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GEORGE SMITH, C.L.E., LL.D THE LIFE OF ALEXANDER DUFF, D.D., LL.D. BY GEORGE SMITH, C.l.E., LL.D. FELLOW OF 'rBE BOYAL GEOGRAPHICAL AND S'rA'rIS'rIOAL SOOIE'rlES, E'rO THIBD ENGLISH EDITION DEVISED AND ABBIDGED Jonhon HODDER AND STOUGHTON 27, PATERNOSTER ROW 1899 l!)ei,tcatton. TO PETER MACKINNON, EsQ., OF RONACHAN, AND MRS. MACKINNON' THE LIFE-LONG FRIENDS OF ALEXANDER DUFF AND ALL TRUE MISSIONARIES. V PREFACE HIS work has been too long out of print. Twenty T years have passed since two English, one Canadian, and t~ee American editions were published in rapid success10n. In the year 1879 " The Life of Alexander Duff, D .D., LL.D.," was first published in London, by Messrs. Hodder and Stoughton, in two royal octavo volumes. A second English edition appeared in 1880. In 1881 the Canada edition of the two volumes was issued in Toronto by Mr. William Briggs. In the United States of America, Messrs. A. C. Armstrong and Son issued the first two-volume edition. This was soon followed by a cheaper edition in one volume, for which the late W. M. Taylor, D.D., of New York, wrote an Introduction. In 1881 the American Tract Society issued a third edition, assigning to the author " The George Wood Medal and Premium " because of his "fine transcript of the wonderful life of this devoted and eloquent missionary to India." For a new generation of readers, at the opening of a new century of missionary enterprise, the publishers are glad to be able to issue this third English edition, somewhat abridged by the author, and brought down to date. The price puts the book within the reach of all classes, and especially of student volunteers and all young men and women whom Alexander Duff sought to draw to the foreign mission field. vii CONTENTS CHAPTER I THE BOY AND THE STUDENT PAGE Alexander Duff's Spiritual Ancestry 1 His Birthplace 3 His Father . 5 Celtic Influences-His Dreams 8 His Schoolmasters . 10 At St. Andrews Uuiversity 13 Under Thomas Chalmers . 14 Founds Students' Missionary Society 17 Licensed to Preach the Gospel 20 CHAPTER II THE FIRST MISSIONARY OF THE CHURCH OF SCOTLAND Early Missionary Experiences of the Church 21 Dr. Chalmers and Dr. John Inglis . 24 Missionary Letter to the People of Scotland 26 Alexander Duff's Answer . 27 He Gives Himself . 29 Ordained and Appointed Mi~sionary 31 Married . 32 CHAPTER III THE TWO SHIPWRECKS At Madeira . 35 His First Shipwreck 37 The Loss of his Library 39 Rescued . 41 His Second Shipwreck 43 He Lands at Calcutta 45 CHAPTER IV CALCUTTA AS IT WAS Its Position and Political Importance 48 Rebuilt after Plassey . 49 ix X CONTENTS PAGE The Great Bengali Families . 50 How English Began to be Studied . 51 Warren Hastings Founds First College . 53 Educational Destitution in India . 54 CHAPTER V THE MINE PREPARED Duff's Visit to William Carey 56 Formulates his Mission Policy . 57 Christianity the Foundation and Spirit . 58 Raja Rammohun Roy 59 The Erasmus of India . 60 The Duff College Founded 63 The Daily Bible Lesson . 64 English and Bengali 66 The First Year's Results 68 The First Rural Mission 69 Political Economy . 70 CHAPTER VI THE FIRST EXPLOSION AND THE FOUR CONVERTS Effect of the Sermon on the Mount 73 The Native City Roused . 75 The Cry of " Hinduism in Danger" 76 Projected Course of Lectures . 77 The City in an Uproar . 78 The Governor-General's Support 79 Robert Burns on the Banks of the Ganges . 80 The Native Press and Krishna Mohun Ba.nerjea 81 The Second Course of Lectures 84 The First Convert . 85 The Second Convert's Confessions . 86 The Third and Fourth Converts 88 Duff's Scheme of a United Christian College 89 His Estimate of his Success . 91 CHAPTER VII THE RENASCENCE IN INDIA.-THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE AND THE CHURCH Lord William Bentinck and Macaulay 92 Sir Charles Trevelyan's Help . 94 The Orientalists and Anglicists 95 Macaulay's Minute . 96 The Government of India's Decree 97 A Christian Government's Duty 99 CONTENTS X1 CHAPTER VIII THE RENASCENCE IN INDIA.-SCIENCE AND LETTERS PAGE De<lll,dence of Hindu Medicine . 101 The Anatomists in the Mission College 103 The First Dissection by a Hindu . 105 ,Romanising the Oriental Alphabets 107 Primary Schools . 108 The Press in India . 109 CHAPTER IX WORK FOR EUROPEANS, EURASIANS, AND NATIVE CHRISTIANS St. Andrew's Kirk and its' Chaplain 111 Sunday Observance in India 113 The Eurasian Christians 115 Bishop Middleton . 116 Lord William Bentinck . 117 A New Course of Lectures 118 The Cyclone and the Tiger 119 Anthony Groves and Rhenius 121 The Precious Seed Germinating 123 CHAPTER X THE INVALID AND THE ORATOR Home as an Invalid 124 The First Reform Act . 125 The First Missionary Meeting 126 Fighting the Committee • . 127 The Converts and Other Churches . 129 " Expect Great Things" . 131 Duff's First Oration . 133 Immediate Effect of the Speech 137 The Style of his Oratory. 139 CHAPTER XI DR. DUFF ORGANISING Honoured by Marischal College, Aberdeen 141 The Earl of Fife's Offer . 143 In The Ten Years' Conflict 144 Foreign Missions of No Party . 145 Creating Foreign Mission Associations 147 First Exeter Hall Oration . 149 At Cambridge . 150 With Lord William Bentinck. 153 XU CONTENTS CHAPTER XII FISHERS OF MEN PAGE Drawing Men to be Missionaries 155 John Anderson Called to Madras 157 A Glowing Picture and Appeal 159 Missions in the Light of Christ 161 Vindication of his Method 163 His Appeal to Posterity . 165 Native Female Education 167 First Portrait of Duff . 169 Dr. Chalmers Endorses his Method 171 Second Farewell to Scotland . 173 CHAPTER XIII EGYPT.-SINAI.-BOMBAY.-MADRAS Dr. Duff at Alexandria . 174 In Egypt and Arabia 177 On Mount Sinai . 179 A Sabbath on the Mount . 181 With Dr. Wilson in Bombay . 183 With John Anderson at Madras 185 CHAPTER XIV THE COLLEGE AND ITS SPIRITUAL FRUIT At Calcutta Again . 187 Results of his Work 188 The Five Missionaries 189 The College Methods . 191 Spiritual Agencies of the College 193 Hindu Widows and the Family 195 The One Failure . 197 The Twelve Principal Converts 199 CHAPTER XV MISSIONARY OF THE FREE CHURCH OF SCOTLAND The Heroism of the Disruption . 202 All the Missionaries join the Free Church 203 "A Voice From the Ganges" 205 The Property Wrong . 207 The Mission House, Cornwallis Square . 208 Sympathy of the Evangelical Churches . 209 " Light in Darkness" 209 CONTENTS Xlll CHAPTER XVI CONTINUITY OF THE WORK PAGE More Rural Missions . 210 Outram and the S_cind Bl<;>od Money 211 Conversions-Their Relative Importance 215 Bunyan's "Pilgrim" in Bengali .• . 215 ·converts from Hiuduism, Islam, and Judaism 217 Family and Social ~ife .. 219 The First Four Native Mimsters 221 Epistle to the Bengali Church 223 CHAPTER XVII LORD HARDINGE'S ADMINISTRATION,-THE "CALCUTTA REVIEW" Lora' Hardinge's Liberal Measures 224 Sir Johr, Kaye and John Marshman 225 The Calcutta Quarterly Review 227 Duff's Reminiscences . 228 Epidemics in the Ganges Valley 229 Andrew Morgan 231 CHAPTER XVIII TOUR THROUGH SOUTH INDIA,-HOME Thomas Chalmers and his Successor 233 Tour in Madras . 235 The Pagodas, Seringham 237 Schwartz . 239 Church in the Hindu Palace 241 The Shepherd in the East . 243 With Colin Mackenzie and Dr. Wilson 245 Home Again . 246 CHAPTER XIX DR. DUFF ORGANISING AGAIN Missionary Economics 248 First Orations to the Free Church. 249 Loyalty, Human and Divine . 251 His Second Crusade at Home 253 Rousing Young Men . 255 Great Britain's Duty to India 256 CHAPTER XX MODERATOR OF THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY,-BEFORE THE LORDS' INDIA COMMITTEE Learning and Piety . 259 The East India Company's Charters 261 XIV CONTENTS PAGE Before the Committee .. 263 Missionary Methods . 265 Lord Ellenborough Answered 266 The Great Education Despatch 267 The Dutt Family . 268 CHAPTER XXI IN AMERICA,-SECOND FAREWELL TO CHRISTENDOM In the United States . 271 The Scots Missionary's Reception . 273 Duff's First Oration in America 275 Contemporary American Criticism 278 Farewell to America. 280 The Noble Gordon Family 283 CHAPTER XXII THE MUTINY AND THE NATIVE CHURCH OF INDIA The Greased Cartridges . : 287 Dr. Duff Handling His Musket 289 The Centenary of Plassey . 291 Death of Henry Lawrence-Delhi. 293 Growth of the Church of India . 295 Active Loyaity of Native Christians 297 CHAPTER XXIII LAST YEARS IN INDIA The Maharaja. Sindia 299 Zanana Missions . 300 Death of Lacroix, Ewart, and Pourie 301 Agrarian Discontent in Bengal 303 The Bethune Society . 305 Calcutta University-Ordered Home 307 Farewells to India . 309 Sir H. Maine and Bishop Cotton on Duff 311 CHAPTER XXIV IN SOUTH-EAST AFRICA,-THE MISSIONARY PROPAGANDA In South Africa . 315 Missionary Enterprise in Africa 317 Among the Kafirs and Zulus . 319 John Lawrence as Governor-General 321 Duff's Missionary Propaga•da 323 Comparative Religion . 325 CONTENTS xv CHAPTER XXV :tIEW :MISSIONS AND THE RESULTS OF HALF A CENTURY'S WORK PAGE Missions to Ab?riginal Races . 327 Missionary Umty · · . 329 Plea for the Ablest Men as Missionaries . 330 New Missionaries in India, Kafraria, and Natal 331 Hon. J. H. Hamilton Gordon . 334 Dr. Livingstone and the Livingstonia Mission 336 Dr. James Stewart and Dr. Robert Laws 338 The New Hebrides Mission 339 CHAPTER XXVI DR. DUFF AT HO:ME As a Husband 342 His Favourite Authors . 343 At Loch Lomond and Ulleswater . 345 Death of Bishop Cotton and Sir H. Durand 346 Sir Henry Yule and Sir H. Maine . 348 Lord Halifax . 349 Lord Shaftesbury and Archbishop Tait . 350 CHAPTER XXVII ECCLESIASTICAL Catholicity of the Missionary Enterprise 351 Divisions of the Scottish Church .
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