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Effects of Landscape Structure and Natural Enemies on the Abundance of Cereal Leaf Beetle, Oulema Melanopus L

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Effects of Landscape Structure and Natural Enemies on the Abundance of Cereal Leaf Beetle, Oulema Melanopus L EFFECTS OF LANDSCAPE STRUCTURE AND NATURAL ENEMIES ON THE ABUNDANCE OF CEREAL LEAF BEETLE, OULEMA MELANOPUS L. (COLEOPTERA: CHRYSOMELIDAE), IN WHEAT FIELDS IN SOUTHERN ALBERTA A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies The University of Manitoba By Arash Kheirodin In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for The Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Department of Entomology © 2019 Copyright by Arash Kheirodin Winnipeg, Manitoba, CANADA i ABSTRACT EFFECTS OF LANDSCAPE STRUCTURE AND NATURAL ENEMIES ON THE ABUNDANCE OF CEREAL LEAF BEETLE, OULEMA MELANOPUS L. (COLEOPTERA: CHRYSOMELIDAE), IN WHEAT FIELDS IN SOUTHERN ALBERTA By Arash Kheirodin In recent years, the cereal leaf beetle (CLB) Oulema melanopus (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), an important pest of wheat, barley, and oat throughout the world, has become a serious pest of cereal crops in Western Canada. Following CLB invasion, Tetrastichus julis (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae), the most efficient larval parasitoid of CLB, was introduced into the Canadian Prairies. I investigated the effect of landscape complexity, ranging from high (semi- natural habitats > 50%) to low (semi-natural habitats < 30%) on the abundance of CLB and its parasitism in southern Alberta. Cereal leaf beetle abundance and the parasitism rate of T. julis responded positively to the proportion of CLB major hosts (wheat and barley) in the current and previous years at various spatial scales (0.5 to 2 km). Landscape diversity was negatively associated with CLB abundance. Cereal leaf beetle parasitism increased when there was a higher proportion of canola and alfalfa in the landscape. Cereal leaf beetle parasitism also positively responded to CLB abundance in cereal fields, indicating a density-dependent response. Overall, I concluded that diversification of crops and semi-natural habitats in the surrounding landscape are an important factor to reduce CLB numbers in the Canadian Prairies. Laboratory and field predation trials revealed for the first time the contribution of various predators to CLB control. Several species of Hippodamia (Coleoptera: ii Coccinellidae), carabids (Coleoptera: Carabidae) and nabid bugs (Hemiptera: Nabidae) were among the best predators of CLB immature stages under laboratory conditions, that also included Coccinella septempunctata (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) and Staphylinidae. I found an average 24.5% of predation on sentinel eggs in wheat fields in 24 h trials. I developed a set of species-specific primers to detect CLB DNA in the gut content of generalist predators, which confirmed that Nabis americoferus and several Hippodamia species are the most promising predators of CLB in wheat. Nabis americoferus was the most abundant predator in the Lethbridge area and had 0.35 proportion positives for CLB DNA. Altogether, the predation studies highlight the importance of predators in CLB control, which has been neglected to date but can have important roles in sustainable pest management programs for CLB in cereal crops. Key words: Landscape complexity, concentration hypothesis, natural enemy hypothesis, integrated pest management, biological control, molecular gut content analysis, half-lives, cereal leaf beetle, Nabis americoferus, Coccinella septempunctata, cereal crops, wheat. iii DEDICATION To my dear mother Mitra and my dear Father Hamid To my dear sister Bahar To my dear brother Amir To my dear wife Thais For their unconditional love, standing beside me in hardest days, their support, encouragement, and understanding, which has always pushed me to move towards my career path. iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I want to express my sincere gratitude to my advisors, Dr. A. Costamagna and Dr. H. Cárcamo for their excellent guidance throughout my studies, and their patience and critical reviews on the thesis. I thank them for their support especially during the hard days of my candidacy exam, for all things that I have learned from them during my time in Winnipeg and Lethbridge. Further, I thank them for the opportunities I have been given to follow my passion in research during my Ph. D. I thank all my committee members Drs. R. Currie, M. Entz, B. Sharanowski, who helped me, get through this program, and for their excellent guidance and support throughout. Special thanks to Dr. Sharanowski for her excellent advice and support with Chapter five of this dissertation. Special thanks go to Dr. Currie for all the sessions he held for me to help me with my candidacy assignments; I am forever grateful. Special thank goes to Dr. Rochon who served as a chair of my candidacy exam, for years of opportunities to serve as her TA in the Farm Insect course, and for always being helpful and eager to assist me throughout my program. I thank Dr. Gibbs for providing me with a job opportunity during financial hardships at the end of my program, and for his excellent commentary on my presentation preparations. A special thanks goes to J. Bannerman for all the statistical support and writing advice in this dissertation, and for holding various workshops that provided me with valuable statistical knowledge. I thank Drs. T. Lamb, T. Galloway, P. Mackay, N. Holiday and Mr. J. Bannerman for all their excellent comments on my presentations. v I thank D. Holder, L. Babey, S. Daniels and C. Chelle for technical assistance, their support was essential to the success of this dissertation. My deepest gratitude goes to Dr. Cárcamo’s and Costamagna’s lab members: A. Ríos Martínez, I. Samaranyake, C. Almdal, J. Liddell, M. Mikovich, M. Schmitke, P. Wityk, S. Gambari, D. Geverink, L. Carter, Y. Thambimuthu, C. Blad, T. Nagalingam and the late M. Sato, who helped me with every aspect of this research. My sincere gratitude goes to K. Graham who helped me with administrative works during my program. I appreciate all the support I received from DEGSA members and all the graduate students in the Department of Entomology. Special thank goes to Rosa Cárcamo and Dr. Cárcamo’s family for the warm welcome and support during my stay in Lethbridge. I thank the Pesticide Risk Reduction Program of AAFC’s Pest Management Centre (Projects PRR13-020 & PRR16-020), the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada Discovery Grant Program (project 418678-2012) and the University of Manitoba for financial assistance and support of this research. I thank my dear family for all the financial and moral support they provided throughout my Ph. D. program. I appreciate all the moral support, help and care I received from my dear friends in Winnipeg and Lethbridge who made the cold days in Winnipeg feel warmer. Last but not least, my deepest gratitude goes to my wife Thais Guimaraes who stood by my side during my hard days and for all the moral support and encouragement that always pushed me towards my goals. vi TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................................... ii DEDICATION.............................................................................................................................. iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ......................................................................................................... v TABLE OF CONTENTS ........................................................................................................... vii LIST OF TABLES ....................................................................................................................... xi LIST OF FIGURES .................................................................................................................... xii LIST OF APPENDICES ............................................................................................................ xv LIST OF COPYRIGHTED MATERIALS ............................................................................. xvi CHAPTER 1: General Introduction Introduction ................................................................................................................................. 2 Thesis organization ..................................................................................................................... 4 CHAPTER 2: Literature Review Literature Review ........................................................................................................................ 6 2.1 Distribution and range expansion of cereal leaf beetle,Oulema melanopus L. in North America ....................................................................................................................................... 6 2.2 Biology and field population dynamics of cereal leaf beetle ................................................ 7 2.3 Identification characteristics of cereal leaf beetle ................................................................. 9 2.4 The damage potential of cereal leaf beetle .......................................................................... 10 2.4.1 Feeding damage ............................................................................................................ 10 2.4.2 Virus transmission by cereal leaf beetle ....................................................................... 12 2.5 Management practices for cereal leaf beetle ....................................................................... 12 2.5.1 Chemical control........................................................................................................... 13 2.5.2 Cultural control ............................................................................................................
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