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Urinary Bladder Ureter Ampulla of Ductus Deferens Seminal Vesicle Ureter Urinary bladder Seminal vesicle Prostatic urethra Ampulla of Pubis ductus deferens Membranous urethra Ejaculatory duct Urogenital diaphragm Rectum Erectile tissue Prostate of the penis Bulbo-urethral gland Spongy urethra Shaft of the penis Ductus (vas) deferens Epididymis Glans penis Testis Prepuce Scrotum External urethral (a) orifice © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. 1 Urinary bladder Ureter Ampulla of ductus deferens Seminal vesicle Ejaculatory Prostate duct Prostatic Bulbourethral urethra gland Membranous Ductus urethra deferens Root of penis Erectile tissues Epididymis Shaft (body) of penis Testis Spongy urethra Glans penis Prepuce External urethral (b) orifice © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. 2 Spermatic cord Blood vessels and nerves Seminiferous tubule Rete testis Ductus (vas) deferens Lobule Septum Tunica Epididymis albuginea © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. 3 Seminiferous tubule Basement membrane Spermatogonium 2n 2n Daughter cell (stem cell) type A (remains at basement Mitosis 2n membrane as a stem cell) Growth Daughter cell type B Enters (moves toward tubule prophase of lumen) meiosis I 2n Primary spermatocyte Meiosis I completed Meiosis n n Secondary spermatocytes Meiosis II n n n n Early spermatids n n n n Late spermatids Spermatogenesis Spermiogenesis Sperm n n n n Lumen of seminiferous tubule © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. 4 Gametes (n = 23) n Egg n Sperm Meiosis Fertilization Multicellular adults Zygote 2n (2n = 46) (2n = 46) Mitosis and development © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. 5 Provides genetic Provides instructions and a energy for means of penetrating mobility the follicle cell capsule and Plasma membrane oocyte membrane Neck Provides Tail for mobility Head Midpiece Axial filament Acrosome of tail Nucleus Mitochondria Proximal centriole (b) © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. 6 Hypothalamus 1 The hypothalamus releases gonadotropin-releasing hormone 1 (GnRH). GnRH 2 Anterior GnRH stimulates the anterior pituitary to release gonadotropins pituitary —FSH and LH. 3 FSH stimulates spermatogonia to produce sperm. 5 2 4 LH stimulates the interstitial cells to release testosterone, FSH LH which serves as the Final trigger Testosterone for spermatogenesis. 3 4 Testosterone then enhances 5 spermatogenesis. 5 The rising level of testosterone exerts negative feedback control on the hypothalamus and pituitary. Testosterone Primary and secondary sex characteristics Supporting cell SeminiFerous tubule in testis FSH and testosterone stimulate sperm production Spermatogonia Spermatogenesis KEY: Stimulates Inhibits © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. 7 Suspensory ligament of ovary (part of broad ligament) Infundibulum Uterine tube Ovary Fimbriae Uterus (fundus) Uterosacral ligament Round ligament Urinary bladder Pubic symphysis Rectum Mons pubis Cervix Urethra Vagina Clitoris Anus Hymen Greater vestibular gland Labium minus Labium majus (a) © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. 8 Primary follicle Growing follicles Degenerating corpus luteum Blood vessels Antrum Corona radiata Mature vesicular (Graafian) follicle Germinal epithelium Corpus luteum Developing Ruptured Ovulation Secondary oocyte corpus luteum follicle © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. 9 Suspensory Uterine (fallopian) tube ligament of ovary Fundus Lumen (cavity) Ovarian of uterus of uterus blood vessels Ovary Broad Infundibulum Uterine ligament Fimbriae tube Ovarian ligament Round ligament of uterus Body of Endometrium uterus Myometrium Wall of Perimetrium uterus Ureter Uterine blood Cervical canal vessels Uterosacral ligament Vagina Cervix (b) © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. 10 Mons pubis Labia majora Prepuce of clitoris Clitoris Vestibule Urethral orifice Vaginal orifice Opening of duct of greater vestibular gland Labia minora Perineum Anus © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. 11 Oocyte © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. 12 Meiotic Events Follicle Development Before birth in Ovary 2n Oogonium (stem cell) Follicle cells Mitosis Oocyte Primary 2n Primary oocyte follicle Growth 2n Primary oocyte Primary (arrested in prophase I; follicle present at birth) Childhood (ovary inactive) Monthly from Primary puberty to menopause follicle 2n Primary oocyte (still arrested in prophase I) Growing follicle Mature vesicular Meiosis I (completed by one (Graafian) primary oocyte each month) Secondary oocyte follicle (arrested in First polar body n metaphase II) Ovulation Sperm Ovulated secondary Meiosis II of polar body oocyte (may or may not occur) Meiosis II completed (only if sperm penetration occurs) Polar bodies n n n n (all polar bodies Second Ovum degenerate) polar body © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. 13 LH FSH Plasma Plasma hormone level (a) Fluctuation of gonadotropin levels: Fluctuating levels of pituitary gonadotropins (FSH and LH) in the blood regulate the events of the ovarian cycle. © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. 14 Primary Secondary Vesicular Ovulation Corpus Degenerating follicle follicle follicle luteum corpus luteum Follicular Ovulation Luteal phase (Day 14) phase (b) Ovarian cycle: Structural changes in the ovarian follicles during the ovarian cycle are correlated with (d) changes in the endometrium of the uterus during the uterine cycle. © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. 15 Estrogens Progesterone Plasma hormone Plasma level (c) Fluctuation of ovarian hormone levels: Fluctuating levels of ovarian hormones (estrogens and progesterone) cause the endometrial changes of the uterine cycle. The high estrogen levels are also responsible for the LH/FSH surge in (a). © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. 16 Endometrial Blood vessels glands Menstrual flow Functional layer 1 5 10 15 20 25 28 Days Menstrual Proliferative Secretory phase phase phase Basal layer The menstrual and proliferative phases occur before ovulation and together correspond to the follicular phase of the ovarian cycle. The secretory phase corresponds in time to the luteal phase of the ovarian cycle. (d) The three phases of the uterine cycle: • Menstrual: Shedding of the functional layer of the endometrium. • Proliferative: Rebuilding of the functional layer of the endometrium. • Secretory: Begins immediately after ovulation. Enrichment of the blood supply and glandular secretion of nutrients prepare the endometrium to receive an embryo. © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. 17 Skin (cut) Pectoralis major muscle Connective tissue suspensory ligament Adipose tissue Lobe Areola Nipple Lactiferous sinus Lactiferous duct Lobule containing alveoli (a) © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. 18 First rib Skin (cut) Pectoralis major muscle Connective tissue suspensory ligament Adipose tissue Lobe Areola Nipple Opening of lactiferous duct Lactiferous sinus Lactiferous duct Lobule containing alveoli Hypodermis (superficial fascia) Intercostal muscles (b) © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. 19 Embryo Fertilization 1-week 3-week 5-week embryo conceptus embryo (10 mm) 8-week embryo (3 mm) (22 mm) 12-week fetus (90 mm) © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. 20 (a) Zygote (b) 4-cell stage (c) Morula (d) Early blastocyst (e) Implanting (fertilized egg) 2 days (a solid ball of (morula hollows out blastocyst blastomeres) and fills with fluid) (consists of a sphere 3 days 4 days of trophoblast cells and an eccentric cell cluster called the inner cell mass) Zona 7 days pellucida Inner cell Blastocyst mass Fertilization cavity (sperm Sperm meets and enters egg) Uterine tube Blastocyst Ovary cavity Oocyte Trophoblast (egg) Uterus Ovulation Endometrium Cavity of uterus © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. 21 4 Hypothalamus sends efferent impulses to posterior pituitary, where oxytocin is stored 5 Posterior pituitary releases oxytocin to blood; oxytocin targets mother’s uterine muscle 6 Uterus responds by contracting more vigorously 1 Baby moves deeper into mother’s birth canal 3 Afferent impulses to hypothalamus 2 Pressoreceptors in cervix of uterus excited Positive feedback mechanism continues to cycle until interrupted by birth of baby © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. 22.
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