford Brookes University, receives 3,000-5,000 mm of rain annually, has 18 Oxford, UK. major waterways, and supplies water to six prov-

Cambodian Journal of Natural History 2010 (1) 146-171 © Centre for Biodiversity Conservation, Phnom Penh 162 Recent literature

This thesis incorporates two case studies from for Multiple Ecosystem Services under Robust and Cambodia (but presents very litt le data or analy- Fragile Environments, 9-10 August, Phnom Penh, sis of either). Online: htt p://www.brookes.ac.uk/ Cambodia. schools/be/research/cendep/dissertations/Rachael- This presentation combines the fi ndings from three Hannay.pdf studies on the stand dynamics of tropical seasonal Horm C., Bampton, J.F.R., Kelley, L.C. & Brofeldt, evergreen forest, water cycling by native and exotic S. (2010) Whose land is this anyway? The role of trees, and estimating biomass from satellite images. collective action in maintaining community rights In the fi rst study, 20 plots were established in ever- to the land in Kratie, Cambodia. Paper presented to green forests in central Cambodia, where the team the CAPRi Workshop on Collective Action, Property recorded 67 tree species, with a mean density of 545 2 Rights, and Confl ict in Natural Resources Manage- per hectare, basal area of 23.4 m and volume incre- 3 ment, 28 June - 1 July, Siem Reap, Cambodia. ment of 1.09 m per hectare per year. Online: htt p:// nopheasasaki.net/conference/2010/4kajisa.pdf A two-year study of the contest between the Kbal Damrei Commune - which had land tenure and had Khou E.H. (2010) Lessons and experiences in applied for a community forest - and a rubber plan- strengthening the contribution of NTFP liveli- tation company that had been granted an economic hoods in sustainable forest management in Cam- land concession in the same place. This case study bodia. Paper presented to the International Conference demonstrates that confl ict over forest resources on Managing Forest Resources for Multiple Ecosys- can motivate strong, even violent collective action tem Services under Robust and Fragile Environments, in Cambodian communities. Online: htt p://www. 9-10 August, Phnom Penh, Cambodia. capri.cgiar.org/pdf/CAPRi_Confl ict_Chandet.pdf At least 50% of Cambodia’s plants have some eco- Ironside, J. (2010) The outbreak of peace: communal nomic value. For forest dwellers who face rice land management and traditional governance in shortages for six months per year, the collection of a remote Cambodian province Paper presented to non-timber forest products (NTFPs) is the second the CAPRi Workshop on Collective Action, Property most important occupation after rice farming. This Rights, and Confl ict in Natural Resources Manage- paper describes ongoing projects to advance and ment, 28 June - 1 July, Siem Reap, Cambodia. add value to the community-based management of ratt an and wild honey, and identifi es other species This paper explores the governance of land and that could be similarly promoted. The author calls natural resources in Ratanakiri Province. Here, for NTFPs to be integrated into the development of communal land ownership is quickly giving way REDD initiatives, especially during the early stages to private tenure, resulting in landlessness, dispos- as a means of building local support for, and ben- session and widespread forest clearing. The author efi ts from, forest conservation. Online: htt p://noph- advises that a bett er solution could be found by easasaki.net/conference/2010/6eanghourt.pdf drawing upon traditional institutions, ownership and governance models to enable communities to Khun V. (2010) Carbon storage of tropical decidu- develop sustainable agriculture and livelihoods in ous forests in Mondulkiri Province, Cambodia. these forested upland areas. Online: htt p://www. Paper presented to the International Conference on capri.cgiar.org/pdf/CAPRi_Confl ict_Ironside.pdf Managing Forest Resources for Multiple Ecosystem Services under Robust and Fragile Environments, Kajisa T., Yahara, T. & Mizoue, N. (2010) Multi- 9-10 August, Phnom Penh, Cambodia. dimensional assessment of three types of forest management in Cambodia-activity report of In deciduous forests in Keo Seima District, the total GCOE program “Asian Conservation Ecology”, quantity of carbon stored was found to average Kyushu University. Paper presented to the Inter- 276 tonnes per hectare, most (186 tonnes) of which national Conference on Managing Forest Resources was held in soil organic carbon. Author: vathana.

[email protected]; Online: htt p://nopheasasaki.net/ sity values more eff ectively into local production conference/2010/12vathana.pdf systems. Author: [email protected] Kiyono, Y., Furuya, N., Sum T, Umemiya, C., Itoh, Nang P. (2010) Sustainable pathways for att aining E., Araki, M. & Matsumoto, M. (2010) Carbon the Millennium Development Goals: ecosystem stock estimation by forest measurement contrib- services & local livelihoods - a case study in Cam- uting to sustainable forest management in Cam- bodia. Paper presented to the International Conference bodia. Japan Agricultural Research Quarterly, 44, on Managing Forest Resources for Multiple Ecosys- 81-92. tem Services under Robust and Fragile Environments, Carbon stocks were measured and monitored in 9-10 August, Phnom Penh, Cambodia. four carbon pools (above-ground biomass, below- Paper not seen. Author: nangphirun@ ground biomass, deadwood, and litt er) in 17 plots yahoo.com; Online: htt p://nopheasasaki.net/ in evergreen, dry and secondary forests in various conference/2010/7pirun.pdf [This link was inactive in parts of Cambodia (most in protected areas). While December 2010]. total carbon values were found to vary among dif- Nin C. (2010) The forestry management cultural ferent forest types, most of the carbon stock (84 ± landscape and environment in Angkor Park SD 12%) was in the above-ground (tree) biomass. Zone. Paper presented to the International Conference By classifying forest types and determining their on Managing Forest Resources for Multiple Ecosys- average tree biomass and land area, a reasonably tem Services under Robust and Fragile Environments, accurate estimate of carbon stock can be obtained. 9-10 August, Phnom Penh, Cambodia. To the authors’ surprise, however, half of the forest The Apsara Authority is responsible for the man- plots used in this study were destroyed or heavily agement of the 60,929-ha Angkor site, includ- logged within three years. This demonstrates the ing 12,785 ha of forest. This paper outlines steps need for forest researchers to allocate extra plots taken and planned to improve forest management, when att empting to conduct long term monitoring including establishing fi rebreaks, distributing tree in Cambodia. Author: kiono@aff rc.go.jp; Online: seedlings to local communities, tackling illegal htt p://www.jircas.aff rc.go.jp/english/publication/ land grabbing, and tree surgery to prevent damage jarq/44-1/44-01-12.pdf to cultural sites and infrastructure. The Author- Lo Cascio, A. & Beilin, R. (2010) Of biodiversity and ity aims to signifi cantly increase the overall tree boundaries: a case study of community-based cover in this area. Online: htt p://nopheasasaki.net/ natural resource management practice in the conference/2010/11chansamean.pdf Cardamom Mountains, Cambodia. Environmental Patt naik, A. (2010) The status of forestry educa- Conservation, 37, 347-355. tion & research in managing the existing forests Community forestry and other forms of communi- in Cambodia’s protected areas. Paper presented ty-based natural resource management (CBNRM), to the International Conference on Managing Forest have been promoted by international NGOs in Resources for Multiple Ecosystem Services under Cambodia as a strategy to support protected area Robust and Fragile Environments, 9-10 August, management. A study in 2005 found challenges Phnom Penh, Cambodia. during the early stages of a CBNRM programme in This paper questions the usefulness of rapid surveys Phnom Samkos Wildlife Sanctuary and the Central and calls for more in-depth, longer term scientifi c Cardamoms Protected Forest because communities research to fully understand the dynamics, ecology contested the meaning and usefulness of protected and management needs of Cambodia’s forests. areas. Their concerns revealed power imbalances There is a need for greater inter-agency collabora- and uncertainty over long term outcomes. The tion on collecting and sharing data, more funding authors identifi ed the need to integrate biodiver- for research in Cambodia, and the training and

Cambodian Journal of Natural History 2010 (1) 146-171 © Centre for Biodiversity Conservation, Phnom Penh 164 Recent literature

involvement of more scientists, including under- national Conference on Managing Forest Resources graduate and graduate students. Online: htt p:// for Multiple Ecosystem Services under Robust and nopheasasaki.net/conference/2010/14anita.pdf Fragile Environments, 9-10 August, Phnom Penh, Cambodia. Seak S. (2010) Biodiversity conservation as a tool to sustain forest ecosystem services. Paper presented This paper describes the formation and main objec- to the International Conference on Managing Forest tives of the National Forest Programme, which has Resources for Multiple Ecosystem Services under the overall mission to “advance the sustainable Robust and Fragile Environments, 9-10 August, management and development of our forests for Phnom Penh, Cambodia. their contribution to poverty alleviation, enhanced livelihoods, economic growth and environmen- A diverse array of organisations and initiatives are tal protection, including conservation of biologi- working to conserve Cambodian forests and the cal diversity and our cultural heritage.” As part of ecosystem services they provide. Most projects are the programme’s objective to develop sustainable heavily dependent on donor support, however, and fi nancing systems, a wide range of mechanisms many of the techniques and approaches are being are being considered including, inter alia, REDD, introduced by outsiders, especially international upstream protection, ecotourism, revenue from NGOs. The author recommends increased use of confi scated forest products, economic land conces- local technical skills and knowledge to develop sions and timber exports. Online: htt p://nopheasa- conservation models that are bett er tailored to the saki.net/conference/2010/2sokhheng.pdf Cambodian context. Online: htt p://nopheasasaki. net/conference/2010/10sophat.pdf Tamai, K. (2010) The dependency of latent heat fl ux on vapor pressure defi cit in lowland evergreen Shigematsu, A., Mizoue, N., Ide, K., Khun, K., forest in Cambodia. Paper presented to the 22nd Muthavy P., Yoshida, S., Kohroki, K. & Sato, N. Conference on Climate Variability and Change, 17-21 (2010) Estimation of rubberwood production in January, Atlanta, USA. Cambodia. New Forests, 28 December 2010, doi: 10.1007/s11056-010-9243-7. [E-pub ahead of print]. Much of the original evergreen broad-leaved forests in Indochina have been replaced by agricultural Using interview surveys with three rubberwood land or deciduous forests, and only a relatively processing companies and statistics from estate small area now remains in Cambodia. The ever- rubber plantations and timber retailing companies, green broad-leaved forests transpire 6 mm per day, this study estimates that an average of 254,697 m3 irrespective of season, and tall trees with extensive of rubberwood roundwood was produced annu- root systems are capable of extracting moisture ally since 1996. Sales of natural forest timber have from soil layers deeper than 2.5 metres. Author: declined sharply in Cambodia as restrictions on a123@ff pri.aff rc.go.jp logging have increased, and rubberwood is thought to account for more than 60% of the country’s Toriyama, J., Ohta, S., Araki, M., Kosugi, K., industrial roundwood production since 2000. The Nobuhiro, T., Kabeya, N., Shimizu, A., Tamai, K., authors recommend monitoring the expansion of Kanzaki, M. & Chann S. (2010) Soil pore charac- rubber plantations and linking Cambodia’s into a teristics of evergreen and deciduous forests of the regional wood resource management system. [The tropical monsoon region in Cambodia. Hydrologi- rubber tree Hevea brasiliensis is native to the South cal Processes, doi: 10.1002/hyp.7859A. American Amazon]. Author: aki.shigematsu@gmail. The soil pore characteristics of evergreen and com deciduous forest stands were studied in three Sokh H. (2010) Cambodia’s National Forest Pro- provinces in Cambodia. Soils in evergreen forests gramme: innovative forest fi nancing for sustaina- had signifi cantly bigger pores than the deciduous 3 ble forest management. Paper presented to the Inter- forest soils: mean water capacity was 0·107 m and

0·146 m3 per cubic metre of soil in evergreen and A costed two-year proposal to enable Cambodia to deciduous forests respectively. A simulation model implement the Cambodia REDD+ Roadmap [above], for rain storms in the early dry season indicated a including developing the necessary institutions, greater gain in soil water in evergreen forests than policies and capacity. Online: htt p://nopheasasaki. in deciduous forest soils. Author: jtori@aff rc.go.jp net/reddcambodi/ Yahara, T. (2010) Three types of forest management Anonymous (2010) REDD+ Partnerships: National in Cambodia as an opportunity to optimize dif- Workshops for Government & Civil Society: 24-26 ferent goals towards sustainable society. Paper February 2010, Sunway Hotel, Phnom Penh, Cambo- presented to the International Conference on Manag- dia. RECOFTC - the Center for People and Forests, ing Forest Resources for Multiple Ecosystem Services Bangkok, Thailand, and Institute for Global Envi- under Robust and Fragile Environments, 9-10 August, ronmental Studies, Hayama, Japan. Phnom Penh, Cambodia. The proceedings of a workshop in Cambodia that This paper contains fi ndings from a forest study in aimed to build government and civil society aware- Kampong Thom Province. Out of 243 tree species ness on REDD+, foster and strengthen national encountered, 88 (36%) could not be identifi ed in the REDD+ networks, and identify and address criti- fi eld, but some of these were subsequently identical capacity-building needs. Online: htt p://www. fi ed in the laboratory using DNA barcoding. The iges.or.jp/en/fc/pdf/activity_201003/Summary_ author highlights the need to build plant identifi ca- Reports/IGES_Workshop_REPORT_CAmbodia_ tion capacity in Cambodia, for example, by estab- v4_TD_100410r.pdf [Mostly in English, with some lishing herbariums and laboratories, and produc- powerpoint presentations in Khmer]. ing a “Forest Flora of Cambodia.” Online: htt p:// Chervier, C., Neang M. & Depres, C. (2010) Emer- nopheasasaki.net/conference/2010/18yahara.pdf gence of the notion of environmental services (ES) in forest conservation policies and the interna- Payments for conservation tional infl uence: fi eld evidences from Cambodia. services, including carbon Paper presented to the International Conference on Environment and Natural Resources Management in Anonymous (2010) Cambodia REDD+ Roadmap, ver. Developing and Transition Economies, 18-19 Novem- 3.1. UN-REDD - the United Nations Collabora- ber, Clermont Ferrand, France. tive Programme on Reducing Emissions from Initial strategies for managing forests in Cambodia Deforestation and Forest Degradation in Devel- were based on regulatory approaches (protected oping Countries, United Nations, Washington areas), with apparently limited success in halting DC., USA. deforestation. In recent years, the concept of envi- The fi rst national action plan for the Royal Govern- ronmental services has become more prominent, ment of Cambodia to achieve “REDD+ Readiness”. with the development of payment for environmen- This detailed plan was developed by the inter- tal services strategies. Foreign infl uence from inter- ministerial REDD+ Taskforce in consultation with national donors and conservation NGOs has had international NGOs and local civil society groups. a major role in this paradigm shift, chiefl y by pro- Online: htt p://nopheasasaki.net/reddcambodi/ viding fi nancial and scientifi c support and placing Anonymous (2010) National Programme Document international technical advisers in decision-making - Cambodia. UN-REDD - the United Nations Col- networks. There is, however, an opportunity for laborative Programme on Reducing Emissions greater application of the environmental services from Deforestation and Forest Degradation in concept in domestic policies. Author: c.depres@veta- Developing Countries, United Nations, Washing- gro-sup.fr; Online: htt p://www.cerdi.org/uploads/ ton DC., USA.

Cambodian Journal of Natural History 2010 (1) 146-171 © Centre for Biodiversity Conservation, Phnom Penh 166 Recent literature

sfCmsContent/html/323/D%C3%A9pr%C3%A9s. market could be made in 2011. Online: htt p://noph- pdf easasaki.net/conference/2010/16tom.pdf Eang S. (2010) Climate change, forest conversion Grogan, K., Hansfort, S.L., van Beukering, P.J.H. & and illegal logging, driver for change in the Cam- van der Leeuw, K. (2009) Reduced Emission from bodian forest sector. Paper presented to the Inter- Deforestation and Degradation in the Southern Carda- national Conference on Managing Forest Resources mom Ecosystem, Cambodia. IVM Report (R-09/11), for Multiple Ecosystem Services under Robust and Institute for Environmental Studies, VU Univer- Fragile Environments, 9-10 August, Phnom Penh, sity, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Cambodia. There has been increasing pressure on the forest While national and international forums have pro- resources of the Southern Cardamom Mountains. posed to combat deforestation and forest degrada- Carbon credits from REDD oﬀ ers an opportunity to

tion by implementing REDD schemes, it is important conserve the forest, reduce CO2 emissions, support not to overlook the root causes of forest conversion and develop local communities; and generate rev- and illegal logging. This paper summarises actions enues for the Cambodian government and Wild- taken by the Royal Government of Cambodia to life Alliance. If deforestation can be controlled, conserve forests to date, e.g. placing more than 4.5 the potential value of reduced emissions would be

million ha (25% of the total country area) under con- between 0.4 and 1.3 million tonnes CO2 per year. servation and protection, establishing 424 forestry Online: htt p://www.ivm.vu.nl/en/Images/R09-11_ communities in 20 provinces (total area 396,710 ha), tcm53-95750.pdf [A “Decision Makers Summary” reclaiming 246,600 ha of forestland that had been is at htt p://www.ivm.vu.nl/en/Images/R09-13%20 illegally cleared and occupied, and implementing decisionmakers%20summary_tcm53-95569.pdf]. two REDD pilot projects in two provinces (total Kapos, V., Ravilious, C., Chivin L., Bertz ky, M., Osti, area 248,028 ha). The Government remains commit- M., Clements, T. & Dickson, B. (2010) Carbon, Bio- ted to the National Forest Programme, REDD and diversity and Ecosystem Services: Exploring Co-bene- the ITTO project Strengthening Capacity of Forest Law fi ts. Cambodia. UNEP-WCMC, Cambridge, UK. Enforcement and Governance. Online: htt p://noph- This report contains maps and statistics on Cambo- easasaki.net/conference/2010/3savet.pdf dia’s carbon stocks, organised by ecosystem types Evans, T. (2010) Development of the Seima Pro- and management designation (e.g. protected areas tection Forest REDD Project. Paper presented to and forest concessions). Much of Cambodia’s ter- the International Conference on Managing Forest restrial carbon stock is in areas important for bio- Resources for Multiple Ecosystem Services under diversity conservation, many of which have some Robust and Fragile Environments, 9-10 August, form of protection (e.g. the Cardamom Mountains Phnom Penh, Cambodia. range is singled out as the largest area of very high Slowing deforestation may be a cost-eff ective way to carbon density). REDD+ schemes in such areas mitigate global warming. This REDD project takes could achieve substantial biodiversity-related ben- place in the 187,000-ha core area of Seima Protection efi ts. Some areas of biodiversity importance have Forest, where the carbon stock of live trees is esti- relatively low carbon stocks (including most of the mated to average 133 tonnes per hectare. This paper Important Bird Areas in the lowlands), however, outlines the technically challenging steps that have and will therefore need to seek funding from other been taken to assess the site’s current carbon stocks, mechanisms. Planning for forest carbon manage- evaluate the baseline rate of deforestation, and esti- ment in Cambodia must take account the numerous mate net carbon losses if the area were deforested. existing plans and designations for land manage- While there are additional stages to complete, the ment. Online: htt p://www.unep-wcmc.org/climate/ fi rst sales through an existing voluntary carbon

pdf/Cambodia%20Summary%20Report%202010. Sasaki N. & Ty S. (2010) Managing concession pdf forests in Cambodia under the REDD+ mecha- nism. Paper presented to the International Conference Oum P. (2010) Payment of environmental serv- on Managing Forest Resources for Multiple Ecosys- ices development in Cambodia. Paper presented tem Services under Robust and Fragile Environments, to the International Conference on Managing Forest 9-10 August, Phnom Penh, Cambodia. Resources for Multiple Ecosystem Services under Robust and Fragile Environments, 9-10 August, 92% of Cambodians depend on wood fuel and 85% Phnom Penh, Cambodia. live in wooden houses. If more forests are protected for their carbon benefi ts under REDD+, the demand Payments for Environmental Services (PES) can for timber and fuel wood will increase, raising take many forms such as cash, tax breaks, tenure prices and therefore the opportunity costs. For security, and skills training. The payment must be REDD+ schemes to survive, this ongoing demand at least match the opportunity costs of foregoing cannot be ignored. This paper asks whether con- alternative land uses, and transaction costs should cession forests can meet the public demand for be minimal. PES schemes require mutual trust wood in addition to achieving net carbon seques- between sellers and buyers, and their rights and tation? This should be feasible in Cambodia, but responsibilities must be defi ned. There needs to be the country will fi rst need to overcome a number good supporting institutions, legal frameworks and of obstacles, including demarcating forest bounda- policies, and fi nancial mechanisms. Finally, PES ries, classifying forests according to their use and also requires monitoring systems to link payments degradation, and building capacity. Author: nopsa- to performance. A wide range of PES projects have [email protected]; Online: htt p://nopheasasaki.net/ been piloted in Cambodia, and the author draws conference/2010/17nophea.pdf particular att ention to the potential for linking hydropower dam development to PES. Author: pis- Schmidt, L. & Theilade, I. (2010) Conservation of Prey [email protected]; Online: htt p://nopheasasaki. Long Forest Complex, Cambodia. Working Papers net/conference/2010/9pisey.pdf Forest & Landscape No. 50-2010, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark. Sasaki, N. (2010) Carbon-based payments for tropical forest conservation - a case study for evergreen This 25-page report summarises the fi ndings from forest in Cambodia. Paper presented to the Shinshu three biological survey expeditions to Prey Long, University International Symposium, February 2010, “the largest lowland evergreen forest in Cambodia, Shinshu, Japan. and probably in the Indo-Burma Hotspot”. The authors present the main values of and threats to Cambodia’s evergreen forests are the fi rst priority this forest, and outline a conservation strategy that for conservation if carbon payments are available. includes a reduced emissions from deforestation Using inventory data and timber royalties, this and forest degradation (REDD) scheme. Author: paper compared the costs of, and revenues from, [email protected]; Online: htt p://en.sl.life.ku.dk/ timber harvesting against fi ve diff erent land uses. upload/fwlp50_preylong.pdf Annual Equivalent Values were $8.23-81.87 per hectare for timber harvesting, $0.92-16.16 for con- Yeang D. (2010) Tenure rights and benefi t sharing verting forests to teak plantations, and $0.92-16.65 arrangements for REDD: a case study of two REDD for rubber plantations, but forest conservation pilot projects in Cambodia. MSc thesis, Wageningen off ered the best value at $46.38-461.35 per hectare. University, Wageningen, The Netherlands. Conversion to acacia and oil palm were found to be Two REDD pilot projects are underway in Cambo- unprofi table in Cambodia due to low productivity dia: the Community Forestry Carbon Off set Project and relatively high production costs. Author: nop- (CFCOP) in Oddar Meanchey Province and the [email protected] Seima Protection Forest Project (SPF) in Mondulki-

Cambodian Journal of Natural History 2010 (1) 146-171 © Centre for Biodiversity Conservation, Phnom Penh 168 Instructions for Authors

ri Province. In both cases, local communities have and Southeast Asian Regional Center for Gradu- been granted forest access rights and the projects ate Study and Research in Agriculture (SEARCA), have legitimized their tenure rights. In the CFCOP, Laguna, The Philippines. more than 50% of the revenue from the future sale Cambodia had become a net emitt er of greenhouse of carbon credits is to be shared with local com- gases by 2000, producing the equivalent of 6,244 munities, while in the SPF the sharing of revenue Gg CO2. The main source of the pollution is “land was still under discussion when this study was con- use conversion and forestry” (71.5% of emissions ducted. Lessons learned from this research could in 2010), followed by agriculture (22.1% of emis- guide other REDD projects with regard to securing sions, and rising), nearly half of which is att ributed the rights of local communities to access forests and to methane and other emissions from livestock. benefi t from conservation. Author: yeangdonal@ The author advises on how to reduce and mitigate gmail.com; Online: htt p://edepot.wur.nl/145608 greenhouse gas emissions from catt le farming in Cambodia. Author: [email protected] Climate change Nguyen H., Shaw, R. & Prabhakar, S.V.R.K. (2010) Chapter 4 - Climate change adaptation and disas- Buckley, B.M., Anchukaitisa, K.J., Penny, D., Fletch- ter risk reduction in Cambodia. In Climate Change er, R., Cook, E.R., Sanod, S., Le Canh N., Wichien- Adaptation and Disaster Risk Reduction: An Asian keeo, A., Ton T.M. & Truong M.H. (2010) Climate Perspective (Community, Environment and Disaster as a contributing factor in the demise of Angkor, Risk Management, Volume 5) (ed. R. Shaw), pp. Cambodia. Proceedings of the National Academy of 59-79. Emerald Group Publishing, Bingley, UK. Sciences of the United States of America, 107, 6748- doi: 10.1108/S2040-7262(2010)0000005010 6752. Cambodia is one of the countries most vulner- The capital of the Khmer Empire experienced able to climatic change, with fl ooding a primary decades-long drought during the 14th and 15th concern along the Tonle Sap and Mekong Rivers. Centuries, interspersed with intense monsoons, The National Committ ee for Disaster Management which likely contributed to its eventual demise. has the mandate for reducing risk, and disaster The evidence of these climatic events comes from a management committ ees have been established at robust 759-year record in the growth rings of trees provincial, district, and commune levels. Neverthe- in southern Vietnam. The Angkor droughts were less, this study identifi ed an urgent need for a more long and severe enough to disrupt the city’s water eff ective institutional framework in Cambodia. In supply and agricultural production, while years of particular, the Provincial Committ ees for Disaster high rainfall damaged its water control infrastruc- Management require a partnership agreement and ture. Remarkably, rainfall patt erns in this region implementing guidelines to facilitate coordination were found to be strongly and inversely correlated and cooperation between the various committ ees, with tropical Pacifi c sea surface temperature, sug- NGOs and international organisations. In addi- gesting that a warm Pacifi c and El Niño events can tion, policy makers must rapidly increase their induce droughts in Southeast Asia. Author: bmb@ understanding of climate change issues and build ldeo.columbia.edu; Online: htt p://www.pnas.org/ capacity to agree and implement appropriate pro- content/107/15/6748.full.pdf+html grammes. Author: [email protected] Sann V. & Ngo B. (2010) Animal genetic resource WWF - World Wide Fund for Nature (2009) The conservation and climate change in Cambodia: Greater Mekong and Climate Change: Biodiversity, reducing livestock to decrease GHG emission? Ecosystem Services and Development at Risk. WWF In Moving Forward: Southeast Asian Perspectives Greater Mekong Programme, Bangkok, Thai- on Climate Change and Biodiversity (eds P.E. Sajise, land. M.V. Ticsay & G.C. Saguiguit Jr), pp. 87-99. ISEAS

The Greater Mekong Region is exceptionally vul- Miscellaneous nerable to the impacts of climate change, and Cam- Anonymous (2010) Pesticides – a threat to human bodia and Laos are especially poorly equipped to health and wildlife in Cambodia. The Babbler, 35, cope with the consequences. Across the region, 37. temperatures have already risen by 0.5-1.5 oC in the past 50 years, with further rises of 2-4 oC pre- Dangerous and prohibited pesticides continue to dicted over the next century. This report warns of be widely used in Cambodia. Over 90% of pes- increased droughts, fl ooding, crop failures, disease ticide users have fallen ill from exposure to these epidemics and water shortages. WWF recommends chemicals. A survey revealed that most farmers three climate change adaptation strategies: (i) pro- were untrained in pesticide use and 89% were tecting regional ecosystems, (ii) reducing additional unaware that pesticides could be harmful. A major stresses such as hydropower dams and over-extrac- problem is that labelling on pesticides is rarely in tion of natural resources, and (iii) implementing a Khmer. Besides their use in agriculture, pesticides regional climate change adaptation agreement. are illegally used for hunting and fi shing, incurring Online: htt p://assets.panda.org/downloads/fi nal_ serious risks for both people and wildlife. Online: cc_report_low_res.pdf http://birdlifeindochina.org/sites/default/files/ Babbler%2035.pdf [This article cites the Wildlife Con- Yusuf, A.A. & Francisco, H. (2009) Climate Change servation Society as its source - Ed.]. Vulnerability Mapping for Southeast Asia. Economy and Environment Program for Southeast Asia Giam, X., Ng, T.H., Yap, V.B. & Tan, H.T.V. (2010) (EEPSEA), Singapore. The extent of undiscovered species in Southeast Asia. Biodiversity Conservation, 19, 943-954. This 26-page report provides information on the regions, districts and provinces most vulnerable Based on recent rates of discovery, this paper fore- to climate change impacts in Southeast Asia. The casts the number of species yet to be discovered study entailed overlaying climate hazard maps, in Southeast Asia, including Cambodia. Of the sensitivity maps and adaptive capacity maps in eight major taxa evaluated, amphibians, freshwa- line with the vulnerability assessment framework ter fi shes, hawk moths, mammals, and legumi- of the United Nations’ Inter-governmental Panel nous plants were predicted to harbour the great- on Climate Change (IPCC). The results show that est proportions of unknown species, and more the most vulnerable regions in Southeast Asia are taxonomic research is required on these groups. as follows: all of the Philippines; the Mekong River Birds were considered to have the most complete Delta in Vietnam; almost the whole of Cambodia; inventory in this region, with far lower prospects northern and eastern Laos; the Bangkok region of of fi nding new species. Author: xgiam@princeton. Thailand; and, in Indonesia, West Sumatra, South edu; Online: htt p://www.springerlink.com/content/ Sumatra, West Java and East Java. Within Cambo- y646106t55289523/fulltext.pdf dia, the most vulnerable provinces are Mondulki- Gillespie, J. (2009) Protecting World Heritage: regu- ri, Ratanakiri, and Kampong Speu, and the most lating ownership and land use at Angkor Archae- resilient is Kratie. Author: [email protected]. ological Park, Cambodia. International Journal of ac.id; Online: htt p://www.idrc.org/uploads/user- Heritage Studies, 15, 338-354. S/12483270391Mapping_Reportv02.pdf This paper considers how proprietary interests in land and land use are aff ected by a World Heritage listing, using the Angkor Archaeological Park as a case study. Listing was found to impose signifi cant constraints on land use and ownership, directly impacting the resident communities of Angkor,

Cambodian Journal of Natural History 2010 (1) 146-171 © Centre for Biodiversity Conservation, Phnom Penh 170 Recent literature

and the existing regulatory framework proved to strongly infl uenced by monsoons. Author: serm@ be inadequate. Concepts of ownership can be com- su.ac.th plicated in a World Heritage Site of “outstanding Sodhi, N.J.& Erlich, P.R. (eds) (2010) Conservation universal value” and this paper highlights the chal- Biology for All. Oxford University Press, Oxford, lenges facing managers in trying to satisfy both UK. local needs and the international expectations of a This text book strives to “…provide cutt ing-edge World Heritage Site. Author: [email protected] but basic conservation science to a global reader- Hin, S., Bell, R.W., Newsome, D. & Seng V. (2010) ship”. Writt en by many top names in conservation, Understanding variability in texture and acidity the book covers such topics as balancing conserva- among sandy soils in Cambodia. Paper presented tion and human needs, climate change, conserva- th to the 19 World Congress of Soil Science, Soil Solu- tion planning, designing and analysing conser- tions for a Changing World, 1–6 August, Brisbane, vation research, ecosystem services, endangered Australia. species management, extinctions, fi re, habitat loss, Cambodia is dominated by sandy soils. Samples and invasive species. Although there are few spe- were collected from diff erent soil layers at eight cifi c mentions of Cambodia, this will be a useful sites in four provinces in eastern and southern reference for Cambodian scholars and decision Cambodia, and analysed for particle size distribu- makers. Importantly, the book is freely available tion, soil pH and exchangeable Al. Close proxim- electronically (while the paperback version costs ity to granite mountains (e.g. Phnom Aural) and around $70). Online: The complete book is at: htt p:// the coast was associated with coarser sand frac- www.dbs.nus.edu.sg/staff/details/sodhi/aCon- tions, while sandstone and quartz ite parent rocks servation_Biology_for_All.pdf (6.2 Mb). Chap- were associated with fi ner sands. Clay content was ters can also be downloaded individually: htt p:// similar at most sites, being low in surface layers and www.oxfordscholarship.com/oso/public/content/ generally higher below a depth of one metre. Soils biology/9780199554232/toc.html tended to be acidic (pH 3.4-4.7) across all sites, but Tran T.H. (2010) CEPF Mid-term assessment in samples from Kampot and Ponhea Krek were dis- Indo-Burma Hotspot. The Babbler, 35, 4-8. tinguished by their high exchangeable Al (0.44-1.13 The Critical Ecosystem Partnership Fund (CEPF) cmol/kg). Author: [email protected]; Online: launched a $9.5 million, fi ve year investment plan in http://www.iuss.org/19th%20WCSS/symposium/ the Indo-Burma Hotspot in July 2008. Sixty grants pdf/2399.pdf were awarded in the fi rst two years, most of less Janjai, S., Pankaewa, P., Laksanaboonsonga, J. & than $20,000. National meetings have been held to Kitichantaropas, P. (2010) Estimation of solar evaluate the progress made towards achieving the radiation over Cambodia from long-term satellite goals set out in the CEPF Ecosystem Profi le and to data. Renewable Energy, 36, 1214-1220. identify additional funding priorities. Another call Average daily global solar irradiation over Cambo- for proposals was issued in August 2010. Author: dia was estimated from satellite data (GMS5, GOES9 [email protected]; Online: htt p://birdlifein- and MTSAT-1R) from 1995 to 2008, and a model dochina.org/sites/default/files/Babbler%2035.pdf was developed to estimate surface solar radiation. [This issue of The Babbler also contains brief progress Five new solar radiation measuring stations were reports from the following CEPF-supported projects in established in Siem Reap, Kompong Thom, Phnom Cambodia: ”Research and Conservation Action for Tor- Penh, Sihanoukville and Kampot cities to validate toises and Freshwater Turtles in Indochina” (Conserva- and refi ne the model. The resulting solar radiation tion International); “Freshwater Biodiversity Assess- maps for Cambodia showed that solar radiation is ments in the Indo-Burma Biodiversity Hotspot: Fishes, Molluscs, Odonates and Plants” (IUCN); “Protecting

the Biological Diversity of the Mekong River“ (Interna- a barrier to livelihood development and security.” tional Rivers Network); and “Assessment of the Status A table shows that investment by NGOs and devel- and Distribution of Globally Threatened Plant Species opment partners in the environment in Cambodia in Indochina” (Missouri Botanical Garden)]. rose from US$3.4 million in 2008 to US$7 million in 2009 (but represented only 3.4% of the total funding VBNK & Results Based Management Group (2010) invested in Cambodia in that year). Online: htt p:// Cambodia Country Study Report: Phase Two Evalu- www.cdc-crdb.gov.kh/evaluation/ﬁ nal_cambodia_ ation of the Paris Declaration. Unpublished report country_study_report.pdf to the Council for the Development of Cambodia, Royal Government of Cambodia, Phnom Penh, Cambodia. This study evaluates the development outcomes, The Recent Literature section was compiled by JENNY including poverty reduction, associated with imple- C. DALTRY, with additional contributions from Tom menting the Paris Declaration in Cambodia. The Dacey, Neil Furey, Markus Handschuh, Amy Hinsley, report covers many aspects of economic and social Neang Thy, Eric Neilson and Tran Thanh Huong. All development, but highlights the importance of Internet addresses were correct at the time of publica- conserving natural resources and the need for envi- tion. Please send contributions (published or grey lit- ronmental sustainability. For example, the report erature, including project technical reports and confer- concludes that Cambodia’s ongoing dependency ence abstracts) dated 2010 or 2011 by email to: Editor. on wood and charcoal for 80% of its energy con- [email protected] sumption is “a major driver for deforestation and

Cambodian Journal of Natural History 2010 (1) 146-171 © Centre for Biodiversity Conservation, Phnom Penh 172 Instructions for Authors

Instructions for Authors

Purpose and Scope • Checklists of species, whether nationally or for a specifi c area. The Cambodian Journal of Natural History is a free journal that is published biannually by the Centre • Discoveries of new species records or range for Biodiversity Conservation at the Royal Univer- extensions. sity of Phnom Penh. The Centre for Biodiversity • Reviews of conservation policy and legislation Conservation is a non-profi t making unit, dedicat- in Cambodia. ed to training Cambodian biologists and the study and conservation of Cambodia’s biodiversity. • Conservation management plans for species, habitats or areas. The Cambodian Journal of Natural History pub- lishes original work by: • The nature and results of conservation initiatives, including case studies. • Cambodian or foreign scientists on any aspect of Cambodian natural history, including fauna, • Research on the sustainable use of wild species. fl ora, habitats, management policy and use of • Abstracts of student theses (Short Communica- natural resources. tions only). • Cambodian scientists on studies of natural The Journal does not normally accept formal history in any part of the world. descriptions of new species, new subspecies or The Journal especially welcomes material that other new taxa. If you wish to submit original tax- enhances understanding of conservation needs and onomic descriptions, please contact the editors in has the potential to improve conservation manage- advance. ment in Cambodia. How to Submit a Manuscript The primary language of the Journal is English. Authors are, however, encouraged to provide a Manuscripts should be submitt ed by email to the Khmer translation of their abstract. Editors at [email protected] In the covering email, the Lead (Corresponding) Author must Readership confi rm that: The Journal’s readers include conservation profes- • The submitt ed manuscript has not been pub- sionals, academics, government departments, non- lished elsewhere, governmental organizations, students, and inter- • All of the authors have read the submitt ed man- ested members of the public, both in Cambodia and uscript and agreed to its submission, and overseas. In addition to printed copies, the Journal • All research was conducted with the neces- is freely available online. sary approval and permit from the appropriate Papers and Short Communications authorities. Full Papers (2,000-8,000 words) and Short Commu- Review and Editing nications (300-2,000 words) are invited on topics All contributors are strongly advised to ensure that relevant to the Journal’s focus, including: their spelling and grammar is checked by a native • Research on the status, ecology or behaviour of English speaker before the manuscript is submitt ed wild species. to the Journal. The Editorial Team reserves the right • Research on the status or ecology of habitats. to reject manuscripts that need extensive editing for spelling and grammar.

All manuscripts will be subject to rigorous peer tion. Contributions should be in English, with UK review by a minimum of two qualifi ed review- English spelling (if in doubt, Microsoft Word and ers. Authors are welcome to suggest appropriate similar software should be set to check spelling reviewers. and grammar for ‘English (UK)’ language). Manu- scripts should be double-spaced. Submissions can Proofs will be sent to authors as a portable docu- be in ‘doc’, ‘docx’, ‘rtf’ or ‘wpd’ format, prefer- ment format (PDF) fi le att ached to an email note. ably as one fi le att ached to one covering email. The Acrobat Reader can be downloaded free of charge order of the sections of the manuscript should be: from to view the PDF fi les. cover page, main text, references, short biography Corrected proofs should be returned to the Editor of each author, tables, fi gures and plates (photo- within three working days of receipt. Minor correc- graphs). The cover page should contain the title tions can be communicated by email. and full mailing address and email address of the The Editorial Team welcomes contributions to Lead Author and the addresses of all co-authors. other sections of the journal, as follows: All pages should be numbered consecutively.

News Title: A succinct description of the work, in no more than 20 words. Concise reports (<300 words) on news of general Abstract: (Full papers only). This should describe, in interest to the study and management of Cambo- no more than 250 words, the aims, methods, major dia’s biodiversity. News items may include, for fi ndings and conclusions. The abstract should be example: informative and intelligible without reference to • Announcements of new initiatives; for example, the text, and should not contain any references the launch of new projects, conferences or or undefi ned abbreviations. Authors are strongly funding opportunities. encouraged to submit a Khmer translation of the • Summaries of important news from an authori- English abstract. tative published source; for example, a new Keywords: (Full papers only). Up to eight pertinent research technique, or a recent development in words, in alphabetical order. conservation. References: These should be cited in the text in the Letters to the Editor form of Stuart & Emmett (2006) or (Lay, 2000). For three or more authors, use the fi rst author’s Informative contributions (<650 words), usually in surname followed by et al.; for example, Rab et al. response to material published in the Journal. (2006) or (Khou et al., 2005). Multiple references should be in chronological order, for example, Hol- Recent Literature loway & Browne (2004); Kry & Chea (2004); Phan Copies or links to recent (<18 months) scientifi c (2005); Farrow (2006). publications concerning Cambodian biodiversi- The reference list should be presented in alpha- ty and the management of natural resources. For betical order. Cambodian, Vietnamese and other example, journal papers, project technical reports, authors who typically write their family name fi rst conference posters, and student theses. are presented in the form without a comma (thus, Sin Sisamouth becomes Preparation of Manuscripts Sin S.). Western author names are presented in the Authors should consult examples in this issue for form (thus, Charles general style. Full papers follow a similar style to Robert Darwin becomes Darwin, C.R.). those in Oryx – The International Journal of Conserva-

Cambodian Journal of Natural History 2008 (1) 172-174 © Centre for Biodiversity Conservation, Phnom Penh 174 Instructions for Authors

The titles of articles and journals should be writt en About the Author(s): This should describe the main in full. research interests of every author (<150 words each), apart from what is obvious from the subject The following are examples of house style: of the manuscript and the authors’ affi liations. This Papers: section is required for all Full Papers, but is option- Berzins, B. (1973) Some rotifers from Cambodia. al for Short Communications. Hydrobiologia, 41, 453-459. Tables, fi gures and plates: These should be self-ex- Neang T. (2009) Liquid resin tapping by local people planatory, each on a separate page and with an in Phnom Samkos Wildlife Sanctuary, Cambodia. appropriate caption. Figures, including maps, Cambodian Journal of Natural History, 2009, 16-25. should ideally be in black and white. Plates (photo- Tanaka, S. & Ohtaka, A. (2010) Freshwater Cladocera graphs) should be included only if they are of good (Crustacea, Branchiopoda) in Lake Tonle Sap and quality and form part of evidence that is integral to its adjacent waters in Cambodia. Limnology, 11, the study (e.g. a camera trap photograph of a rare 171-178. species). Books and chapters: Appendices: Long tables and questionnaires should Khou E.H. (2010) A Field Guide to the Ratt ans of Cam- be placed in Appendices. bodia. WWF Greater Mekong Cambodia Country Species names: The fi rst time a species is mentioned, Programme, Phnom Penh, Cambodia. its scientifi c name should follow without inter- MacArthur, R.H. & Wilson, E.O. (1967) The Theory vening punctuation: e.g., Asian elephant Elephas of Island Biogeography. Princeton University Press, maximus. English names should be in lower case Princeton, USA. throughout except where they incorporate a proper Rawson, B. (2010) The status of Cambodia pri- name (e.g., Asian fl ycatcher, Swinhoe’s minivet, mates. In Conservation of Primates in Indo- long-billed vulture). china (eds T. Nadler, B. Rawson & Van N.T.), Abbreviations: Full expansion should be given at pp. 17-25. Frankfurt Zoological Society, Frank- fi rst mention in the text. furt, Germany, and Conservation International, Units of measurement: Use metric units for measure- Hanoi, Vietnam. ments of area, mass, height, etc. Reports: Publisher: Centre for Biodiversity Conservation, Lic V., Sun H., Hing C. & Dioli, M. (1995) A brief fi eld Room 415, Main Campus, Faculty of Science, visit to Mondolkiri Province to collect data on kouprey Royal University of Phnom Penh, Confederation of (Bos sauveli), rare wildlife and for fi eld training. Russian Boulevard, Phnom Penh, Cambodia. Unpublished report to Canada Fund and IUCN, Phnom Penh, Cambodia. Theses: All issues of this journal can be freely download- Yeang D. (2010) Tenure rights and benefi t sharing ed from htt p://www.fauna-fl ora.org/publications/ arrangements for REDD: a case study of two REDD cambodian-journal-of-natural-history/ pilot projects in Cambodia. MSc thesis, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands. Websites: IUCN (2010) 2010 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Htt p://www.redlist.org [accessed 1 December 2010].

The preparation and printing of this volume was generously supported by:

Royal University of Phnom Penh - Centre for Biodiversity Conservation

RUPP is Cambodia’s oldest university, with over 9,000 students and over 400 teachers. In 2005, the Department of Biology co-founded the Centre for Biodiversity Conservation to provide training and support for national scientists. The Centre delivers a Masters of Science curriculum in Biodiversity Conservation and has established a library, classrooms, herbarium and zoological reference collection for use by students and scholars of Cambodian natural science. Website: www.rupp.edu.kh Fauna & Flora International

FFI protects threatened species and ecosystems worldwide, choosing solutions that are sustainable, are based on sound science and take account of human needs. Operating in more than 40 developing countries worldwide, FFI saves species from extinction and habitats from destruction, while improving the livelihoods of local people. Founded in 1903, FFI is the world’s longest established international conservation body. FFI has been active in Cambodia since 1996. Website: www.fauna-ﬂ ora.org Defra - Darwin Initiative

Launched in 1992 by the UK Government’s Department for Environment, Food and Rural Aﬀ airs (Defra) in 1992, the Darwin Initiative draws on the wealth of biodiversity expertise within the UK to help protect and enhance biodiversity around the world. This journal has been co-funded by Darwin Initiative as part of Project EIDPO028: Phase II: Building University Capacity to Train Future Cambodian Conservationists. Website: www.darwin.defra.gov.uk John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation

The MacArthur Foundation supports creative people and eﬀ ective institutions committ ed to building a more just, verdant, and peaceful world. This journal has been co-sponsored by the MacArthur Foundation as part of grant no. 09-92411-000-GSS: Creating Cambodia’s New Generation of Conservation Scientists. Website: www.macfound.org United States Fish & Wildlife Service - Great Apes Conservation Fund

The USFWS is a unit of the United States Department of the Interior that is dedicated to managing and preserving wildlife. The development of this journal was co-sponsored by USFWS Great Apes Conservation Fund as part of Project 8G680: Strengthening the Conservation of Cambodia’s Gibbons and their Habitats by Building National Capacity at M.Sc. Level. Website: htt p://www.fws.gov/international/DIC/species/great_apes/great_apes.html Cambodian Journal Volume 2010, Number 2 of Natural History

Contents

83 Editorial: Taxonomy and conservation go hand-in-hand, Paul J.J. Bates. 86 News: Announcing the Cambodia Climate Change Alliance, Koen Evereart. 87 Letter to the Editor: Building conservation genetic capacity in Cambodia, Vittoria L. Elliott and Kenneth J. Wilson. 89 Short Communication: Recent camera trap records of globally threatened species from the Eastern Plains Landscape, Mondulkiri, Phan Channa, Prum Sovanna and Thomas N.E. Gray. 94 Short Communication: New records of threatened mammals in Southwest Cambodia, Adam T. Starr, Sam Han and Lun Det. 97 Short Communication: Incidental records of dragonﬂ ies and damselﬂ ies (Order Odonata) in Cambodia, Hanns-Jürgen Roland, Ursula Roland and Edward Pollard. 103 Short Communication: Clutch size of sarus crane Grus antigone in the Northern Plains of Cambodia and incidence of clutches with three eggs, Markus Handschuh, Vann Rours and Hugo Rainey. 106 Introduction to the pitcher plants (Nepenthes) of Cambodia, François Sockhom Mey. 118 Ecology and natural history of banteng in eastern Cambodia: evidence from camera trapping in Mondulkiri Protected Forest and Phnom Prich Wildlife Sanctuary, Phan Channa and Thomas N.E. Gray. 127 First report on the herpetofauna of Dalai Mountain in Phnom Samkos Wildlife Sanctuary, southwestern Cardamom Mountains, Cambodia, Neang Thy, L. Lee Grismer, Chan Kin Onn, Jesse L. Grismer, Perry L. Wood Jr. and Timothy M. Youmans.

144 Recent Masters Theses: Long Kheng and Seng Rathea. 146 Recent literature from Cambodia: Jenny C. Daltry. 172 Instructions for Authors.