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BEHAVIORAL RESPONSE of the ADULT CEREAL LEAF BEETLE Oulema Melanopus (Linnaeus), (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae) to VARIOUS CHEMICAL LURES

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BEHAVIORAL RESPONSE of the ADULT CEREAL LEAF BEETLE Oulema Melanopus (Linnaeus), (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae) to VARIOUS CHEMICAL LURES This dissertation has been microfilmed exactly as received 69-15,938 LYON, William Francis, 1937- BEHAVIORAL RESPONSE OF THE ADULT CEREAL LEAF BEETLE Oulema melanopus (Linnaeus), (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae) TO VARIOUS CHEMICAL LURES. The Ohio State University, P h .D ., 1969 Entomology University Microfilms, Inc., Ann Arbor, Michigan BEHAVIORAL RESPONSE OF THE ADULT CEREAL LEAF BEETLE Oulema melanopus (Linnaeus), (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae) TO VARIOUS CHEMICAL LURES DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By William Francis Lyon, B.Sc., M.S. f ******** The Ohio State University 1969 \ MA O - Advisers Faculty of Entomology ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The author is indebted to his co-advisers, Dr. Robert E. Treece of Wooster, Ohio and Dr. Ralph H. Davidson of Columbus, Ohio for their guidance, encouragement, and suggestions during the course of these investigations. Special appreciation is given to Dr. Frank W. Fisk for the use of his laboratory and equipment, and for guidance in the attraction studies; and to Mr. John McCabe, who provided host oat plants for the beetle attraction tests. Thanks are also extended to Dr. C. R. Weaver for suggesting experimental designs and analyzing the data; to Dr. Roy W. Rings for assigning the author a research assistantship; and to my wife, Marjorie, for her patience during the many hours the author spent , away from home testing the attractants. This research was supported primarily from Hatch 282 funds made available to the Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Wooster, Ohio. VITA January 24, 1937 ......... Born - Marion, Ohio. 1959 ..................... B.Sc. - The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 1959-1961 ................ County Extension Agent, 4-H, Kenton, Ohio 1961-1962 ................ Teaching Assistant, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 1962 ..................... M.Sc., The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 1962-1964 ............. Survey Entomologist, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Wooster, Ohio 1964-1966 ................ Research Assistant, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 1966-1969 .... ............ Instructor, Extension Entomology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio PUBLICATIONS Lyon, W. F., and R.H. Davidson. 1965. The effect of humidity on the volatilization of certain insecticides. J. Econ. Entomol. 58:1037. Lyon, W. F., and R.E. Treece. 1968. The cereal leaf beetle in Ohio. Cooperative Extension Service Leaflet L-150, 11-15. The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio. CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ............................................ ii VITA ....................................................... iii LIST OF TABLES ............................................ v LIST OF FIGURES .............................. viii INTRODUCTION ................................ 1 REVIEW OF LITERATURE ....................................... 7 MATERIALS AND METHODS ...................................... 13 Controlled air flow olfactometer ......................... 13 Cage type olfactometer .................................. 23 Test insects ............................................. 26 Outdoor insect c a g e ...................................... 30 USDA synthetic lures ..................................... 32 Plant extraction techniques .............................. 35 Filter paper and agar substrates ......................... 38 Field traps .............................................. 43 Field treatments ............................ 43 Statistical analysis ......................... 47 RESULTS - LABORATORY ...................................... 50 Olfactometer reliability ................................. 50 USDA synthetic lures ..................................... 51 Live beetles, dead beetles, and beetle feces ............ 53 Host and non-host plants ................................. 53 Oat host plant studies ................................... 54 Light effects ............................................ 61 Filter paper and agar substrates ......................... 64 Response between sexes ................................... 66 Antennectomy studies ..................................... 68 RESULTS - FIELD ............................. 71 Trap reliability ......................................... 71 USDA synthetic lures ..................................... 71 Oat host plant studies ................................... 73 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS .................................... 80 APPENDIX................................................... 84 LITERATURE CITED ........................................... 91 iv LIST OF TABLES Number Page 1 Volatilization rates of various compounds in a controlled air flow olfactometer .......... 17 2 Test materials with treatment numbers illustrating the solvent or method used, plant condition, and type of storage in field investigations ........................... 46 3 Response of 7/7/65 field collected unsexed adults, tested 7/10/65 in a cage type olfactometer, to succulent oat leaves .......... 50 4 Response of 7/7/65 field collected unsexed adults tested 7/10/65 in a controlled air flow olfactometer ................................ 51 5 Response of field collected unsexed adults, tested in controlled air flow and cage type olfactometers, to USDA synthetic lures .......... 52 6 Response of 4/20/66 field collected unsexed adults, tested 4/25/66 in a cage type olfac­ tometer, to leaves of ginkgo, oats, red clover, wheat, alfalfa, and red kidney beans .... 54 7 Response of 5/22/66 outdoor cage unsexed adults, tested 5/25/66 in a cage type olfac­ tometer, to dark green, light green, and green-yellow oat leaves ........................ 55 8 Response of 5/6/66 outdoor cage unsexed adults, tested 5/9/66 in a cage type olfac­ tometer to dried, succulent, and mature oat leaves ........................................... 56 9 Response of field collected unsexed spring and summer adults, tested in a cage type olfactometer, to various oat leaf conditions ..... 57 10 Response of 7/14/65 field collected unsexed adults, tested 9/17/65 in a cage type olfac­ tometer, to freeze dried oat extracts and distilled water ................................... 57 v Number Page 11 Response of 7/15/65 field collected unsexed adults, tested 9/23/65 in a controlled air flow olfactometer, to freeze dried extracts of mature and succulent oats, and distilled water ............................................ 58 12 Response of field collected unsexed adults, tested in a cage type olfactometer, to various oat plant extracts obtained by different methods ............................... 59 13 Response of field collected unsexed adults, tested in a cage type olfactometer, to various oat extracts ...................................... 59 14 Response of 7/12/68 field collected unsexed adults, tested 7/15/68 in a controlled air flow olfactometer, to oat extracts from various solvents and plant extraction methods .... 60 15 Response of 7/7/66 field collected unsexed adults to water and acetone extracts of succulent dark green oat leaves upon agar substrates and a check agar substrate ............ 66 16 Response of 4/20/66 field collected sexed adults, tested 5/25/66 in a cage type olfactometer, to dark green oat leaves ........... 68 17 Response of 7/4/68 field collected unsexed adults, tested 7/6/68 in a cage type olfactometer, to green oat leaves. Beetles were in various stages of antennectomy............ 69 18 Response of adult cereal leaf beetles to various USDA synthetic lures tested 6/2/66 in a wheat field near New Carlisle, Indiana ...... 72 19 Response of overwintering adult cereal leaf beetles to various oat plant treatments tested 5/26/67 in a winter wheat field near New Carlisle, Indiana ...... 74 20 Response of overwintering^ adult cereal leaf beetles to various oat plant treatments tested 5/27/67 in a winter wheat field near New Carlisle, Indiana ........................... 75 vi Number Page 21 Response of new summer adult cereal leaf beetles to various oat plant treatments tested 7/12/67 in an oat field near New Carlisle, Indiana ............................... 76 22 Response of new summer adult cereal leaf beetles to various oat plant treatments tested 7/13/67 in an oat field near New Carlisle, Indiana ............................... 78 23 Analysis of variance of adult cereal leaf beetle response in 1967 field tests at New Carlisle, Indiana, to various treatments of oat plant extracts ............................... 85 24 Analysis of variance of adult cereal leaf beetle response in 1967 field tests at New Carlisle, Indiana, to various treatments of oat plant extracts .......................... 86 25 Mean response of adult cereal leaf beetles in 1967 field tests at New Carlisle, Indiana, to various treatments of oat plant extracts ................... 87 26 Mean response of adult cereal leaf beetles in 1967 field tests at New Carlisle, Indiana, to various treatments of oat plant extracts ....... 87 27 Mean response of adult cereal leaf beetles in 1967 field tests at New Carlisle, Indiana, to various treatments of oat plant extracts ....... 88 28 Analysis of variance of unsexed spring and summer adult cereal leaf beetle response to various oat plant conditions in the laboratory .... 89 29 Analysis of variance of unsexed spring and summer adult cereal leaf beetle response to various treatments of solvents in the laboratory ........................................ 89 30 Analysis of variance of unsexed spring
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