DOCSLIB.ORG

Quantifying Glacier-Derived Summer Runoff in Northwest Montana

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Quantifying Glacier-Derived Summer Runoff in Northwest Montana University of Montana ScholarWorks at University of Montana Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers Graduate School 2012 Quantifying Glacier-Derived Summer Runoff in Northwest Montana Adam Michael Clark The University of Montana Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.umt.edu/etd Let us know how access to this document benefits ou.y Recommended Citation Clark, Adam Michael, "Quantifying Glacier-Derived Summer Runoff in Northwest Montana" (2012). Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers. 1397. https://scholarworks.umt.edu/etd/1397 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at ScholarWorks at University of Montana. It has been accepted for inclusion in Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks at University of Montana. For more information, please contact [email protected]. QUANTIFYING GLACIER-DERIVED SUMMER RUNOFF IN NORTHWEST MONTANA By Adam Michael Clark B.A. Psychology, The University of Montana, Missoula, MT, 2006 A Thesis presented in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Geosciences The University of Montana Missoula, MT November 2012 Approved by: Sandy Ross, Associate Dean of The Graduate School Joel T. Harper, Chair Department of Geosciences Johnnie N. Moore Department of Geosciences David D. Shively Department of Geography Daniel B. Fagre U.S. Geological Survey Clark, Adam, M.S., Fall 2012 Geosciences Quantifying Glacier-Derived Summer Runoff in Northwest Montana Chair: Joel T. Harper Glacier National Park, located in northwest Montana contains the second largest concentration of glaciers in the U.S. Rocky Mountains. However, total glacier-covered area has shrunk by almost 30% over the past 50 years. This has important implications for local glacier-fed streams, especially during the typically hot and dry summer month of August. This study is the first attempt to quantify the volume of glacier meltwater entering local streams. We simulate glacier-melt generation during the summers of 2009 and 2010 using a modified temperature-index model that includes solar radiation as input. The model was calibrated with data from weather stations installed on five different glaciers and in situ measurements of surface ablation. Simulated glacier-melt hereafter "glacier runoff" from within gauged basins was then compared to measured stream discharge for the month of August to assess the relative contribution of glacier runoff to stream flows. We find the fraction of August stream discharge potentially derived from glaciers is not linearly proportionate to glacier cover. In watersheds only 0.12% glacierized, glacier runoff equals 5%-6% of the August total discharge; glacier runoff is 23%-28% of the discharge in a stream draining a basin 1.4% glacierized; and, in the small alpine catchments where glacier cover exceeds 25% of the basin area, glacier runoff likely accounts for almost all of the total runoff. Our work suggests that during dry summer months, glacier runoff is a primary control on both water availability and water temperature in small alpine basins with a catchment area on the order of tens of km2 and smaller and that are located within 20 km of the continental divide. However, the significance of meltwater diminishes quickly when travelling downstream and that in larger rivers situated 50 km or more from glaciers, glacier runoff is minimally important. ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I want to thank my advisor, Dr. Joel Harper for accepting me as a one of his graduate students. I first approached him as an ex-mountaineering guide armed only with a BA in psychology and minimal qualifications to work as a glaciology student. But Joel believed in my potential, and I will always be grateful to him for the opportunity to study glacier scientifically and for his guidance over the past 3 years. In addition, I want to thank my other committee members; Dr. Johnnie Moore, Dr. David Shively, and Dr. Dan Fagre for their comments which helped improve this paper. I also greatly appreciated the financial support from the Montana Water Center, the American Alpine Club, the Geological Society of America, and the Patrick McDonough Foundation. Next I want to thank all those worked so hard to haul 400 pounds of awkward equipment across Glacier Park’s most rugged terrain in order to gather data for this project: Max Pugh, Brandon and Katie French, Amy Groen, John Schuller, Andy Walker, Erich Peitzsch, Kevin Jacks, and Blase Reardon; without your efforts, this project would not have been the same. Special thanks go to Zach Seligman, whose skills both in the mountains and in the lab helped me overcome countless hurdles. I am also grateful for my parents, Mike and Kathy, my brother Zach, and to all my friends, who were a never- ending source of encouragement. Most importantly, I am grateful for my wife Aubrey and our son Hudson who both kept me positive during the most trying times. Without Aubrey’s endless support and reassurance, and without Hudson brightening my day with his beaming smile, I never would have finished this paper. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS Abstract ............................................................................................................................... ii Acknowledgements ............................................................................................................ iii Table of Contents ............................................................................................................... iv List of Figures and Tables....................................................................................................v 1. Introduction ......................................................................................................................1 2. Methods............................................................................................................................3 2.1. Study Glaciers ...........................................................................................................3 2.2. Modeling Scheme .....................................................................................................4 2.3. Study Interval ............................................................................................................7 2.4. Field Measurements ..................................................................................................9 2.5. Coefficient Calibration ............................................................................................10 2.6. Comparisons to Streamflows ..................................................................................11 3. Results ............................................................................................................................12 3.1. Field Data ................................................................................................................12 3.2. Error Assessment ....................................................................................................13 3.3. Glacier Runoff ........................................................................................................17 3.4. Relative Contribution of Glacier Runoff Between Basins ......................................19 4. Discussion ......................................................................................................................20 4.1. Present Glacier Contributions .................................................................................20 4.2. Historic Glacier Contributions ................................................................................23 4.3. Future Glacier Contributions ..................................................................................25 5. Conclusions ....................................................................................................................27 6. References Cited ............................................................................................................28 Appendix: Supplementary Information .............................................................................47 A. Model Input: Temperature Index ..............................................................................47 B. Model Input: Solar Radiation Index ..........................................................................48 C. List of Study Glaciers ................................................................................................51 D. Description of Gauged Watersheds ...........................................................................52 E. Local Weather on Min/Max Melt Days .....................................................................53 F. Coefficient Calibration ..............................................................................................54 G. List of August Runoff for the 39 Study Glaciers ......................................................55 H. Correlations Between Glacier Elevation and Melt ...................................................56 I. North Fork Flathead Calorimetry Equation ...............................................................56 iv LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLES FIGURES: Figure 1 - Map of the study area showing the Glacier Park boundary (black line), continental divide (white line), study glaciers (white, size exaggerated), weather stations (black squares, see Table 1), stream gauges (black circles, see Table 2), major streams and
Load more

Recommended publications
  • GLACIERS and GLACIATION in GLACIER NATIONAL PARK by J Mines Ii
    Glaciers and Glacial ion in Glacier National Park Price 25 Cents PUBLISHED BY THE GLACIER NATURAL HISTORY ASSOCIATION IN COOPERATION WITH THE NATIONAL PARK SERVICE Cover Surveying Sperry Glacier — - Arthur Johnson of U. S. G. S. N. P. S. Photo by J. W. Corson REPRINTED 1962 7.5 M PRINTED IN U. S. A. THE O'NEIL PRINTERS ^i/TsffKpc, KALISPELL, MONTANA GLACIERS AND GLACIATTON In GLACIER NATIONAL PARK By James L. Dyson MT. OBERLIN CIRQUE AND BIRD WOMAN FALLS SPECIAL BULLETIN NO. 2 GLACIER NATURAL HISTORY ASSOCIATION. INC. GLACIERS AND GLACIATION IN GLACIER NATIONAL PARK By J Mines Ii. Dyson Head, Department of Geology and Geography Lafayette College Member, Research Committee on Glaciers American Geophysical Union* The glaciers of Glacier National Park are only a few of many thousands which occur in mountain ranges scattered throughout the world. Glaciers occur in all latitudes and on every continent except Australia. They are present along the Equator on high volcanic peaks of Africa and in the rugged Andes of South America. Even in New Guinea, which many think of as a steaming, tropical jungle island, a few small glaciers occur on the highest mountains. Almost everyone who has made a trip to a high mountain range has heard the term, "snowline," and many persons have used the word with­ out knowing its real meaning. The true snowline, or "regional snowline" as the geologists call it, is the level above which more snow falls in winter than can he melted or evaporated during the summer. On mountains which rise above the snowline glaciers usually occur.
    [Show full text]
  • Glaciers and Glaciation in Glacier National Park
    Glaciers and Glaciation in Glacier National Park ICE CAVE IN THE NOW NON-EXISTENT BOULDER GLACIER PHOTO 1932) Special Bulletin No. 2 GLACIER NATURAL HISTORY ASSOCIATION Price ^fc Cents GLACIERS AND GLACIATION In GLACIER NATIONAL PARK By James L. Dyson MT. OBERLIN CIRQUE AND BIRD WOMAN FALLS SPECIAL BULLETIN NO. 2 GLACIER NATURAL HISTORY ASSOCIATION. INC. In cooperation with NATIONAL PARK SERVICE DEPARTMENT OF INTERIOR PRINTED IN U. S. A. BY GLACIER NATURAL HISTORY ASSOCIATION 1948 Revised 1952 THE O'NEIL PRINTERS- KAUSPELL *rs»JLLAU' GLACIERS AND GLACIATION IN GLACIER NATIONAL PARK By James L. Dyson Head, Department of Geology and Geography Lafayette College Member, Research Committee on Glaciers American Geophysical Union* The glaciers of Glacier National Park are only a few of many thousands which occur in mountain ranges scattered throughout the world. Glaciers occur in all latitudes and on every continent except Australia. They are present along the Equator on high volcanic peaks of Africa and in the rugged Andes of South America. Even in New Guinea, which manj- veterans of World War II know as a steaming, tropical jungle island, a few small glaciers occur on the highest mountains. Almost everyone who has made a trip to a high mountain range has heard the term, "snowline,"' and many persons have used the word with­ out knowing its real meaning. The true snowline, or "regional snowline"' as the geologists call it, is the level above which more snow falls in winter than can be melted or evaporated during the summer. On mountains which rise above the snowline glaciers usually occur.
    [Show full text]
  • GRINNELL and SPERRY GLACIERS, GLACIER NATIONAL PARK, MONTANA a Record of Vanishing Ice
    GRINNELL AND SPERRY GLACIERS, GLACIER NATIONAL PARK, MONTANA A Record of Vanishing Ice .. ,. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 1180 GRINNELL AND SPERRY GLACIERS, GLACIER NATIONAL PARK, MONTANA­ A RECORD OF VANISHING ICE Aerial view, southeastward, of the upper part of Sperry Glacier, July 27, 1969. Part of Gunsight Mountain is visible at the right. Photography by Mel Ruder, Hungry Horse News, Columbia Falls, Montana. Published through the courtesy of the photographer. Grinnell and Sperry Glaciers, Glacier National Park, Montana­ A Record of Vanishing Ice By ARTHUR JOHNSON GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 1180 Recorded observations, during approximately 80 years, of the shrinkage of the two largest glaciers in Glacier National Park UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, WASHINGTON: 1980 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR CECIL D. ANDRUS, Secretary GEOLOGICAL SURVEY H. William Menard, Director Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Johnson, Arthur, 1903- Grinnell and Sperry Glaciers, Glacier National Park, Montana (Geological Survey Professional Paper 1180) Bibliography: p. 29 Supt. of Docs. no.: I 1916: 1. Grinnell Glacier, Mont. 2. Sperry Glacier, Mont. 3. Glacier National Park. I. Title. II. Series: United States Geological Survey Professional Paper 1180 GB2425.M9J63 551.3'12'0978652 80-607150 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Washington, D.C. 20402 CONTENTS Page Page Abstract................................................. 1 Grinnell Glacier-Continued Introduction . 1 Precipitation and runoff . 15 Summary of investigations. 1 Vegetative succession . 19 Acknowledgments . 3 Sperry Glacier . 20 Climate.................................................. 3 Location and accessibility.......................... 20 Grinnell Glacier . 5 Discovery and early descriptions . 20 Location and accessibility. 5 Pictorial record . 21 Discovery and early descriptions .
    [Show full text]
  • TABLE 1. Named Glaciers of Glacier National Park, Montana. Glacier Sizes at the End of the "Little Ice Age" Appear Under "1850 Area"
    TABLE 1. Named Glaciers of Glacier National Park, Montana. Glacier sizes at the end of the "Little Ice Age" appear under "1850 Area". "Most recent area" refers to the primary glacier patch at the time of "Source year". "Number of patches" indicates the separate perennial ice and snow masses in cirques associated with each glacier, based on 1:24,000-scale USGS quadrangles compiled from 1966 aerial photography. In most cases, the patches are separate remnants of a glacier's former extent. Number Named glacier 1850 Area Most recent area Source year Number of patches (fig. 1) (square km) (square km) 1 Harris -- 0.15 1966 1 2 Kintla -- 0.66 1966 13 3 Agassiz 4.06 1.02 1993 10 4 Baby -- 0.12 1966 1 5 Boulder -- 0.23 1966 1 6 Weasel Collar -- 0.56 1966 4 7 Rainbow -- 1.21 1966 6 8 Two Ocean -- 0.43 1966 4 9 Vulture 0.77 0.21 1993 14 10 Herbst -- 0.14 1966 4 11 Hudson -- 0.09 1966 4 12 Thunderbird -- 0.19 1966 6 13 Dixon -- 0.29 1966 3 14 Carter Glaciers -- 0.47 1966 6 15 Miche Wabun -- 0.2 1966 3 16 Whitecrow -- 0.24 1966 10 17 Shepard -- 0.2 1966 5 18 Chaney -- 0.54 1966 10 19 Ipasha -- 0.32 1966 8 20 Old Sun -- 0.42 1966 10 21 Ahern -- 0.59 1966 10 22 North Swiftcurrent -- 0.07 1966 6 23 Swiftcurrent 0.7 0.14 1993 4 24 The Salamander -- b .23 1993 1 25 Grinnell 2.33b .88 1993 6 26 Gem -- 0.02 1966 1 27 Siyeh -- 0.22 1966 3 28 Piegan -- 0.28 1966 1 29 Sexton -- 0.4 1966 4 30 Sperry 3.76 0.87 1993 7 31 Harrison 3.09 1.06 1993 18 32 Jackson (3.44)a 1.02 1979 23 33 Blackfoot 7.59a 1.74 1979 3 34 Pumpelly 1.84 0.72 1979 9 35 Logan 0.92 .43d 1993 1 36 Red Eagle 0.49 .15d 1993 2 37 Lupfer -- 0.14 1966 1 38 Stantonc -- 0.37 1995 1 39 Grantc -- 0.34 1995 1 Total 25.55e 16.65f a Area for Blackfoot Glacier encompasses Jackson Glacier.
    [Show full text]
  • Glacier National Park, 1916
    ~------------------------------4~ Ir-----------------~ DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR FRANKLIN K. LANE. Secrelary 1 THE GLACIER NATIONAL 'PARK Season of 1916 GENERAL INFORMATION The Alps of America-Wonderful Tumbled Region Possessing 60 Glaciers. 250 Lakes. and Many Stately Peaks-Precipices 4.000 Feet Deep - Valleys of Astonishing Rugged Beauty - Scenery Equaling Any in the World- Large. Excellent Hotels and Com­ fortable Chalet Camps - Good Roads - The Gunsight Trail Across the Top of the Range - Good Trout Fishing - How to Get There-What to See- What to Wear for Mountain Climbing . WASHINGTON GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 1916 ) TI-IE NATIO .... PARKS AT A GLANCE ( Chron010gIca,l.ly In the order of theIr creatIon [Number,14; Total Area, 7,290 Square Miles] NATIONAL AREA PARKS In DISTINCTIVE CHARACTERISTICS In order of LOCATION square creation miles H ot Springs •..... Middle H 46 hot springs possessing curative properties-Many hotels and 1832 Arkansa.s boording houses-20 bathhouses under public control. CONTENTS. Yellowstone . ••••. North- 3,348 More geysers than in al1 rest of world together-Boiling 1872 western springs-Mud volcanoes-Petrified forests-Grand Canyon Page. Wyoming of the YelIowstone, remarkable for gorgeous coloring-Large General description_ .. _. _. ........ ..... .... ... ... ...... ........ .. 5 lakes-Many large streams and waterfalls-Vast wilderness A romance in rocks . • _. __ . _. _.. .......................... _. ....... 5 inhabited by deer, elk, bison, moose, antelope, bear, moun- The Lewis overthrust .. __. .... _............................... ...... 6 tain sheep, beaver, etc., constituting greatest wild bird and A general view _ . _____ .. ..... ................................. 6 animal preserve in world-Altitude 6,000 to 11,000 feet- The west side ..... _. __ .................. ... .......... .......... 7 Exceptional trout fishing.
    [Show full text]
  • Glacier Inventories and Change in Glacier National Park
    Portland State University PDXScholar Dissertations and Theses Dissertations and Theses Winter 3-5-2018 Glacier Inventories and Change in Glacier National Park Melissa Carrie Brett Portland State University Follow this and additional works at: https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds Part of the Geography Commons, and the Geology Commons Let us know how access to this document benefits ou.y Recommended Citation Brett, Melissa Carrie, "Glacier Inventories and Change in Glacier National Park" (2018). Dissertations and Theses. Paper 4348. https://doi.org/10.15760/etd.6241 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations and Theses by an authorized administrator of PDXScholar. Please contact us if we can make this document more accessible: [email protected]. Glacier Inventories and Change in Glacier National Park by Melissa Carrie Brett A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Geology Thesis Committee: Andrew G. Fountain, Chair John Bershaw Adam Booth Portland State University 2018 Abstract Glacier National Park, in northwestern Montana, is a unique and awe- inspiring national treasure that is often used by the media and public-at-large as a window into the effects of climate change. An updated inventory of glaciers and perennial snowfields (G&PS) in the Park, along with an assessment of their change over time, is essential to understanding the role that glaciers are playing in the environment of this Park. I compiled nine inventories between 1966 and 2015, to assess area changes of G&PS. Over that 49-year period, total area changed by nearly -34 11% between 1966 and 2015.
    [Show full text]
  • Retreat of Glaciers in Glacier National Park in Glacier National Park (GNP), MT Some Effects of Global Climate Change Are Strikingly Clear
    Retreat of Glaciers in Glacier National Park In Glacier National Park (GNP), MT some effects of global climate change are strikingly clear. Glacier recession is underway, and many glaciers have already disappeared. The retreat of these small alpine glaciers reflects changes in recent climate as glaciers respond to altered tempera- ture and precipitation. It has been estimated that there were approximately 150 glaciers present in 1850, and most glaciers were still present in 1910 when the park was established. In 2010, we consider there to be only 25 glaciers larger than 25 acres remaining in GNP. A WHY ARE THEY MELTING? Glaciers, by their dynamic na- computer-based climate model predicts that some of the ture, respond to climate variation and reveal the big picture park’s largest glaciers will vanish by 2030. This is only one of climate change. Unable to adapt, like living creatures, model prediction but, if true, then the park’s glaciers could GNP’s relatively small alpine glaciers are good indicators disappear in the next several decades. However, glacier of climate, the long-term average of daily weather condi- disappearance may occur even earlier, as many of the tions. While occasional big winters or frigid weeks may glaciers are retreating faster than their predicted rates. occur, the glaciers of GNP, like most worldwide, are melt- ing as long term mean temperatures increase. Glaciers are WHAT IS A GLACIER? A glacier is a body of snow and ice like a visual checking account of the status of the cold part that moves. Glacier movement is detected by the pres- of the ecosystem.
    [Show full text]
  • Repeat Photography United States Geological Survey Shepard Glacier
    National Park Service Repeat Photography United States Geological Survey Shepard Glacier 1913 - Photo by W.C. Alden, Glacier National Park. 2005 - Photo by B. Reardon, United States Geological Survey. Shepard Glacier, 1913 - 2005 Glacier National Park What changes are obvious and the ice) are present on the upper viable glacier. What is a glacier? not so obvious in the photo section indicating the glacier A glacier is defined as a body pairs above? The red line on the is flowing and has significant of snow and ice that moves. A Shepard Glacier 2005 repeat photo of Shepard mass. By 2005, however, the commonly accepted guideline Glacier shows the 1913 glacier contemporary photograph for glacier movement is that a boundary. This pair illustrates shows no ice on the bottom shelf, glacier must be at least 25 acres one of the more dramatic cases a small meltwater pond (center), in size. Below this size, the ice of disappearing glaciers. In the and virtually no ice. is generally stagnant and only 1913 photograph, thick ice is moves if it is on a steep slope. evident along the bottom lobe Shepard Glacier, at its current of the glacier and extensive rate of retreat, is below 25 acres crevasses (deep open cracks in and is no longer considered a National Park Service Repeat Photography United States Geological Survey Thunderbird Glacier 1907 - Photo by M. Elrod, Glacier National Park. 2007 - Photo by Fagre/Peterson, United States Geological Survey. Thunderbird Glacier, 1907 - 2007 Glacier National Park A century of glacial change Thunderbird Glacier is now can be seen from the made up of numerous patches of Thunderbird Glacier Thunderbird pair.
    [Show full text]
  • Glaciers, 1914
    GLACIERS OF GLACIER NATIONAL PARK ( D EPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR OFFICE OF THE SECRETARY 19 14 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, Government Printing Office, \Vashington, D. C. Price lS cents GLACIERS ,OF GLACIER NATIONAL PARK.l By WM. C. ALDEN, U. S. Geological Survey . INTRODUCTION. Glacier National Park derives its name and much of its interest from the presence of many small glaciers. Very much of the grandeur of its wonderful Alpine scenery, the final sculpturing of the great mountain valleys and of the amphitheaters at their heads, and the production of the basins of its many beautiful lakes ara due to the action of the more extended glaciers of the past. There are in the park about 90 small glaciers ranging in size from Blackfeet Glacier, with its 3 square miles of ice, down to masses but a ADDITIONAL COPIES fe\v. acres in extent yet exhibiting the characteristics of true glaciers. OF THIS PUBLICATION MAY DE PROCURED FROM The most easily accessible of these from the beaten trails are the TilE SUPERINTENDENT OF DOCUMENTS GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE Blackfeet and Sperry Glaciers and the small glaciers at Iceberg Lake 'VASllINGTON, D. C. and at Ahern Pass. Some of the others can be reached by tourists AT who are willing to undergo the exertions of mountain climbing. 15 CENTS PER COpy Among these are Grinnell, Chaney, Shepard, Vulture, and Carter Glaciers, and one or two at Brown Pass. (See map facing page 17.) After examining these features one can easily picture to himself, as he looks down the valleys, the great rivers of ice which in ages past cascaded from the cliffs below the upper cirques, converged as tributaries from the many branch valleys, and united in great trunk glaciers.
    [Show full text]
  • Glacier National Park by Mary Roberts Rinehart Author Oj "Tenting To-Night," "Through Glacier Park, " K", and Other Stories
    GLACIER National Pa,rk M O N T A N A UNITED STATES RAILROAD ADMINISTRATION N AT IONAL PARK. SERIES DAWSON PASS An intimate view from the summit of the Pass is obtained of the massive walls surrounding the Two Medicine Valley Pane, two An Appreciation of Glacier National Park By Mary Roberts Rinehart Author oj "Tenting To-night," "Through Glacier Park, " K", and Other Stories. Written expressly for the United States Railroad Administration jF you are normal and philosophical, if you love your country, if you are willing to learn how little you count in the eternal scheme of things, go ride in the Rocky Mountains and save your soul. There are no "Keep off the Grass" signs in Glacier National Park. It is the wildest part of America. If the Government had not preserved it, it would have preserved itself but you and I would not have seen it. It is perhaps the most unique of all our parks, as it is undoubtedly the most magnificent. Seen from an automobile or a horse, Glacier National Park is a good place to visit. Here the Rocky Mountains run northwest and southeast, and in their glacier- carved basins are great spaces; cool shadowy depths in which lie blue lakes; moun­ tain-sides threaded with white, where, from some hidden lake or glacier far above, the overflow falls a thousand feet or more, and over all the great silence of the Rockies Here nerves that have been tightened for years slowly relax. Here is the last home of a vanishing race—the Blackfeet Indians.
    [Show full text]
  • Grinnell's Glacier
    University of Montana ScholarWorks at University of Montana Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers Graduate School 1990 Grinnell's Glacier Gerald Allen Diettert The University of Montana Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.umt.edu/etd Let us know how access to this document benefits ou.y Recommended Citation Diettert, Gerald Allen, "Grinnell's Glacier" (1990). Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers. 2485. https://scholarworks.umt.edu/etd/2485 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at ScholarWorks at University of Montana. It has been accepted for inclusion in Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks at University of Montana. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Mike and Maureen MANSFIELD LIBRARY Copying allowed as provided under provisions of the Fair Use Section of the U.S. COPYRIGHT LAW, 1976. Any copying for commercial purposes or financial gain may be undertaken only with the author's written consent. MontanaUniversity of GRINNELL'S GLACIER Gerald A. Diettert B.A., University of Montana, 1984 Presented in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts University of Montana 1990 Approved by: Chairman, Board of Examiners ean. Graduate School Cl.-us*s. 24. Date /J UMI Number: EP36191 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion.
    [Show full text]
  • Glacier National Park
    DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY GEORGE OTIS SMITH, DIRECTOR BULLETIN 600 THE GLACIER NATIONAL PARK A POPULAR GUIDE TO ITS GEOLOGY AND SCENERY BY iVIARIUS R. CAMPBELL WASHINGTON GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 1914 CONTENTS. Page. Introduction.............................................................. 5 General physical features of the park....................................... 6. Origin of the topographic forms ........'............................*........ 9 Conditions when the rocks were laid down............'.................. 9 Rocks uplifted and faulted............................................. 10 The uplifted mass carved by water...................................... 13 The uplifted mass modified by glacial ice............................... 14 The surface features....................................................... 15 Two Medicine Valley................................................... 16 Cut Bank Valley....................................................... 18 Red Eagle Valley...................................................... 20 St. Mary Valley....................................................... 22 Boulder Valley....................................................... 26 Swiftcurrent Valley................................................... 27 Kennedy Valley...................................................... 32 Belly River valley.................................................... 33 Little Kootenai Valley................................................ 36 McDonald Valley......................................................
    [Show full text]