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ISTITUTO REGIONALE PER LA STORIA DEL MOVIMENTO DI LIBERAZIONE NEL FRIULI VENEZIA GIULIA QUALESTORIA Rivista di storia contemporanea 2 Collaborazionismi, guerre civili e resistenze a cura di Diego D’Amelio e Patrick Karlsen qs Anno XLIII, N.ro 2, Dicembre 2015 «QUALESTORIA» 2- 2015 Rivista di storia contemporanea Periodico semestrale Realizzata con il contributo della Comitato di direzione Francesca Bearzatto, Fulvia Benolich, Irene Bolzon, Marco Bresciani, Tullia Catalan, Franco Cecotti, Diego D’Amelio, Patrick Karlsen, Giulio Mellinato, Gloria Nemec, Lorenzo Nuovo, Mila Orlic, Monica Rebeschini, Roberto Spazzali, Fabio Todero Comitato scientifico Giuseppe Battelli, Marco Bellabarba, Massimo Bucarelli, Andrea Di Michele, Marco Dogo, Gabriele D’Otta­ vio, Paolo Ferrari, Aleksej Kalc, Giorgio Mezzalira, Marco Mondini, Luciano Monzali, Egon Pelikan, Giovan­ na Procacci, Raoul Pupo, Silvia Salvatici, Nevenka Troha, Marta Verginella, Rolf Wörsdörfer Direttore Diego D’Amelio Redazione Francesca Bearzatto Direzione, redazione e amministrazione Istituto regionale per la storia del movimento di liberazione nel Friuli Venezia Giulia Salita di Gretta 38, 34136 Trieste telefono: 040.44004 fax: 0404528784 mail: [email protected] sito: http://www.irsml.eu/qualestoria/ «Qualestoria» è la rivista dell’Irsml FVG, fondata nel 1973 come «Bollettino dell’Istituto regionale per la storia del movimento di liberazione nel Friuli Venezia Giulia». Ospita contributi di autori italiani e stranieri, promuo­ vendo la pubblicazione di numeri monografici e miscellanei. La rivista propone tradizionalmente tematiche legate alla storia contemporanea dell’area alto­adriatica e delle zone di frontiera, rivolgendo particolare atten­ zione allo studio e alla storiografia dei paesi dell’Europa centro-orientale e balcanica. Le proposte di pubblica- zione vanno inviate all’indirizzo e­mail della redazione. Saranno preventivamente valutate da esperti interni ed esterni al comitato di direzione. I saggi pubblicati nella sezione «Studi e ricerche» sono sottoposti in forma ano­ nima a double-blind peer review. «Qualestoria» è attualmente presente nei seguenti indici: Bibliografia storica nazionale, Catalogo italiano dei periodici (Acnp), Essper, Gbv (Gemainsame Bibliotheksverbund), Google Scholar, Res. È inoltre inserita dall’Anvur nella lista delle riviste scientifiche ai fini dell’abilitazione scientifica nazionale. La rivista non si intende impegnata dalle interpretazioni e vedute espresse da articoli e note firmati. ISSN: 0393­6082 Registrazione del Tribunale di Trieste n. 455 del 23 febbraio 1978. Iscrizione al Roc n. 16557 del 29 giugno 2000. © 2015, Istituto regionale per la storia del movimento di liberazione nel Friuli Venezia Giulia Abbonamento annuale: ordinario 30 €, sostenitore 60 €, estero 41,5 € Costo di un singolo numero: 15 €. Fascicoli arretrati: 15 € I versamenti vanno effettuati su C.c.p. 12692349 intestato a Istituto regionale per la storia del movimento di liberazione nel Friuli Venezia Giulia BANCOPOSTA IT 48 H 07601 02200 000012692349 Unicredit IT 90 Z 02008 02230 000005469067 Tariffa regime libero/ Poste italiane S.p.A./ Spedizione in abbonamento postale 70%/ DCB Trieste Fotocomposizione e stampa: Stella arti grafiche - Trieste Copertina: 1942, Livno, Erzegovina (fondo Paolo Albenese, Irsml) Sommario Collaborazionismi, guerre civili e resistenze Collaborationism, civil words and resistances A cura di Diego D’Amelio e Patrick Karlsen Diego D’Amelio e Patrick Collaborazionismi, guerre civili e resistenze: 7 Karlsen una prospettiva transnazionale Studi e ricerche - Studies and researches Luigi Ganapini Collaborazionismi guerre civili Resistenze: il 13 caso italiano Collaborationism, civil war, Resistance: the Italian case of study Marco Cuzzi La strategia dell’ambiguità: i cetnici di Draža 33 Mihailović The Chetniks of Draža Mihailović: the strategy of ambiguity Federico Goddi L’occupazione italiana in Montenegro. 65 Forme di guerriglia e dinamiche politiche del collaborazionismo četnico (1941-1943) Italian occupation in Montenegro. Guerrilla warfare and political dynamics of the Chetnik collaboration (1941-1943) Giovanni Villari Repressione e resistenze in Albania 81 Repression and Resistance in Albania Vaios Kalogrias Collaborationism and «Red Terror» in Greek 99 Macedonia, 1943­1944 Spyros Tsoutsoumpis Violence, resistance and collaboration in a 119 Greek borderland: the case of the Muslim Chams of Epirus Vida Deželak Barič Participation, Role and Position of Slovenian 139 Women in the World War II Resistance Movement Anna Di Gianantonio «Femminile irritante». L’esperienza femminile 163 nella Resistenza tra racconto privato e discorso storiografico. «The annoying feminine». The women’s experience in the Resistance, through personal story and historiographical debate. Antonio Bechelloni Friulani e giuliani attivi nella Resistenza francese 177 (1940­1944). Dal socialismo all’antifascismo, dall’antifascismo alla Resistenza: la coerenza di un percorso collettivo People from Friuli Venezia Giulia in the French Resistance (1940-1944). From socialism to antifascism, from antifascism to Resistance: the consistency of collective path Percorsi bibliografici Guri Schwarz Tra resistenze e collaborazionismi. 193 Considerazioni sul dibattitto internazionale a settant’anni dalla Seconda guerra mondiale. Gli autori di questo numero 205 «Qualestoria» n. 2, dicembre 2015 Introduzione Collaborazionismi, guerre civili e resistenze: una prospettiva transnazionale di Diego D’Amelio e Patrick Karlsen Da tempo ormai, a partire almeno dagli anni Novanta, la storiografia italiana sulla Resistenza ha progressivamente imboccato un processo di arricchimento metodologico e conoscitivo, favorito dal superamento della Guerra fredda e dal venir meno delle ragioni mobilitanti che avevano accompagnato la divisione bipolare della politica, della cultura e delle società europee1. L’ottica prevalentemente politico­militare privilegiata in prece­ denza dagli studi ha cominciato ad allargare le sue prospettive e a integrarsi con apporti e contaminazioni derivanti dalle altre scienze sociali, ampliando il campo d’indagine a fonti e tematiche fino ad allora poco o per nulla esplorate. L’acquisizione della cate­ goria di «guerra totale» come punto di partenza ha incoraggiato ad esempio una nuova stagione di ricerche volte a scandagliare i risvolti meno ovvi dello scontro tra fascismi e antifascismi, le «zone d’ombra» di un conflitto inedito per intensità, estensione e caratte­ ristiche2. Si è dunque fatta strada l’attenzione alla trasversalità delle fratture ideologiche interne alle società europee e alla conseguente lettura delle guerre di Liberazione come guerre civili3. Si sono scandagliate inoltre le forme «altre» di resistenza (da quella fem­ minile alle forme di renitenza e resistenza passiva), le divisioni interne ai fronti di libe­ razione, le varie tipologie della violenza, le loro implicazioni culturali e antropologiche, così come i diversi concetti di nazione e cittadinanza elaborati dalle culture politiche dell’antifascismo, anche attraverso l’uso pubblico della memoria di vincitori e vinti4. A ben vedere, dalla guerra civile spagnola a quella greca, il continente europeo fu solcato da una serie ininterrotta di conflitti sviluppatisi all’interno dei confini dei singoli 1 C. Pavone, Una guerra civile. Saggio storico sulla moralità nella Resistenza, Bollati­Boringhieri, Torino 1991; S. Peli, La Resistenza difficile, Angeli, Milano 1999; Antifascismi e Resistenze, a c. di F. De Felice, Carocci, Roma 1997. 2 G. Gribaudi, Guerra totale. Tra bombe alleate e violenze naziste. Napoli e il fronte meridionale 1940-1944, Bollati­ Boringhieri, Torino 2005; M. Battini, P. Pezzino, Guerra ai civili: occupazione tedesca e politica del massacro: Toscana 1944, Marsilio, Padova 1997; L. Paggi, Il «popolo dei morti». La repubblica italiana nata dalla guerra, il Mulino, Bologna 2009. 3 C. Pavone, Una guerra civile, cit.; Id., La seconda guerra mondiale: una guerra civile europea?, in Guerre fratricide. Le guerre civili in età contemporanea, a c. di G. Ranzato, Bollati­Boringhieri, Torino 1994. Recenti messe a punto nel numero monografico di «Meridiana», Guerre civili, n. 76, 2013 e nel dibattito a più voci Le guerre civili a c. di C. Pinto, in «Contemporanea», a. XII, n. 1, 2014. 4 J. Sémelin, Senz’armi di fronte a Hitler. La Resistenza civile in Europa 1939-1943, Sonda, Milano­Torino 1993; A. Bravo, A.M. Bruzzone, In guerra senza armi. Storie di donne 1940-1945, Laterza, Roma­Bari 1995; Donne Guerra Politica. Esperienze e memorie della Resistenza, a c. di D. Gagliani, E. Guerra, L. Mariani, F. Tarozzi, Clueb, Bologna 2000; T. Baris, Tra due fuochi. Esperienza e memoria della guerra lungo la linea Gustav, Laterza, Roma­Bari 2003; S. Peli, La Resistenza in Italia. Storia e critica, Einaudi, Torino 2004; Antifascismo e identità europea, a c. di A. De Bernardi, P. Ferrari, Roma, Carocci, 2004; F. Focardi, La guerra della memoria. La Resistenza nel dibattito politico italiano dal 1945 a oggi, Laterza, Roma­Bari 2005; G. De Luna, Il corpo del nemico ucciso: violenza e morte nella guerra contemporanea, Einaudi, Torino 2006; M. Porzio, Arrivano gli Alleati! Amori e violenze nell’Italia «liberata», Laterza, Roma­Bari 2011; P. Cooke, L’eredità della Resistenza. Storia, cultura, politiche dal dopoguerra a oggi, Viella, Roma 2015. 8 Diego D’Amelio e Patrick Karlsen Stati nella prima metà del secolo. In questo senso, il potere occupante spesso non fece che inserirsi in un contesto di rivalità e
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  • League of Nations

    League of Nations

    LEAGUE OF NATIONS Communicated to the C .349.1935.1. Members of the Council. Geneva, September 11th, 1935, PROTECTION OF MINORITIES IN GREECE. Petition from Certain Members of the Albanian Minority in Greece, and Observations of the Greek Government. See also Documents C.528.1934.I, C .81, and C .152.1935.1.) Note by the Secretary-General On April 2nd, 1935, the Secretary-General dornmu- nicated to the Greek Government, for any observations it might desire to make, a letter dated Paramythia, December 10th, 1934, which reached the Secretariat on March 23rd, 1935, from certain members of the Albanian minority in Greece, relating to the situation of that minority. On April 8 th, 1935, the Secretary-General also communicated to the Greek Government, for observations, the text of a petition, with three annexes, communicated by the Permanent Albanian Delegation accredited to the League of Nations, on March 31st, 1935, relating to the same question. In conformity with the procedure in force, the last-named documents were communicated at the same time to Members of the Council, for information, by document C .152.1935.I . After having obtained the consent of the President in Office of the Council to the extension of the regular time­ limit for submitting its observations, the Greek Government forwarded the latter to the Secretariat, by a letter from its permanent delegate accredited to the League of Nations, received on September 5th. These observations, accompanied by five annexes, relate to the petition dated Paramythia, December 10th, 1934, and the petition communicated by the permanent Albanian delegate on March 31st, 1935.