DOCSLIB.ORG

Reforming Disability in China Ph.D

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

Reforming disability in China a study in disability and development. Emma Victoria £tone Submitted in accordance with the requirements for the degree of Ph.D. The University of Leeds, Department of Sociology & Social Policy and Department of East Asian Studies. September 1998 The candidate confirms that the work submitted is her own and that appropriate credit has been given where reference has been made to the work of others. Emma Victoria Stone Reforming disability in China: a study in disability and development Ph.D. September 1998 The thesis sits between three academic fields: disability studies, development studies and East Asian studies. It is an unusual but important study of disability in a non- western culture. The thesis is unusual because it explores macro-level (rather than grassroots) constructions of disability, focusing on institutions and ideologies. It is important because no-one has (to my knowledge) undertaken this kind of macro-level analysis on a developing country; and also (again, to my knowledge) because the story of the macro-level construction of disability in China has not been told before. In this thesis, evidence and arguments are put forward with reference to the historical construction of disability in imperial China (Chapter Three), in late Qing and early Republican China (Chapter Four) and in state socialist China under Mao Zedong (Chapter Five). These chapters explore the place of impairment in Confucian cosmologies; the imperial construction of an administrative category of disability; the influence of western ideas and institutions on internal Chinese debates about the body and nation; and the place of disability and disabled people in state socialist China. A hypothesis of a discourse of body, nation and development is developed, and continues through the next four chapters which focus on disability in post-Mao China. Chapter Six examines the unexpected appearance of disability on the national government’s agenda in the 1980s. Chapter Seven explores disability-related policies and their underpinning values. Also in Chapter Seven, three studies are provided which incorporate field-based data to inject some balance (from the “grassroots") into what is otherwise an intentionally imbalanced thesis. Chapter Eight analyses the content and implications of disability propaganda; Chapter Nine tackles the difficult subject of disability legislation, in which equal rights and eugenics appear to go hand in hand. The result is a study of disability and development - and of discourses of disability and development - which will inform current thinking and will provide important information on disability policies, provision and propaganda in post-Mao China. Table of Contents Page Number List of Tables i List of Abbreviations ii Notes on the Language and Romanization iii Chronological List of Dynasties iv Acknowledgements v Introduction 1 Chapter 1: Theorising Disability and Development 6 Definitions of Disability 6 Western Disability Studies: an overview 11 Development Studies and Disability 13 East Asian Studies and Disability 17 Disability and Development: theories, concepts and myths 19 Disability and development: western theories 20 Western Theories and Non-western Stories 24 Disability and development in developing countries 28 Culture, Structure and Disability 32 Personhood 34 Body 35 Conclusion 39 Chapter Two: Disability and Development Research in China 41 First Principles 42 The Field 46 Doing Disability Field Research in China 48 Social Relations and Dangerous Liaisons 52 Dealing with Documents 54 Handling History 56 Learning from Language 58 Conclusion 59 Chapter Three: Imperial Cosmologies and Ideologies 61 Cosmological Frameworks 62 Perceptions of Impairment 64 Impairment Inscribed 65 Page Number Chapter Three (continued) Impairment and Retribution 66 Impairment and Evil Influences 67 Impairment and Imbalance 68 Responses to Impairment: socio-familial responses 69 Impairment and Personhood 69 Intervention 71 Rejection 73 Exclusion 74 Ridicule 74 Pity 75 Special Roles and Attributes 75 Empire, Order and Disorder 77 Family, Medicine and Welfare 80 Imperial Projects: gender, race and disability 86 State Constructions: disability and normalcy 90 Codes, Categories and Exemptions 93 Conclusion 95 Chapter Four: Chinese Debates, Western Influences 97 Setting the Scene 98 Western Influences 100 Orphanages, Hospitals and Schools 100 Anti-Footbinding, Pro-Fitness 108 Linking Western Influences and Chinese Debates 110 Chinese Debates 112 Nation and Nationalism 112 Body and Nation 114 Social Darwinism and Eugenic Utopias 116 Conclusion 121 Chapter Five: Disability and Development under Chairman Mao 123 Setting the Scene 124 Socialist Bodies 125 Socialist Personhoods and Welfare Ideologies 129 Disability Provision under Mao 134 Institutions and Asylums 135 Welfare-Work 136 Segregated Schools for Industry 139 Disability Associations Soviet-Style 141 What Place Disabled People in Mao’s Revolution? 142 Socialist Constructions of Disability 145 To Summarise So Far 148 Page Number Chapter Six: Disability on the Agenda 151 Setting the Scene 152 Disability on the Agenda? 155 New Data 157 New Language 162 New Initiatives 165 New Professions and Publications 168 New Organisations 171 Guanxi: the art of connecting 173 Open Doors and Globalization 176 Conclusion 178 Chapter Seven: A “Disability Initiative” with Chinese 180 Characteristics National Government Capacities and Constraints 181 The “Disability Initiative” 184 Underpinning Values: work and wealth 187 Many Channels, Many Levels , Many Forms 191 New Missionaries 195 Reforming the Past: Three Case Studies 199 The Welfare Institution 199 Case Study One: Xiao Jin 201 The Welfare Factory 203 Reforming Rehabilitation 209 Case Study Two: Xiao Lin 211 Case Study Three: Xiao Zhen 212 Case Study Four: Xiao Guo 214 Conclusion 215 Chapter Eight: Modelling Reform and Reforming Models 217 Civilising Society 218 Disability: a civilising discourse 219 The Exemplary Society 222 Socializing Disability 223 New Models of the Reform Era 226 Si Zi: modelling the four-selfs 228 Fu Wu: serving others, sacrificing self 230 Wen Hua: creators of culture and spiritual wealth 232 Ti Yu: the disabled body re-formed 234 Evaluating the Exemplary Society 238 Conclusion 240 Page Number Chapter Nine: Disability, Development and Legislation 241 A Law to Protect... 242 A Law to Prevent... 250 A Law on Maternal and Infant Health Care 251 The Irresistible Rise of Eugenics in China: a recent history 254 Development and Population: a new post-Mao discourse 259 Where Equality and Eugenics Combine 266 Conclusion 269 Conclusion 272 Appendix 278 Bibliography 286 List of Tables Table 1: Characters which describe impairment or indicate causation. Table 2: Characters which indicate diminished humanity or personhood. Table 3: Segregated schooling provision in China between 1946 and 1976. Table 4: National Disability Sample Survey (1987) impairment data. 11 List of Abbreviations The abbreviations listed below appear in the main text - not (only) in textual references. Where an abbreviation is used in a textual reference to indicate an organization (e.g. DAA, Disability Awareness in Action) which is the author of a publication referred to, or a newspaper (e.g. BYD, Beijing Youth Daily) in which a news story appears, then both the abbreviation and the full title are included in the Bibliography and are not generally cited below. CBR Community Based Rehabilitation CDPF China Disabled Persons Federation DPF Disabled Persons Federation ILO International Labour Organization S.A.R. Special Autonomous Region (Hong Kong) SCF (UK) Save the Children Fund (UK) MCA Ministry of Civil Affairs UN United Nations Unicef United Nations (International) Childrens (Emergency) Fund Unesco United Nations Educational. Scientific and Cultural Organization WHO World Health Organization iii Notes on Language and Roman ization Definitions of impairment and disability are discussed at length in Chapter One. Quotation marks are deployed in place of sic, where a word is used which would be considered derogatory in modern English, yet which provides the most accurate rendition of a (contemporary or historical) Chinese term, for example "mental retardation" where the Chinese term is ruozhi, or "cripple" where the Chinese term is bozi or quezi. Quotation marks may also be used to indicate that an everyday term is being singled out for particular scrutiny, or is inherently problematic; for example, "race" and "normalcy". In these circumstances, quotation marks are used on the first occasion that the word appears in a chapter, but generally not thereafter. The only exception to this is the term "developing countries" which, were it not disruptive to the narrative, I would have set in quotation marks throughout. My personal and political preference lies with the terms Majority World (for developing countries) and Minority World (for the west). However, these are not widely-recognised terms and I have therefore avoided using them in this thesis. Throughout the main text of the thesis, the Pin Yin style of romanization is used for Chinese characters (with the exception of Tao and other terms which have found their way into the English language). I have decided against providing the Chinese language version of all quotations or phrases used. Where translation is provided, this is because the language would be of particular interest to someone acquainted with Chinese. Finally, names of field sites (except Beijing, Wuhan and Tianjin) and names
Recommended publications
  • Confession, Redemption, and Death: Liu Xiaobo and the Protest Movement of 1989

    Confession, Redemption, and Death: Liu Xiaobo and the Protest Movement of 1989

    Confession, Redemption, and Death: Liu Xiaobo and the Protest Movement of 1989 Geremie Barmé1 There should be room for my extremism; I certainly don’t demand of others that they be like me... I’m pessimistic about mankind in general, but my pessimism does not allow for escape. Even though I might be faced with nothing but a series of tragedies, I will still struggle, still show my opposition. This is why I like Nietzsche and dislike Schopenhauer. Liu Xiaobo, November 19882 I FROM 1988 to early 1989, it was a common sentiment in Beijing that China was in crisis. Economic reform was faltering due to the lack of a coherent program of change or a unified approach to reforms among Chinese leaders and ambitious plans to free prices resulted in widespread panic over inflation; the question of political succession to Deng Xiaoping had taken alarming precedence once more as it became clear that Zhao Ziyang was under attack; nepotism was rife within the Party and corporate economy; egregious corruption and inflation added to dissatisfaction with educational policies and the feeling of hopelessness among intellectuals and university students who had profited little from the reforms; and the general state of cultural malaise and social ills combined to create a sense of impending doom. On top of this, the government seemed unwilling or incapable of attempting to find any new solutions to these problems. It enlisted once more the aid of propaganda, empty slogans, and rhetoric to stave off the mounting crisis. University students in Beijing appeared to be particularly heavy casualties of the general malaise.
  • Mao's War Against Nature: Politics and the Environment In

    Mao's War Against Nature: Politics and the Environment In

    Reviews Mao’s War Against Nature: Politics and the Environment in Revolutionary China, by Judith Shapiro, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press (2001), xvii, 287 pp. Reviewed by Gregory A. Ruf, Associate Professor, Chinese Studies and Anthropology Stony Brook State University of New York In this engaging and informative book, Judith Shapiro takes a sharp, critical look at how development policies and practices under Mao influenced human relationships with the natural world, and considers some consequences of Maoist initiatives for the environment. Drawing on a variety of sources, both written and oral, she guides readers through an historical overview of major political and economic campaigns of the Maoist era, and their impact on human lives and the natural environment. This is a bold and challenging task, not least because such topics remain political sensitive today. Yet the perspective Shapiro offers is refreshing, while the problems she highlights are disturbing, with significant legacies. The political climate of revolutionary China was pervaded by hostile struggle against class enemies, foreign imperialists, Western capitalists, Soviet revisionists, and numerous other antagonists. Under Mao and the communists, “the notion was propagated that China would pick itself up after its long history of humiliation by imperialist powers, become self-reliant in the face of international isolation, and regain strength in the world” (p.6). Militarization was to be a vehicle through which Mao would attempt to forge a ‘New China.’ His period of rule was marked by a protracted series of mass mobilization campaigns, based around the fear of perceived threats, external or internal. Even nature, Shapiro argues, was portrayed in a combative and militaristic rhetoric as an obstacle or enemy to overcome.
  • China Sets Sail Andrew Erickson, Lyle Goldstein & Carnes Lord

    China Sets Sail Andrew Erickson, Lyle Goldstein & Carnes Lord

    THE NEW ASIAN ORDER China has been undergoing an historic shift in emphasis from land to naval power. Is its maritime buildup a strategic necessity or an ill-conceived diversion? China Sets Sail Andrew Erickson, Lyle Goldstein & Carnes Lord he People’s Republic of China is in With but one notable exception, China’s the process of an astonishing, multi- rulers throughout history have traditionally em- T faceted transformation. If the explosive phasized land power over sea power. Of course, growth of China’s industrial economy over the ordinary Chinese living on the country’s exten- past several decades is the most obvious com- sive coastline have always taken to the sea for ponent of that transformation, no less remark- their livelihood, but the economy of China has able is China’s turn to the sea. With its stun- always been fundamentally rooted in its soil. To ning advance in global shipbuilding markets, the extent that the Chinese engaged in com- its vast and expanding merchant marine, the mercial activities over the centuries, they did so wide reach of its offshore energy and minerals primarily with a view to their large and largely exploration, its growing fishing fleet, and not self-sufficient internal market, readily accessible least, its rapidly modernizing navy, China is through China’s great navigable river systems fast becoming an outward-looking maritime as well as its many seaward ports. Moreover, state. At a time when the U.S. Navy continues prior to 1840, the Chinese faced virtually no to shrink in numbers if not relative capability, sustained security threats on their ocean flank.
  • Medicine Buddha Sutra

    Medicine Buddha Sutra

    Medicine Buddha Sutra 藥師琉璃光如來本願功德經 Fo Guang Shan International Translation Center b c © 2002, 2005 Buddha’s Light Publishing © 2015 Fo Guang Shan International Translation Center Table of Contents Published by the Fo Guang Shan International Translation Center 3456 Glenmark Drive Hacienda Heights, CA 91745 U.S.A. Tel: (626) 330-8361 / (626) 330-8362 Incense Praise 3 Fax: (626) 330-8363 www.fgsitc.org Sutra Opening Verse 5 Protected by copyright under the terms of the International Copyright Medicine Buddha Sutra 7 Union; all rights reserved. Except for fair use in book reviews, no part of this book may be reproduced for any reason by any means, including any method of photographic reproduction, without permission of the publisher. Triple Refuge 137 Printed in Taiwan. Dedication of Merit 139 A Paryer to Medicine Buddha 141 2 3 Lu Xiang Zan 爐 香 讚 Incense Praise Lu Xiang Zha Ruo Incense burning in the censer, 爐 香 乍 爇 Fa Jie Meng Xun All space permeated with fragrance. 法 界 蒙 熏 Zhu Fo Hai Hui Xi Yao Wen The Buddhas perceive it from every direction, 諸 佛 海 會 悉 遙 聞 Sui Chu Jie Xiang Yun Auspicious clouds gather everywhere. 隨 處 結 祥 雲 With our sincerity, Cheng Yi Fang Yin 誠 意 方 殷 The Buddhas manifest themselves in their entirety. Zhu Fo Xian Quan Shen 諸 佛 現 全 身 Nan Mo Xiang Yun Gai Pu Sa 南 無 香 雲 蓋 菩 薩 Mo He Sa We take refuge in the Bodhisattvas-Mahasattvas. 摩 訶 薩 4 5 Kai Jing Ji 開 經 偈 Sutra Opening Verse Wu Shang Shen Shen Wei Miao Fa 無 上 甚 深 微 妙 法 The unexcelled, most profound, and exquisitely Bai Qian Wan Jie Nan Zao Yu wondrous Dharma, 百 千 萬 劫 難 遭 遇 Is difficult to encounter throughout hundreds of Wo Jin Jian Wen De Shou Chi thousands of millions of kalpas.
  • The Military Dimensions of U.S. – China Security Cooperation: Retrospective and Future Prospects

    The Military Dimensions of U.S. – China Security Cooperation: Retrospective and Future Prospects

    The Military Dimensions of U.S. – China Security Cooperation: Retrospective and Future Prospects Dr. David Finkelstein CIM D0023640.A1/Final September 2010 CNA is a non-profit research and analysis organization comprised of the Center for Naval Analyses (a federally funded research and development center) and the Institute for Public Research. The CNA China Studies division provides its sponsors, and the public, analyses of China’s emerging role in the international order, China’s impact in the Asia-Pacific region, important issues in US-China relations, and insights into critical developments within China itself. Whether focused on Chinese defense and security issues, Beijing’s foreign policies, bilateral relations, political developments, economic affairs, or social change, our analysts adhere to the same spirit of non-partisanship, objectivity, and empiricism that is the hallmark of CNA research. Our program is built upon a foundation of analytic products and hosted events. Our publications take many forms: research monographs, short papers, and briefings as well as edited book-length studies. Our events include major conferences, guest speakers, seminars, and workshops. All of our products and programs are aimed at providing the insights and context necessary for developing sound plans and policies and for making informed judgments about China. CNA China Studies enjoys relationships with a wide network of subject matter experts from universities, from government, and from the private sector both in the United States and overseas. We particularly value our extensive relationships with counterpart organizations throughout “Greater China”, other points across Asia, and beyond. Dr. David M. Finkelstein, Vice President and Director of CNA China Studies, is available at (703) 824-2952 and on e-mail at [email protected].
  • The End of the Queue: Hair As Symbol in Chinese History Michael Godley

    The End of the Queue: Hair As Symbol in Chinese History Michael Godley

    East Asian History NUMBER 8 . DECEMBER 1994 THE CONTINUATION OF Paperson Far EasternHistory Institute of Advanced Studies Australian National University Editor Geremie R. Barme Assistant Editor Helen Lo Editorial Board John Clark Mark Elvin (Convenor) Helen Hardacre John Fincher Andrew Fraser Colin Jeffcott W. J. F. Jenner Lo Hui-min Gavan McCormack David Marr Tessa Morris-Suzuki Michael Underdown Business Manager Marion Weeks Production Helen Lo Design Maureen MacKenzie (Em Squared Typographic Design), Helen Lo Printed by Goanna Print, Fyshwick, ACT This is the eighth issue of East Asian History in the series previously entitled Papers on Far Eastern History. The journal is published twice a year. Contributions to The Editor, East Asian History Division of Pacific & Asian History, Research School of Pacific & Asian Studies Australian National University, Canberra ACT 0200, Australia Phone +61 62493140 Fax +61 62495525 Subscription Enquiries Subscription Manager, East Asian History, at the above address Annual Subscription Australia A$45 Overseas US$45 (for two issues) iii CONTENTS 1 Mid-Ch'ing New Text (Chin-wen) Classical Learning and its Han Provenance: the Dynamics of a Tradition of Ideas On-cho Ng 33 From Myth to Reality: Chinese Courtesans in Late-Qing Shanghai Christian Henriot 53 The End of the Queue: Hair as Symbol in Chinese History Michael Godley 73 Broken Journey: Nhfti Linh's "Going to France" Greg and Monique Lockhart 135 Chinese Masculinity: Theorising' Wen' and' Wu ' Kam Louie and Louise Edwards iv Cover calligraphy Yan Zhenqing �JU!iUruJ, Tang calligrapher and statesman Cover picture The walled city of Shanghai (Shanghai xianzhi, 1872) THE END OF THE QUEUE: HAIR AS SYMBOL IN CHINESE HISTORY ..J1! Michael R.
  • Disability, Livelihood and Poverty in Asia and the Pacific

    Disability, Livelihood and Poverty in Asia and the Pacific

    Disability, Livelihood and Poverty in Asia and the Pacific AN EXECUTIVE SUMMARY OF RESEARCH FINDINGS The cover design is reflective of the varied data landscape and multifaceted nature of disability data. Many parameters interplay in the process of data collection thereby creating a wide-spectrum of estimates. This book acknowledges the diversity in definitions, purposes and methodologies, as embodied in the strong contrasts in detail and colour. Disability, Livelihood and Poverty in Asia and the Pacific AN EXECUTIVE SUMMARY OF RESEARCH FINDINGS Acknowledgements This publication was prepared by the ESCAP Social Development Division, under the overall direction of Nanda Krairiksh. The research team was led by Donovan Storey and Marco Roncarati, and comprised the following members: Aiko Akiyama, Patrik Andersson, Rebecca Carter, Ksenia Glebova, Beverly Lynn Jones, Natalie Meyer, Andres Montes and Ermina Sokou. Inputs to the report were provided by Jorge Carrillo, Christian Österlind, Fiona Wells and Alastair Wilkinson. The following organizations of, and for, person with disabilities were partners in the participatory research at the national level: Commitments, India; Pacific Disability Forum and the Fiji Disabled Peoples’ Federation, Fiji; Japan Disability Forum (JDF), Japan; Association of Women with Disabilities ‘SHYRAK’, Kazakhstan; Kabalikat ng Malayang Pilipino (KAMPI), Philippines; Korea Disabled People’s Development Institute (KODDI), Republic of Korea; Special Talent Exchange Programme (STEP), Pakistan; Universal Foundation for
  • Journal of Current Chinese Affairs

    Journal of Current Chinese Affairs

    China Data Supplement March 2008 J People’s Republic of China J Hong Kong SAR J Macau SAR J Taiwan ISSN 0943-7533 China aktuell Data Supplement – PRC, Hong Kong SAR, Macau SAR, Taiwan 1 Contents The Main National Leadership of the PRC ......................................................................... 2 LIU Jen-Kai The Main Provincial Leadership of the PRC ..................................................................... 31 LIU Jen-Kai Data on Changes in PRC Main Leadership ...................................................................... 38 LIU Jen-Kai PRC Agreements with Foreign Countries ......................................................................... 54 LIU Jen-Kai PRC Laws and Regulations .............................................................................................. 56 LIU Jen-Kai Hong Kong SAR ................................................................................................................ 58 LIU Jen-Kai Macau SAR ....................................................................................................................... 65 LIU Jen-Kai Taiwan .............................................................................................................................. 69 LIU Jen-Kai ISSN 0943-7533 All information given here is derived from generally accessible sources. Publisher/Distributor: GIGA Institute of Asian Studies Rothenbaumchaussee 32 20148 Hamburg Germany Phone: +49 (0 40) 42 88 74-0 Fax: +49 (040) 4107945 2 March 2008 The Main National Leadership of the
  • Chinese Censors Crack Down on Tweets

    Chinese Censors Crack Down on Tweets

    ABCDE Democracy Dies in Darkness SUNDAY, JANUARY 6, 2019 Chinese censors crack down on tweets Police head to doorsteps in interviews to The Washington Post that to pressure Twitter users authorities are sharply escalating the Twit- to delete messages ter crackdown. It suggests a wave of new and more aggressive tactics by state cen- by Gerry Shih sors and cyber-watchers trying to control the Internet. HONG KONG — The 50-year-old software Twitter is banned in China — as are engineer was tapping away at his computer other non-Chinese sites such as Facebook, in November when state security officials YouTube and Instagram. But they are filed into his office on mainland China. accessed by workarounds such as a virtual They had an unusual — and nonnego- private network, or VPN, which is software tiable — request. that bypasses state-imposed firewalls. Delete these tweets, they said. While Chinese authorities block almost The agents handed over a printout of all foreign social media sites, they rarely 60 posts the engineer had fired off to his have taken direct action against citizens 48,000 followers. The topics included U.S.- who use them, preferring instead to quietly China trade relations and the plight of monitor what the Chinese are saying. underground Christians in his coastal prov- But recently, Internet monitors and ince in southeast China. activists have tallied at least 40 cases of When the engineer did not comply Chinese authorities pressuring users to after 24 hours, he discovered that someone delete tweets through a decidedly low-tech had hacked into his Twitter account and method: showing up at their doorsteps.
  • Congressional-Executive Commission on China Annual Report 2019

    Congressional-Executive Commission on China Annual Report 2019

    CONGRESSIONAL-EXECUTIVE COMMISSION ON CHINA ANNUAL REPORT 2019 ONE HUNDRED SIXTEENTH CONGRESS FIRST SESSION NOVEMBER 18, 2019 Printed for the use of the Congressional-Executive Commission on China ( Available via the World Wide Web: https://www.cecc.gov VerDate Nov 24 2008 13:38 Nov 18, 2019 Jkt 036743 PO 00000 Frm 00001 Fmt 6011 Sfmt 5011 G:\ANNUAL REPORT\ANNUAL REPORT 2019\2019 AR GPO FILES\FRONTMATTER.TXT CONGRESSIONAL-EXECUTIVE COMMISSION ON CHINA ANNUAL REPORT 2019 ONE HUNDRED SIXTEENTH CONGRESS FIRST SESSION NOVEMBER 18, 2019 Printed for the use of the Congressional-Executive Commission on China ( Available via the World Wide Web: https://www.cecc.gov U.S. GOVERNMENT PUBLISHING OFFICE 36–743 PDF WASHINGTON : 2019 VerDate Nov 24 2008 13:38 Nov 18, 2019 Jkt 036743 PO 00000 Frm 00003 Fmt 5011 Sfmt 5011 G:\ANNUAL REPORT\ANNUAL REPORT 2019\2019 AR GPO FILES\FRONTMATTER.TXT CONGRESSIONAL-EXECUTIVE COMMISSION ON CHINA LEGISLATIVE BRANCH COMMISSIONERS House Senate JAMES P. MCGOVERN, Massachusetts, MARCO RUBIO, Florida, Co-chair Chair JAMES LANKFORD, Oklahoma MARCY KAPTUR, Ohio TOM COTTON, Arkansas THOMAS SUOZZI, New York STEVE DAINES, Montana TOM MALINOWSKI, New Jersey TODD YOUNG, Indiana BEN MCADAMS, Utah DIANNE FEINSTEIN, California CHRISTOPHER SMITH, New Jersey JEFF MERKLEY, Oregon BRIAN MAST, Florida GARY PETERS, Michigan VICKY HARTZLER, Missouri ANGUS KING, Maine EXECUTIVE BRANCH COMMISSIONERS Department of State, To Be Appointed Department of Labor, To Be Appointed Department of Commerce, To Be Appointed At-Large, To Be Appointed At-Large, To Be Appointed JONATHAN STIVERS, Staff Director PETER MATTIS, Deputy Staff Director (II) VerDate Nov 24 2008 13:38 Nov 18, 2019 Jkt 036743 PO 00000 Frm 00004 Fmt 0486 Sfmt 0486 G:\ANNUAL REPORT\ANNUAL REPORT 2019\2019 AR GPO FILES\FRONTMATTER.TXT C O N T E N T S Page I.
  • The Right Feel

    The Right Feel

    THE RIGHT FEEL Hirosi Yaoita Mr. Hirosi Yaoita, Yasaka’s founder, was a table tennis player and coach. When starting his company, his vision was to help table tennis players to improve their play and have the greatest enjoyment in their sport. The goal was to pro- vide table tennis players of every level with equipment that has the best playing characteristics and highest quality. Mr. Yaoita’s vision still reflects both the Yasaka MA LIN One of the most accomplished players in the world. Today he coaches Company and its employees. and continues his close collaboration with Yasaka in the development of new products. 1947 1970’s 1993 2008 YASAKA Co. Ltd. was founded In 1969 Yasaka revolutionized In the early 1990s YASAKA At the 2008 Beijing Olympics, in 1947 by Mr Yaoita and table tennis rubber technology began producing blades in Ma Lin won gold in both the Mr Sakamoto who gave the introducing MARK V. Winning Tranås, Sweden. It was a na- men’s singles and team events. name of the company (YAoita the men’s singles titles in the tural decision; there was both Ma Lin is the only male player + SAKAmoto). Today Mr. 1970 European Championships the experience and know- who has won Olympic gold Yaoita’s son Takashi Yaoita and 1971 World Champion- ledge. For many years YASAKA medals in men’s singles, men’s is the director and principal ships, success for MARK V was has had close collaboration doubles and team. His 4 World shareholder of Yasaka Co. proven. Since then MARK V has with top Swedish players and Cup titles are also unmatched.
  • Why Did China's Population Grow So Quickly?

    Why Did China's Population Grow So Quickly?

    SUBSCRIBE NOW AND RECEIVE CRISIS AND LEVIATHAN* FREE! “The Independent Review does not accept “The Independent Review is pronouncements of government officials nor the excellent.” conventional wisdom at face value.” —GARY BECKER, Noble Laureate —JOHN R. MACARTHUR, Publisher, Harper’s in Economic Sciences Subscribe to The Independent Review and receive a free book of your choice* such as the 25th Anniversary Edition of Crisis and Leviathan: Critical Episodes in the Growth of American Government, by Founding Editor Robert Higgs. This quarterly journal, guided by co-editors Christopher J. Coyne, and Michael C. Munger, and Robert M. Whaples offers leading-edge insights on today’s most critical issues in economics, healthcare, education, law, history, political science, philosophy, and sociology. Thought-provoking and educational, The Independent Review is blazing the way toward informed debate! Student? Educator? Journalist? Business or civic leader? Engaged citizen? This journal is for YOU! *Order today for more FREE book options Perfect for students or anyone on the go! The Independent Review is available on mobile devices or tablets: iOS devices, Amazon Kindle Fire, or Android through Magzter. INDEPENDENT INSTITUTE, 100 SWAN WAY, OAKLAND, CA 94621 • 800-927-8733 • [email protected] PROMO CODE IRA1703 Why Did China’s Population Grow so Quickly? F DAVID HOWDEN AND YANG ZHOU hina’s one-child policy has come to be widely regarded as an effective piece of government legislation that saved the country from a Malthusian fate. C The Cultural Revolution of 1966–76 was the crowning achievement of Mao Zedong, chairman of the Communist Party of China (CPC) from 1945 to 1976.