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Springer Optimization and Its Applications VOLUME 73 Managing Editor Panos M. Pardalos (University of Florida) Editor–Combinatorial Optimization Ding-Zhu Du (University of Texas at Dallas) Advisory Board J. Birge (University of Chicago) C.A. Floudas (Princeton University) F. Giannessi (University of Pisa) H.D. Sherali (Virginia Polytechnic and State University) T. Terlaky (McMaster University) Y.Ye (Stanford University) Aims and Scope Optimization has been expanding in all directions at an astonishing rate during the last few decades. New algorithmic and theoretical techniques have been developed, the diffusion into other disciplines has proceeded at a rapid pace, and our knowledge of all aspects of the field has grown even more profound. At the same time, one of the most striking trends in optimization is the constantly increasing emphasis on the interdisciplinary nature of the field. Optimization has been a basic tool in all areas of applied mathematics, engineering, medicine, economics, and other sciences. The series Springer Optimization and Its Applications publishes under- graduate and graduate textbooks, monographs, and state-of-the-art expository work that focus on algorithms for solving optimization problems and also study applications involving such problems. Some of the topics covered include nonlinear optimization (convex and nonconvex), network flow problems, stochastic optimization, optimal control, discrete optimization, multiobjective programming, description of software packages, approxima- tion techniques and heuristic approaches. For further volumes: http://www.springer.com/series/7393 Giorgio Fasano • Ja´nos D. Pinte´r Editors Modeling and Optimization in Space Engineering Editors Giorgio Fasano Ja´nos D. Pinte´r Thales Alenia Space SpA Pinte´r Consulting Services Inc. Turin, Italy Halifax, Nova Scotia Canada ISSN 1931-6828 ISBN 978-1-4614-4468-8 ISBN 978-1-4614-4469-5 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-4614-4469-5 Springer New York Heidelberg Dordrecht London Library of Congress Control Number: 2012946722 MSC 2010 codes: 49-06, 05B40, 37N05, 37N40, 65K05, 70M20, 90-08, 90BXX, 90C11, 90C26, 90C29, 90C30 # Springer Science+Business Media New York 2013 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. Exempted from this legal reservation are brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis or material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the Copyright Law of the Publisher’s location, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer. Permissions for use may be obtained through RightsLink at the Copyright Clearance Center. Violations are liable to prosecution under the respective Copyright Law. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. While the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication, neither the authors nor the editors nor the publisher can accept any legal responsibility for any errors or omissions that may be made. The publisher makes no warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein. Printed on acid-free paper Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com) Preface Since the very beginnings of modern space exploration activities, the simultaneous consideration of key mission objectives and options—including technical feasibil- ity, mission safety, and cost-efficiency aspects—has been essential. Space engineer- ing projects have required, inter alia, the analysis and optimization of trajectories, fuel consumption, cargo handling, and other aspects of mission logistics, with paramount consideration given to crew and environmental safety. The experimental and commercial revenues expected from space activities such as the ones associated with the International Space Station have given rise to further challenging cost–benefit as well as risk analysis issues. The ambitious goals of future interplan- etary explorations including manned missions will also require advanced analysis and optimization of the systems and resources involved. While the necessary depth and quality of the decisions required in space engi- neering is ever increasing, we have also witnessed continuing innovation regarding both theoretical advances and ready-to-use tools for actual applications. The results of scientific innovation and algorithmic developments are supported and enhanced by today’s advanced computational modeling and optimization environments. Since the earliest space engineering applications, the solution of increasingly hard optimization problems has become necessary, giving rise to complex analytical and computational issues. Until just a few years ago, the common numerical approaches were essentially limited to handle certain continuous (linear or convex nonlinear) optimization and linearly structured combinatorial and mixed integer-continuous optimization problems. Recent advances in the area of computational global opti- mization allow the handling of (often) more realistic non-convex problem formulations. Furthermore, the consideration of integer decision variables in more flexible nonlinear modeling frameworks gives rise to often even harder (again, non- convex) combinatorial and mixed integer-continuous optimization problems. The solution of such computational challenges is becoming gradually more viable as a direct result of algorithmic advances and software development. The book emphasizes these new paradigms, by providing an in-depth discussion of mathe- matical modeling and algorithmic aspects of real-world space engineering applications. v vi Preface Classic and more recent space engineering problems—including cargo accommodation and object placement, flight control of satellites, system design and trajectory optimization, interplanetary transfers with deep-space maneuvers, low energy transfers, magnetic cleanliness modeling, propulsion system design, sensor system placement, space traffic logistics, and are discussed. Novel points of view related e.g., to computational global optimization and optimal control and to multidisciplinary design optimization are also given proper emphasis. A particular attention is paid (also) to scenarios expected in the context of future interplanetary explorations. The literature dealing with advanced modeling issues and optimization problems arising in space engineering mostly consists of works that address specialists. At the same time, there are only a few works available that cover a wide range of technical aspects and applications and target a broader readership. The present edited volume is aimed at meeting some of the resulting needs, by discussing current and prospec- tive applications of advanced optimization to handle some of the major challenges in space engineering in an expository manner. The contributing authors are well- recognized researchers and practitioners working in modeling and optimization related (also) to space engineering. The book offers an in-depth exposition of the mathematical modeling, algorith- mic and numerical solution aspects of all topics covered. A proper emphasis is placed upon recently developed modeling paradigms and computational tools, including global as well as local optimization, multidisciplinary design, and optimal control theory. Modeling and Optimization in Space Engineering primarily addresses researchers and practitioners in the field of space engineering. It will be useful also for aerospace graduate and postgraduate students willing to broaden their horizon, by studying real-world applications and challenging problems that they will be likely to meet in their professional activities. The contributed chapters are more focused on practical aspects than on theoretical rigor: for the latter readers will be referred (as needed) to the cited extensive literature. With this in mind, researchers and practitioners in mathematical modeling, operations research, math- ematical programming, optimization and optimal control will also benefit from the case studies presented. The approaches discussed can be extended also to application areas that are not necessarily related to space applications. The book can be also used as a reference to assist researchers and practitioners in developing novel applications. Readers will obtain a broad overview of some of the most challenging space engineering operational scenarios of today and tomorrow. This aspect will also benefit managers in the aerospace field, as well as in other advanced industrial sectors. Giorgio Fasano Ja´nos D. Pinte´r Turin, Italy Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada About the Editors Giorgio Fasano is a researcher and practitioner at Thales Alenia Space with more than 25 years of experience in the field of optimization,

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