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Survival Responses to Demographic and Ecological Pressures Population Density and Fishing Patterns in Kiribati

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Survival Responses to Demographic and Ecological Pressures Population Density and Fishing Patterns in Kiribati Survival responses to demographic and ecological pressures Population density and fishing patterns in Kiribati Jagjit Singh The University of the South Pacific Abstract. The purpose of this study was twofold: first, to explore the broad socioeconomic patterns and second, to examine the significance offishing activities in small atolls such as those of the Pacific Island state of Kiribati. Previous researchers on socioeconomic conditions in Kiribati have pointed to its high population densities, limited land-based resources and reliance on marine resources for cash and subsistence. This research focused on the relationship between island population densities,fishingfor cash andfishingfor subsistence. It used multivariate and non-parametric statistical techniques to test out a hypothesised positive correlation between high population densities and a high degree offishingfor cash and subsistence. Variables used for each atoll included: population density; fishing area; fishing equipment; types of fishing; agricultural activities; work opportunities; and remittances from elsewhere. Analysis revealed a significant association between population densities and intensity offishing activity. It further revealed that population density, commercial fishing, lagoon fishing, fishing equipment, remittances and ownership of breadfruit trees and babai pits had high loadings on factor 1 (which itself explained 32 per cent of the total variation. Low population density and relatively few resources necessitated a greater reliance on copra and subsistence fishing. Key terms: Atolls; Kiribati; Subsistence fishing; Subsistence agriculture and Commercial fishing. 60 Journal of Pacific Studies, Vol. 19, 1996 Introduction THIS PAPER exam ines fishing patterns in the coral islands ofthe Central Pacific. These islands, formerly known as the Gilbert and Ellice Islands Colony, became the separate and independent nations of Kiribati and Tuvalu in 1979 and 1978 respectively. The resource base of these isolated atolls is rather poor; hence, there has always been a reliance on marine resources. Fishing in Kiribati was selected for study because of its importance in the economy of the country. Kiribati consists of33 atolls straddling the equator in three groups: the Gilbert, Line and Phoenix Islands (refer to Figure I). These islands are scattered over approximately 3.0 million square kilometres of the Pacific, with only a fraction (810.7 sq km) of this enormous area making up the landmass (Douglas 1994:345). The coral rock of the flat atoll terrain is covered with about 2.5 m of hard sand and scanty soil.,Most islands enclose a lagoon but have no rivers. The thin layer of soil supports little growth apart from seaside scrub, coconuts and pandanus. Native land fauna is limited to the Polynesian rat and two species of lizard. Sea life, however, is abundant with birds, fish and coral (Douglas 1994:346). Tarawa, the capital of the country, houses about one-third ofthe nation's population. It is here, too, that much ofthe infrastructure-road, electricity, hospital, schools, comm unications network and other related services-is located. The economy of Kiribati may be dichotomised into a monetised and a subsistence sector. The monetised sector is rather small, much of itdominated by expatriates and the Kiribati Government. The subsistence sector is generally located on the outer islands; it consists offishing and small-scale farming of copra, babai (wet giant taro) and breadfruit. In 1988, Kiribati had a trade deficit of $A20 million, an adverse balance due partly to the depletion of phosphate on Banaba Island and partly to the country's low agricultural production and rising import bi lls. The atolls are relatively small, have shallowsoils with low water-holding capacity and suffer from frequent droughts. Furthermore, copra, the principal cash crop, has only a limited potential because offluctuating world prices and the unreliable climatic conditions. In the absence of land-based resources and with a rapidly growing population, it is only natural that the country should turn to its unusually large 200-mile economic and fisheries zone, enclosing an area of3 .0 million sq km, for Survival responses-Kiribati 61 its growth and development. Oftheresources that may be exploited from the 200-mile economic zone, the most obvious one is fisheries. The potential of the fisheries industry can best be illustrated by the country's export figures between 1979 and 1988 (Table 1). Table 1 Major domestic exports fees, 1979 and 1988 (A$'OOO) Commodity/ 1979 1988 Change in Change Annual Licensing fees (A$OOO) (A$OOO) value($OOO) over average I (EEZ) period (%) change Phosphate 17,953 Copra 3,684 4,302 +618 16.8 1.7 Fish 152 1,606 +1,454 +965.6 29.9 Fees(EEZ) 614 1,809 +1,195 +194.6 12.8 Source: Rouatu 1989 Table 1 shows that overthe ten years in question, fish exports had a 956.6% increase, while fees from licensing foreign vessels fishing within the 200-mile zone have increased by 194.6%. In contrast to fisheries and related sources of revenue, copra has had only a 16.8% increase. The highest percentage annual average change (29.9%) has been associated with fish products. Phosphate, depleted through fifty years of mining, has since 1979 no longer been an important export item. Fisheries catch and production reached an all time high of 8,000 metric tonnes in 1984. It declined in 1987 but has been rising steadily since that year. Japan paid the highest amount in licensing fees, followed by the Soviet Union. The United States and Korea have contributed too, but significantly less than Japan and the Soviet Union. Seaweed, with a lucrative market in Europe, is of growing importance to the economy of Kiribati. Islands that have contributed to seaweed production are: Butaritari, Abaiang, Abemama, Aranuka, Beru and South Tarawa. Of these islands, South Tarawa has been the largest producer of cultured seaweed in the country. There is an extensive literature on fisheries in the Pacific, much of which, especially in the case of Kiribati, consists of assessments of the potential for marine resource exploitation, or in-depth studies of social 0.. Figure I Kiribati. (Inset ~ South::Tarawa, Gilberr-Islands) "-> • W.. hington (T.buenon) 180" Makin Q F.nninl (Teram.> Butuitari; W.arakei AbaiaDl;T....... ~ Kiritinmti (Christ.... bland) I\Iaiona~ Kuri8·... Aranuka!. •• Abemama PHOENIX ISLArJDS 0" 0" NonoUli)) Benl LINE ISLANDS 6an8b•• T.biteu.. ':. ""Nikunau (0CC8JI Onolo. ) Canto2, \:: deri'ury B' .•~n 1sIuad) Tamana • Arorae • Malden ~ MclCun ........ ,Phoe1'ix >:: Gudnu, ·SydneY 1 .SlAobuck ~ GILBERT ISLANDS (Niku.... roro) Huo {JIb .....) :?. (o.ou) ~ ~ t:> Vostok "Caroline . S;" SOUTH TARAWA Funt "~ >:: ~ -'" o 200 .aokm ~ o 2 4 6 km , I I ,..... , , , - ~ <>~~ ...... ~ ...... '0 '0 0.. ~ Survival responses- Kiribati 63 change. Such studies are generally concerned with the changing patterns of village social and economic organisation. Included in these studies are investigations of traditional and modern patterns of fishing and land uti Iisation, as part of wider investigation of ind igenous material culture. In a detailed study of one of these atolls, Lawrence (1983) noted that fishing is an important source of livelihood. He reported that is landers spent 50% of their time on fishing and that three meals a week consisted of fish. Lawrence further noted that land plot sizes were relatively small and in demand forthe use of coconuts, toddy, breadfruit, babai and pandanus. The situation today is not markedly different from that revealed by Lawrence's ethnographic research in the late 1970s. It is natural that, in view of the scarcity of quality arable land, the people have traditionally resorted to the sea for subsistence. In recent years, the pressures of population increase compounded with decreasing marine resources have led some Island Counci Is to encourage the modern fish ing method offish aggregation devices (FADs). In traditional times, population growth was co ntrolled to some degree by frequent tribal wars, infanticide, diseases an d m igrations-control measures that today are no longer widespread. Since family planning is still not firmly established as acceptable practice, the consequent rapid increases in population have placed additional pressure on the resources. Much research has examined various aspects of Kiribati fishing patterns, as the brief survey below wi II indicate. Rouatu (1989:77-79) hi ghlighted the significance offisheries to both commercial and subsistence sectors of the Kiribati economy. The Kiribati government, realising the significance of fisheries, established a special department under the Ministry of Natural Resources to monitor and provide guidance for the effective management offishing and related activities. This department is responsible for collecting data at the household level on such matters as the type offish, overall value offish caught and fishing methods. It has responsibility, too, for collecting and drying seaweed for export. Commercial fishing ventures have been established at Betio (South Tarawa) and on Christmas Island for fish exports to markets in Honolulu and Nauru. These operations are being run as government-owned businesses (Rouatu 1989:78). In addition, with the assistance of the United Kingdom and UN DP/FAO , the Government has constructed Temaiku Fish Ponds in South Tarawa to meet the growing demand for 64 Journal of Pacific Studies. Vol. 19. J996 milk fish, for use as tuna bait as well as for local consumption (Rouatu 1989:79).
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