Eastern and Southern Africa Partnership Programme
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Eastern and Southern Africa Partnership Programme Highlights from 15 Years of Joint Action for Sustainable Development Eastern and Southern Africa Partnership Programme Highlights from 15 Years of Joint Action for Sustainable Development Publisher: Centre for Development and Environment (CDE), University of Bern, with Bern Open Publishing (BOP) Hallerstrasse 10, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland www.cde.unibe.ch [email protected] © 2015, the Authors and CDE This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 Internation- al (CC BY-NC 4.0) Licence. See http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ to view a copy of the licence. CDE encourages users to contact the author(s) of the work directly if they wish to reproduce it in any way. The designations employed and the presentation of material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the publisher and part- ners concerning the legal or development status of any country, territory, city, or area, its authorities, or the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. This publication was funded by the Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation (SDC), East and Southern Africa Division, as part of the Eastern and Southern Africa Partnership Programme (ESAPP). Citation: Ehrensperger A, Ott C, Wiesmann U, editors (2015). Eastern and Southern Africa Partnership Programme: Highlights from 15 Years of Joint Action for Sustainable Development. Bern, Switzerland: Centre for Development and Environment (CDE), University of Bern, with Bern Open Publishing (BOP). DOI: 10.7892/boris.72023 ISBN: 978-3-906813-03-5 (e-print) ISBN: 978-3-906813-04-2 (print) Design: Simone Kummer (CDE) Language editing: Tina Hirschbuehl, Anu Lannen, and Marlène Thibault (CDE); Erin Gleeson (Gleeson’s SciencEdit.CH); Amanda A. Morgan (www.aamorgan.com) Proofreading: Stefan Zach (z.a.ch GmbH) Printing: Werner Druck & Medien AG, Basel, Switzerland Credits for photos without caption: CETRAD photo gallery, pp. 19, 77; Albrecht Ehrensperger, cover (bottom) and pp. 21, 47, 49, 105, 121; Simon Gmünder, p. 75; Hans Hurni, cover (top); Andreas Kläy, p. 119; Sarah-Lan Mathez-Stiefel, p. 103; Urs Wiesmann, cover (middle) CONTENTS Foreword 5 Acknowledgements 9 Introduction 11 SUSTAINABLE LAND MANAGEMENT 19 1 The ngolo farming technology 23 Soil 2 Saving Ethiopia’s soils 27 A grass-roots solution for water governance in Kenya 31 Water 3 4 Upper Anseba’s surface water potential 35 Biodiversity conservation and wildlife management 39 Biodiversity 5 6 Supporting a World Heritage site in Ethiopia 43 SUSTAINABLE REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT 47 Ogiek Peoples Ancestral Territories Atlas 51 Equity 7 8 Assessing equity and vulnerability in Kenya 55 9 Securing livelihoods in Toliara, Madagascar 59 Livelihoods 10 Smallholder wheat production in Kenya’s drylands 63 11 Policies and value chains for local products 67 Governance 12 Pastoralists and farmers: negotiating resources 71 KNOWLEDGE 75 13 Nakuru local urban observatory 79 Knowledge Societies 14 Radio for rural development 82 15 University training in Mekelle, Ethiopia 87 Capacity Development 16 CETRAD short professional courses 91 17 A socio-economic atlas for informed decision-making 95 Knowledge Base 18 Building spatial data infrastructure in Ethiopia 99 3 Eastern and Southern Africa Partnership Programme: Highlights from 15 Years of Joint Action for Sustainable Development APPROACH 103 Dual Structure 19 Promoting stakeholder exchange in Madagascar 107 Adaptive Management 20 Institutionalizing joint programme management 111 Contextuality 21 Carbon sequestration in Madagascar’s forests 117 FOUNDATIONS 119 Sustainable Development 22 Integrative sustainable development in the Mount Kenya region 123 Partnership 23 Building up regional competence centres 127 Transdisciplinarity 24 L4S: multi-stakeholder cooperation 131 4 FOREWORD Foreword Africa has been undergoing rapid growth since the start of the 21st century. In Eastern and Southern Africa, for example, an abundance of natural resources is fuelling economic gains. Nevertheless, many countries on the continent continue to lag in terms of social development: one-third of the world’s poorest people live in sub-Saharan Africa; seventy per cent of them live in rural areas and depend on subsistence agriculture for food and livelihood. Human-induced degradation of natural resources in Eastern and Southern Africa is progressing and is intimately linked to the continuing impoverishment of large swathes of the rural population. Many development programmes addressing these problems are still mainly oriented towards sectoral approaches. Little effort is devoted to understanding or addressing complex degradation processes and other development challenges, even though this represents a precondition for comprehensive mitigation strategies. In the 1980s and 90s, the Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation (SDC) and the University of Bern’s Centre for Development and Environment (CDE) collaborated to meet this challenge: CDE carried out three major SDC mandates in Ethiopia, Kenya, and Madagascar, focusing on partnership-based research and transfer of research findings into reality. In the process, CDE obtained significant expertise in sustainable land management and sustainable regional development, built a large information base, and set up reliable institutional networks. This capi- tal laid the foundation for the Eastern and Southern Africa Partnership Programme (ESAPP), a programme SDC commissioned from CDE in 1999. One of the main lessons learned from the three mandates was the need to combine requirement- driven conceptual reflections with local demand-driven development initiatives to find sustainable solutions. This insight directly shaped ESAPP’s resulting structure and approach. ESAPP pursued a dual approach combining a concept-driven basic mandate with demand-driven priority action projects. The former defines the programme’s strat- egy and ensures that projects fit in a regional development landscape populated by pre-existing initiatives. The latter flexibly responds to development requests from partners and stakeholders, often bringing together proven approaches and exper- imental designs. Thanks to this approach, ESAPP rapidly evolved into an efficient and focused programme. Out of a broad range of partnerships between CDE and partners in six countries in Eastern and Southern Africa (Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya, Tanzania, Mozambique, and Madagascar), more than 300 sub-projects emerged. Research communities are often accused of occupying ivory towers. This never applied to ESAPP; moving results from the “laboratory” to the farm was a constant preoccupation. Project ideas were developed bottom-up, translated into relevant research questions geared towards identification and evaluation of potential solu- tions, and operationalized as practice-oriented actions. Project elaboration took place in research partnerships between institutions in the South and the North. The partnerships mutually enhanced the cooperating institutions’ capacities, help- ing provide innovative answers to core challenges facing Eastern and Southern Africa. 5 Eastern and Southern Africa Partnership Programme: Highlights from 15 Years of Joint Action for Sustainable Development The present publication consists of five sections: 1. Sustainable land management: This section addresses locally developed solutions and technologies and their transfer into practice in the areas of soil protection, water, and biodiversity. Among the highlights presented, “Saving Ethiopia’s soils” focuses on a key problem in Eastern Africa: soil degradation. It reduces the capacity of ecosystems to regenerate and sustain human needs; it also harms local communities’ food security and resilience against short- and long-term climatic variability. ESAPP’s integrative approach helped to improve uptake of soil conservation measures by local communities. Another highlight, “The ngolo farming technology”, shows how a traditional conservation farm- ing technology, which was used successfully in southern Tanzania but remained unknown elsewhere, was effectively transferred to other affected regions in Tanzania and Kenya. 2. Sustainable regional development: Traditional and indigenous knowledge is neglected all too often, and national legislation often fails to address regu- lation of resource use at the local level; these gaps are leading to unfavourable conditions for local producers, especially in marginalized areas. ESAPP helped improve the reliability of legal frameworks and value chains for local products by supporting the formulation of clear acts, laws, and certification as well as by facilitating consultation with local communities and stakeholders during these processes. The highlight “Policies and value chains for local products” portrays a series of ESAPP projects that succeeded in improving market access and reliability on behalf of gum arabic, frankincense, and camel milk. 3. Knowledge: When adapting to and exploiting new opportunities, people’s knowledge and social capital are decisive. Rural populations – especially in remote areas – and low-income urban groups are often marginalized due to lack of access to timely and reliable information. As a result, they remain in a weak position in critical negotiations, for example, over infrastructure devel- opment. The highlight “Nakuru local urban observatory” describes a project in which community members and local authorities collaborated to identify the most urgent needs for information