Estudo Experimental Sobre Decomposição Cadavérica Usando Carcaças De Sus Scrofa Domestica

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Estudo Experimental Sobre Decomposição Cadavérica Usando Carcaças De Sus Scrofa Domestica DEPARTAMENTO DE CIÊNCIAS DA VIDA FACULDADE DE CIÊNCIAS E TECNOLOGIA UNIVERSIDADE DE COIMBRA Estudo experimental sobre decomposição cadavérica usando carcaças de Sus scrofa domestica Liliana Alexandra Simões Cravo 2015 DEPARTAMENTO DE CIÊNCIAS DA VIDA FACULDADE DE CIÊNCIAS E TECNOLOGIA UNIVERSIDADE DE COIMBRA Estudo experimental sobre decomposição cadavérica usando carcaças de Sus scrofa domestica Dissertação apresentada à Universidade de Coimbra para cumprimento dos requisitos necessários à obtenção do grau de Mestre em Antropologia, realizada sob a orientação científica da Professora Doutora Eugénia Cunha (Universidade de Coimbra) e da Professora Doutora Maria Teresa Ferreira (Universidade de Coimbra) Liliana Alexandra Simões Cravo 2015 Agradecimentos Gostaria de expressar o meu reconhecimento a todos aqueles que, de uma maneira ou de outra, contribuíram para o sucesso desta dissertação. Em primeiro lugar à professora Doutora Maria Teresa Ferreira, pelo apoio e orientação prestados, essenciais para a colaboração deste estudo. A confiança, calma e compreensão foram igualmente fundamentais para a sua realização. À professora Doutora Eugénia Cunha por todos os ensinamentos adquiridos ao longo dos anos e claro pela ajuda em todos os momentos de dúvidas. A todos os professores que de algum modo participaram durante todo o meu percurso académico. Aos meus amigos por estarem presentes, mesmo nos meus momentos de ausência, por me fazerem querer ser mais e melhor. À Ines um obrigada por tudo, pela paciência e pelas sugestões. Em último lugar, mas não menos importante, ao meu Tio Fernando e ao Miguel pela ajuda na preparação do local de deposição das carcaças. Aos meus avós por me terem cedido uma parcela do seu terreno para que eu pudesse concretizar a minha ideia. Por último, um especial agradecimento aos meus pais, pela compreensão, incentivo, apoio e motivação. Sem vocês não seria possível. iii iv Lista de abreviaturas ADD - Graus dia acumulados (Accumulated Degree Days) ATP - Trifosfato de Adenosina BADD - Graus dia acumulados do enterramento (Burial Accumulated Degree Days) PMI - Intervalo postmortem (Postmortem Interval) PAI - Período de atividade dos insetos TBS - “Total Bodie score” UV - Ultra Violeta v vi Resumo As diferentes características ambientais vão influenciar a decomposição de um cadáver consoante o seu local de deposição, seja ele inumado ou exposto à superfície. Estas condições ambientais podem modificar todo o processo, acelerando-o ou mesmo impedindo a sua continuação. Regra geral, o enterramento de um cadáver protege-o de vários agentes tafonómicos destrutivos. A estimativa do PMI (intervalo postmortem) é fundamental para a reconstrução dos eventos que rodeiam a morte de um indivíduo. Apesar de representar uma questão pertinente em questões legais, a sua estimativa é de particular dificuldade. Isto é confirmado pela falta de métodos fiáveis, especialmente quando nos referimos ao período de pós esqueletização. O presente estudo pretende contribuir para um melhor entendimento do processo de decomposição em clima Mediterrâneo bem como dos vários fatores extrínsecos que afetam o cadáver consoante o local de deposição. Para tal, utilizaram-se quatro modelos animais (Sus scrofa domestica), depostos em diferentes ambientes: dois modelos animais foram inumados (um dentro de um edifício e outro fora), e dois foram colocados à superfície (um dentro de um edifício e outro fora). A carcaça exposta às adversidades ambientais atingiu o estádio da esqueletização aos 147 dias enquanto a carcaça deposta à superfície mas protegida por uma estrutura, atingiu o mesmo estádio ao fim de 10 dias após a morte, pelo que podemos afirmar que a existência de uma proteção contra as flutuações de temperatura e das restantes alterações climáticas favoreceu o processo, acelerando-o. Em relação às carcaças inumadas, estas apresentavam quantidades desiguais de tecidos moles, sendo que a carcaça que também se encontrava protegida pelo edifício se encontrava com bastantes mais tecidos e menos decompostos. Os métodos de Megyesi e colegas (2005) e Vass (2011) demonstraram uma reduzida aplicabilidade. Relativamente às metodologias de Galloway e colegas (1989) podemos afirmar que no caso das carcaças expostas os estádios atribuídos nem sempre se encontram dentro dos limites sugeridos. Quando nos referimos aos estádios de Behrensmeyer (1978) observámos que funcionam relativamente bem para a nossa região geográfica. Com base nestes resultados, podemos assim afirmar que estimar o PMI é de fato uma tarefa bastante complexa e que deve ser conjugada com todas as particularidades existentes na cena envolvente. Palavras-chave: Tafonomia experimental; Intervalo postmortem; Fatores tafonómicos extrínsecos; Esqueletização; Antropologia Forense vii viii Abstract Different deposition environments, such as burial or surface deposition, will influence the decomposition of a body due to their specific characteristics. These environmental conditions can change the process, accelerating it or even preventing its continuation. In general, the burial of a corpse protects it from several destructive taphonomic agents. Estimation of postmortem interval (PMI) is critical to reconstruct the events surrounding the death of an individual. Despite representing a pertinent question in legal issues, the estimation of PMI is of particular difficulty. This is confirmed by the lack of reliable methods that currently exist to estimate it, particularly when it comes to the post skeletonization period. This study aims to contribute to a better understanding of the decomposition process in Mediterranean weather as well as several extrinsic factors that affect the body’s decay, such as the site of deposition. For this purpose, we used four animal models (Sus scrofa domestica) deposed in different environments: two animal models were buried (one within and one outside a building) and two were positioned on the surface (one inside of a building and another one outside). The carcass exposed to environmental adversities skeletonized within 147 days while the carcass deposed on the surface, but protected by a structure, reached the same stage 10 days after death, leading us to assume that the existence of a protection against temperature fluctuations and other climatic changes promoted the decomposition process, accelerating it. Regarding the buried carcasses, these had unequal amounts of soft tissue; the carcass protected by a house like structure was less decomposed and presented more soft tissues. The methods of Megyesi et al. (2005) and Vass (2011) demonstrated a reduced applicability. Regarding Galloway and colleagues (1989) stages of decay, this study leads us to conclude that for the animal models exposed to weather adversities the assigned stages where not always in accordance with the suggested time limits. When applying Behrensmeyer (1978) stages we observed that it works relatively well for our geographic region. On the basis of the results we can affirm that the estimation of PMI is in fact a very complex task; its estimation must have in account all particularities of the surrounding scene. Key-words: Experimental Taphonomy; Postmortem interval; Taphonomic extrinsic factors; Skeletonization; Forensic anthropology ix x Índice Agradecimentos ...................................................................................................................................... iii Lista de abreviaturas ................................................................................................................................ v Resumo .................................................................................................................................................. vii Abstract ................................................................................................................................................... ix Índice ....................................................................................................................................................... xi Índice de Figuras .................................................................................................................................. xiii Índice de Tabelas ................................................................................................................................... xix 1. Introdução ................................................................................................................................... 1 1.1.Tafonomia e intervalo postmortem ....................................................................................... 6 1.1.1. Decomposição cadavérica .................................................................................. 14 1.1.1.1. Fenómenos cadavéricos imediatos ...................................................... 14 1.1.1.2. Fenómenos cadavéricos destrutivos .................................................... 17 1.1.1.3. Processos de conservação ................................................................... 20 1.1.1.3.1. Mumificação ....................................................................... 20 1.1.1.3.2. Saponificação ...................................................................... 21 1.1.1.4.Processos de decomposição ................................................................. 25 1.1.1.5. Estudos realizados com recurso a modelos animais ........................... 27 1.1.1.6. Contexto de inumação ........................................................................ 35 1.1.2.
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