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Tsunami Hazards Along Coastal Area of West Kalimantan Province, Indonesia

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Tsunami Hazards Along Coastal Area of West Kalimantan Province, Indonesia International Journal of GEOMATE, May, 2020, Vol.18, Issue 69, pp. 151 - 158 ISSN: 2186-2982 (P), 2186-2990 (O), Japan, DOI: https://doi.org/10.21660/2020.69.10917 Geotechnique, Construction Materials and Environment TSUNAMI HAZARDS ALONG COASTAL AREA OF WEST KALIMANTAN PROVINCE, INDONESIA Andojo Wurjanto1, Heni Susiati2, *Harman Ajiwibowo 1 1Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Indonesia 2National Atomic Energy Agency, Indonesia *Corresponding Author, Received: 27 Oct. 2019, Revised: 25 Jan. 2020, Accepted: 11 Feb. 2020 ABSTRACT: This study aims to simulate tsunami wave heights and their travel time toward the West Kalimantan coastal area. A Nuclear Power Plant (NPP) will be developed in a coastal area in the West Kalimantan Province, Indonesia. The two scenarios of events that may trigger the tsunami waves are volcanic events caused by Mount Krakatau located in the Sunda Strait and tectonic subduction located at the Indian Ocean on the west side of the Sunda Strait. Modeling the tsunami propagation using a finite-element-based hydrodynamic model developed by the US Army Corps of Engineer, namely the Surface-water Modeling System (SMS), is carried out. The model simulates tsunami wave propagation for six alternative locations at the proposed site of NPP. The model domains consist of Sunda Strait and Karimata Strait domains. The Sunda Strait domain model is validated by the observed historical tsunami heights reaching the 12 locations in Lampung, Banten, West Java, and Jakarta of Indonesia. The model validations show a good agreement. The validated hydrodynamic model results of the Sunda Strait model are used as the boundary conditions for the Karimata Strait domain model. The Karimata Strait model results show that the peaks of tsunami wave heights that reach the western Kalimantan coast are between 12 cm and 116 cm. The minimum wave height peak that reaches the six prospective locations is 12 cm, which is located in Sambas Regency. Keywords: Sunda Strait, Tsunami Hazards, Numerical modeling, Krakatau, Tectonic 1. INTRODUCTION Giant tsunami events have also occurred in Indonesia several times, including the 2004 Indian Two-thirds of greenhouse gases (GHGs) arises Ocean and the 2018 Sulawesi earthquakes and from the energy sectors, not only in production but tsunamis. The 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and also in consumption [1]. The nuclear power plant tsunami swept the Aceh Province [11,12]. The 2018 and the other renewable energy-sourced power Sulawesi earthquake and tsunami have also been plants are expected to be solutions to the GHGs [2]. studied [13]. Nuclear fusion-based energy is shown to mitigate In this study, the tsunami wave heights caused carbon emissions potentially [3, 4]. by potential volcanic and tectonic events is carried There are 438 units of Nuclear Power Plant out using finite element-based numerical modeling (NPP), which are operating in 30 countries among for the proposed NPP in the West Kalimantan the developed and developing countries until the Province. Some previous studies used software year 2010. The NPP is contributing up to 18% of tools, such as Delft3D [11-13], FVCOM [14], the world's energy supply [5]. Furthermore, Anuga [15], MIKE [16], and Volcflow [17]. The Indonesia has also studied to utilize the NPP in current research uses the RMA2 module of the West Kalimantan Province [6]. There are some Surface-water Modelling System (SMS) to model parameters that are required to be considered in the the tsunami wave propagation toward the proposed determination of the proposed site. Among them are site coastal line. This study provides the values of the surrounding ocean aspects, such as water depth, tsunami wave heights in six alternative locations of tidal, waves, current, and tsunami risk [7]. the NPP. The tsunami event is assumed to be Additional studies on tsunami prevention arose triggered by the volcanic event caused by a Mount when the Tohoku Earthquake and Tsunami, Japan, Krakatau eruption and tectonic subduction in the occurred in 2011. The giant earthquake and tsunami Indonesia Ocean adjacent to the Sunda Strait. impacted the NPP facilities area within the 230 km stretch of coastline. The 14-meter tsunami waves hit 2. STUDY LOCATION the Fukushima Dai-ichi facilities, causing a loss of power and extensive radioactive contamination [8, An NPP development is proposed in the 9]. The scenarios in tsunami modeling become province of West Kalimantan, Indonesia. The local invaluable in the mitigation of the disaster impact government has proposed six alternative locations [10]. [7]. They are (1) Air Besar Village, Ketapang Regency, (2) Sie Village, North Kayong Regency, 151 International Journal of GEOMATE, May, 2020, Vol.18, Issue 69, pp. 151 - 158 (3) Sungai Kanan Village, Ketapang Regency, (4) Sungai Nanjung Village, Ketapang Regency, (5) 3.1 Governing Equations Kendawangan Village, Ketapang Regency, and (6) Matang Village, Sambas Regency. Figs. 1(a) and The governing equations are the conservation of 1(b) show the locations of six alternative NPP sites mass and momentum equations, which are depth- that face the Karimata Strait. The locations of the averaged. Vertical direction acceleration is ignored tsunami sources are given in Fig. 1(c). They are the so that the velocity vector has the same magnitude Indian Ocean megathrust in the western Sunda and direction along the water column. The depth- Strait (termed as the “tectonic source”), and the averaged velocity U used in RMA2 is written in Eq. volcanic submarine landslides due to an eruption of (1). The governing equations are given in Eqs. (2) - Krakatau (denoted as “volcanic source”). (4). Equation (2) is the continuity equation and Eqs. (3) and (4) are the x and y-direction of momentum 3. METHODOLOGY equations, respectively. A finite-element-based software developed by 1 h U= u() z dz (1) the US Army Corps of Engineers, namely the SMS, h ∫0 has become the research tool to model the ∂h ∂∂ uv ∂ h ∂ h hydrodynamics of tsunami waves propagation [18]. +h ++ uv + =0 (2) RMA2 is a module within the SMS that simulates ∂t ∂∂ xy ∂ x ∂ y current velocities and water surface elevations. The ∂∂∂u u uh ∂22 u ∂ u module simulates the depth-averaged current h++− hu hv E + E xx22 xy velocities. This program has been widely used for a ∂∂∂t xyρ ∂∂xy variety of hydrodynamic studies in coastal areas [19], rivers [20], or lakes [21, 22]. Fig. 1 (a) Overview of Indonesia, (b) six potential locations for Nuclear Power Plant in West Kalimantan, and (c) the tsunami sources consist of volcanic and tectonic sources. 152 International Journal of GEOMATE, May, 2020, Vol.18, Issue 69, pp. 151 - 158 2 1 validated using the observed tsunami waveforms at ∂∂a h gun 222 +gh ++ u+ v Jakarta and tsunami wave heights along the coasts ∂∂xx 2 ( ) 1 of Java and Sumatra [23, 24]. The hydrodynamics 1.486h 6 results from the source domain will be used as 2 boundary conditions for the Karimata Strait model. −ζVa cos ψω − 2 hv sin Φ= 0 (3) The two domains can be seen in Figs. 2 and 3. The ∂∂∂v v vh ∂22 v ∂ v bathymetric data used in this modeling is a h++− hu hv E + E navigational chart issued by the Indonesian Navy's yx22 yy ∂∂∂t xyρ ∂∂xy Hydro-Oceanographic Agency, the year 2012 [25]. The scenarios for the model are based on the ∂∂a h gvn2 1 +gh ++ u22+ v 2 tsunami source. Scenario-1 represents volcanic 2 ( ) ∂∂yy1 explosions of Mount Krakatau as the source, 1.486h 6 denoted by "volcanic." Scenario-2 is the tectonic subduction off-coast of Sumatra Island adjacent to 2 −ζVa sin ψω + 2 hu sin Φ= 0 (4) the Sunda Strait, denoted by "tectonic." For both volcanic and tectonic model scenarios, a positive The , , are Cartesian coordinates. is the initial displacement is used, forming a dome of water at the source and is propagated over the water depth. is time. and are velocities in cartesian coordinates . is the depth-averagedℎ bathymetric data [24]. velocity in the x-direction . is the eddy viscosity 3.3 Model Validation coefficient. is fluid density . is the elevation of the bottom. is the gravitational acceleration. is the Manning’s roughness n-value . is the empirical The comparative data for the validation is the field observation of tsunami heights [23], and the wind shear coefficient. is the wind speed. is the wind direction. is the local latitude. is the results of previous studies [24]. In the previous rate of angular rotation of the Earth, and 1.486 is the study, the authors used the nonlinear shallow-water conversion from SI Φto non-SI units. wave theory to the tsunami wave propagation due to the eruption of Krakatau in 1883. They proposed 3.2 Model Setup three models: 1) large scale caldera collapse; 2) emplacement of pyroclastic deposits; 3) submarine The tsunami wave model is set into two explosion. In the present study, an initial domains, namely the Sunda Strait domain (source displacement in the form of a water wave with a domain, where the sources of the tsunami are certain height is placed in the location of the source. located) and the Karimata Strait domain. The The wave is propagated and validated upon purpose of the use of two domains is to improve reaching the coastal line. This initial displacement accuracy and streamline modeling. The is iterated until the computed propagated waves hydrodynamic results in the source domain are Fig. 2 Sunda Strait or source domain. 153 International Journal of GEOMATE, May, 2020, Vol.18, Issue 69, pp. 151 - 158 studies. Two methods are used in the validations; they are the maximum wave height at 12 locations and a time series of water level elevation in one location.
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