Vol. 25, No. 7 February 15, Ig82

A Good Stort For lndustry ln 1982

a Memories of jr',"'}.1-,,"4" Edgor Snow

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A CHINESE WEEXI"Y OF NEWS AND I/;EWS Isr:ael's annexation of the Golan Heights is encouraging Israel to HIGHLIGHTS OF THE WEEK launch new acts of aggression A Good Start tor lndustry China's non-f errous rnetal in- (p. l1). dustry (p. 7). Total i,ndustrial output rralue Ancient Books hit an all-time high in the first Booming Tibet Some 2.000 ancient Chinese month of 1982, in spite of a books have been published since the help ot state shortened numbel of workdays With 1958 and more than 1,000 titles subsidies. Tibet is rapidly de- caused by the new year and will be collated and annotatrcl veloping and two-thirds of its Spring Eestival Holidays (p. 5). in the 1980-s (p 29). formerly poor families have become self-sufticient (p 8). Edgar Snorv To c:ommemor;lte the i0th. US Argument on Taiwan' annirrer.s:rr'.y of the death oI Rebutted Edgar Snow, noted US journalist and devoted friend of China, The US effort to help Tailvan Iive of those who knew him maintain it.s "defence capability' "trvri pt,r'sonally share thcil mcmorie.s is a perpetuation of the (pp. 17-26). Chinas" pr.,licy (p. 10).

Non-Ferrous Metars A Dangerous Policy .\ tt atlratrt'r'tl ltlnntlling t('aur in the Yanzhou C'oal lline Foreign fuhds technology The US zrttitude torvalds tht' in easl China's Shandong and Plovincc. tvill be introduced to boost, UN lesolution condemnitrg PIroto b)' wu zcllgxiililg

Progress in Non-Ferrous Following rn His Footsteps Metols to Yonor.r - Zhoo Rong- BEIJ!NG REV!EW More Good News From Tibet sheng 21 The Roie ol Lowyers Amidst Studerrt Move- Published everY MondoY bY ment Chei/ Honbo 23 BEIJING REVIEl,V Snow 'Living Chino" Rood, Beijing ond 24 Boiwonzhuong INTERNATIONAT Xioo Oion 25 The People's RePublic of Chino Rebuttol of the Coll 'To Forurn: Strotegy for Develop- Mointoin Toiwon's Detence inq Agriculture: Copobility" '- Peng Di ond Modern Agriculture Should Huo Xiu Be Bosed on Arrimol Husbondry Zhenbon 26 Vol. 25, No, 7 Februory 15, 1982 US Shields lsroel ot UN - - -'l-iu Ren Yon The Strotegic Enrphosis Obstocles to ReunifYing Kcreo Should Be orr Groin Boi Yong Production Ku Guisheng - ond Zhoo Tiecheng- 27 CONIENIS Honoi's Hypocrisy Xinhuo Correspondent Ji Ying- Develop AgricultLrre in o Comprehensive Woy Positive Step -- NOTES FROM THE EDITORS lron-lroq: A Shi Shon 28 Ton Shuhong - Centrol Americo ond the lndio-Pokiston: No-Wor Poct CULTURE & SCIENCE 29.30 Coribbeon Region Inter- Tolks "Renmin Riboo" notionol Editor Mu -Youlin Commentory- ARI PAGE 31 Yuqoslovio: To Stobilize Economy Xiong Jiowerr LETTERS -

published lor ARTICLES & DOCUMENIS BEIJING EEVIEW is weekly EVENTS & TRENDS 5-9 USSl3.50 per year by Beiiing Review, 24 Memories of Edgor Snow: Baiwanzhuang Boad, Beiiing, China Ap- Veteron Codres Retire Snow Speoks lhrough plication t0 mail at second-class postage lndustry: A GooC Stort Letters lsroel Epstein ,", rates is pending at San Francisco, Send - addresq chfiqes to China Books & Peri- More Groin in the Stote A True Representotive of the odicals, lnc 2929 24ih Street, San Gronory , Americon Peoole -- Mo Francisco. CA 94110 4,000 Million Yuon in Treosury Floi-teh (Dr. George Bonds Hotem) 20 Noles l.rorn the ltrditors

Gentral lmerica and the between the two superpowers has made the situation in this Garibbean Region region more complicated than before. But we are happy to see Does China support the na- pathy and support of the inter- that far-sighted politicians are tional-liberation movement in national community. increasingly aware of the need in Central America and the Carib- their struggle for national in- The United States whiclr bean region? dependence and liberation to ahvays regards this region as "resist the wol.f at the front its sphere The situation in this area re- of influence is trying gate and repulse the tiger at the every possible to mains unstable and this has by means back door." aroused the concern of the peo- maintain its influence there. For Like the countries in this ple oI the world. instance, it is extending enor- mous help to the present El region, China is also a develop- Subjected for a long period ttr Salvadorean Government, in- ing country and belongs to oppression and exploitatlon by creasing both economic and the third world. We support the imperlalists. colonialists and military aid and sending mili- the struggle of other third autocratic regimes. the coun- 'tary advisers to deal with the world countries and people tries in this area are economi- guerrilla forces arrd the people against imperialism, colonialism cally backward and the gap be- there. Such aid inevitably ag- and hegemony. We hold that their struggle safeguarding tween the rich and the poor is gravates the internal -struggle in enormous. The land and .social in EL Salvador: and intensifies national independence and re- wealth are concentrated in the the turbulence in this region. forming the international eco- hands of a few. peasants can nomic order, for democracy and To contend with the United hardly manage to eke out a progress and against the reac- States for rvorld hegemony, the living, and the unemployment tionary autoeratic rule is a just Soviet Union has meddLed in rate among the workers is high. cause. We also maintain that the affairs of the countries in The contradictions between dif- the internal struggles and dis- Central America and the Carib- ferent social classes are sharpen- putes of the Central American bean region. Taking advantage ing and the political and eco- and Caribbean countries should of these countries' contradic- nomic crises are deepening day be solved by their own people. tions with the United States and by day. These are some of the and that the disputes between the people's demand for social major one country and another should causes of the turbulent change, the Soviet Union. work- situation be settled through peaceful con- in this region- And ing in collaboration with Cuba. sultation. We are against out- this is why the struggle against is stepping up its infiltration imperialism, side intervention, no matter autocracy, monopo- expanSion area and in this what form it *cakes. ly capital and feudal oligarchy under the guise of "supporting is winning increasing support the national-liberation move- Intermational Editor among people. - the ment." Flaunting the banner of Mu Youlin It is the strong desire of the "supporting the revolution," the people in this region to safe- Soviet Union is more deceptive. guard their national inde- Recently, the Soviet Union pendence and state sovereignty. has sent large quantiiies of develop their national economy. military hardware to Cuba strive fbr social progress and while using Cuban air force improve their standard of liv- bases to carry out reconnais- ing. Their nati

February 15, 1982 Ma1' God bless you and all your Concun Meeting Ircople in whatever' ;*ou do. TETTERS I first read your magazine when Freddie Sekitto Bugembe in one of our classes we were Kampala. Uganda studying the Cancun meeting in Mexico. I was impressed by the Premier Zhoo's Report thoroughness of the article with all Promote the current status of the develop- I u'as agreeabll' surprised at Policy to Sociolist ing world 'versus the developed |eading the full text oI Premier Sciences ond Culture world. Zhao's report on economic situa- tion (issue No. 51. l98l). It relates The long article "Letting a These are the types of articles I Hu;:dred a in a concise, concrete and syste- Flowers Blossom and am interested in. Hundred Schools Thougttt Con- matic rva.v the current economic of tend Is the Policy to Promote Kathleen E. Martens situation in the People's Re- Socialist Sciences and Culture" Bellevue, Mi., USA c.rf for' Public China. methods (issue the Japanese realizing the triur modet'nizations No. 49, 198I, of edition) deals with questions ibout More Acute and for transforming a China into rvhich I am concerneci. I have po'"t,erful countr), economically and spiriiuall.r' read it carefully. What is democ- Try to add more political explo- racy undcr the socialist system? sive power: To our mind, your' One positive achievement in m1' We Japanese find it hard to articles are too neutral, your real opinion is thal you have more skil- unde|stand and easy to misinter- viewpoints are not made clear. full1, integrated hieh quaiity and prei. Some of my friends u,ho You iack clear-cut and exciting profound arlicles rvith Iight and are ignorant about China have analyses rvhich wiII help the read- pleasant ones This makes y'our said that there is {reedom in ers better understand a problem. magazine mor'(' attractive Japan but r"here is no freedom of In this regard, your explanations thought in China, and that the and notes should be more detailed. Manuel Antonio Alcala Chinese people are untortunate Giion. Spairr i argue against this vieu'. saying It is r:egrettable that compared that whether the Chinese people with other themes, the materials have freedom or not must be con- carried in the column "Culture Tws Colurtnns sidered from the viewpoint of and Science" are not representa- rvhat China is striving for and tive. Greater number of articles topics The better articles and columns measured by China's histor-r' anci coveling a wider range of I think are: Chirra Events & its plesent reality We should could enhance the mutual under- - standing between people with dif- l'rends .B,nd the International - not criticize China rvith the stand- Reports and Comments. Why I ard of Japan rvhich has a dif- ferent ways of thinking- like the two best is because the felent social system trom China We also suggest that you forrner helps my students to com- To think otheru,ise rvould be a pare use more charts and statistical their undeveloped countr'y" great blunder figures so as to enable the readers with an advanced country iike to more quickly grasp the general China and hence star-t tD suggesl Perhaps m)' friends' beliefs thrust of economic articles. rva],s in tvhich the1, coulcl cievelo6r stem fronr the fact that yor-rr ar- tll€ir o\.\-n, while thr: latter helps ticle is hard to under'stand and Berlin Central Library sl the m].' ndents unt'lerstiind in some places too generalized and West Berlin rvorld's current affairs and the ie- stereotypecl, Iationship between various natir.rns t'oshikane Naruse Suggestions Write more about African coun- Okal'ama, Japan tries so that their endeavours are I hope you will publish brief alsoknorvn io tbe rvor'lcl This s'iil introductions to political and cul- give them a chtrllenge and there- The Aged in Chino tural books available abroad. Also fore cievelop a spirit of ti'orking, more news reports and fewer harci commentaries in your international I particularll'liked the article would (issue section. a ratio ol 2 to I be "Grorring Old in China'' No better. Ilajeh Johnmurray Tushabe 43, 191,l1). It clearly shows the Chi- Rukungiri. Uganda nese people are \rery rvell talien I u'orl< with graphics and appre- care o[. ln this respect, China is ciate the .)ob you do. The head- irretutablj' supelior to olrr Euro- lines on the cor.,er are eye-catching, A Country of Friends pean countrir.s. Ratzer Christoph The {eeling of solidaritf is The articles on disarmament Groedig. Austria iieepll' roLrted in the liearts arrcl (issue No 45. 19t]1) and on the minds of the citizens of your coun- ''cultural revolution" (issues Nos. Continue your good work in the tr-\'. We shali never for'Bet the l5 and {7' 1981) are u'ell-lvritten. ne\{r year. My suggestions are assistance rvhich the People's Re- I think ,'ou should continue to more photos and a spruced-up public of China is granting to the publish articles on such topics. Iayout. Also I rvould welcome ex- countries of Atrica and Arab peo- particularll' a::ticles on the latest panded international coverage. I ples. In m]- opinion the Pec- ideas atrd political sub jects like am interested in Chinese reporters' pie's Republic of China is a coun- those on the "cultural revolution." interpretations of foreign affairs. t11' of soliciaritl'. peace. freedorn and democracy n countrv of Luis Jose Fernandez Ordenez Wolfgang Beisinger friends - Pola de Laviana. Spain Linz, Austria

4 Beijing Reuietp, Na. 7 Ci"l lt\l*\ trvEF$.[S & T${€E\USS

POLITICAL sional knorvledge int<, posilions ttes for lepairing electllcal of responsibilitv machiner'I, and installing equip.,.. In the above-mentioned Thild ment ir1 the factor'ies Ueteran Cadres Retire Ministry o1' Mirchine-Buitding, Ploper ar'r-angentL.nts have 269 cadres at tl-re bureau and been made to turke gr:xrd cat'e oL factory level have resigned 1'rom Recently. 13 aging vice- the.sc cadres T'he1, l'eccl\/e their posts: 163 of are nor,\, ministers of the Ministlv of them special medical care and nre rlf- working as advi.sels rvhile the CoaI Industry and of the Third le'red the oppot'tunitv tri re- rest have retirecl. In the cily ol' Ministry of Machine-Buiiding cuperate -in santrtrx'iums. Tianjin, 102 vetelan.s who held have resigned from their posts important posts in the municipal either to retire or to become Party commitLee ol in the citv adviseis. Their applications for government have letirecl or- be- ICETttCM retirement were approved by iC come advisers. the State Council, In the Weilang Prefectr-tre ol' lndustry: fi Good $tart These old cc-rmrades havt Shandong Province. r,r,,hich u'as base alea. made important contributions :in old revolutionnrv The Chinese sa;ving "Spring i.s to the Iiberation of the Chinese mole than 20,000 vetelan cadles the best time oI the year'' nation and to socialist construc- retit-ed 1a-\1 year'. Nian.y of thenr affilms that il'r-t,ork is begun tion ovel decades of revolu- ale st ilI acl ive in societ v ''vell at the beginning,rf the tionary struggle. Now advanced Ne:rrly 900 of them |rave volun- )/ear'- it lays a sortnd l'oundation in years. they feel physical15, teet ed to herlp handle lettt r'-s for the lesL of the year Atten- unequal to their tasks f ron-i the masse.s to the le:rd- tion has been paid to this point ership and over' 1.200 are in this year's economic w'ork. They u,ere the latest am()ltg AS advisels Io the "volking .l:inu:rr';'. an increasing number of veteran t'ural prod u ction brigacies ot' In total industlial cadres from the centlal authori- neighbt>urir<.rod organizations in oulpr-lt value war.s 40.500 rnilii<>n ties down to the grass lot>ts rvh

Februarg 15, 1982 6.4 per cent ovel' the same creased by 4 per cent over that period of 1981. of 1980. {'his was 1 Per cenr more than planned, desPite a 4.5 . Energy supply and transport per cent drop in the outpul and communications are ma- value of heavy industry. jor weak links in China's Because of the three-daY national economy. Strengthen- Spring Festival holiday begin- ing these are oI decisive impor- ning January 25, workers ac- tance to promoting industrial tually had fewer work-days in production. January than in other months. The production of goods in Even so, l"he situation in in- short supply aiso increased by dustrial production and in a large margin in January this transport and communications year. Compared with the same remained as gobd as in the last period last year, bicycles turned quarter of last year. This is out by key enterprises increased mainly due to the attention-Paid by 7.2 per centt watches, 7.5 per by leading departments at all cent; cigarettes, 10.8 per cent; levels and to the ,soaring en- sewing machines, 13"2 per cent; thusiasm of the workers. and TV sets, 27.3 per cent. A1 present. ali enterPrises are working to upgrade their eco- industrial production Heavy nomic results and creating Xu Kaixialtg, a pcasant of Anhui its ascent. The family sold [o the continued steady lavourable conditions for over- Provincc, and his output of 11 important metal- state 16,000 jin of 8:rain Iast Year' fu)filling their 1982 production which is equal to the amount his lurgical and chemicai products to plans by irnproving manage- production team should deliver was greater than that of the the state. ment, increasing and period last Production corresponding of practising economy year. Production of some items. duction. Peasants in areas that such as iron-ore, sulphuric acid. reaped good harvests were soda ash, caustic soda and ffiore Grain in the eagel to seil their surPlus grain chemical fertilizers. grew by a $tate Granary to the state after delivering fairly big margin. pubtic grain. That was why the The nation's 1981 plan fol annua] plan couid be overful- f quar:ter last In the irst of the collection of agricultural tax filled even though the state year, in JanuarY, especially in kind and the purchase of reduced or exemPted the flood- operated under some enterprises grain was overfulfilled. By mid- hit areas from deliveling grain- produc- capaci(y and industrial January, 29.75 million tons of Farm and Sideline Products. In tion suffered. The sluggishness grain had been delivered to the was attributed mainly to the 1981, the total value of state state, outstripping the Yearly justment internal purchased farm and sideline read of the plan 3.6 per cent. China's by products amounted to 23.540 structure of industry and reduc- fiscal year for grain delivery is million yuan, ? Per cent above tion in the scale of capital con- from April 1 to March 31 the the state annual PIan and the struction At the end of June. following year. total industrial outPui value amount purchased in 1980 had only increased 1 per cent Grain output last year in- severe flooding Compared with 1980, more over that of the first six months creased despite'of of 1980. while the output value in some the major grain- Iarm and sideline Products were of heavy industry decreased bY producing areas Sichuan and purchased last Year Cotton - to B per cent. Guangdong Provinces and purchases rose 8.4 Per cent and desPite reach 2.62 million tons, flue- northeast China - But, af.ter further read just- the reduction of 2.66 million cured tobacco was uP BB Per ment, industrial production be- hectares for grain pianting. cent to reach 1.16 million tons, gan to rise again in Augr:st, and The 7,5 million-ton increase while jute and bluish dogbane it made considerable progress in over 1980 is attributed to the increased 13 per cent, tea 8.2 the {ourth quarter. The result intloduction of ihe responsibili- was that total indttstrial output ty system which enhanced the value at the end of the year in- peasants' enthusiasrn for pro- law lacquer 12.5 Per cent

6 Beijing Ret:iero, ,No. 7 CHINA ,t TVINITS & 'IITENIDS

4,000 tlillion Yuan in rel'ence. both held to'*'ards the individuals on several occasions end oI last year Now. the State in the 1950s, which played a , freasury Bonds Council has accepted this sug- fairly positive role in socialist gestion and decided issue construction The State Council decided to to at that time. som€ 1.I'easury bonds in- issue treasury bonds in 1982 tor. to dividuals. the second yeal Thi.s year, 4,000 million yuan in bonds will With the gt'owth of industrial Progress in ton-Ferrous be issued as against 5.000 million and agricultural production in Metals yuan issued last year. Unlike the past f e'*, ;reals. peasants' last year, individuals are expect- income has lisen markedly. In Vice-Ministel Ye Zhiqiang of ed to buy half of the bonds, the cities and towns. more and the Metallulgical Industry said while all of last year's bonds more people have been 51ivcn recentiy that China will en- were bought by local govern- jobs. and the incomes of the courage the use of foreign funds ments. state-owned and collec- workers and staff have increas- and import up-todate technol- tively owned units. ed. Bank deposits in both the ogy to 4slrelop the non-. The annual interest rate Ior cities and the countryside have ferrous metal industry. bonds bought by collectively substantially increased. This makes it possible for the people China now has 748 non- owned unils is 4 per cent, and ferrous metal enterprises of the rate for to buy the treasur';r bonds those bought by in- \/arying sizes and it has set up dividual-s is B per cent, The China is a vast country a fairly comprehensive produc- repayment of the principdl and with a population of 1,000 mil- tion system 1o include non- interest will begin in the sixth lion. It uses a certain amount fer-rous and rare metals. alloys year after the issuance of bonds of f oreign capital, but main- and processing, with advanced and wili paid be in five yearly iy relies on its orvn efforts. techniques in geology. mining, instalments. In the final analvsis, construc- ore dressing, smelting. pr"ocess- One of the serious problems tion will be achieved by making ing and multi-purpose utiliza- in China's economic construc- full use of the country's own tion. There i-s a growing demand tion toda.v is the lack of funds funds and by designing methods for non-ferrous metals both at available for national projects. to pool resources. China issued home and abroad and. with the Following the introduction of economic construction bonds to development of the energy in- economic refOrms in 1979, the local governments and enter- prises have had more money in their hands, while the Central Government has had less. Last year's bond issue, which was aimed at utilizing part of the money in the hands of the local governments and enterprises, helped reduce the state finan- cial deficit and had a positive effect on stabilizing and devel- oping the economy. For some time. public opinion has favoured the state issuing bonds to individuals in order to pool funds and speed up social- ist construction. Many deputies forwarded suggestions to this etfect at the National People's Congress and the Chinese Peo- An acrial rableu,ay built by a PL.A engineering unil has helped ple's Political Consultative Con- solve the lransportation problem in a uranium mine.

February 15, 1982 riustly. such demand r.vill in- 25 other rare metals. r'are earth The people's government 0f cl'cirse f urther The presenl compounds and shaped metals the Tibet Autonomou.s Region ploduction lc,vel is fal shor.l of will use this year's subsidy to China's lichlr, endowed l.e- the needs of the national develop agriculture, animal serves of tungsten. tin. an- -dconomlr husbandry, traditional handi- timon5,. z.ittc. titanium. tan- crafts, small hydroelectric power Ye Zhi.qiang said further that talum and rare earth metal.s stations and communications. as China will use medium or low rank first in the wor.Id while well as culture. education. interest Ioans Iavourabler those of lead. nickel. mercury. with public health and scientifi.c re- projects n'rolybdenum and niobium rank terms to build key search Medium-sized and small entc.r'- second. and copper and alumin- prises Are encouraged to use um rank toulth and fifth Individual Commercial Estab- foreign tunds and technology. lishments. Individual commer- cial establishments, almost non- The Vice-Minister said that in existent during the 10 years of ttre tuture the enrphasis will be SOCIAL turmoil (1966-76). have been orr the import of advanced restored and developed. In technologv and key equipment Lhasa, the region's capital, more rr,'hile takir-rg into full considera- More Good ilews than 1,200 city business licences tion the ability to r'epay. Active granted From libet have been to individual efforts rvill be made to go in vendors rvho sell a great variety [or' .ioint ventures, compensa- of goods. The markets abound iion trade and other methods mpared with 1980. the num- per person. The amount did not in 197? to B0 per cent in 1981 ber of outpatient,s in the re- include capital investments by In the meantime. the list ol gion's hospit.al.s dropped by 23.9 posts non-lerrous metals for export. departments of and tele- per cent in 1981. Outpatients in addition to tungsten. tin. communications and geology and inpatients in the Shannan molybdenunt. antimony and directly uncler the Central Gov- area dropped by 17 and I pet' mercur-v. expanded to include vernment cenl respectively

.Y Beijing Reoieu, No. CiIINIA tvENl'ts & 'firtNlDs

in 1980 and is now.working at On the Tibetan plateau (4,000 China began restoring the Academy Social metres above sea level) where the Tibet of system of lawyers representing Sciences. Living Cai- cl.ients oxygen is scarce, winter used to Buddha in lawsuits and advising wang. returned his bring such a high incidence of 57, with them in other legal matter-s in whole family 1980 is respiratory and heart troubles in and now 1980. The Provisional Regula- a counsellor in Burang County. that the number of available tions Governing the Work of He what I've seen hospital beds was often inade- said: "From Lawyers, adopted in August and heard past year year quate. But beginning last win- in the or that by the Standing Com- so, I realize more than ever that ter, more than half of the beds mittee of the Fifth National I've chosen the right path." People's in county hospitals were vacant Congress. went into elfect on January 1 this year. :i:: rhe Rote or rawyers :l:";;t::":j"::tpatients Horvever, rvork in this field is More Savings. Between 1979 China now has over 5,500 still in its initial stage and and 1981, savings deposits in full-time and 1,300 part-time larv.yers are small in number Lhasa increased by 40.85 per Iawyers, many of whom are and lack experience. For a cent. and by 106.53 per cent in working in the country's 1,500 period of time. therefore. the surrounding rural areas. law advisory offices. Theii China will drarv new lawyers dual role is to protect the legal from three souices from col- Fewer Poor Families. Three - years ago, about 60,000 families rights of their clients and lege gladuates specializing i,r'r engaged in agriculture and maintain the principle.s of the law, from political and legal animal husbandry had to rely socialifi. legal system- workers with practical , ex- perience and fronr a pool of on relief from the state. Now According to incomplete sta- others judged competent f or 40,000 of them are self- tistics from 25 provinces and legal tlaining. Strict examina- sufficient. municipalities, lawyers acted as tions will determine who is advocates in 32,700 criminal period 1979-81, qualified lor the title of During the cases in the first three quarters state appropriated 36 mil- "lawyer." Those who do not the of 1981. lion yuan for relief work. Last pass the examinations will be year. the Qamdo local govern- Lawyers throughout the coun- put on probation in the law'yels' ment irsed part of the money to try also acted as iegal represent- organizations. Simultaneously, buy 23,000 head of cattle and atives in civil and economic dis- prof essional training will be distributed them to the poor putes and as advisers to enter'- strengthened to raise the level households free of charge. prises and various undertakings. of existing law5,s15.

More Beturned for Visits or to Take Up Permanent Abode. Beginning in 1979, an increasing number of Tibetans have re- turned to visit their friends and relatives or to live permanently in the region. By the end of 1981, 760 had returned, 170 of whom had decided to remain. Reception organizations for returned nationals have been set up in Lhasa, Xigaze and Zham with government funds for hosting visitors and for helping the new arrivals settle. Fifty-four-year-old Zhaxi- duoji, formerly a local govern- .Iiang JingIu (Iacing canlol'a). a larvyer, talking rvith a clienl s'ho ment official in Tibet, returned has sued anoth€r parly for violating an econonric eontracl.

February 15, 1982 lNl'ttRNle\ noNr\[ R,TPO$T tS & CO,\A,\AENIS

intentions, hut sometimes they Rebuttal of the Call "To are quite forthright. Maintain Taiwan's Defence Their effort to help Taiwan maintain its "defence capabil- Capability" ity" .is designed to keep Tai- wan apart from the mainland and block HOSE in Washington who on "defence" and severance of China's reunification T with a perpetuating I advocate US arms sales to diplomatic relations. view to the US policy Taiwan have put forth numer- of "two Chinas." This The abrogation of the treaty ous opinions to support their constitutes a direct an{ wanton requires that the United States interference internal proposition, but none of them in China's terminate the US-Taiwan "de- affa i rs. are tenable. fence" pact and US-Taiwan There are some Americans "defence" relations. After China put fprward her who admit that the proposed nine-point proposal concerning If the United States supplies sale infringes upon China's in- peaceful reunification, some US arms to Taiwan and continues ternal affairs. officials openly declared that it to declare that it wants to en- was a problem to be settled by But those who insist on the sure sufficient "defence capabil- the Chinese themselves and that proposed sale have assumed a ity" for Taiwan, people can't the United States should not high-handed stance. They rec- help but wonder whether there have a hand in this matter. The ommend that the United States is a military "defence" pa.ct be- argument for maintaining Tai- go ahead with the arms sale even tween the United States and wan's defence capability runs if it does constitute an infringe- Taiwan in disguised form. What counter to the US position ex- ment upon China's internal af- else can this be if not a viola- pressed in these comments. fairs. Such people base their tion of the principles laid down ailegation position on the US pledge "to in the communique on the es- Anothdr has shown their maintain sufficient defence ca- tablishment of diplomatic rela- attempt more clearly. The pability for Taiwan." tions between the United'States supply of aims to Taiwan is not and China? for the interest of the Chinese there perpetuating A Violotion of Principles but for their The United States also com- occupation of Taiwan as a bas- This postulate violates legal mitted itself to severing all dip- tion against China. principles. Moreover, is il- lomatic ties with Taiwan and it The Atlanta Journal said in logical. Taiwan is China's terri- only maintaining unofficial re- an article on January 28 that tory. Why should the United lations. Nevertheless, by sup China "was an enemy only a States, a country on the other plying Taiwan with military few years ago." Even as a pe side of the globe, have a hand equipment, the United States is tential friend, it is not reliable, in maintaining Taiwan's "de- in fact treating Taiwan as a it added. The article also said, fence" capability? Why should 'political entity. Calling such "The risk of losing Taiwan, a the United States make such a ties unofficial is contradictory. key bastion of the Pacific, is too Iudicrous gesture? Key Gluestions great for us to run.'1 Some p When Sino-US diplomatic re- The argument for "maintain- ple in the United States even lations were established, the ing Taiwan's def.ence capabil- regard Taiwan as "a never sub- United States recognized the ity" is clearly a US'attempt to merging air carrier" of the Government of the People's Re- perpetuate a "two Chinas" pol- United States in the Pacific. It public of China as the sole le- icy. It is also the outgrowth of is tantamount to saying that gitimate Government of China an anti-China strategy. One they still harbour inveterate and Taiwan as part of China's might ask: In the minds of those hatred for China. Such people territory. It also accepted Chi- advocating Taiwan's "defence have always opposed the estab- na's three conditions for mod- capability," who is to be de- lishment of diplomatic rela- ifying US-Taiwan relations: fended against? Obviously, it tions between the United States Withdrawal of US troops from is none other than China. These and China. They were dissatis- Taiwan, abrogation of the treaty people generally hide their true fied with the policy of the Car-

10 Bei.jing Reuiew, No. 7 ter administration and do not the United States who are dog- annexed the Golan Heights, but agree with the cautious attitude gedly hostile to China and at- is also encouraging it to launch of the Reagan administration tempt to push back the wheels new acts of aggression. This on the arms sales. of history. If their shameful point of view is not completely performance permitted to baseless. About one month ago, The times have greatly chang- is shape Government's a Washington Post editorial en- ed. Circumstances have forced the US policy this crucial issue, rt titled "After the Golan Heights" the United States to establish on will produce grave consequences said that people inside and out- diplomatic relations with China States, Far side Israel suspect that the an- and improve strategic relations for the United the East and the world. nexation of the Golan Heights with However, there are her. was an initial exercise in a plan still some political philistines in Peng Di and Hua Xiu - to take over the whole West Bank of the Jordan River. The recent talks between US Shields President Reagan and Egyptian US lsroel at UN President Hosni Mubarak dur- ing his stay in the United rfrHE ninth emergency special world countries, Iaunched an States clarified the situation. I session of the United Na- open and vigorous campaign After their talks on February 4, tions General Assembly adopt- against the draft resolution be- Reagan and Mubarak emphasiz- ed their efforts to solve the Mid- ed a resolution on February 5, fore it was put to a vote. In question condemning Israel for annexing violation of accepted diplomatic dle East in accordance the Syrian Golan Heights. practice, it issued a threatening with the Camp David accords. warning world The United States expressed The resolution calls upon all to the third countries, trying to prevent satisfaction. However, US news- member states "to refrain from papers them from voting for the resolu- reported that US officials supplying Israel with any weap were worried because President tion. US officials said that they ons and related equipment and Mubarak Palestinian opposed the resolution adopted emphasized to suspend ahy military assis- by the UN Gen€ral Assembly autonomy and the right to "the tance which Israel receives from national entity." The US atti- because it calls for sanctions them,i' "to susPend economic, against Israel and is unfavour- tude may encourage additional financial and technological as- Israeli arrogance. able to the negotiation process. sistance to and co-operation This is absurd. Israel, disregard- The biased with Israel," and sever dip- attitude the United "to ing world opinion, lomatic, trade and cultural re- annexed the States holds towards Israel will Golan Heights. shouldn't the Iations with Israel." ' Why be strongly opposed by such a diehard eggressor be con- Arab countries. This will exa- The resolution, sponsored by demned and sanctioned? cerbate turbulence in the Mid- 54 Arab and other third world dle East and thus provide an countries, is the strongest ever . Dongerous Policy opportunity for the Soviet Union adopted by the United Nations to penetrate. This is a danger- to condemn and isolate Israel. An Arab observer at the UN ous policy indeed. said that the United States has Uphold Justice ond not only protected Israel since it Ren Yan lmportiolity - The United States is in- dignant over this resoluti.on, which upholds justice and im- Obstacles to partiality. After vetoing the Security Council's resolution Reunifying Korea condemning Israel, the United States also attempted to impede the passage of a Assem- General A GENERATION has come of to the Koreans desiring the con- bly resolution calling for sanc- ,t r age since the war ended tinued division of their country tions against Israel. in Korea, but the Korean nation along the 38th Parallel. The The United States, disregard- is still divided. Democratic People's Republic of ing criticism by many third This u,nhappy state is not due Korea has iepeatedly spoken in

February 15, 7982 11 Irrl tttrNli\ iloNi\!. ttEPott ts & col\AMtNl'ts favour of reunitication, and 'in The fundamental things for its basic outline. At the recent years the people in the which must occur in order to Helsinki conference of journal- sourth have expressed stronger ensure reunification are the ists from 70 countries in late support for the same objective. withdrawal of US troopS from Januaiy, a resolution was Popular pressure in 1972 forced south Korea. the carrying out adopted which said, "Any pro- the ldaders in the south to agree of democratization there and posal for the reunification of tci a series of dialogues with the lhe ending of the anti-commu- Korea not based on the with- ,i.rorth to 'uvork out political dif- nist confrontation policy, said drawal of all foreign troops and ferences. Korean Ambassador to China, weapons from south Korea and Jon Myong Su, a February I democratization of its society is Given the clear desire of both at press conference. These three rif significance." halves of the nation for reuni- no principal points were pointedly fication. the reason why it has ignored It is clear that Korean unifica- not occurred is obvious for- in the "reunification proposal" put south tion would be significantiy eign interference Thousands- of forth by Korea. facilitated if thb United States US combat troops are still sta- would withdraw its troops and tioned in the south and the The Korean Government's let the Koreans solve their own authorities in the south want to stand is reasonable and feasible. problems. keep them there. Despite strong Many international groups and international condemnation, lhe conferences have voiced support Bai Yang United States is unwilling to - pull back its troops. For in- stance, at a November 1975 plenary session of the United Honoi's Hypocrisy Nations General Assembly, a resolution lvas adopted demand- rnHE manner in which Viet made in the note of December ing "the dissolution of the t Nam's authorilies recently 28." Hanoi subsequently distrib- 'United Nations Command' and handled the issue regarding uted copies of \he note and the withdrawal of ail foreign troops armed activities along the Sirio- statement at the United Nations stationed in south Korea under Vietnamese border is a classic in an attempt to achieve max- the flag of the United Nations." example of its attempts to de- imum benefit from this prop- I,Ionetheless, the United States ceive the world. aganda stunt. continues to maintain troops in China has always maintained south Korea. Viet Nom's Note that tension along, the Sino- North Korea's position is fhs I,unar New Year Festival Vietnamese border has.been en- clear'. The reunification of is a major holiday in China and gineered solely by the Viet- Korea must take place inde- Viet Nam. In an attemPt to take namese authorities in order to pendently. without the inter- advantage of the situation, promote their anti-China policY. vention of outside forces, said Hanoi proposed the cessation of and regional hegemonist de- President Kim Il Sung in his armed activities along the bor- signs. As long as Viet Nam re- October 1980 proposal for the der. In a note to China's Foreign frains from military provoca- tounding of a Democratic Con- Ministry on December 28, 1981, tions or incursions into Chinese federai Republic of Koryo. The the Vietnamese auihorities pro- territory, the question of China Korean Presiden'u also said posed that l'both sides refrain fighting back simply will not reunification should take place from hostile armed activities arise and Peace will Prevail peacefully and in accordance and from opening fire in the along the border. Such being ivith the principle of national border area between the two the case, China suspected the unity. FIe has called for an ap- countries" during the Lunar proposal was not submitted in proach which transcends the New Year Festival. On Janr-rary good faith. ideas and systems in the north 14, a spokesman for Viet Nam's and the south. the scrapping of announced Foreign Ministry Viet Nom's Actions all mililary treaties with other that lVietnamese soldiers and countries and the reduction of guards at the border wiII uni- China's suspicions were ulti- ai mies on both sides. laterally act upon the propo.sal mately justified. During the

12 Beiji,ng Retsiew, No. 7 Why No Ceosefire?

The war betrveen the twr.r countries has entered its iTth month. In spite of persistent mediatory ef forts by heads of various countries and interna- tional organizations, no sign of a ceasefire is in sight. At the beginning ot 1982, Syria, Ku- wait and some other Arab coun- tries attempted to mediate the dispute, but Iran and 1r'aq re- jected their efforts. The war has already produc- ed major danrage to both coun- A school recently bombarded by Vietnamese troops at the border. tries. It has been estimated that Iran and Iraq have lost tens of Spring Festival, Vietnamese the border between the two billions of US dollars. Since the troops committed 44 military countries. " outbreak of the war. more tiran provocations along the border 30,000 people country Sincerity and good inte^-rtions in each area of China's Yunnan Prov- have been killed and oI have to stand the test of action. miilions ince and the Guangxi Zhuang The Vietnamese authorities others have been made home- Autonomous Region. They people why never tire of talking about their Iess. Many wr:ndel opened fire and crossed the they have refused tr-r declare ir desire for peace. yet, they have border to plant mines. As a ceasefire. failed to show it in their actions. result, one Chinese border in- 1f the Vietnamese authorities Both countries have re jecteri habitant was killed and two really desire to reduce tension. this option. L'an insists that a more were wounded in an ex- stabijize the situation along the ceasef ire must be accr.rmpanieci plosion. This did not surprise border and "create conditions China and somq nsighbouring f or a peacef ul settlement of .{ Bagdad power stal,idn ruas countries f hit br- airplanc I ire. amiliar from past Sino-Vietnamese relations,'' experience with the inveterate they have only to prove it by treachery of the Vietnamese their actions. It would be a authorities. mistake for the Vietnamese What is surprising is that authorities to attempt to de- Viet- after these incidents, Viet Nam's ceive the Chinese and namese people public Foreign Ministry sent a note on and opinion as with January 30 to the Chinese well their hy- pocritic proposals Foreign Ministry proposing and tricks. again that "both sides end all - Xinhua Comespondent hostile armed activities along li Ying

I ron-lraq A Positive Step

RAN and Iraq recently signed attracted global rT attention. an agreement on reciprocal UN Secretary-General Mr'. visits to prisoners of war by Perez de Cuellar called the their families. This is the first agr'eement "a positive develop- agreement signed by the two ment which is conducive to the countries since the war started search for peace" between the in September, 1980 and it has two countries.

February 15, 1982 INIERNI}\ tIONr\T RTPOR tS & COiIIXAET\IIS

by an Iraqi troop withdrawal from its occupied territory com: pletely and unconditionally. Iran also says that mediation should be conducted by a group of international judges accepted by both sides to determine which country is the aggressor. And the aggressor pays compen- sation for the damages inflict- ed. Though Iraq has repeatedly expressed its willingness to im- mediately end the war, its pres- ident says that a ceasefire can only be realized after Iran's highest leader agrees to one and agrees to recognize Iraq's bor- franian oil pipcs uere damaged. der. Iran has recently increased Given this, their economic and oners of war is a good sign. its battlefield activity and ap. military resources are essentially pears capable of getting an up- The complicated boundarY equal. Although neither side is per hand. This may be the rea- questions and other contradic- presently capable of defeating son why Iran is willing to con- tions between the two countries the other, they have enough tinue the war. are deep-seated, some are lef t military resour'ces to prolong over irom the colonial era. the war. Controsting Militory These problems can be solved Strength Ceosefire: through consultations held in Both countries have suffered Ihe Sooner the Better the spirit of mutual accommoda- tion. Even when they cannot heavy damage to their oil in- The tlvo superpowel's have be settled immediately, they can stallations, but production and intensified their rivalry in the be settled later. There is no just- exports have recently escalated. area since the war began and ification for continued fighting. In addition to its $30 billion hard made the already troubled Gulf People of the would like currency reserve, Iraq has re- region even more tul'bulent and ',1'or-ld to see the agreement signed bY ceived another $14 billion rn unstable. The world desires an the two countries become a loans from Gulf countries. Iran early ceasefire and hopes the turning point. Let peace l-eturn also has foreign exchange and two countries will peacefully - to both banks of the Shatt-al. a substantial gold reserve. settle their differences. Iranian Prime Minister Hussein Alab River, Musavi says his country ha.s The agreement on reciprocal pris- Shtthnng enough petro-dollars and doesn't visits by the families of -Tan need any credit from foreign countries. Militarily, Iran and Iraq are lndio-Pokiston about equal. Iran has approxi- mately 350,000 troops. Iraq only No-War Pact Talks has 200,000 regular troops, but it has greatly strengthened its f)AKISTAN'S Foreign NIini- ment issued after his talks with militia forces. The total number I ster Agha Shahi's recenl Indian Foreign Miaister Nara- of its troops reached 380,000 in visit to India succeeded in in- simha Rao, the two sides January 1982, an increase of creasing mutual understanding agreed that the conclusion oI a 160,000 over the prewar figure. between the two countries. no-war pact: will contribute to Neither country expends large peace and stability in the t'e- amounts on air and naval forces. According to the ioint state glon.

I4 Beijing Reoiew, No. i India and Pakistan should be crete measures to improve rela- ber of projects under con- congratulated for attempting tions and their understanding struction rose from 16,000 in to improve their relations. The of each other. This is in the 1975 to 28,000 in 1980. This situation in South Asia h'as re- fundamental interest of the two caused a shortage of materials, cently deteriorated because of peoples and is a most gratify- price hikes, a supply pinch and the contention between the two ing development for the main- increases in imported equip superpowers in West Asia and tenance of world peace. The ment. the Middle East, and es- Indian-Pakistani talks rep- From 1970 to 1980, the total pecially because of the So- resented a heartening step value of imported equipment viit occupation of Afghani- better relations towards reportedly reached 28,000 mil- stan. It is against this back- between the two countries. Iion US dollars, resulting in a ground that India and Pakistan True; certain differences still significant increase in foreign have decided to take steps to exist between India and Paki- debt. In 1970, Yugoslavia's improve their relations. Indian stan. We are, however, convinc- foreign debt was 2,500 million Foreign Minister Rao visited ed that these can be graduallY US dollars; but it rose to 27,200 Pakistan last June, and in Octo- eliminated and bilateral rela- million US dollars by the end ber, Pakistan proposed a tions improved provided the of August 1981, with 9,900 mil- treaty of mutual non-aggression two sides enter into negotiations with India. Since then, they Iion US dollars being investment on an equal footing and in a have some progress to- credit. made constructive manner. wards resolving differences. Distribution Trouble. Be- During Agha Shahf s visit,,,the - " Renmi,n Ribao" C ommentary cause per-capita income in- two countries agreed to take con- (Februara 2) creased much faster than labour productivity and individual con- Y ugoslovio sumption surpassed the amount of commodities available on To Stabilize Economy the market. relation between supply and became proble- \ZUGOSLAVIA has made million tons and petroleum from need I great headway in building 2.8 to 4.2 million tons. This matic. itS economy and consolidating clearly illustrates that t6e de- Given these circumstances, the its economic system of socialist Velopment of light and heavy savings of productive organiza- self-management. However, industr:ies is seriously uneven. tions declined. In 1971, 15.8 problems have emerged recent- Given this, domestically produc- dinar out of the average per- ly. To overcome these diffi- e'd raw materials and fuels failed capita income, 100 dinar, were culties, new measures have been to m'eet the needs of the pro- saved. But this dropped to 10.8 adopted. cessing industry, which had to dinar in 1978. To earn more rely on imports. In 1970, 30.9 productive organizations resort- Sources lnstobility . of per cent of Yugoslavia's energy ed to increased production and The sources,of Yugoslavia's consumption was imported. In the renovation of technical 1979, rose 45.8 per cent. economic instability are as it to equipment. Their cash shortages Meanwhile, Yugoslavia import- follows: were supplemented by state ed an increasing amount of raw Uneven Development of Basic bank credits and money borfow- materials and fuel which ac- ed from abroad. Paradoxically, and. Processing Industries. Dur- counted for 63.8 per cent of the ing the decade betweerilg?0 and the former caused credit infla- nation's total imports in 1976 tion and the latter the sharp in- 1980, car production increased per first and 75.8 cent in the crease in foreign debt. This from 110,000 ,to 250,000 and half of 1981. This produced a tractors from 12,000 to 50,000. further aggravated the econo- serious imbalance in the na- my's instability. In addition, output of other tion's foreign trade. consumer and capital goods mul- tiplied. But in the meantime, Too Much Capital Construc- Meosures to Overcome the basic industries which have tion. In the recent years, 35 to Economic Difficulties direct bearing on this manufac- 40 per cent of Yugoslavia's The Yugoslavs are devoting a turing industry developed slow- social output value, i.e., the na- great deal of attention to their ly. For instancq, steel output tional income and the depre- economic problems. The League only increased from 2.2 to 3.6 ciation, has been used as fixed of Communists of Yugoslavia, million tons, coal from 28 to 47 capital investment. The num- government departments, socio-

Februarg 15, 1982 15 IN TARNATIONIi\!. REPOR TS & COMMEN'IS

*"rri r-oorts by 50 per cent and increase its exports by 8.5 per cent. This should ensure that its deficit doesn't e-xceed 500 million US dollars.' Cutbing Inflation and Curtail- ing Government Expenditures. Although the Federal Govern- ment implemented price-freezes to harneSs.inflation during the first half of last year, the anhual inflation rate was still almost 40 per cent. As a result, the Federal As- sembly has decided that greater efforts must be made in 1982 to reduce the inflation rate to no more than 15 per cent. Finan- Deep water harbour for newly built oil pipe-lines. cial deficits are to be wiped out political organizations and peo- 8.5 per cent of the previous five- by 1983. In order'to reach this ple from every walk, of life are year plan period to 2.3 per cent. goal, the Federal Government is discussing and formuiating Excepting housing construction, now taking measures to cut its measures to overcome the na- non-productive investment wiil expenditures and reduce the tion's economic diff iculties. be frozen. 1982 feder'al budget. Their f measuies are as ollows: Strengthening BasEc In- In addition, the Federal Gov- is taking measures Slowing Down Economic De- dustries. By 1985, coal output ernment also prevent real incr€ases in in- velopment. Plans call for an- will increase to 82 million tons to dividual incomes. is also at- nual average growth rates of and oil to 5 million tons. The It social output value and indus- percentage of major chemical tempting to stimulate the de- velopment agriculture and trial production for the 1981- products in social output value of the economically less developed 85 five-year plan to be 4.5 and will be increased from 45 per 'Both areas. 5 per cent respectively. cent in 1980 to 60 per lent in targBts are lower than those of 1985. The steel industry will . The League of Communists of the previous period. become 80 per cent self-suffi- Yugoslavia recentiy ca1led on cient. its organizations to earnestlY 1982, growth In the rate oI carry out the self-management social value Reducing Loans and the output will decrease agreements social contracts Foreign Trade Deticit. The and to 2.5 per cent and industrial formulated in the new five-Year pro'duction per planned annual average growth to 3.5 cent. plan, to implement the system of rate for exports during the 1981- representation and the Act of Reduced Investment. Invest- 85 period is to be 8 per cent. Associated Labour so as to give ment in fixed capital will be re- Imports will be significantly de- scope socialist self- duced every year trntil its per- creased with the hope that total full to management and democracy. It centage in social output value foreign trade deficits during the has also called on its organiza- declines from last year's 34 per. five years will not surpass 6,000 tions f urther improve the cent to 29 per cent in 1985. Pro- million US dollars. Emphasis is to jects which cannot produce being placed on borrowing for- system of socialist self-manage- ment. Through implementing good economic results or can- eign funds in a manner consis- Yugo- not be put into operation within tent with actual needs and the these adjustments, the slavs confident that the a short period will be stopped nation's ability to repay them. are be put on a sound or postponed. The annual aver- Plans also call for reductions in economy will basis and prosper. age growth rate of productive loans for equipment: In 1982, investment will decline from the Yugoslavla will reduce its equip- - Xiong Jiawen

16 Beijing Reoieu, No. 7 ArJleles & I)oeuxnertJs Memories of Edgor Snow

Ed,gar Snotu, tlrc noted American journalr.st, not just an observers' base set up. This was passed auaA otu February 15, 7972, but ttme has clear because he spoke of the difficulties ot not diininished the Chinese people's respect for 'maling physical contact' and wondered wheth- this friend of China Published here are remi- er the Reds would be able to hold a coastal niscences of peoplc toho knew him personallg. base somewhere, so that supplies could be delivered. Secondly he discussed Carlson Through these brief accounts, we hope [US General Evans F. Carlson, who early in the anti- readers wiLL gain an apprectation of Spour's Japanese upright ahd energetic character, insightlul in- War had visited the liberated areas, and reported tellect anl will to seek truth. These qualities their military and social achieve- ments] as the man who con- ilroue him to urite numerous outstanding re- ought to make the arrange get ports about China. tact and to the materials to the Eighth Route Army people, but he told me that The cemmemoration of the 10th anniuer- he had suggested it and his plan for Evans was sary of his decith u:ill be cotsered in our nert vetoed by the generals who considered Carlson issue. - Ed. a 'Red.'" This passage provides firsthand evi- dence about how wartime co-operation was first projected, then sabotaged. Snow Speaks Through A second passage from the same letter testi- fied to Snow's 'continued warm advocacy of Letters American-Chi,nese co+peration on a truly'new and equal basis. It breathed encouragement and by lsroel Epstein solidarity with those of us [in the Committee for a Democratic' Far Eastern Policy New KNEW Edgar Snow from the 1930s, and we in T Yorkl who were arguing against the inter- I corresponded fairly often. While earlier let- US vention on the Kuomintang side which had ters have been lost. I have fortunately kept some negated and reversed the good wartime begin- from the years between the end of World War nings i.n ties between the US and the new forces II and the mid-1960s. They contain sidelights in China. on the course of events in those two decades and reflect Snow's unwavering sympathy for "Keep up the good work, Eppy, and I'll join the new forces in China and his battle for you before long, I'm convinced now that only a American-Chinese friendship on a sound and speedy awakening by the American people to equal basis. correct our failure to realize democracy in the best sense at home and in policies abroad can In 1948, he sent me from New Delhi, where avert another disaster. ." he was on a reporting assignment, a letter of considerable hi.storical interest. Alluding to a In 1951 I returned to China and for some passage in a book I had written. he said: years we did not correspond. Snow, in the mean- time, had moved to Europe under McCarthyite "I noticed that you referred to my con- harrying which made it more and more diffi- versation with [US President] Roosevelt in 1945, cult for him to write and publish in the US. In and his statement to me that he intended to 'deal 1958, I wrote to him in his new home in Swit- with both sides in'China till they got together.' zerland. His reply on July 29 of that year show- presumption Your first in analysing this state- ed unchanged feeling for China, and no diminu- undoubtedly ment was corriict, he did plan tion in his constant search for a decent US- [to_wards the end of World War II] to have China relationship. direct military aid sqnt to the Eighth Route Aimy, "I am impressed at the reports of unexampl- The author, a noted journalist and writer, is ed material progress as well as cultural growth now the chiet editor of the monthly China,Re- in China and when I have a chance to lecture constructs. 'I make the most of what facts I find," he wrote.

Februarg 15, 1982 17 And concerning the US: "Now in the past China relations. "I see no early prospect of any two fears there is a growing awareness among basic re-examination of the Dulles', policy aims people who think about foreign affairs at all in the Far East, but there is a definite shift in that our policy re Chiang [Kai-shek] is unrealistic the implementation. . . . This aims primarily at and based on fantasies concerning the mainland placating the growing criticism of US policy and situation but there is no powerful organized placing on China the burden of maintaining opinion demanding any change in that policy." non-communication." Also, he repudiated any suggestion that, in In a letter of Arlgust 2, 1963, he welcomed the years he had been under pressure, he had ever China's initiatives in the nuclear sphere: "Pe- regretted writing his famous book Red Star. "l king's invitation to a world conference on nuclear not only feel that the views and facts I collected weapons is an affirmative move which ought in that volume were sound and prescient," he to advance peace prospects in the Far East if wrote, "but that the Eighth Route Arrhy won taken up." Then he added, skeptical pf the re- because it had populaq support and was the sponse of the superpowers, "a big IF." product forces as logical of internal historical By September he was full of plans for re- against reaction." turning again. But mutual visits by journalists Another letter from Snow was dated May between China and the USA were still impeded 22, 1962, after his first post-liberation visit to by the latter's non-recognition policies, so there China. He'was just finishing his resulting book, were difficulties as regards the. capacity in The Other Si.de oJ the Riuer. Within China, the which he would come. Ircoking for ways, he three hard y".". *dt" ending, and he remarked: wrote about how these problems could be met. "I was very glad to receive your letter and especially to learn the welcome news of good He did e.ome to China in 1964, and had a prospects for a bountiful spring crop on the very important inteririew with Chairman Mao after- North China plain." His own thoughts were Zedoog. This interview, he wrote me the press about how to refute and counteract the destruc- wards, was. prominently featured in Italy,- tive image of China then being projected by "from Britain to Australia, in France, much of the Western press, "AlI the news that Netherlands, Scandinavia, Africa, Canada, 'continues the appears here to emphasize famine, Mexico, etc., everywhere, I believe, except USSR and USA." starvation and despair." , Besides his writing, Snow engaged. in But in his own country, too, Snow's long- many other public activities to clear the air. "In muffled voice was echoing in other ways. "Red my tour [of the USA] I made 38 lectures, mostly Star Ouer-China," he remarked with pleasure, to colleges and universities, but also to forums, "after sleeping all these years in the US, has men's clubs, women's clubs, etc. Zhou Enlai (second from right) with his wife Deng Veny great interest [in China] YinSlchao and Edgar Snow (foreground) in 1960. everywhere.", Analytical as ever, he described the current au- dience trends. By now there was "general aeceptance that the public isn't getting the facts about China. I was picketed rs.,,\ by Birchites (neo-McCarthyites) several times and had a few Iectures cancelled, but this is a minority and not a very strong one. There is little real support for US-China'policy but there is not any organized support to change it. The voter has no control or voice in policy."

A letter of June 17, 1963, showed that he still kept a con- stant,finger on the pulse of US-

/8 suddenly become a best-seller. . apparently due to politieal archaeological research among youths beginning to ask for whom the bombs toll. A long letter I wrote to the national secretary of the College Students' Association for the United Nations was used in the student press throughout the nation, which wouldn't have happened in the past." In July 1966, when the years of tur- moil in China began, he wrote from Switzerla,nd expressing worry about the situation in China, "From information available here it is difficult to interpret recent events. . One has to work on extra-sensory perception, mine is not too good. ." '( ' Nonetheless, he continued his work of pre- senting the new China to the world through various media. "My documentary film is com- plete, 80 minutes, about 3/4 colour, sound music and voice called One Fourth of Humanitg." Chairman Mao and Edgar Snorv on the Tian r\n Men iostrum on lhe National Day (Ociober l) 1970, The last letter in my file was dated March 1, 1968. In it Snow wrote that the defeat of the US adventure in south Viet Nam had been plain return to China in 1967 and 1968 "had belopged to him since 1965, but that, "Recognition of the to an ultra-Leftist group that had seized power . . . finality of that defeat has yet to be made in the Foreign Ministry for a time, but they in Washington, openly at any rate. ." were all cleared out long ago," Snow reported. On National Day of that year Snow stood on the As regards revisiting China, with Lin Biao rostrum of Tian An Men with Chairman Mao. and the gang of four at the height of their influ- And on this visit he was able to con- ence he had'been refused permission to come. tribute, very substantially, to the advancement "Evidently I have. made some powerful non- of his long-cherished hope, equal relations be- friends," he wrote, pained. "Several people I am tween his native USA and China, that could bound to believe tell me that I am 'no longer con- facilitate ties and friendship between their two sidered a friend of China' by those who judge peoples. such matters. In any event my record on China is clear for all to see; though my writing To his writings advocating this goal, Snow is full of faults in detail, and though it is not the -was to add one more book, The Long Reuolution, work of a sycophant, it is honest and indepen- on which he worked 'vith dogged bravery when dent journalism seeking the truth: Whether the already in agclny with cancer of the pancreas. few who decide such matters there consider me a It was finished by his devoted wife, Lois Wheeler 'friend of China' or not, there is no doubt that Snow. after his death. Near his iife's end, he the outside world so considers me except for was warmed, encouraged and helped by the reactionaries and there is no doubt- that it will presence of a Chinese rnedical team sent special- continue to -do so until my behaviour merits ly by Chairman Mao Zedong and Premier Zhou otherwise, I am not a writer who changes his Enlai. political views to suit a weathervane. ." Such was the Long March of Edgar Snow. As usual, Snow was forthright' and open. It was made in step with the struggle of China's His deep hurt can be understood. But equally people for mastery of their own fate and equal- heartfelt and sincere was his avowal of dignity ity among the nations. It included his incessant and kept faith. In fact. despite the slanders that fight for friendship between the American and poisoned the air when Lin Biao and the gang Chinese peoples. Many were the setbacks he of four exerted their evil influence, China did met in his struggle for wide understanding of not abandon Snow. In 1970, he was back. In a the justice and inevitability of the victory of talk with him then, Chairman Mao Zedong ex- China's revolution, and for international rela- plained that those officials who had opposed his tions based on these realities. After over 20

February 15,7982 19 years of estrang€ment due to contrary policies in Washington, history forced the turn, finally proving Snow right and his opponents and detractors wrong. Let no one lightly reject, or try to reverse, the path of respect fof the new China and equal relations with her blaz- ed by Snow. Whoever tries to do so will damage the progress made in in- ternational relations favourable to global peace, not be well remembered in American, Chinese or world history, and moreover will fail in the face of history's- long-term trend.-

A True Representative of

The American People Snow with Eed Army soldiers alter arriv- ing at the revolutionary base area in 1936. by Mo Hoi-teh (Dr. George Hotem)

DGAR Snow and I went into what was then dustries, The thread that ran through all hi.s [f people so r-, the unknown land of Communist China in queries was always why were thcse 1936. What we saw and heard Ed has written dedicated, why did this dedication encompas-s people and ably interpreted time and again, committed- the of the whole r.l,orld. ly and with great sympathy. Both of us were Both .of us had come to China at the ripe very young when we sat together with Chairman age of 23 and both mo'r,ed on to an identification Mao Zedong and heard the story of the immense with the struggle oI the Chinese people and t<,r struggle and problems facing the Chinese peo- Iove China and the Chinese people As is well ple, of how they were seeking to free themselves known Ed wrote many books about China and from the burdens of semi-feudal, semi-colonial its people. The books speak for- themselves, oppression internally and growing aggres- But I would like to mention two qualities that sion from abroad. impressed and influenced me: one was the love for the Chinese people and their heaith. well- Ed, with his sense of historical appteciation, being and welfare, a,nd his warmth and concern asked numerous questions night after night in on our side." the candlelight, painstakingly writinB out in for "people longhand Chairman Mao's brilliant delineation As far as medical care was coucerned. Ed was of the goais and aspirations of the Chinese peo- not only interested in learning what rvas going ple. I learnt about China and communism from on but he was active in bringing new health 'these and many subsequent interviews, and ideas. Early in the 60s he brrlought material and from travel with Ed throughout the communist Iiterature on family pianning and popultrtion regions in the northwest of China. Ed himself control. He discussed this with Chairman Mao thought over, examined and re-examined these and with the medicai autholities. Even in new and stimulating ideas, sometimes far into those days of writing Red Star O--er China he the night, discussing them with me, then coming visited hospitals, checked the diet and nourish- back with more questions for Chairman Mao or ment of the "Little Red Devils'' and looked at comrades like Zhou Enlai. He put queries to the surgical wards and the wounded He took everyone from commanders at the front to the great interest in the story of the eradication of buglers and young orderlies affectionately diseases such as smallpox, cholera, plague, and known as "Little Red Devils," from peasants in venereal diseases. He was intrigued with the the fields to workers in the small guerrilla in- way China eliminated drug abuse and VD. He always wanted me to telt him in great detail Born in Buffalo, USA, the author, a cele- about the heaith work arnong the different na- blated American doctor, arrived in China in 1933, mi,norities' areas I had worked in and and is now an adviser of the Ministry of Public tional Health in Beijing. about disease eradication. On Zhou Eulai's in-

20 Beijing Reaieu, No, 7 vilation Ed was instrumental in bringing to New China the first American group of US physicians in 1971. All the people who met and knew Ed were drawn to him by his open and warm persbnality { t*''" and real love for people, and Sf w

The second quality was I '_,' r his dedication and his unre- mitting fight for the friend- A eavalry unil oI the Red Army, one of ihe-photos taken by ship and understanding be- Snow in 1936. tween the peoples of China and America at aII times. even under the most I was with Edgar Snow until the end. A trying circumstances. Chinese medical team of which I was a part was sent by Chairman Mao and Zhou Enlai during The past 46 years since Ed's travel to Yanan Ed's terminal illness. In those last days he was have wltnessed immense upheavals starting with often visited by many Chinese friends including the Japanese invasion of China World War the Chinese Ambassador Chen who II, the Cold War, the "American Century"- with Zhifang brought messages of concern lrom China's lead- its Korean war followed by further aggression ers. Ambassador Huang Hua at the United Na- in Viet Nam and Indochina. Much of this was tions at that time and now Vice-Premier and sandrviched in between the hysteria and reac- Foreign Minister came to see Ed Geneva. tion of the McCarthy crusade against the Ameri- in With Huang Hua and myself who had been with can people with anti-communism as a figleaf and Ed in the Red Star Ouer China days, standing the 'containment" of China. by his bedside he referred to us jokingly as Ed was treated very shabbily by the US "three old Red bandits," harking back to the press and officialdom duri.ng this period, victim- days when "Red bandits" was what his Chinese ized for his views. But, he adhered tenaciously Communist friends were called. his principles, personal to at considerable and A man of immense courage, willpower and material cost. His interpretation of the events dedication, Ed fought strqngly. Until the end in China, of their signilicance to Sino-American he followed closely the nervs of China and the relations and to world affairs was ignored. The world, especially US-China relations. Only a US policy of Cold War Containment nearly ex- man of immense stature like Ed could rise above hausted reservoir goodwill the of existing be- his own tragedy and view broader horizons. tween the Chinese and American peopies. A true representative of what is best in the people of America. Ed was greatly distressed Following in His Footsteps and fought to stem this tide. He began to pick up and nurture bit by bit the flickering embers To Yanan of this friendship, painstakingly and unremit- tingly. as much as any man could. He lived to by Zhoo Rongsheng see the beginnings of a rekindling of the friend- one f ine afternoon in March 1937, 20 pro- ship and mutual understanding between the fiN \-/ gressive Chinese stud€nts gathered in the Chinese and American peoples which he had living room of an American professor. They fought {or all his life. But he did not live to came to hear about Edgar Snow's trip to see the New Spring of Friendship coming to the Red Army base area, Yanan, I was among fruition between the peoples of China and the them, and for the first time was presented with USA, nor did he live to see the normalization of a candid picture of New China. relations between the two countries. It is disturbing to see the dark,clouds on the horizon revolving around the Taiwan issue of arms sales The author is vice-director of the Bei jing and other actions trying to turn the clock back. Workers' Publishing House.

February 15, 1982 21 Edgar Snow showed us 200 postcard-size -and asked him how to get there, the obstacles I photographs and several typed manuscripts of might eome across and the precautions I should Red Star Ooer China. We passed them around take. He meticulously answered my enquiries. with great interest. We felt very lucky to be among the first peaders of this book, which to- Later, 10 students including myself used the day is inteinationally renowned. With the help pretense of going on a spring holiday trip to of his wife Nym Wales, Edgar Snow projected leave Beijing for Yanan. We followed the map the film'he shot in Yanan. We were impressed drawn by Snow and arrived at the revolution- by the dynamic spirit in the base area, the well- ary centre, Yanan. trained and powerful Red Army and the The next evening we were taken to Chair- vigorous images of Mao Zed.ong, Zhou Enlai, man Mao's cave room. He talked with us late Zhu De and other revolutionary leaders in re- into the night and answered our questions, in- viewing the army, and spontaneously clapped cluding whether resistance against our hands. a war of Japan would break out, if China could win the Snow cranked the projector by hand and war, how the war would be fought and why explained each picture as the image rushed the Communist Party should co-operate with by. The end contained some footage of Zhou the corrupt Kuomintang. We found his talk Enlai shaking hands with a heavily bearded inexhaustible. Several days later, we attended you man. Edgar Snow asked in Chinese: "Do a meeting and heard his report on the united know who this bearded man is? An 'im- front. perialist.''l We looked closely and realized that the man was Snow himself. We bursted into We were also received by Zhu De and laughter. The last several frames, which were Dong Biwu, both took considerable time to talk shot by somebody else, revealed Snow's tired with us. In addition. a member of the Secre- and unshaven image and we realized how hard tariat of the Party Central Committee assembled he had worked during this trip. all the Party members in our group for a After the film, Snow briefed us about the meeting. main points of his talk with Chairman Mao and told us what he had observed during the three We learnt a great deal in a few days- Nine months with the Red Army and the stories he students returned to Beijing to organize the had heard about the Long March. He also talk- student movement; one remained to study in ed about the little Red Army soldiers. They Yanan. When we bade farewell to Chairma,n were still children, but they had walked on the Mao, he told us that the analysis of :the latest 25.000-li Long March and had fought many bat- situation, r'evealed Japan would soon attack tles, which seemed quite unbelievable to us. China and Beijing would be part of the national In response to his stories and photos. we pro- defence front. He ehcouraged us to be models claimed: "Miraculous!" for the people. ^A,s the afternoon drew to a close. Edgar Snow showed us a copy of Chair- Progressive young people rvho u'erc inspired by Snos,'s man Mao's poem ?he Long March. I reports to go set Yanarr for thcmselves. immediately felt that it was different from my favourite classical poems. The Chairman's lyrics contained the revolu- tionary spirit of the times. I hurried to take out my notebook and copy it. T'his verse was my treasure. Before we left, Snow added: "I only know a little about them. If you wdnt to know more, you'd better go there and have a look for yourselves." These words had a big i.mpact on me. I thought, if a foreign journalist could risk his life to go to the communist area, why couldn't I set foot on this Iand? I resolved to go too. Subse- quently I talked privatelv with Snorv

22 After returning, we presented our ex- written in English, we presented our feelings periences to the progressive student organiza- and worries and asked Mme. Soong to tell us tions and other students. Another group of what to dol students was organized to visit Yanan. It too When we gathered that sunny sitting followed the route charted by Snow. in room about a fortnight later, Mr. Snow handed Edgar Snow was more than a teacher of us a reply signed by Mme. Soong. She began us, a few students; his writings enlightened by addressing us "Dear Students." After prais- and encouraged countless progressive youth to ing our patriotic enthusiasm and censuring embark on the revolutionary road. Chiang Kai-shek's acts of national betrayal, she told us that Chinese youths living on the north frontline should not be weighed down by wor- Amidst Student Movemellt... ries and books. "You should show your metdle by Chen Honbo and swing into action!" she suggested. But how? TI{E time was a late-autumn day in October r 1935; the place was somewhere beside Bei- Mrs. Snow, who was easily excited, made jing's egstern city wall. An unrestrained at- some suggestions, mosphere prevailed in the small sitting room as "You should take to the street!" she said. we, a group of Yenching UniverSity students, 'lWhy not make a man of strarv, write the two chatted with our host and hostess-Edgar Snow big characters 'North China' on it, place it on and his wife. Ttre discussion centred on the a coffin and carry it through the streets as if situation of north China, which was then in tq bury it? This is the way to tell the masses: danger of being taken over by the Japanese. North China will be doomed!" Nonetheless, the reactionary government sought too to appease Japan by conceding Chinese territbry We rejected her suggestion for being with the hope that it would not make further American and inappropriate for so serious a inroads southward across the Huanghe (Yellow) situation. River. Flushing, she vehemently defended her Snow had recently resigned his Yenching recommendation. University'teaching post and was working as a Our heated debate went on for quite some freelance reporter for the Neu York Sun,. He time. We still hadn't decided what to do by the had ready access to information and progressive time we returned to our dormitory, students frequented his residence for news. At made friends their house. that time, we had just sponsoled a' current af- We two new in introduced us a fairs study society among our schoolmates and One of them was simply to He was surnamed Yu, but we had no were secretly editing a wall newspaper. In the "David." his Chinese given name first issue we called for opposing autocracy and way of kno.wing what national betrayal We advocated fighting for was. democracy and unified resistance.to the Japa- David was a Beijing University mathema- nese. We openly declared that the Red Army tics student and he was full of ideas. He said was our hope. In the second issue, we pdsted up that if we wanted to demonstrate in the streets, clippings of eight portraits - Lu Xun, Henri the, first thing to do was to fight for the free- Barbusse, Maxim Gorky, etc. - under a banner dom of the press, speech,'assembly and associa- headlihe that read: "International anti-fascist tion. After becoming familiar with our political cultural fighters.." The portrait of Soong Ching inclinations, he often dropped in to chat with Ling was the most eye-catching of, all. us. He was, indeed, a spell-binder. We adored dormitory "Can we write a letter to Madame Soong him and whenever he came to our go. Ching Ling?" we asked Snow. we were reluctant to let him "Suie," he answered, "I know her and I Another new friend was a history student Yao can hand deliver your lett'er." from Qinghua University. His name was Keguartg, but we chose to call him Yorker. We We set pen to paper at once. Mrs. Snow* were on very good terms with him in no time- served as the typist. In the letter, which was

The author is now acting head of the State * Her full name is Helen Foster Snow and her Publishing Administration. pen name since 1936 has been Nym Wales.

February 15, 1982 23 Both new friends held the same opinions and their analyses of the situation rang true to us. Talking and working with them, we were not only receiving their ideological influence; we also ]earnt a lot about how to work. We fre- quently discu.ssed the possibility of conducting a legal stlur;lL, rgainst the reactionary govern- ment. We decided to fight for the freedom of speech first. Soon afterwards we showed the Snows a declaration we drafted against civil war. It also demanded resistance to Japan. They immediately translated it into English.

The student movement surged ahead de- spite the bitter winter. Finally, the day we hacl been anxiously anticipating arrived. On Decem- ber 8, Wang Rumei, Chairman of the Yenching students self-governing executive cbmmittee (now he is Vice-Premier and Foreign Minister Huang Hua), brought us the word for action: A parade was to be held the next day. The next three hours were devoted to pre- parations. We conducted an intense student meeting that night and passed a resblution to take to the street the next morning. Afterwards, our contacts with the Snorvs ' We then informed the Snows of our plans, became moie frequent. Before the December including the slogans we intended to use, the 16 march, we again appraised them of our plans. route of the procession and the site for gather- This time the place for assenrbly was Tianqiao ing. On December 9. students from Yenching in the southern section of the city. Snow climb- took pro- and other universities to the streets to ed on to the Qianmen rostrum beforehand. He test the government's capitulation to the Japa- used that vantage point to shoot a picture of nese invaders' strategy of taking Chinese terri- historic significance as the students poured tory. Snow and his wife joined the marching from their Tianqiao mass meetihg into the inner students. city (see above). The parade met with armed suppression. The Snows treasured their memory of the Shouting slogans and using their bare fists, the December I rnovernent. In 1960, when Snow students fought soldiers who were armed with returned to China, he recalled this incident with butcher knives. That night, Sno'iv cabled a long enchanting vigour. telegram to the Neus York Sun in which he call- This American supported ed the demonstration another "May 4th Move- couple actively anti-Japanese and believ- ment"* launched by Beijing students. He was the our activities deeply that Chinese Party the only foreign correspondent in Beijing to report ed the Communist '*'as hope the They on the incident. None of Beijing papers dared for the emancipation of nation. provided carry any news on the ddmonstration. us with every convenien'ce for ourr ac- tivities. We got to know the Beijing leaders of Responding to'Snow's suggestion, we held a the' underground Party organization in their press conference on December 12 for foreign small sitting room. David, as it turned out correspondents. Mr. Snow, a IJP reporter and later, was Huang Jing. After liberation he serv- five other foreign nelvsmen attended. ed as the mayor and city Party committee se- cretary of Tianjin and later as Minister of the First Ministry of Machine-Building Industry. + Launched first by students in Beijing,, this Unfortunately, he died of illness 1958. Yorker was large-scale in a anti-imperialism, anti-feudal rev- ,now olutionary movement in modern China. It marked wag Yao Yilin, a Vice-Premier of the State the awakening .of the Chinese people. Council. I shall never forget that small sitting

24 Beiiing Review, No. 7 room where we university students caried out feudalism since the 1920s. He described the acts revolutionaly activities rvith the Party's under- of opposition to the old order as "healthy ground organization. chaos . in which are being fermented the germs of mighty and meaningful economic, We were admitted into the Party around political and cultural transitions," Februaiy 1936. In the spring of that year, Snow established relations with the underground oi- He confidently proclaimed to the vrorld: ganization of our Party. With the help of the "And they are the conditions of mutation which Party, he visited the north Shaanxi revolution- have hitherto inade the earth fecund and stirred ary base area and began r.vork on his classic with new life the womb of great art," even book Red Star Ouer China. t[ough he did not have a high opinion of the artistic merits of China's contemporary litera- ture in the 1930s. Snow and "Living China" Because he waS not Chinese, his understand- ing, his teelings and his internationalist spirit by Xioo Qion deserved pa.rticular attention. In the book's introduction, written in July [\ ARLY in the 1930s, Edgar Snow did a signiti- 1936, Snow wrote that he decided to compile the r-l gsn[ thing for China: he, together with collection one year after he first heard of Lu his wif e Helen Foster Snow. introduced Xun in 1930. .4,t that time, Lu Xun was a leader readers abroad to the progress of China's new, of the League of Chinese Left-Wing Writers, one literature and some representative works. Liuing of the organizations under fire f rorn the China, the collection of short stories they com- reactionary government. To compile this book, piled and edited, served as a prelude to Snou,'s Snow visited Lu Xun in Shanghai on master work. Red Star Ouer China. several occasions and the latter showed In the autumn of 1944. Snow was one of six warm support for his plan. Snow's first impres- Ameriban correspondents who were permitted sions of the literary master were of his "broad- to cover the eastern lront. When he arrived in minded humanitarianist spirit, great enthusiasm Paris, gunpor,vder smoke still hung in the sky. towards the people anC insight of things around I was there. too, ready to follow the Seventh him." Army to the Rhine. As we both were war cor- In an article entitled "Lu Xun," included in respondents. we lived in the same hotel I chanced this collection. Snow wrote emphatically. "He to meet him inlhe corridor. Although many year-s remains distinctly a product of his environment have elapsed since then, I stiIl clearly remember and everything he writes is informed and shap- two things he said; "China is truJ.y m;r second ed by his subjective impressions in transitional home," and "It was Lu Xun lvho gave me the China." key to the understanding of China." We rem- The book took five years to complete. In inisced about how Liuing Chino can're to be. helping to edit Liuing China, I came to under- In the early 1930s, Snor,t read [,u Xun's stand the criterion by which he chose the stories writings and many works by. other Chinese authors of the decade. Through the images and spirit of the new literature, he saw not only the wounds and bloodstains on a nation under the "-ast . ''! &i, k hoofs of imperialist powers. but also the nation'.s Y& ei$ii'lri$a {s} ,&e staunch and lofty nature. He gradually came to $6#FYds understand the greatness of the Chinese people L!! and to sympathize ',vith China's revolut.ionarv ca use.

Sevetal paragraph.s of the Introduction to Liuing China might be considered praises sung by a foleigner f or China's struggle against

The author is one ol Sno',v's students ancl a cor- tespondent and a prolific rvr.iter of stories and essays. Sorne of Snorv's nurnerous writings abotrt China.

February 15, 1982 25 They were not required to have beautiful some short stories, he was extremely interested style in fact not matter much the in those which exposed imperialist ag- - it did if cultural language was somewhat crude. Snow wanted gression. However. this was seen as a "treason articles that detailed, exposed and condemned and heresy" in Yenching University at that time. Chinese social reality. He asked me to translate into English my story "Conversion," about the Salvation Army buying The first part of the collection consists of "souls" in Beijing's slums. I was shy. but Snow seven of Lu Xun's short stories. The seco'nd part saw immediately what was in my mind. He includes two stories by each of Mao Dun, Tian told me that he was not seeking works by Jun and Ding Ling. Representative individual famous writers, but what he wanted was the pieces by Guo Moruo, Ba Jin and others also social contents of the works. He said that he appear in this part. felt this story would fill a gap in his collection. The book also includes an autobiographical He had already compiled stories about bank- account by Yang Gang, one of my schoolmates. ruptcy in the countryside and about women's Written under the pseudonym Shih Ming, "Frag- oppression, but had no descriptions of Western ment From a Lost Diary" describes how a revolu- ''civilization" deceiving the thinking of the peo- tionary young couple were arrested and impris- ple. I was thus persuaded to translate the story oned. Yang, perhaps fearing for her own personal into English. safety. did not reveal her part in the collection When Lit-rin g China came off the press, for many years. When the book was printed. unlike other Westerners in China, Snow had not Snow's introductory paragraph for her piece taken undu6 credit. The cover did not say read: "Shih Ming is the pseudonym of a Chinese "Translated by Edgar Snow" but "Compiled and woman writer. . She was born in Hubei, in Edited by Edgar Snow.'' In the Introduction, he a 'lofty-doored' family of the upper class. Her frankly told the leader.s: "I knew little Chinese father was an important landlord and high of- then (and make no claims to sinology now)." He ficial of the provincial government. Her mentioned the translators and thanked them for courage and daring in utilizing social material their contributions to the book. His honest_v show an emancipation which will astound . u'as rare under the conditions of those days. At those who have persisted in believing that Chi- a time u.'hen most foreigners treated Chinese as nese art is incapable of a sharp revolutionary cows that could produce milk for them. Snou, break with the past." took us as equal partners who co-operated rvith When Snow was told that I was writing him for the same causc u

Forum Strategy for Developing Agriculture

Chinese etperts haue engaged in a Liuely debate during the past two Aears about national ffiodern Agriculture $hould agr icultur al str at eg y. Some suggest that China' jotlou; the et- Be Based on lnimal a^nple bJ the West European countries and susitch emphasis f rom grain prod,uction to llusbandry anirnal husbandry- This would. make it possible Jor the Chinese people, whose preselLt diet con- by Liu Zhenbon, a researcher of the sists primnrily oJ grain and. uegetables, to in- World Econamy Institute ol the Chi- crease their meat consumption. Ad,uocates of nese Academy oJ Social Sciences. this change also sag that the output ualue oJ HINA cannot expect anl, significant in- anr,mal husband.ry will increase the present f\ from \-,/ creases in agricultural development unless 15 to 40-50 per cent of total agricultural. output it derrotes far nrore resources to anirrral hus- oalue by the end of this centurA. Some people bandry. disagree. The follotoing articles erplain three of the most comrrlonlA presented positions 'Ln The nation presently seeks to increase this intportant debate. - Ed. grain output by boosting per-unit yields because 26 Beijing Reoiett, No. 7 Sonre people, ar gue that Western nations halvr. ,succeeded rvith animai husbar-rdry becausc the1, have fodder industries and because they ale sc,lI-suf ficient in grairi production. Facts, horvever. show that this is not true. Western Eurc-rpe cstablished a f oundation f or animal husbandlv after the mjcl-l9th century. after its inetficic.nt larming system impeded increa.sed grain pr:oduction. This iorced the peopie tLr 1r'trnsform land formerly sor.r.'n with grain inlo pasture.s In this way, they increased foddel pr

Given its present level of grain prodr"rc- tion. Chintr has aiready laid the groundwork Ior" shilting emphasis to animal husbandry. It is rvrong tcr think that only grain can be used to feed animals. Take pig raising for exanrple. ln south China, pigs are mainly fed grass. Potatoes and grain are only used to fatten them. 'fhe amount o1 manure a pig producrei^ can help pt'oduce 100-200 kilogrammes of grain. rvhi<-'h :rre m()to than it con.sLlmers. .t Pt,asanls o.l llonghu ( rtrnly. Huhci l'rovin('('. 0n tlrcir China ha.s gleat potential tol f ult,her- lvay to selling grain 1rl the slate. Loratrrl in e0ntral ,,ltr,eloping li'r,estcick breeding. This is not my China, Hubei is knorvn as a land ol [ish and rire- s'.tbjec1 ive opinion. but an objective demand of Lhe developnrent ri1 rnodern agriculture the amount of land suited for grain pt'()ductiorr is limited. But per-unil .yield increase is limiteci because of organic lertilizer .shortage.s. This r,"i11 ultimately result in decreases in organic Ihe Slrategic Emphasis Should substances in the soll and the dt'lelioration ,rl soil structure. Be on Grain Production Livestock. f ruit and ()il-bearing crops ar'(' more profitable and h:tve morr. potential pt'o- bp KtL Grti.shertg, o teacher in the eco- grain production. ductirrity than rtonrics d.epartnrent oJ the PLA The experiences oI thc developed cout-llties Pr' example, for the annual amount of meat, people's diet and to institute an effective divi- rrrilk and eggs each person consumes, 995 sion of labour between various agricultural kilogrammes of grain are needed for animal departments or to raise the level of these depart- feed. In West Germany. the figure is 745 kilo- ments' professional skllls. Furthelmore, relying gramrnes. In the derreloped countries. 7 on grain production alone does not genel'ate the kilogrammes of grain are needed for producing large sums of money needed for purchasing the) one kiJoglamme of beef, 4 kilogrammes for one machinery and chemical fertilizers required by kilogramme o{ pork and 2 kilogrammes for one modern agriculture. Therefot'e, without large kilogramme of chicken. The United States and , increases in animai husbandry. China cannot ex- Ciinada have enough grain for these purposes, pect to achieve the modernization of agriculturt' but other countries. .such as Japan and West

Februaru 15, 1982 Germany, have to depend on imports. General- if the composition of the natibnal diet ischanged, J.y speaking, without sufficient animai feed it would be disastrous. So it is unneeessaty is difficult Ior anirnai husbandry to develop at to follow the beaten track of the develop- a quick rate. ed countries. Rather. we should proceed from the actual gradually In China, annual per-capita grain consump- conditions of China and increase proportion tion has long been at the 300-kilogramme level, the of animal husbandry hand in, hand with the growth agricul- lo'"ver: than the average rvorld level of 350 of total tural value. kilogrammes. Given this, it is totally im- output practical for China to turn several kilogrammes of grain into one kilogramme of meat and to give priority to developing livestock breedipg. It would be even more absurd if we have to lleuelop Agriculture in a depend on grain imports to maintain such b system GomprehensiYe Hay

China has only 220 million hectares of by Shi Shan, Deputg Secretarll- grassland (80 million hectares of them are located General ol the Chinese Academg o[ in sandy areas); this and the 46 mil.lion hectares Sciences. of hillside pastures in the agricultural areas amouilt to 260 million-plus hectares. If a good /-\ HINA'S agriculture has tn,o salient features- job is done, China's grasslands can provide \-.r pi61. per-capita acreage of cultivated Iand 1,000-1,500 miilion kilogrammes of meat, averag- is fairly lirnited, while mountainous areas, ing 1-1.5 kilogrammes for each person. There- water surfaces and grassland. which abound i,n fore, it is impossible for China to greatly in- natural resources, account for about 90 per cent crease the proportion of animal husbandry in of the total territory. Second, it is backward in its total agricultural output value. both technology and equipment, .but has a huge labour force. One nrore important feature is The ccimposition of a nation's basic diet that both the state and the peasant.s are rather evolves during lhe course of the society's his- poor. All this nece.ssitates the principle of tor'ical deveiopment. The percentage of meat developing agriculture in a comprehensive way. consumed is not an adequate criterion f or judging ,'vhether a country or nation is ad- The main idea of the principle is this: While vanced or backward. Many Western countries making full use of existing farmland. major have already beguin to recognize the serious harm effort should be devoted to tapping the potential r.vhich excessive meat consumption can produce of the other land and sea areas so as to simul- in regard people's to heatth. As a result, they taneously develop farming. f orestry, animal have begun to ur:ge their ciiizens to consume less husbandry, fishery, industry and sideline oc- meat. cupations. Wo should gradually equip aglicul- ture with industrial goods in the In order to get maximum benefit from its light of the financial ability of the state and the coilective agricultural resources, China should place and the production capaciiv o1' thc various in- primary r:mphasis on grain production. It dustrial sectors. should also make full use of all available land ar-rd simultaneously strive to cievelop farming. As to farmland capita) construction. thc: fr>restry. animai husbandry, sideiine occupations stress should be put on growing grass, building and fisher;7. China should not even consider fore.st*s. conserving .,vater and improving the placi,ng ernpha.sis on animal husbandr-y alone. soil. At. the same time, animal husbandry should be developed. The development of fruit. grain. It is nol realistic assume long- to that oii-bearing crops and economic fcirests in the estabiished national patterns of -food consump- mountainous areas will help provide large tion can quickly be changed. This does not quantities ol food to make up for the grain mean we cannot increase the present supply of shortage. mest alrd milk. If China's annual per-capita grain consumption can be raised to 400 kilo- With the growth of production. we should. grammes, the people will be well fed and step by step, develop rurai ellergy sources. healthy. If we attempt to emulate Western live- transport and cornmunication-s, commerce. build- stock breeding tactics, grain consumption rvill ing indr.rstry, service trades. foreign trade and multiply too quickly. The eventual result, even the tourist indr.rstry u

28 Beijing Retiew. No. 7 CU!.'trUR,T & $CEEhACA

DANCE and force Jia Baoyu to marry a sword dance ior him and then Xue Baochai. kills herself to bolster his deter- Cfiinese Ballet The ballet focuses on the mination. ciimax of the story. It depicts Based on his study of last The Central Ballet Troupe's how Lin Daiyu, at the historical material, the choreo- new productions Dealh of Lin moment of her life, remembers grapher Niu Deli eliminated the romance, its happiness and Daigu and The General Bids IIis the sword dance. However, he does sadness- Lady Fareuell have been enthu- utilize some aspect.s of operatic siastically received by Beijing "I sought to create both bal- style. audiences since they opened last let and poetry," said choreo- The dance ''Drinking With December. These ballets suc- grapher Li Chengxiang. In Sorrpw" unfolds the generai's cessfully transform episodes Daiyu's solo dance and the p@s rough manner and heroism and from a classic novel and a de deue of Daiyu and Baoyu, the )ady's grace and tenderness. Beijing opera into dance Daiyu's sorrow and loneliness The hero's strength, ambition motrements. and the love between Daiyu and and deep love for his lady are Baoyu are portrayed with de- manif ested in lifts and bold Death sitions in the f eudai court. are bei,ng the defeated. When Their' Publicotian To Thel' fall in Ior.e. but the Jia general is leaving for the last- iami11' ()pposes this partnership ditch battle, his lady performs 8e Stepped Up The Chinese Government I'e- cently decided to reinstate the planning group for the compila- tion and publication of ancient books. This important decision will ultimately result in a significant increaSe in the number of books available on ancient Chinese culture and f acilitate attempts to pass its traditions on to future generations. During the long years from the emergence of Chinese char- acters to the 1911 Revolution, China publilhed more than 80,000 ancient titles on liter- philosophy, ,.t i-('enc fr0l1r "The (ieneral Bids IIis Lady Fiarer,ell"' ature. history.

F'ebruary 15. I982 29 medicine, engineering, astrono- some young researchers, They ENERGY my, meteorology and mathe- plan to translate or annotate matics. Some were inscribed on several famous or representativt: Tion jin U nderground oracle bones or tortoise shells. Iiterary. historical, philosophical Others Were u'ritten on bamboo as weil as Buddhist and Daoist Thermdl Woter Opened slips or silk. They were written books. They also plan to i,n different styles of calligraphy provide professional researchers Three unusuai thermal layers including zhuan sha (seal script). with some photolithographed covering an area of 700 square kai shu (regular script) and li materials on academic books. kilometres have been suc- shu (clerical script). A small rare and valuable ancient edi- cessfully exploied in Tianjin, number were written in minor- tions. and compile special and a north China industrial base. ity nationality languages ln- comprehensive indices and cluding Tartar, Manchu, Tibetan other reference books. The water is between 30-53 and Uygur. degrees Centigrade in the shal- During the 80s. 1.000 to 2,000 Iower layers and 60-96 degrees The planning group was first kinds of books r.r'ill be collated Centigrade in the deep ones. Ac- set up in 1958. In the follow- and annotated. cording to available data, the ing years, some 2,000 ancient thermal w-ater reserve in the books were sorted out and pub- shaliower layers is 12,000 mil- lished, including the punctuated 63 Additionol Volumes lion cubic metres. This could edition of The Tuenty-Four Ol Yongle Encyclopaedia provide 100 million cubic me- Histories and A Draft of Qing tres of water per year for 120 Historg as well as some otl:er The China Pless wiII soon re- ;-ears if the method of returning by collected or selected works lease another 63 r,olumes of the water is adopted. There are of important historical men Yong Le Da Dian (Great Ency- 7.200 miilion cubic metres oI poets letters, and thinkers. arr- clopaedia of the Yongle Period). thermal water in the deep notated versions and modern the first encyclopaedia of Chi- layers. enough for 72 years. translations of significant nese cultural history. classic-s and photostat copies of A total of 391 hot water wells some volunrinous reference Compiled in the Yongle years have been opened up, of which books. But the number falls far during the reign of Cheng Zu 259 are in use. most of them short of the wealth of ancient (Emperor Zhu Di) of the Ming located in the 200 square kilo- classics rvhich need to be edit- Dynast;, (1368-1644). the ency- metre urban area. A total oI ed and published clopaedia contained nearly 8.000 48.94 miliion tons of thermal important pre-NIing titles. in- rvater was used in 1979 for in- Today. the group's work is cluding- literature, arts. history. dustrial. agricultural and do- being emphasized. I-,i Yimang, philosoph-,-. religion. geography mestic purpose"s" 79. has been appointed head of and applied sciences. Unfor- water the new planning group. He has tunately. numerous volumes of With . the 50-degree part needs, the conducted considerable research the priceiess book were stolen supplying of its Tianjin Woollen Fabrics MiIl is on ancient Chinese books, espe- before the founding of the Pec> of cially classicatr Chinese litera- ple's Republic. As a result, annually saving 2,780 tons coal and 18,000 kwh of electric- ture. In the 1950s, he collated and many have disappeared. It is ity. And the water has helped annotated several collections of estimated that abor-rt 800 poems written during the Five volumes still exist in the world. improve the quality of its Dyrrasties (907-960). He thinks products too. The thermal water that besides adding punctuation" In 1960, the China Press puF is al.so being used in the city's annotation and collation. sys- lished photolithographed copies paper-making, timber, chemical tematic research. and appro- of the 730 volumes then avail- and food industries. Ttre Tian- priate academic evaluatir'rns able. The 63 volumes to be re- jin Guesthouse uses 42-degree must be made by the planning leased were only acquired after hot water for bathing and cen, gIoup. years of painstaking effort: 3 tral heating when reheated in from Shanghai Library, 5 from approximately 1,000 rooms. As The group is composed of 53 Taiwan. 7 from West Berlin. 3 a result, some 300 tons of coal members and assisted by 34 from West Germany. 22 ftom are saved each year. The Tian- advisers. Its members include Britain. 18 from Japan, 3 from jin No. 4 Foodstuff Factory and scholars who are known for re- thc' United States and 2 from the Tianjin Club use it for heat- search on ancient books and south Kolea. ing in winter.

30 Beijing Reoieu, No. 7 ANT PAGB

Traditional Chinese Puintings by Li Keran

A ct"lcbrated landscape painter in the traditional (jhinese style. Prof. l,i Keran rvas born in 190? in Xuzhou. ,liangsu Provinct-. IIe teaches in the ( entral Arrademl, ol Fine Arts and is irlso vice-chairman ol the Chinese Arlists' ;lssocia[ion.

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