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Guía Para Inspectores De Trabajo Del Mteyss Sobre Detección De Indicios De Explotación Laboral 2020

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Guía Para Inspectores De Trabajo Del Mteyss Sobre Detección De Indicios De Explotación Laboral 2020 Guía para inspectores de trabajo del MTEySS sobre detección de indicios de explotación laboral 2020 Dirección Nacional de Fiscalización del Trabajo Guía para inspectores de trabajo del MTEySS sobre detección de indicios de explotación laboral 2020 Guía para inspectores de trabajo del MTEySS sobre detección de indicios de explotación laboral 2020 Material elaborado por la Dirección de Inspección del Trabajo Infantil, Adolescente e Indicios de Explotación Laboral (DITIAEIEL)/DNFT. Bancalari Solá, Marcelo. García, Osvaldo Andrés. Kutscher, Silvia. Pomponio, Marcela. Edita: Dirección de Prensa y Comunicaciones, MTEySS. Septiembre 2020 Autoridades Ministro de Trabajo, Empleo y Seguridad Social de la Nación Dr. Claudio Omar Moroni Secretario de Trabajo Dr. Marcelo Claudio Bellotti Subsecretario de Fiscalización del Trabajo CPN Carlos Alberto Sánchez Director Nacional de Fiscalización del Trabajo CPN Juan María Conte Directora de Inspección del Trabajo Infantil, Adolescente e Indicios de Explotación Laboral Dra. Silvia Graciela Kutscher índice Introducción ....................................................................................................................................................................... 9 Capítulo 1 Breve referencia al marco normativo .................................................................................................11 Capítulo 2 La trata de personas y la explotación ...............................................................................................23 Capítulo 3 Población especialmente vulnerable a la trata de personas .................................33 Capítulo 4 La trata de personas con fines de explotación sexual ..................................................49 Capítulo 5 La trata de personas con fines de explotación laboral .................................................53 Capítulo 6 La inspección del trabajo y la trata de personas .................................................................59 Repasemos .....................................................................................................................................................................91 Bibliografía .....................................................................................................................................................................95 Material complementario ...............................................................................................................................99 El uso de un lenguaje que no discrimine ni marque diferencias entre los seres hu- manos es una prioridad para nuestro Ministerio. Sin embargo, no hay acuerdo entre los lingüistas sobre la manera de hacerlo en nuestro idioma. En tal sentido, con el fin de evitar la sobrecarga gráfica que supondría utilizar en español “o/a” para marcar la existencia de ambos sexos, hemos optado por emplear el masculino genérico clásico, entendiendo que con él nos referimos a todas las expresiones de género. GUÍA PARA INSPECTORES DE TRABAJO DEL MTEYSS SOBRE DETECCIÓN DE INDICIOS DE EXPLOTACIÓN LABORAL | 2020 Introducción Considerando el papel fundamental que desempeñan los inspectores de trabajo en la pre- vención y erradicación de la explotación laboral, motivó la redacción del presente material el brindarles mayores herramientas e información que colabore en la comprensión de esta compleja problemática y sus mecanismos de abordaje. La inspección del trabajo históricamente ha estado vinculada a la prevención y erradicación del trabajo forzoso y de toda clase de explotación laboral, lo que ha llevado al Ministerio de Trabajo, Empleo y Seguridad Social de la Nación (MTEySS) a enfatizar su fortalecimiento con base en las prescripciones establecidas desde la promulgación de las Leyes 26.364 y 26.842 de Prevención y Sanción de la Trata de Personas y Asistencia a sus Víctimas. 9 Asimismo, en el marco del Plan Nacional Bienal para la Lucha contra la Trata y Explotación de Personas y para la Protección y Asistencia a las Víctimas (2018-2020), esta cartera de Estado se obligó a la elaboración de una Guía para inspectores de trabajo que diera cuenta de la aplicación práctica del procedimiento que utiliza la inspección, a partir de lo dispuesto en la Resolución N° 230/18 de la Secretaría de Trabajo, que diseña el proceso de abordaje y crea los instrumentos en los que enmarcará su actuación. Como consecuencia de la aplicación de las nuevas herramientas para la inspección, nos encontramos en condiciones de efectuar un balance de su uso efectivo, enfatizando as- pectos normativos y generando algunas recomendaciones tendientes a reforzar la labor de nuestros inspectores en territorio. El material consta de seis capítulos. El primero refiere brevemente al marco normativo in- ternacional, continental, regional y nacional relativo al trabajo forzoso y la trata de personas. El capítulo 2 presenta aquellos conceptos que son fundamentales para comprender de qué hablamos cuando hablamos de trata y explotación de personas, qué es la explotación, cómo los define la norma, cuáles son sus elementos constitutivos y quiénes pueden ser víctimas. GUÍA PARA INSPECTORES DE TRABAJO DEL MTEYSS SOBRE DETECCIÓN DE INDICIOS DE EXPLOTACIÓN LABORAL | 2020 El capítulo 3 describe cómo determinadas características de edad, origen y género acentúan la condición de vulnerabilidad de las posibles víctimas de la explotación laboral y cómo la Inspección del Trabajo debe considerar las particularidades de cada uno de estos grupos. El capítulo 4 alude a otra de las modalidades de la explotación, la sexual, dado que es factible que el inspector en el desarrollo de su labor pueda encontrarse con situaciones de este tipo. En el capítulo 5 nos referimos con detalle a la trata de personas con fines de explotación laboral, para finalmente describir en el capítulo 6 los instrumentos con que se cuenta y el procedimiento para detectar indicios de explotación laboral, según la Resolución ST N° 230/18, aplicable a la Ins- pección del Trabajo nacional. Se presentan además notas que, entendemos, ayudarán a comprender la temática, y material com- plementario consistente en un folleto diseñado para uso de la Inspección, modelo de folletos dise- ñados por la Organización Internacional del Trabajo (OIT), y el texto de la resolución que contiene el procedimiento, las actas y el instructivo para completarlas. 10 #1 BREVE REFERENCIA AL MARCO NORMATIVO Breve referencia 1 al marco normativo A nivel internacional El principal instrumento internacional para enfrentar el delito de trata de personas y los delitos conexos es la Convención de las Naciones Unidas contra la delincuencia organizada transnacional y sus protocolos complementarios, que son dos: n Protocolo para prevenir, reprimir y sancionar la trata de personas, especialmente mujeres y niños. n Protocolo contra el tráfico ilícito de migrantes por tierra, mar y aire. Ambos fueron aprobados mediante Resolución N° 55/25 de la Asamblea General, de fecha 15 de noviembre del año 2000, en la ciudad de Palermo (Italia); de allí que generalmente nos referimos al primero de ellos como Protocolo de Palermo. Nuestro país ha ido ratificando las convenciones y convenios que la comunidad internacional ha elaborado para enfrentar este delito y los delitos conexos, y ha sancionado en consecuencia leyes específicas. Asimismo ha ratificado diversos Convenios y Protocolos de la Organización Internacional del Tra- bajo (OIT), que abordan diferentes aspectos de la problemática de la trata de personas, como 11 también aquellos que refieren a la Inspección del Trabajo, tales como: Convenio Fecha de ratificación Ley argentina por la Denominación OIT por Argentina que fue ratificado Sobre trabajo forzoso u obligatorio 29 09/09/1949 Ley N° 13.560 de 1930 Sobre la abolición del trabajo 105 10/11/1959 Ley N° 14.932 forzoso de 1957 Protocolo Relativo al Convenio sobre trabajo 07/06/2016 Ley N° 27.252 2014 forzoso de 1930 Relativo a la inspección del trabajo 81 02/09/1954 Ley N° 14.329 en la industria y el comercio de 1947 Relativo a la inspección del trabajo 129 18/06/1982 Ley N° 22.609 en la agricultura de 1969 GUÍA PARA INSPECTORES DE TRABAJO DEL MTEYSS SOBRE DETECCIÓN DE INDICIOS DE EXPLOTACIÓN LABORAL | 2020 Convenio 29 Convenio 81 Convenio 105 Convenio 129 Protocolo 2014 ratificado en 1949 ratificado en 1954 ratificado en 1959 ratificado en 1982 ratificado en 2016 Convenio N° 29 sobre el trabajo forzoso (año 1930) El principal objetivo del Convenio fue lograr el compromiso de los Estados de erradicar el trabajo forzoso u obligatorio en todas sus formas y además proporcionar una definición de trabajo for- zoso, entendiendo por tal “…todo trabajo o servicio exigido a un individuo bajo la amenaza de una pena cualquiera y para la cual dicho individuo no se ofrece voluntariamente”.1 Convenio N° 105 sobre la abolición del trabajo forzoso (año 1957) Por este Convenio los Estados que lo adopten se obligan a eliminar y no llevar a cabo ninguna ac- ción estatal que implique alguna forma de trabajo forzoso u obligatorio. Dice el artículo 1°: “Todo Miembro de la Organización Internacional del Trabajo que ratifique el presente Convenio se obliga a suprimir y a no hacer uso de ninguna forma de trabajo forzoso u obligatorio como: 12 a) medio de coerción o de educación política o como castigo por tener o expresar determi- nadas opiniones políticas o por manifestar oposición ideológica al orden político, social o económico establecido; b) método de movilización y utilización de la mano de obra con fines de fomento económico; c) medida
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