DOCSLIB.ORG

Treatment of Effluent from Shrimp Farms Using Watermeal (Wolffia Arrhiza)

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Treatment of Effluent from Shrimp Farms Using Watermeal (Wolffia Arrhiza) R ESEARCH ARTICLE ScienceAsia 34 (2008): 163–168 doi: 10.2306/scienceasia1513-1874.2008.34.163 Treatment of effluent from shrimp farms using watermeal (Wolffia arrhiza) Tawadchai Suppadita*, Wisakha Phoochindaa, Saowanit Phutthilerphongb, and Chalida Nieobubpac a School of Social and Environmental Development, National Institute of Development Administration, Bangkok, 10240, Thailand. b TOA Paint (Thailand) Co., Ltd., Bangsaothong, King Amphur Bangsaothong, Samuthprakarn 10540, Thailand. c TEAM Consulting Engineering and Management Co., Ltd., Klong Kum, Bueng Kum, Bangkok 10230, Thailand. * Corresponding author, E-mail: [email protected], [email protected] Received 17 Oct 2007 Accepted 2 Jan 2008 ABSTRACT: Watermeal (Wollfia arrhiza) is a small aquatic plant which we have used to treat water from black tiger shrimp ponds. The relationship between watermeal biomass and treatment length, the changes in water quality parameters, and N-balance were evaluated for the treatment of black tiger shrimp farm effluent in low-salinity areas. A biomass of 12 g of watermeal per litre of shrimp farm effluent and a treatment period of 30 days were found to provide the best conditions for the growth of watermeal, and the quality of the treated effluent in terms of biological oxygen demands, suspended solids, total phosphorus, nitrate, total ammonia nitrogen, and total Kjeldahl nitrogen. The pH and salinity were similar for each level of biomass. The watermeal biomasses of 4–12 g per litre of effluent were suitable for watermeal survival over time. Since watermeal can fix nitrogen from the atmosphere, it can grow very well in effluent containing a low level of nitrogen, maintaining the N-balance. KEYWORDS: biomass, Penaeus monodon, shrimp farm, water plant, water quality INTRODUCTION cause many environmental problems. These environmental problems include poor water quality Penaeus monodon or black tiger shrimp is and quantity, as well as a variety of pollutants in the an economic species cultured in several tropical water that are the result of substances used at each countries, including Thailand, yielding a high annual stage of shrimp production, preparation and cleaning revenue. Because of this, P. monodon culture has been of the ponds, rearing and harvesting of shrimp6. expanded from along the shoreline to brackish, and In each of these steps, the water can be contaminated then to low-salinity areas. In 1985, the area devoted with organic substances, discarded feed, soil sediment, to P. monodon culture in Thailand was about 408 km2 and plankton. Wastewater from shrimp ponds is and had increased to 744 km2 by 20041,2. Raising released into canals on the farm and/or public water P. monodon in low-salinity areas has been increasing sources where aquatic plants are found in abundance5. because this species of shrimp belongs to the It is possible that the aquatic plants could absorb Euryhaline group, which can survive well in variable organic substances from the wastewater allowing salinity ranging from 5–30 ppt, or even in almost pure farmers to recycle the water. Raising P. monodon in fresh water3. Normally, a salinity of 0–10 ppt hinders a water-recirculatory system is a way to lower the the growth of disease-causing bacteria that infect cost of production, lower the risk of infections, and freshwater and seawater animals. Accordingly, raising possibly increase the farmers’ income. P. monodon in low-salinity water can reduce the risk For all of these reasons, the idea of studying the of infection by Vibrio harveyi4, especially the type treatment of effluent fromP. monodon ponds by using with luminescent characteristics5. watermeal (Wolffia arrhiza (L.) Wimm) emerged. The As a result of the expansion of P. monodon culture plant grows in natural water sources. Apart from rapid into low-salinity areas, developments have been growth and reproduction, watermeal provides high made in husbandry methods. The traditional method, nutrition, especially protein, so it can be used to make the natural one, has given way to modern techniques animal feed, and is possibly even suitable for human which, without a proper management system, can consumption. www.scienceasia.org 164 ScienceAsia 34 (2008) MATERIALS AND METHODS from December 2005 to April 2006. Effluent totalling 1,100 l was randomly collected after the shrimp harvest. The quality of the effluent, the biomass of The water quality was analysed at the Faculty of the watermeal, the nitrogen-balance (N-balance) of Public Health, Mahidol University, Bangkok prior to the effluent, and the watermeal were assessed in a the start of the experiment. Watermeal was obtained 5 x 3 factorial arrangement with 4 replications in a from local markets located at Muang District, completely randomized design, with the first factor Chaiyaphoom Province. This was washed, planted in being the watermeal biomasses of 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, and clean water for 7 days, sampled randomly, and analysed 0.8 kg/50 l of effluent and the second factor being the for total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN) prior to the start of experimental time period of 10, 20, and 30 days. The the experiment. data were subjected to an analysis of variance and the The shrimp pond effluent was placed into comparisons among means were made using Duncan’s 20 black plastic containers (50 l/container). Varying new multiple range test of the Statistical Analysis weights of watermeal (0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, and 0.8 kg) System (SAS version 6.12)7. were placed in the containers for each treatment The ponds were located at the Pichet Farm, (4 replications) and reared in an experimental house Bansang District, Prachinburi Province. A closed for 30 days. zero-water exchange system was used for the ponds in Effluent from each treatment was sampled at the low-salinity area. The experiment was carried out 10.00 a.m. at the start of the experiment and after 70 120 * * * * * * * * * * 60 100 50 0 kg/50 L 80 0 kg/50 L 40 0.2 kg/50 L 0.2 kg/50 L 0.4 kg/50 L 60 0.4 kg/50 L 30 0.6 kg/50 L SS (mg/L) 0.6 kg/50 L BOD (mg/L) 40 0.8 kg/50 L 20 0.8 kg/50 L 10 20 0 0 0 10 20 30 0 10 20 30 Days after Rx Days after Rx a b 1.0 * * * * * 0.8 * * * * * 0.9 0.7 0.8 0.6 0.7 0 kg/50 L 0 kg/50 L 0.5 0.6 0.2 kg/50 L 0.2 kg/50 L 0.5 0.4 kg/50 L 0.4 0.4 kg/50 L TP (mg/L) 0.4 0.6 kg/50 L 0.6 kg/50 L Nitrate (mg/L) 0.3 0.3 0.8 kg/50 L 0.8 kg/50 L 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0 10 20 30 0 10 20 30 Days after Rx Days after Rx c d 7 35 6 30 * * * * * 5 25 0 kg/50 L 0 kg/50 L 4 0.2 kg/50 L 20 0.2 kg/50 L 0.4 kg/50 L 0.4 kg/50 L 3 15 0.6 kg/50 L TKN (mg/L) 0.6 kg/50 L TAN (mg/L) * * * * * 0.8 kg/50 L 2 0.8 kg/50 L 10 1 5 0 0 0 10 20 30 0 10 20 30 Days after Rx Days after Rx e f – Fig. 1 BOD (a), SS (b), TP (c), NO3 (d), TAN (e) and TKN (f) at different watermeal biomasses and periods of treatment. * indicates p<0.05 vs other periods of treatment. www.scienceasia.org ScienceAsia 34 (2008) 165 10, 20 and 30 days. Water quality was analysed for 0.8 kg/50 l, the SS increased. The reasons for this biological oxygen demand (BOD), suspended solids were the same as for the BOD. (SS), pH, salinity, total phosphorus (TP), nitrate – (NO3 ), total ammonia nitrogen (TAN), and TKN using pH standard methods8. In each replication, effluent was There was no significant difference (p>0.05) kept in one litre plastic bottles, cooled in an icebox, between the various watermeal biomass treatments and sent to the laboratory. At the end of the experiment, and the length of treatment time. It was also found that watermeal in each replication was filtered using a net in experimental units with 0.2–0.8 kg of watermeal, for about 5 min. The biomasses were obtained after the watermeal was still adapting to its environment and the effluent was sampled and analysed for TKN using its growth may have been in a lag phase. Therefore, the AOAC method9. its photosynthesis was incomplete and some of the The N-balance was studied from the total watermeal died, resulting in an accumulation of CO2, – 2– 2– 11 nitrogen in the system containing the TKN value NO3 , SO4 , PO4 and TAN . Although TAN caused in the effluent and the watermeal (before and after an increase in pH12, other compounds suspended the experiment), TKN losses due to volatilization, in the treated effluent caused it to decrease. As a transformation and collected water samples, and consequence, the treated effluent was in a slightly basic N fixation from the atmosphere by the watermeal. state. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Salinity As the biomass and treatment period increased, Biological oxygen demand the salinity of the treated effluent increased to 5.2–5.9 ppt The values of BOD at the starting biomasses from an initial salinity of 5.1 ppt (p<0.05). The of the watermeal when different treatment times were maximum salinity was 5.9 ppt when a watermeal applied were different (p<0.05) (Fig.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Culture System for Wolffia Globosa L. (Lemnaceae) for Hygiene Human Food
    Culture system for Wolffia globosa L. (Lemnaceae) for hygiene human food Nisachol Ruekaewma1, Somkiat Piyatiratitivorakul2,3* and Sorawit Powtongsook2,4 1 Program in Biotechnology, 2 Center of Excellence for Marine Biotechnology, 3 Department of Marine Science, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330 Thailand. 4 National Centers for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Pathumthani 12120 Thailand. *Corresponding author. E-mail address: [email protected] Abstract This study aimed to develop a suitable culture system for the mass production of Wolffia globosa for human consumption. W. globosa was grown in five different culture systems (static, vertical aeration, horizontal surface agitation, system with top water spraying and layer culturing system with top water spraying) The results showed that dry weight of W. globosa determined every 7 days indicated that a horizontal surface agitation provided the highest mass of 42.94±2.17 g/m2 and significantly difference with others in 28 days (P<0.05). Twenty one days-culture of W. globosa in the horizontal circulation produced the highest yield of 1.52±0.04 g dry weight/m2/d and was significantly higher than those in other systems. Frond size of W. globosa in 7 days-culture provides the biggest of all the culture systems, however, no significant difference was found among the culture systems. The biomass had 48.2% protein with complete essential amino acids, 9.6% fat and 14.5% crude fiber with low bacterial contamination. Keywords: culture system, Wolffia globosa, water meal, duckweed, mass culture 1. Introduction Development of new foods is vital to the needs of rapid expanding in Asia because of rapid human population growth.
    [Show full text]
  • Aquatic Plants and Their Element and Fatty Acid Profiles G
    Aquatic Plants and Their Element and Fatty Acid Profiles G. Kumar1, R. K. Goswami1, A. K. Shrivastav2, J. G. Sharma2, D. R. Tocher3 and R. Chakrabarti1 1Aqua Research Lab, Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Delhi 110 007, India 2Department of Biotechnology, Delhi Technological University, Delhi 110042, India 3Institute of Aquaculture, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling FK9 4LA, Scotland, UK. Abstract The present study aims to evaluate the elements and fatty acids composition of twelve aquatic plants. Freshwater plants Azolla microphylla, A. pinnata, Enhydra fluctuans, Hydrilla verticillata, Ipomoea aquatica, Lemna minor, Marsilea quadrifolia, Pistia stratiotes, Salvinia molesta, S. natans, Spirodela polyrhiza and Wolffia arrhiza were cultured using organic manures, cattle manures, poultry wastes and mustard oil-cake (1:1:1). Among various aquatic plants significantly (P<0.05) higher crude protein and lipid were found in L. minor and S. polyrhiza. The ash content was significantly (P<0.05) higher in H. verticillata, W. arrhiza and P. stratiotes compared to others. Highest Na, Mg, Cr and Fe levels were recorded in P. stratiotes. H. verticillata was the rich source for Cu, Mn, Co and Zn; Ca, Mg, Sr and Ni contents were highest in S. polyrhiza; Se and K contents were higher in S. natans and W. arrhiza, respectively. The n-6 and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) levels were significantly (P<0.05) higher in W. arrhiza and I. aquatica, respectively compared to others. Linoleic acid (C18:2n-6) and alpha linolenic acid (C18:3n-3) were dominant n-6 Fig.1. Culture of Lemna minor in outdoor tanks.
    [Show full text]
  • Vedlegg 1. Vannlevende Planter. Annex 1. Aquatic Plants Plantae
    Vedlegg 1. Vannlevende planter. Annex 1. Aquatic plants Plantae Planter; Plants Ricciaceae Gaffelmosefamilien Riccia fluitans L. Vassgaffelmose; Crystalwort Pteridophyta (Divisjon) Karsporeplanter; Ferns Azollaceae Andematbregnefamilien; Mosquito Fern family Salviniaceae Salvinia molesta D.S. Giant Salvina Mitchell Salvinia natans (L.) All. Floating Watermoss Lycopodiophyta Kråkefotplanter; (Divisjon) Lycopods Isoetaceae Brasmegrasfamilien; Quillworts Isoëtes spp. L. Alle arter brasmegras; Quillworts - All species Angiospermae (Klasse) Dekkfrøede planter; Flowering Plants Acoraceae Kalmusrotfamilien; Sweet-Flag family Acorus calamus L. Kalmusrot; Sweet Flag Araceae Myrkonglefamilien; Arum family Calla palustris L. Myrkongle; Bog Arum Lemna spp. L. Alle arter i andematslekta; Duckweeds – All species Spirodela polyrrhiza (L.) Stor andemat; Greater Schleid Duckweed Wolffia arrhiza (L.) Rootless Duckweed Horkel ex Wimm. Ceratophyllaceae Hornbladfamilien; Hornwort family Ceratophyllum spp. L. Alle arter i hornbladslekten; Hornworts – All species Crassulaceae Bergknappfamilien; Stonecrop family Crassula helmsii (Kirk) Swamp Stonecrop, New Cockayne Zealand Pygmyweed Cyperaceae Starrfamilien; Sedge family Eleocharis spp. R. Br. Alle arter i sumpsivaksslekten; Sedge family - All species Elatinaceae Evjeblomfamilien; Waterwort family Elatine triandra Schkuhr Trefelt evjeblom; Threestamen Waterwort Haloragidaceae Tusenbladfamilien; Watermilfoil family Myriophyllum spp. L. Alle arter i tusenbladslekten; Water milfoils – All species Hydrocharitaceae
    [Show full text]
  • Importance of Duckweeds in Basic Research and Their Industrial 1 Applications
    Importance of Duckweeds in Basic Research and Their Industrial 1 Applications Paul Fourounjian, Tamra Fakhoorian and Xuan Hieu Cao Abstract fuel prices rose and the US Department of The Lemnaceae family, commonly called Energy funded the sequencing of the Spirodela duckweeds, is 37 species of the smallest and polyrhiza genome. This launched not only the simplest flowering plants found floating on genomic investigations detailed in this book, nutrient-rich waters worldwide. Their small but the regrowth of duckweed industrial size and rapid clonal growth in aseptic condi- applications. Thanks to their ability to quickly tions made them a stable and simple model for absorb nitrogen, phosphorous, and other nutri- plant research especially from 1950 to 1990, ents while removing pathogens and growing at when they were used to study plant physiology a rate of 13–38 dry tons/hectare year in water and biochemistry including auxin synthesis treatment lagoons, scientists are currently and sulfur metabolism. Duckweed research exploring ways that duckweed can convert then saw a resurgence in 2008 when global agricultural and municipal wastewater into clean water and a high-protein animal feed. The potential of these plants for phytoremedi- ation of heavy metals and organic compounds fi This chapter was revised and signi cantly expanded also allows the possibility to clean the wastew- upon, with the guidance of T. F., from the chapter “The Importance and Potential of Duckweeds as a Model and ater from heavy industry while providing Crop Plant for Biomass-Based Applications and biofuels and even plastics. Finally, thanks to ” Beyond, in the Handbook on Environmental Materials their superb nutritional profile Wolffia species Management, which X.
    [Show full text]
  • Appropriate Stocking Density for Growth of Watermeal (Wolffia Arrhiza) and Its Efficiency of Total Ammonia Nitrogen Removal
    International Journal of Agricultural Technology 2021 Vol. 17(1):325-336 Available online http://www.ijat-aatsea.com ISSN 2630-0192 (Online) Appropriate stocking density for growth of watermeal (Wolffia arrhiza) and its efficiency of total ammonia nitrogen removal Sirirustananun, N.1* and Jongput, B.2 1Department of Agriculture, Faculty of Agricultural and Industrial Technology, Phetchabun Rajabhat University, Phetchabun, Thailand; 2Department of Animal Production Technology and Fishery, Faculty of Agricultural Technology, King Mongkut's Institute of Technology Ladkrabang, Bangkok, Thailand. Sirirustananun, N. and Jongput, B. (2021). Appropriate stocking density for growth of watermeal (Wolffia arrhiza) and its efficiency of total ammonia nitrogen removal. International Journal of Agricultural Technology 17(1):325-336. Abstract Watermeal was cultivated at six different stocking densities as 0 (control), 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0 and 2.5 g fresh weight (fw)•l-1 for two weeks. Results indicated that all watermeal treatments showed optimal growth during the first week. Watermeal cultivated at 2.5 g fw•l-1 revealed the highest growth performance but specific growth rate (SGR) was not significantly differed when compared to the other stocking densities. During the second week, all treatments were recorded as no growth with negative averaged fw gain and SGR. The cultivation of watermeal at 1.5 g fw•l-1 showed significantly higher of total ammonia nitrogen (TAN) removal rate (6.34±0.24 %•day-1•g-1) than watermeal was cultivated at 2.5 g fw•l-1 and the control treatment. The starting stocking density of watermeal at 1.5 g fw•l-1 was determined the most suitable for growth and water quality treatment.
    [Show full text]
  • Taxonomy of Duckweeds (Lemnaceae), Potential New Crop Plants
    Emirates Journal of Food and Agriculture. 2016. 28(5): 291-302 doi: 10.9755/ejfa.2016-01-038 http://www.ejfa.me/ REVIEW ARTICLE Taxonomy of duckweeds (Lemnaceae), potential new crop plants K. Sowjanya Sree1, Manuela Bog2, Klaus-Juergen Appenroth3* 1Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida, India, 2University of Regensburg, Institute of Plant Sciences, Regensburg, Germany, 3Institute of General Botany and Plant Physiology, University of Jena, Jena, Germany ABSTRACT Duckweeds are increasingly gaining interest because of their potential as a new aquaculture crop. In the present era of high through- put research, duckweed taxonomy has to be emphasized in order to support and strengthen scientific communication and commercial application. Since the publication of the fundamental monograph on Lemnaceae by E. Landolt in 1986, a number of changes have taken place in terms of their taxonomic position and nomenclature, which we summarize in this review. We report here about the systematic position of this plant family and the changes in its organization. Three additional species were identified; one new genus and subsequently one of the species was re-defined after the publication of the key of determination in 1986. At present Lemnaceae comprises of 37 species grouped into five genera. We envisage that this review will serve as a compilation of all these recent revisions, describing the state of art of duckweed systematics. Keywords: Aquaculture; Duckweed; Lemnaceae; Taxonomy; Crop plant INTRODUCTION Appenroth, 2014; Sree et al., 2015a, b) can be used as a raw material for biofuel and biogas plants (Jain et al., The present “blooming era” of “resurgence of duckweed 1992; Su et al., 2014; Cui and Cheng, 2015).
    [Show full text]
  • Effect of Co-Cultivation of Wolffia Arrhiza (L.) on Water Quality
    Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies 2018; 6(3): 102-109 E-ISSN: 2320-7078 P-ISSN: 2349-6800 Effect of co-cultivation of Wolffia arrhiza (L.) on JEZS 2018; 6(3): 102-109 © 2018 JEZS water quality parameters in a feed based semi- Received: 18-03-2018 Accepted: 19-04-2018 intensive carp culture system Sampa Baidya Department of Aquaculture, College of Fisheries, Central Sampa Baidya and Arun Bhai Patel Agricultural University, Lembucherra, Agartala, Tripura, Abstract India Aquatic and free-floating water meal (Wolffia arrhiza L.) known for its fast reproduction rate was grown Arun Bhai Patel in differing restricted zones of supplementary feed based intensified carp polyculture in cement tanks Department of Aquaculture, (5m x 4m x 1m) with soil beds. While wolffia could not spread beyond the restricted zone, fishes could College of Fisheries, Central consume wolffia as per their desire by entering in the wolffia-zone from below. The main objective of the Agricultural University, study was to evaluate the effects of area of wolffia-growing zone as% of total water surface area of the Lembucherra, Agartala, Tripura, culture system on the overall water quality of the culture system Three levels of wolffia-zones viz. 10% India (T1), 20% (T2), 30% (T3) of the total surface area were evaluated against control without any wolffia (C). The culture period was 75 days and stocking density was 2 fish m-2. The seeding rate of wolffia (0.5kg m- 2), feeding regime (constant feeding rate @2% d-1 offered once a day) and fertilization rate involving cow dung, urea and single super phosphate were the same in all treatments throughout the study period.
    [Show full text]
  • Limits of Growth of Some Simple Aquatic Plants
    LIMITS OF GROWTH OF SOME SIMPLE AQUATIC PLANTS Michelle Low A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, Republic of South Africa, in fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Engineering. Johannesburg, 2016 Declaration I declare that this thesis is my own unaided work. It is being submitted for the degree Doctor of Philosophy in Engineering to the University of the Wit- watersrand, Johannesburg. It has not been submitted before for any degree or examination to any other University. ............................................................................ Michelle Low ....................... day of ........................... year ...................... i Abstract The process of photosynthesis is of great importance as it is the reaction of carbon dioxide (CO2) and water with the help of light, ’free’ energy from the sun, to form useful carbohydrates and oxygen. Photosynthesis is therefore useful both in carbon dioxide mitigation and growing bio-feedstocks towards making biofuel. This thesis aims to address two areas for analysing the photosynthesis pro- cess: 1. Looking at the physical limits of the growth; and 2. Improving the production rate of some aquatic plants, such as duckweed and microalgae. To address the first aim, the fundamental concepts of thermodynamics were used to analyse the photosynthetic process. It was found that the theoretical minimum number of moles of photons (NP) required (9–17) is less than the values reported by other researchers, suggesting that the photosynthesis pro- cess is highly irreversible and inefficient (operating at 35% efficiency orless). This is because the number of moles of photons will increase with greater pro- cess irreversibility (when the entropy generated is greater than zero).
    [Show full text]
  • WOLFFIA ARRHIZA — the SMALLEST PLANT with the HIGHEST ADAPTATION ABILITY and APPLICATIONS Summary
    WOLFFIA ARRHIZA — THE SMALLEST PLANT WITH THE HIGHEST ADAPTATION ABILITY AND APPLICATIONS Summary Wolffia arrhiza from the Lemnaceae genus is rion and a variety of mineral compounds. Biochemi- the smallest vascular plant, which is very expansive cal analysis revealed the occurrence of high level of and reproduces intensively by gemmation under cyanocobalamin (vitamin B12) and hormones, steroid conditions of our climate. In Polish waters it is be- principally. Therefore it can be used as cattle fod- coming more and more abundant, especially in small der rich in proteins, starch, vitamins, hormones and and shallow eutrophic reservoirs, rich in organic mineral salts. W. arrhiza also may be taken advan- substances. The W. arrhiza’s morphological and ana- tage of in biotechnology to obtain biologically active tomical structure underwent a high simplification compounds important for dietetics, phytotherapy process due to adaptation to the specific environ- and phytocosmetics. ment conditions. The atypical leaf-like body, called The examination of the effect of some phyto- a frond, is a complex of tissues with only little dif- hormones on W. arrhiza metabolism shows that the ferentiation, therefore the W. arrhiza’s organism re- plant reacts atypically to phytohormones, in com- sembles more the thallophytic algae than vascular parison with other vascular plants and algae from plants. In unfavourable environmental conditions, es- Chlorophyceae which is probably due to its hetero- pecially in the winter and autumn, the frond chang- trophic properties. Of auxins, the PAA (chemical an- es to a resting form, which is called a turion. The alogue of IAA) was observed to have the most stim- plant is very resistant to the impact of various stress ulating activity as compared with other IAA-treated and toxic factors such as: temperature and pH fluc- plants.
    [Show full text]
  • Frond Architecture of the Rootless Duckweed Wolffia Globosa Jingjing Yang1, Xuyao Zhao1, Gaojie Li1, Shiqi Hu1,2 and Hongwei Hou1*
    Yang et al. BMC Plant Biology (2021) 21:387 https://doi.org/10.1186/s12870-021-03165-5 RESEARCH ARTICLE Open Access Frond architecture of the rootless duckweed Wolffia globosa Jingjing Yang1, Xuyao Zhao1, Gaojie Li1, Shiqi Hu1,2 and Hongwei Hou1* Abstract Background: The plant body in duckweed species has undergone reduction and simplification from the ancient Spirodela species towards more derived Wolffia species. Among the five duckweed genera, Wolffia members are rootless and represent the smallest and most reduced species. A better understanding of Wolffia frond architecture is necessary to fully explore duckweed evolution. Results: We conducted a comprehensive study of the morphology and anatomy of Wolffia globosa, the only Wolffia species in China. We first used X-ray microtomography imaging to reveal the three-dimensional and internal structure of the W. globosa frond. This showed that new fronds rapidly budded from the hollow reproductive pocket of the mother fronds and that several generations at various developmental stages could coexist in a single W. globosa frond. Using light microscopy, we observed that the meristem area of the W. globosa frond was located at the base of the reproductive pocket and composed of undifferentiated cells that continued to produce new buds. A single epidermal layer surrounded the W. globosa frond, and the mesophyll cells varied from small and dense palisade-like parenchyma cells to large, vacuolated cells from the ventral to the dorsal part. Furthermore, W. globosa fronds contained all the same organelles as other angiosperms; the most prominent organelles were chloroplasts with abundant starch grains. Conclusions: Our study revealed that the reproductive strategy of W.
    [Show full text]
  • Religious Plants :Dictamnus the Burning Bush Dictamnus Albus Is a Member of the Rutaeceae
    Religious Plants :Dictamnus The burning bush Dictamnus albus is a member of the Rutaeceae. Many plants of dry locations are known to increase production of terpenes to cool leaf surfaces by terpene transpiration. Dictam, however, produces so much that it can undergo self-ignition (see burning bush stories in Bible & Koran) . It is thought that droplet formation in the leaf focuses sunlight to a temperature that ignites terpenes which burn like a gas grill using the stomates as valves. Terpenes and air pollution It is generally accepted that the forests (called “lungs of the planet”) clean the air of pollution, add oxygen & remove CO2 to restore an air that is pleasant to breath. The opposite would be the smoky & stinky air of industrial places and cities. However, there is an exception to this rule as observed from the forests of the “ Smoky Mountains”. Exception The production of volatile terpenes is highest in the early fall. The terpenes are exuded through the stomates & often polymerize under the influence of the UV of the sun, creating the blue haze the Smokies are famous for. Plants of Nepal A banyan is a fig that starts its life when its seeds germinate in the cracks and crevices on a host tree (or on buildings and bridges) refers to the species Ficus benghalensis & other figs derives from the word merchant since the shade under these trees made early market place. In Hinduism, the banyan tree is sacred "Ashwath Vriksha." God Siva is always depicted sitting in silence under the banyan. It is symbolizing eternal lif Botanical Jewelry http://waynesword.palomar.edu/ww0901.htm Fruits of rudraksha (Ruda’s = Shiva’s eyes) Elaeocarpus angustifolius have an iridescent blue coating, which is used as a prayer bead and good-luck charm by religious hindus like the sadhu on the right.
    [Show full text]
  • Evolution of Genome Size in Duckweeds (Lemnaceae)
    Hindawi Publishing Corporation Journal of Botany Volume 2011, Article ID 570319, 9 pages doi:10.1155/2011/570319 Research Article EvolutionofGenomeSizeinDuckweeds(Lemnaceae) Wenqin Wang,1 Randall A. Kerstetter,1, 2 and Todd P. Michael1, 2 1 Rutgers, Department of Plant Biology and Pathology, The State University of New Jersey, The Waksman Institute of Microbiology, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA 2 Monsanto Company, 800 North Lindbergh Boulevard, Creve Coeur, MO 63167, USA Correspondence should be addressed to Todd P. Michael, [email protected] Received 4 February 2011; Revised 5 April 2011; Accepted 19 May 2011 Academic Editor: Johann Greilhuber Copyright © 2011 Wenqin Wang et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. To extensively estimate the DNA content and to provide a basic reference for duckweed genome sequence research, the nuclear DNA content for 115 different accessions of 23 duckweed species was measured by flow cytometry (FCM) stained with propidium iodide as DNA stain. The 1C-value of DNA content in duckweed family varied nearly thirteen-fold, ranging from 150 megabases (Mbp) in Spirodela polyrhiza to 1,881 Mbp in Wolffiaarrhiza. There is a continuous increase of DNA content in Spirodela, Landoltia, Lemna, Wolffiella,andWolffia that parallels a morphological reduction in size. There is a significant intraspecific variation in the genus Lemna. However, no such variation was found in other studied species with multiple accessions of genera Spirodela, Landoltia, Wolffiella, and Wolffia. 1. Introduction plant biology [4].
    [Show full text]