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Donor: H.J. Zwillenberd Library of the Australian Defence Force Academy University College The University of New South Wales Donor: H.J. ZWILLENBERd UNIVERSITY OF NEW SOUTH WALES Thesis/Project Report Sheet Surname or Family name: ZVJ|LLLNB£.RGr OlhernameA: SbA^M.l.lid Abbreviation fordegreeasgiveninthe University calendar:., School: ^^ Titk: XBS......y5.&.\ST! CS Abstract 350 words maximum: (PLEASE TYPE) The history of the logistic infrastructure of the Australian army during the Second World War has not received the attention from historians which it deserves. In 1939 the infrastructure was minuscule and depended on Great Britain for most of its logistic support except for rations and small arms. By 1945 it had achieved a high degree of self-sufficiency, except for some large or specialised items of equipment. It is the aim of this work to trace this development and examine its attendant major problems. Primary sources were perused at the Australian Archives in Canberra, Victoria, South Australia and at the Australian War Memorial. In addition, this writer had private access to he records of the late Major General L.E. Beavis by courtesy of his family. The development of the Australian army's logistic system had not been smooth. The education and training of senior regular officers was deficient in vital areas. Civil and military administrations in 1939 were old-fashioned and badly in need of revision. Responses to the changing circumstances of the military effort were overly bureaucratic and complex. Nonetheless, by the end of the war an effective even if cumbersome logistic system had evolved, due mainly to the influence of some outstanding senior officers, both regular and CMF. Although some senior army resource managers had realised that the education of regular officers was lacking in breadth and depth there is little evidence that the lessons of 1939-1945 have been learned. The experience of recent wars showed the need for reliance on allied forces. This meant that senior regular officers still had not been exposed to the education required for developing an independent, efficient and effective logistic infrastructure. Declaration relating to disposition of project report/thesis I am fully aware of the policy of the University relating to the retention and use ofhigher degree project reports and theses, namely that the University retains the copies submitted for examination and is free to allow them to be consulted or borrowed. Subject to the provisions of the Copyright Act 1968, the University may issue a project reporter thesis in whole or in part, in photostate or microfilm or other copying medium. IakoauthorisethepubUcationbyUniversityMcrofilmsofa350wordabstractinDissertationAbstractsIhtemational(applicabletod Signature ^ Witness Date The University recognises that there may be exceptionalcircumstances requiring restrictions on copying or conditions on use. Requests for restriction for a period of up to2yearsmustbe made in writing to the Registrar.Requestsforalongerperiodofrestrictionmaybeconsideredinexceptionalck^^ aletter of support from the SupervisororHead of School. Such requestsmust be submitted vnth the thesis/project report FOR OFFICE USE ONLY DateofcompletionofrequirementsforAward: Reyistrarand DeputvPrincipal THIS SHEET IS TO BE GLUED TO THE INSIDE FRONT COVER OF THE THESIS ERRATA P.26, fn. 65. Delete Nau and insert Wau. P.44, table. Kemsley. Delete advisory and insert adviser. P.54, para 2. Amend the first sentence to read: The Chiefs of Staff Committee had subordinate committees and sub-committees. P. 59, fn. 33. Add: The function of the LGA is amplified on page 79. P. 62, para 3. Delete H.C. and insert P.C. before Spender. P. 75, para 1. Delete the first sentence and insert: From its creation in 1901 the Australian army always faced three major problems: P. 78, para 2, line 7. After Mackay, delete C in C and insert GOC-in-C. P. 79, para 3, third last line. Insert after function: in respect of administrative matters. P. 81, para 3, line 1. Insert after logistics: supporting the field force. P. 92. Delete the last two words and insert Chapter 4. P. 141, last para and p. 142 first para, line 4. Add: This had been the situation early in the war. ABSTRACT The history of the logistic infrastructure of the Australian army during the Second World War has not received the attention from historians which it deserves. In 1939 the infrastructure was minuscule and depended on Great Britain for most of its logistic support except for rations and small arms. By 1945 it had achieved a high degree of self-sufficiency, except for some large or specialised items of equipment. It is the aim of this work to trace this development and examine its attendant major problems. Primary sources were perused at the Australian Archives in Canberra, Victoria, South Australia and at the Australian War Memorial. In addition this writer had private access to the records of the late Major General L.E. Beavis by courtesy of his family. The development of the Australian army's logistic system had not been smooth. The education and training of senior regular officers was deficient in vital areas. Civil and military administrations in 1939 were old-fashioned and badly in need of revision. Responses to the changing circumstances of the military effort were overly bureaucratic and complex. Nonetheless, by the end of the war an effective even if cumbersome logistic system had evolved, due mainly to the influence of some outstanding senior officers, both regular and CMF. Although some senior army resource managers had realised that the education of regular officers was lacking in breadth and depth there is little evidence that the lessons of 1939-1945 had been learned. The experience of recent wars showed the need for reliance on allied forces. This meant that senior regular officers still had not been exposed to the education required for developing an independent, efficient and effective logistic infrastructure. I I rt-H ? in LTU (c} 1] 11D41 by H.J. Zwillenberg A Thesis submitted for the Degree of Master of Arts (Hons) University College The University of New South Wales Australian Defence Force Academy 284729 11 CERTIFICATE QFQRIQINAUTY I hereby declare that this thesis is my own work and that, to the best of my knowledge and belief, it contains no material previously published or written by another person nor material which to a substantial extent has been accepted for the award of any other degree or diploma of a university or other institute of higher learning, except where due acknowledgement is made in the text of the thesis. (Signed) J CONTENTS Abstract i Title Page i i Certificate of Originality iii Contents iv Acknowledgements viii Abbreviations ' x 1 INTRODUCTION 1 2 BACKGROUND TO THE LOGISTICS EFFORT AND ITS SCOPE 1 0 The Strategic Scenario 1 0 Perceived Japanese Strategy and War Plans 2 1 3 THE OFFICER CORPS 2 7 Background 2 7 Composition of the Australian Officer Corps 3 1 Education of Regular Officers 3 3 CMF Officers 3 9 Summary 4 6 4 GOVERNMENTAL ORGANISATION OF LOGISTICS 4 9 Background 4 9 5 2 Policy Advice and Direction Army Business Instrumentalities 6 2 Comparisons with Canada 6 9 5 PROCEDURAL ASPECTS OF THE AUSTRALIAN ARMY LOGISTICS 7 4 Introduction 7 4 Financial Delegations 7 5 Ordering Procedures and the Problems of Wastage 7 8 Lend/Lease 8 9 Summary 9 5 6 THE LOGISTIC RESPONSIBILITIES OF THE QUARTERMASTER GENERAL'S BRANCH 9 7 Background 9 7 Provision of Food 9 9 Ration Storage Facilities 100 Rationing and Catering 103 Ration Scales 108 Drawing of Rations 111 Petrol, Oil and Lubricants (POL) 1 1 2 Horsed and Mechanised Transport 1 1 6 Rail, Road and Maritime Transport Facilities 120 Railway Transport 121 Road and Maritime Transport 128 Drill Halls and Campsites 135 Summary 139 7 LOGISTIC RESPONSIBILITY OF THE MASTER GENERAL OF ORDNANCE BRANCH. THE TECHNOLOGY DIVISIONS 141 Introduction 141 Problems of the MGO Branch 1 4 4 Development of Ordnance Services 14 6 The Chief Military Adviser 149 The 1942/43 Reorganisation of the MGO Branch and the Influence of Maj Gen L E Beavis 154 Equipment Division 154 Design Division 155 Inspection Division 157 Research and Development (R&D) 16 4 Operations Research 16 8 Summary 17 1 8 THE LOGISTIC RESPONSIBILITY OF THE MGO BRANCH. THE MAINTENANCE DIVISION 173 Background 173 The Ordnance Services 1 7 4 V I I The Engineering Services 184 Services of the Central Provision Office 194 Controlled Stores - The Provision of Ammunition 196 Non-controlled Stores - The Provision of Shirts and Trousers 20 6 Summary 211 9 LOGISTICS AND PRODUCTION OF MUNITIONS 21 3 Manufacture of Overseas Designs 215 Development of Munitions of Australian Design 222 Production of Uniforms 231 Basic Production Problems 23 4 Summary 23 6 10 CONCLUSION 23 7 BIBLIOGRAPHY 24 5 MAPS Army Farms 109A Railway Systems of Australia 123A V I ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The writer is indebted to Dr. Robert A. Hall, for helpful assistance and wise counsel and general supervision of the work, the final stages of research and duhng the writing of the thesis. A harmonious relationship was established early on and continued for the duration of the project. Discussions with Dr A.T. Ross, Department of Defence, successfully complemented the writer's understanding of the industrial, technological and, in part, political aspects of the logistic problems in the Australian army in the Second World War. A number of serving army officers were interviewed. They included Major General Ronald L Hughes, AO, DSO, Major General James C. Hughes, AO, DSO, MC, Major General Barry N. Nunn, AO, RFD, ED, and Lieutenant Colonel Gratton Wheaton, RFD, ED. Some of the problems thrown up by this thesis were discussed with army officers, both regular and reserve now no longer on the active list. Particularly helpful were Major General Kevin G.
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