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Structure and Metamorphic Setting of Base Metal Mineralisation in the Kanmantoo Group, South Australia

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Structure and Metamorphic Setting of Base Metal Mineralisation in the Kanmantoo Group, South Australia Geological and Atmospheric Sciences Publications Geological and Atmospheric Sciences 2-1988 Structure and metamorphic setting of base metal mineralisation in the Kanmantoo Group, South Australia Paul G. Spry Iowa State University, [email protected] Jeffrey C. Schiller C. R.A. Exploration Pty. Ltd. Ross A. Both The University of Adelaide Follow this and additional works at: https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/ge_at_pubs Part of the Geology Commons, Geomorphology Commons, Mineral Physics Commons, Sedimentology Commons, and the Stratigraphy Commons The complete bibliographic information for this item can be found at https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/ ge_at_pubs/359. For information on how to cite this item, please visit http://lib.dr.iastate.edu/ howtocite.html. This Conference Proceeding is brought to you for free and open access by the Geological and Atmospheric Sciences at Iowa State University Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Geological and Atmospheric Sciences Publications by an authorized administrator of Iowa State University Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Structure and metamorphic setting of base metal mineralisation in the Kanmantoo Group, South Australia Abstract Base metal mineralisation occurs at several locations within the regionally metamorphosed Kanmantoo Group on the southeastern flank of the Mount Lofty Ranges between Kanmantoo and Strathalbyn, 50 km southeast of Adelaide. Sulphide mineralisation is of three main types (Seccombe et al.,1985): 1. copper deposits, at the Kanmantoo and Bremer mines, South Hill prospect and several minor occurrences 2. lead- zinc deposits at Aclare, Wheal Ellen, Strathalbyn, St. Ives, Scott's Creek, and Glenalbyn mines 3. pyrite- pyrrhotite mineralisation of the Nairne pyrite deposit and many other pyritic schist units within the Kanmantoo Group. Disciplines Geology | Geomorphology | Mineral Physics | Sedimentology | Stratigraphy Comments This proceeding is published as Spry, P.G., Schiller, J.C., and Both, R.A., 1988, Structure and metamorphic setting of base metal mineralisation in the Kanmantoo Group, South Australia. The AuslMM Bulletin and Proceedings, v. 293, p. 57-65. Posted with permission. This conference proceeding is available at Iowa State University Digital Repository: https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/ ge_at_pubs/359 Structure and metamorphic setting of base metal mineralisation in the Kanmantoo Group, South Australia By PAUL G. SPRY', JEFFREY C. SCHILLER1 AND ROSS A. BOTH3, Associate Member INTRODUCTION Base metal mineralisation occurs at several locations within the regionally metamorphosed Kanmantoo Group on the N o"---k-'--m__ 10 southeastern flank of the Mount Lofty Ranges between Kanman­ I too and Strathalbyn, 50 km southeast of Adelaide. Sulphide I mineralisation is of three main types (Seccombe et al.,1985): I ,... 1. copper deposits, at the Kanmantoo and Bremer mines, South I Hill prospect and several minor occurrences l 2. lead-zinc deposits at Aclare, Wheal Ellen, Strathalbyn, St. Ives, Scott's Creek, and Glenalbyn mines I \ 3. pyrite-pyrrhotite mineralisation of the Nairne pyrite deposit \ and many other pyritic schist units within the Kanmantoo Group. Syntheses of folding, metamorphism and stratigraphy of the Kanmantoo Group were given by Kleeman and Skinner (1958), .,:1 Oftler (1960, 1963), Offler and Fleming (1968), Marlow (1975), Mancktelow (1979) and Parker (1986). Studies of the general rela­ Kantnt tionships of mineralisation to structure in the Kanmantoo area •- .1v=· 1B:. were given by Grasso and McManus (1954), Mirams (1962), Poole C ··. (1969), and Lindqvist (1969). ; _mer mine lare I Several conflicting views on the origin of mineralisation in the ine Kanmantoo Group have been proposed. Thomson (1975) consi­ dered much of the mineralisation as a late-stage product of .Wheal Ell~," mine tsilll]Alluvlum CAMBRIAN regional metamorphism and he, like Parker (1986) and Lambert 1 ~Garnet andalusite et al. (1987), stressed the importance of major lineaments as an UIILJ schist ,'\..~ Strathalbyi;ne □Quartz feldspar/ ore control. However, Lindqvist (1969) and Verwoerd and Y.~p::,• mica schists Cleghorn (1975) tentatively suggested a syn-sedimentary origin / mine ~ Pyrltlc schist to the Kanmantoo copper deposit and Jensen and Whittle (1969) and Seccombe et al. (1985) on the basis of sulphur isotope data . i;:ssauartz feldspar schist ~TEROZOIC proposed a bacteriogenic sulphur source and a sedimentary origin . for sulphides in the Nairne pyrite deposit. The latter suggested I that most copper deposits represent stockwork, vein or dissemi­ ,.,.,, Fault nated zones within subsurface vents whereas massive minerali­ sation at Wheal Ellen and Aclare mines probably accumulated Flo. I - Map of regional geology on the ocean floor. This paper presents new geological information on the struc­ tural and metamorphic setting of the base metal deposits and at­ (1972). The Bremer mine is located highest in the Tapanappa For­ tempts to relate this information to previous regional studies of mation, just above the base of the Brown Hill Subgroup. The the Kanmantoo Group. Estimates of pressure and temperature Nairne pyrite deposit may be as much as 3-4 km stratigraphically of peak metamorphic conditions based on silicate mineral sta­ below the level of the base metal mineralisation in the Tapanappa bilities are considered in relation to various silicate and sulphide Formation (Daily and Milnes, 1972) within the underlying Talisker geothermometers which have not previously been applied to rocks calc-siltstone. in the Kanmantoo Group. Four main lithologies and a number of minor rock types are associated with base metal mineralisation. Descriptions of the GEOLOGICAL SETTING main lithologies follow. The Kanmantoo Group consists of a thick succession of region­ (i) Quartz-mica schist is composed of quartz, biotite, musco­ ally metamorphosed pelites and greywackes of Cambrian age vite, feldspar and trace amounts of apatite and zircon. Bio­ (Sprigg and Campana, 1953) and overlies Proterozoic metasedi­ tite and muscovite impart a weak schistosity and, along with ments of the Adelaide System (Daily and Milnes, 1972) as in quartz and feldspar, define original bedding on a scale of Figure 1. All the mineralised areas, with the exception of the I mm to several metres in thickness. Quartz-mica schist is Nairne pyrite deposit, lie within the upper part of the Tapanappa the most common rock type on the southeastern flank of Formation of the Inman Hill Sub_group of Daily and Milnes the Mount Lofty Ranges between Kanmantoo and Strathal­ byn and hosts mineralisation at Strathalbyn, Wheal Ellen, Aclare and South Hill. prospect. ' Assistant Professor, Department of Earth Sciences, Iowa State Univer­ (ii) Biotite schist. Interlayered with quartz-mica schist are sity, Ames, Iowa, U.S.A. 5001 I metapelitic bands of biotite schist which predominantly con­ • Geologist, C. R.A. Exploration Pty. Ltd., Box 467 P.O., Kalgoorlie, WA, 6430, Australia sist of biotite, quartz, and muscovite with minor garnet, 3 Reader, Department of Geology and Geophysics, The University of staurolite and andalusite. The high mica content produces Adelaide, Box 498 G.P.O., Adelaide, SA, 5001, Australia a prominent schistosity and preserves crenulations related Original manuscript received 10th June 1987. to later deformational episodes (Fig 2a). Mineralisation at The AuslMM Bulletin and Proceedings, Vol. 293, No. 1, February 1988 57 P. G. SPRY, J.C. SCHILLER ANO R. A. BOTH andalusite-biotite schists have abundant coarse andalusite, in a matrix of biotite, muscovite, quartz and garnet with minor staurolite, fibrolite and chlorite (Fig 2b). One visual variant of the garnet-andalusite-biotite schist is associated with the northeast portion of the main orebody at Kanman­ too. This rock type, referred to here as the poikiloblastic schist, is present between the chlorite-rich lode rocks and the more typical garnet-andalusite-biotite schist. Although chemically and mineralogicaJJy similar to garnet-andalusite­ biotite schist, it contains poikiloblasts of andalusite, garnet, staurolite, biotite and rare cordierite. (iv) Chlorite-rich lode schist. Sulphide mineralisation at Kan­ mantoo and South Hill prospect is contained within this unit. The most common mineral assemblage in these schists is quartz-chlorite-garnet ± pyrrhotite ± chalcopyrite. Other common assemblages are: quartz-chlorite-garnet-biotite ± chalcopyrite FIG. 2a-Crenulated biotite schist at South Hill prospect. The hammer staurolite-biotite-garnet ± pyrrhotite ± chalcopyrite is lying on the dominant S, schistosity surface. Crenulation lineation (L.) staurolite-biotite-garnet-chlorite ± chalcopyrite is indicated and crenulation lineation (L,) parallels the handle of the staurolite-chlorite-magnetite ± pyrrhotite ± chalcopyrite hammer. Unlike the three aforementioned schists, andalusite is a rare component of the chlorite-rich lode schist. Mineralisa­ tion and the chlorite-rich lode schists at the Kanrnantoo mine are grossly discordant to relict bedding in garnet-andalusite­ biotite schists. It is suggested that the late schists represent the metamorphosed alteration product from the walls ad­ jacent to a hydrothermal event. Minor rock types include pyritic schists, calc-silicate schists and cordierite-bearing rocks. Bulk compositions of some rock types associated with mineralisation in the Kanmantoo-Strathalbyn region are included in Table I. STRUCTURE The base metal deposits discussed here are associated with rocks
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