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Tese Mirian Santos Ribeiro De Oliveira UNIVERSIDADE DE SÃO PAULO FACULDADE DE FILOSOFIA, LETRAS E CIÊNCIAS HUMANAS DEPARTAMENTO DE SOCIOLOGIA PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM SOCIOLOGIA MIRIAN SANTOS RIBEIRO DE OLIVEIRA A nação e seus emigrantes: análise do discurso nacionalista hindu contemporâneo sobre a “comunidade hindu ultramarina” São Paulo 2012 UNIVERSIDADE DE SÃO PAULO FACULDADE DE FILOSOFIA, LETRAS E CIÊNCIAS HUMANAS DEPARTAMENTO DE SOCIOLOGIA PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM SOCIOLOGIA A nação e seus emigrantes: análise do discurso nacionalista hindu contemporâneo sobre a “comunidade hindu ultramarina” Mirian Santos Ribeiro de Oliveira Tese apresentada ao Programa de Pós- Graduação em Sociologia do Departamento de Sociologia da Faculdade de Filosofia, Letras e Ciências Humanas da Universidade de São Paulo, para a obtenção do título de Doutora em Sociologia . Orientador: Prof. Dr. Antônio Flávio de Oliveira Pierucci São Paulo 2012 OLIVEIRA, M. S. R. A nação e seus emigrantes: análise do discurso nacionalista hindu contemporâneo sobre a “comunidade hindu ultramarina”. Tese apresentada ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em Sociologia do Departamento de Sociologia da Faculdade de Filosofia, Letras e Ciências Humanas da Universidade de São Paulo, para a obtenção do título de Doutora em Sociologia. Aprovado em: Banca Examinadora Prof(a). Dr(a). ______________________ Instituição: ________________________ Julgamento: _______________________ Assinatura: ________________________ Prof(a). Dr(a). ______________________ Instituição: ________________________ Julgamento: _______________________ Assinatura: ________________________ Prof(a). Dr(a). ______________________ Instituição: ________________________ Julgamento: _______________________ Assinatura: ________________________ Prof(a). Dr(a). ______________________ Instituição: ________________________ Julgamento: _______________________ Assinatura: ________________________ Prof(a). Dr(a). ______________________ Instituição: ________________________ Julgamento: _______________________ Assinatura: ________________________ AGRADECIMENTOS Ao meu orientador, Prof. Dr. Antônio Flávio de Oliveira Pierucci, pela confiança, pelo apoio e pela liberdade concedida na elaboração de minha pesquisa. À Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo, pela concessão da bolsa de doutorado e pelo apoio financeiro para a realização desta pesquisa. À Superintendência de Assistência Social da Universidade de São Paulo, pela bolsa moradia e demais auxílios concedidos, indispensáveis à execução da etapa inicial do curso de doutorado. Aos pesquisadores, no Brasil, no Reino Unido e na Índia, que contribuíram de muitas formas para a redação desta tese: Prof. Manoel Neto (PUC Minas), Prof. Dr. Alexandre Cardoso (UFMG), Prof. Dr. Frank Usarski (PUC-SP), Profa. Dra. Lilian Gulmini (Departamento de Letras Clássicas e Vernáculas, USP), Prof. Dr. Angelo Segrillo, (Departamento de História, Laboratório de Estudos da Ásia, USP). Dr. Dorian Hayes (King’s College London), Prof. Dr. Pralay Kanungo (Centre for Political Studies, Jawaharlal Nehru University), Prof. Dr. AJay Kumar Sahoo (Centre for the Study of Indian Diaspora, University of Hyderabad). Aos familiares, amigos e colegas de trabalho, partícipes de meus próprios processos de migração. Em Belo Horizonte: Anandra, Bernardo, Breno, Heitor, Ivair, Jonas, Rose, Tânia; Guilherme, Kalinka, Liliane; Daniele, Débora, Sirlene; Cid, Daniela, Niva, Renata, Tereza, Terezinha. Em São Paulo: Danilo, Eliseu, Fábio, Juan, Marina e família, Regina, Rogério. Em Nova Déli: Amit; Seema, Titu e todos os amigos de Pratap Nagar; Subhash e os demais membros da Fundação Krishnamurti e da International Jurist Organisation . RESUMO OLIVEIRA, M.S.R. A nação e seus emigrantes: análise do discurso nacionalista hindu contemporâneo sobre a “comunidade hindu ultramarina” . 2012. 299f. Tese (Doutorado) – Faculdade de Filosofia, Letras e Ciências Humanas, Universidade de São Paulo, 2012. Diferentes organizações sociais no interior dos Estados-nação modernos, confrontadas com o aprofundamento e a diversificação dos processos de globalização contemporâneos, buscaram redefinir seus papéis, modos de atuação e percepções sobre a pertença à nação. Esta tese investiga processos de construção identitária ligados a migrações internacionais e, mais especificamente, a relações transnacionais entre organizações nacionalistas e emigrantes. Apresenta-se como obJetivo a análise do discurso nacionalista hindu contemporâneo sobre a emigração, elaborado a partir da sociedade de origem, a Índia, concentrando-se no modo como processos nacionais influenciam a construção de identidades transnacionais. Para tanto, examina-se o processo de (re)construção da identidade “hindu” como uma identidade transnacional, por uma organização nacionalista específica: o Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (Organização Nacional de Voluntários, RSS), atuante na Índia e em sociedades com quantidades significativas de migrantes indianos. Concentrou-se na análise do discurso “oficial” da Organização Nacional de Voluntários, ou seJa, no exame de livros e panfletos publicados pelo grupo nacionalista hindu em questão. A pesquisa documental foi realizada durante o período de trabalho de campo na Índia (entre dezembro de 2010 e maio de 2011), principalmente em arquivos mantidos pela Organização, em Nova Déli. Os documentos nacionalistas hindus selecionados para análise podem ser divididos em duas categorias: narrativas sobre a “nação hindu” que tratam parcialmente do tema da emigração e discursos sobre a emigração propriamente dita. Em ambas as categorias de textos, verifica-se a ocorrência de: (i) reelaboração de percepções sobre a emigração (de modo mais específico, a construção de imagens positivas da emigração e dos emigrantes); ii) (re)construção de vínculos simbólicos com os emigrantes (ou seJa, a reformulação da noção de pertença à “comunidade nacional”, com vistas à incorporação do emigrante nas narrativas sobre a nação). O exame dos processos de construção identitária empreendidos pela organização nacionalista em questão revela-se crucial para a análise da própria criação de canais institucionais que pretendem efetivar os vínculos simbólicos entre sociedade de emigração e emigrantes, uma vez que a formação de filiais ultramarinas, pela Organização Nacional de Voluntários, foi legitimada e estimulada pelo discurso nacionalista hindu sobre a emigração. Ademais, a análise realizada evidencia que a (re)construção de vínculos transnacionais entre a “pátria” e seus emigrantes, por organizações não estatais na sociedade de origem, promove a transnacionalização dos próprios ideários nacionalistas formulado por tais organizações. A representação da identidade “hindu” como uma identidade transnacional, a vincular indianos residentes na Índia ou no exterior a uma unidade sociocultural ampliada, o “Grande Hindustão”, implica, nesse sentido: i) a afirmação da predominância da noção de pertença à “pátria hindu” sobre outras identificações possíveis, entre os emigrantes; ii) a tentativa de reterritorialização das relações transnacionais entre as partes, isto é, a caracterização da sociedade indiana como o centro de redes transnacionais construídas ao longo de processos de emigração. Palavras-chave: emigração; identidades culturais; nacionalismo; transnacionalismo; Índia ABSTRACT OLIVEIRA, M.S.R. A nação e seus emigrantes: análise do discurso nacionalista hindu contemporâneo sobre a “comunidade hindu ultramarina” . 2012. 299f. Tese (Doutorado) – Faculdade de Filosofia, Letras e Ciências Humanas, Universidade de São Paulo, 2012. Distinct social organizations within modern nation-states seek to redefine their roles, strategies and perceptions of nationhood as contemporary globalization processes deepen. This thesis examines the construction of cultural identities in contexts significantly affected by international migrations. More precisely, we investigate transnational relations between nationalist organizations and emigrants. Since our obJective is analyzing contemporary Hindu nationalist discourse on emigration, which is elaborated within the sending-society, India, we focus on the influence of national processes over the construction of transnational identities. In this connection, we examine the process of (re)construction of “Hindu” identity as a transnational identity by a particular nationalist organization: Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (National Volunteer Organization, RSS), active in India and in receiving-societies with significant amounts of Indian migrants. We concentrate on the analysis of the ‘official’ discourse of National Volunteers’ Organization, that is, on the exam of books and pamphlets published by such Hindu nationalist organization. Documentary research was done in India, from December, 2010 to May, 2011. Hindu nationalist documents selected for analysis can be divided in two categories: narratives on “Hindu nation” only partially related to emigration matters, and discourses on emigration properly speaking. Both categories highlight: (i) the reinterpretation of perceptions of emigration (more precisely, the construction of positive images of emigrants and emigration); ii) the (re)construction of symbolic linkages with emigrants (i.e. the reformulation of the idea of national belongingness, in order to include the emigrant in national narratives). The investigation of processes of identity construction, undertaken by the RSS, is crucial to the analysis of the very creation of institutional channels that intend to realize the symbolic linkages between sending-society and
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