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How to Use Non-English Texts*

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How to Use Non-English Texts* How to Use Non-English Texts* English is the main language being used for the preparation of the papers in the journal. Occasionally, non-English symbols, abbreviations, words, phrases, sayings, sentences, paragraphs, notes or references could be included on a case-by-case basis. The non-English texts should appear in italic style to be easily recognized within the textual content. It is recommended that a proper translation into English is provided for such textual inclusions so that ambiguity is reduced to a minimum. Latin Language Latin language is used frequently in technical writings for historical reasons. Some examples of typical phrases which do not need translation due to their frequent use in English are provided below. Latin phrases: ad hoc, for this [purpose]; a posteriori, from the latter; a priori, from the former; in situ, in the place; in vitro, in glass; in vivo, in a living thing. Abbreviated Latin phrases: idem quod (i.q.) the same as; idem (id.), the same; id est (i.e.), that is; in illo ordine (i.o.), in that order; exempli gratia (e.g.), for example; ibidem (ibid.), in the same place; et cetera (etc.), and so forth. Other Latin phrases which are used less frequently or only in specific fields may need translation for clarity: in esse, in existence; in foro, in forum; in hunc effectum, for this purpose; in posse, in potential; in re, in the matter [of]. Latin sayings must be translated for completeness: Labor omnia vincit. Work conquers all things. Pax melior est quam iustissimum bellum. Peace is better than the most just war. Qui scribit, bis legit. Who writes, reads twice. Greek Language The Greek alphabet: Αα, Ββ, Γγ, Δδ, Εε, Ζζ, Ηη, Θθ, Ιι, Κκ, Λλ, Μμ, Νν, Ξξ, Οο, Ππ, Ρρ, Σσ, Ττ, Υυ, Φφ, Χχ, Ψψ, Ωω (Alpha, Beta, Gamma, Delta, Epsilon, Zeta, Eta, Theta, Iota, Kappa, Lambda, Mu, Nu, Xi, Omicron, Pi, Rho, Sigma, Tau, Upsilon, Phi, Chi, Psi, Omega), is used for technical notations and the English representation of the Greek symbols is not needed but can prove useful sometimes. Some Greek phrases are used occasionally followed by translation into English: Εὕρηκα! Eureka! French Language Many French words and phrases are used in English texts, for example: à la [...], in the manner of; à propos, regarding; au contraire, on the contrary; café, a coffee shop; cliché, a stereotype; déjà vu, already seen; en route, on the way; façade, front view; par avion, by air mail; par excellence, by excellence; pas de problème, no problem; vis-à-vis, face to face. The proper diacritics and ligatures should be included in the French content. * By Dobri Atanassov Batovski, Deputy Editor, AU J.T. (Continued on inside back cover) (Continued from inside front cover) German Language Specific texts from German language containing umlauts and sharp s: Ää, Öö, Üü, ß, should be properly written and subsequently translated into English. Optional Use of Languages Other than English in the References The prospective authors are encouraged to locate the origins of known results used in their scholarly works. Many studies are initially published in non-English media and some of the said studies are still unavailable in English. It is preferable to include references to such studies with a proper English translation in each case of the name(s) of the author(s), the title of the paper, and the information about the publisher. Optional representations of said references in the original language of publication are allowed as illustrated in the sample references below. Liapounoff, A.M. 1901. A new form of the theorem on probability limit. Proc. Imperial Academy of Sciences in St. Petersburg, Physico-mathematical Series VIII 12(5):1- 24. In French: Liapounoff, A.M. 1901. Nouvelle forme du théoréme sur la limite de probabilitès. Mémoires de l'Academie Impériale des Sciences de St. Pétersbourg, Classe Physico-mathématique VIII 12(5):1-24. Pukhov, G.E. 1980. Differential transforms of functions and equations. Naukova Dumka, Kiev, USSR. In Russian: Пухов, Г.Е. 1980. Дифференциальные преобразования функций и уравнений. Наукова думка, Киев, СССР. Use of Texts Written in Complex Writing Systems Partial inclusion of symbols from fonts for complex scripts, right-to-left languages, and East- Asian languages is validated whenever the submitted paper deals with specific technical topics such as optical character recognition (OCR), voice recognition, machine translation, etc. Use of Texts Written in Ancient or Artificial Languages The decipherment of ancient texts or the generation of artificial languages would require the processing of symbols which have no equivalent in the existing standard fonts. Therefore, the writing system under consideration should be described as a set of distinct images. Useful direct or indirect relations between the studied symbols and the English letters/words are needed where possible. Textual segments included as images must be of good quality. The original text could be a photographed part of a deteriorated ancient sample such as papyrus, carving, painting, textile, etc. Then both graphical enhancements and sketches of the textual content should be shown in separate images. Analysis of Statements Written in Languages Other than English In some cases, statements written in different languages by different authors are a subject of comparison and/or criticism. Then the original texts should be included in a comparison table together with the corresponding English translation. .
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