DOCSLIB.ORG

Sp0103 32-36 Gaughan

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Sp0103 32-36 Gaughan Atomic Unique Atomic Spectroscopy Aims at Answering a Universal Question Richard Gaughan There is far more matter cover the detailed properties of the than antimatter in our antiproton. In 1930 Paul Dirac theoretically pre- universe, but scientists dicted the existence of these antimatter don’t know enough particles, which are the exact opposite of about the properties of common particles. The positron was ex- perimentally verified in 1932, while the antimatter to understand _ antiproton (p) was not observed until why. By spectroscopically 1955. Why did it take so long to experi- analyzing atoms created mentally identify the antiproton? One reason is that it is essentially nonexistent when antiprotons collide in our earthly environment, and it can with helium, physicists only be produced in particle accelerators at CERN are measuring more powerful than those required to produce positrons. the properties of The absence of antimatter was not a antimatter with subject of much concern until physicists unprecedented accuracy. began to improve our understanding of the origin of the universe. The early uni- verse, filled with dense energy, almost instantaneously expanded to the point where matter condensed from the initial PHOTODISC INCORPORATED PHOTODISC sea of energy. So where is the problem? e live in a universe con- The problem is that our current un- structed from atoms com- derstanding predicts that as the universe posed of light, negatively cooled, both matter and antimatter charged electrons orbiting should have been produced in roughly Wpositively charged protons and un- equivalent quantities. Something has to charged neutrons (both heavy). We account for the observed matter pre- know now that our universe could have dominance in today’s universe, and sci- been predominantly composed of anti- entists around the world are searching matter — atoms with light, positively for possibilities. The researchers of the charged positrons orbiting a nucleus “Atomic Spectroscopy and Collisions containing negatively charged antipro- Using Slow Antiprotons” (ASACUSA) Richard Gaughan tons and antineutrons, which, although experiment at CERN are seeking the an- is a freelance science uncharged, differ from neutrons in hav- swer within the details of antiproton journalist and optical systems engineer at ing opposite magnetic properties. properties. Mountain Optical The question of why we live in a uni- If the antiproton is a perfect analogue Systems Technology, P.O. verse of matter as opposed to antimatter to the proton, then its charge will be ex- Box 1589, Boulder Creek, is being addressed in what may seem to actly opposite, and its mass and mag- CA 95006. He may be be an unlikely place, using an unlikely netic moments will be identical. There contacted by e-mail at rgaughan@ technique. Physicists at CERN, the Eu- is, of course, a significant obstacle to mountainoptical.com. ropean Laboratory for Nuclear Physics measuring these quantities: antiprotons in Geneva, Switzerland, are using inno- don’t hang around very long. When a vative spectroscopic techniques to un- proton and antiproton meet, they mutu- 32 Spectroscopy 18(1) January 2003 www.spectroscopyonline.com Atomic ally annihilate, leaving only a burst of L pions. And, as previously noted, our universe has plenty of protons around, Ϫ55 eV so quick annihilation is the rule. Pro- tons and antiprotons are used as probes to investigate the structure of matter and antimatter, which is one reason that Ϫ p ␣ p ␣ e particle accelerators such as Fermilab B,n (Argonne, IL) and CERN create high- ␣ energy particle beams and observe the products of their collision with various targets. 39,38 ps fs ps In 1991 researchers at KEK, the accel- 38,37 erator located in Tsukuba, Japan, noted 37,36 an anomaly in the time spectrum of Ϫ 80 eV 36,35 annihilations following the collision of antiparticles with cryogenic- 35,34 temperature helium atoms. The annihi- 34,33 lation spectrum showed the expected nearly instantaneous burst — over in 33,32 nanoseconds — but in addition, a 20- ␮s-long tail was observed in the annihi- 32,31 lation spectrum. About 3% of the anti- protons incident on the helium target n,L ϭ 31,30 were not immediately annihilating. In- stead, the annihilation was somehow Figure 1. Antiprotonic helium is created when an antiproton replaces an electron in a helium atom. delayed. The experimental accuracy was The initial state is far from the ground state, with an antiproton orbit that keeps it far from the _ limited by the presence of other parti- nuclear protons. Laser excitation at energies resonant with energy level differences within the p cles in the incident beam, so the Japan- helium induce a transition to less stable states, where the antiproton rapidly collides with a nuclear ese team moved their experiment to proton, leading to a peak in the annihilation rate. CERN, where a higher-purity antipro- ton source was available. With the higher-quality CERN data, the explana- teractions of the particles within the system: the alpha particle of the helium tion was soon confirmed: the negatively atom. “The challenge is always to reach nucleus, the antiproton, and the re- charged antiprotons were replacing one ever-higher precision, ever-tighter com- maining electron. The three-body of the electrons in the helium atoms, parisons between the proton and an- quantum electrodynamics (QED) cal- creating a metastable antiprotonic he- tiproton, the world and the antiworld,” culation, although complex, is a tenable lium atom molecule, or atomcule (see said John Eades, a physicist on the problem, and extremely accurate theo- Figure 1). ASACUSA team. “The universe is a very retical predictions_ can now be made. The creation of this relatively long- big place and has been around for a The initial p helium atom is not a lived exotic atom was a fascinating re- very long time. There is time and space ground state system. Although the re- sult in its own right, but even more in- enough for extremely tiny violations of maining electron is typically in the triguing were the experimental the symmetry laws that we believe to ground state, the antiproton starts out 1/2 possibilities inherent in the new atom. govern its behavior to have produced in a state with n (M*/me) 38, In the same way that the simplest atom, very large effects, like the observed where n is the principal quantum num- hydrogen, with its single proton and matter–antimatter imbalance.”To de- ber (for the ground state_ n 1), M* is single electron, served as the principal tect differences between protons and the reduced mass of the p helium sys- testbed for investigating the properties antiprotons, a set of theoretical predic- tem, and me is the mass of the electron. of the electron and proton (and indeed, tions must be developed. The initial orbit is nearly circular, with for discovering the fundamental laws of l, the antiproton angular momentum ϳ quantum_ mechanics), antiprotonic he- The Theoretical Model quantum number, n 1. The lium (p helium) could serve as a test- If antiprotons are slowed enough, and metastability is a consequence of the bed for investigating the characteristics helium atoms are dense enough, then large angular momentum difference be- of the antiproton. Again, similar to the all the antiprotons will be captured in tween the antiproton and electron or- investigations into the hydrogen atom the target by helium atoms, each_ replac- bits, which makes it difficult for the en- of the last century, spectroscopy would ing one of the orbital electrons. p he- ergy to be transferred directly from the serve as a unique window into the in- lium can be thought of as a three-body antiproton to the electron. In addition, January 2003 18(1) Spectroscopy 33 Atomic ton mass is identical to the proton 0.84 mass, within 60 ppb. Eades noted that this accuracy is equivalent to “measur- 0.82 ing the height of two mountains the 0.80 height of Everest, and finding them the same to within about half a millimeter.” 0.78 Extending the Investigation 0.76 With the first-order transition energies (arbitrary units) 0.74 confirmed, the ASACUSA group turned ϩϩ R itself toward measuring higher-order 0.72 effects. Each (n,l) state is modified by spin-orbit interactions. The antiproton 0.70 total magnetic moment is a function of both angular momentum quantum 0.68 number and spin quantum number, where the angular momentum depends 12.87 12.88 12.89 12.90 12.91 12.92 12.93 12.94 12.95 on orbital characteristics, while spin refers to the intrinsic magnetic moment MW Frequency (GHz) of the respective particles. In the initial orbit, the antiproton’s angular momen- _ tum is on the order of 38, while its spin Figure 2. In addition to being split by electron spin magnetic interactions, each energy level of the p 1 He is further split by the smaller interactions of the antiproton spin. By tuning a laser to the is ⁄2, as indeed is that of the electron. transition between one super hyperfine structure level and the energy level associated with the next However, the electron’s spin moment principal quantum number the population of the SHFS levels is indicated by peaks in the results in a much stronger magnetic annihilation resonance. Frequency scanning a microwave beam repopulates the SHFS levels at the moment, so that the predominant in- resonance energies, which are again detected by annihilation peaks. teraction is between the antiproton’s or- bital angular momentum and the elec- tron’s spin. This hyperfine structure _ (HFS) is further complicated by the en- the initial p helium state is also well- third harmonic of a Coherent Laser Di- ergy splitting of antiproton spin-orbit shielded from collisions, minimizing vision (Santa Clara, CA) Q-switched interactions, which creates a super hy- the interaction with electric fields from Nd:YAG laser pumps a Lambda Physik perfine structure (SHFS).
Load more

Recommended publications
  • ANTIMATTER a Review of Its Role in the Universe and Its Applications
    A review of its role in the ANTIMATTER universe and its applications THE DISCOVERY OF NATURE’S SYMMETRIES ntimatter plays an intrinsic role in our Aunderstanding of the subatomic world THE UNIVERSE THROUGH THE LOOKING-GLASS C.D. Anderson, Anderson, Emilio VisualSegrè Archives C.D. The beginning of the 20th century or vice versa, it absorbed or emitted saw a cascade of brilliant insights into quanta of electromagnetic radiation the nature of matter and energy. The of definite energy, giving rise to a first was Max Planck’s realisation that characteristic spectrum of bright or energy (in the form of electromagnetic dark lines at specific wavelengths. radiation i.e. light) had discrete values The Austrian physicist, Erwin – it was quantised. The second was Schrödinger laid down a more precise that energy and mass were equivalent, mathematical formulation of this as described by Einstein’s special behaviour based on wave theory and theory of relativity and his iconic probability – quantum mechanics. The first image of a positron track found in cosmic rays equation, E = mc2, where c is the The Schrödinger wave equation could speed of light in a vacuum; the theory predict the spectrum of the simplest or positron; when an electron also predicted that objects behave atom, hydrogen, which consists of met a positron, they would annihilate somewhat differently when moving a single electron orbiting a positive according to Einstein’s equation, proton. However, the spectrum generating two gamma rays in the featured additional lines that were not process. The concept of antimatter explained. In 1928, the British physicist was born.
    [Show full text]
  • Precision Physics with Low-Energy Antiprotons — from Antiproton Decelerator to Flair∗
    Vol. 41 (2010) ACTA PHYSICA POLONICA B No 2 PRECISION PHYSICS WITH LOW-ENERGY ANTIPROTONS — FROM ANTIPROTON DECELERATOR TO FLAIR∗ Eberhard Widmann Stefan Meyer Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences Boltzmanngasse 3, 1090 Vienna, Austria (Received January 5, 2010) Experiments with low-energy antiprotons are currently performed at the Antiproton Decelerator of CERN. The main experiments deal with the spectroscopy of antiprotonic helium, an exotic three-body system, and the formation and spectroscopy of antihydrogen. A next generation facility FLAIR (Facility for Low-energy Antiproton Research) is planned at the FAIR facility, generating a factor 100 higher flux of stopped antiprotons and also offering continuous antiprotons beam, which will enable nuclear and particle physics type experiments. DOI:10.5506/APhysPolB.41.249 PACS numbers: 36.10.Gv, 11.30.Er, 14.20.Dh, 39.30.+w 1. Introduction The physics with low-energy antiprotons currently concentrates on pre- cision spectroscopy of antiprotonic atoms and antihydrogen. The reason for that is given by the characteristics of the only low-energy antiproton beam available currently at the Antiproton Decelerator (AD) of CERN. The AD [1,2] produces pulses of 3–5 × 107 antiprotons of 5.3 MeV kinetic energy every 90–120 second, which makes the beam only usable to be trapped in Penning traps or stopped in low-density gas targets. Two collaborations working at the AD, ATRAP [3] and ALPHA [4], have as goal to produce an- tihydrogen, the simplest atom consisting only of antimatter, from its charged constituents by trapping antiprotons and positrons in Pennning traps, to trap the resulting antihydrogen in a neutral-atom trap and to perform 1S–2S laser spectroscopy.
    [Show full text]
  • Antiprotonic Helium and CPT Invariance
    IOP PUBLISHING REPORTS ON PROGRESS IN PHYSICS Rep. Prog. Phys. 70 (2007) 1995–2065 doi:10.1088/0034-4885/70/12/R01 Antiprotonic helium and CPT invariance Ryugo S Hayano1, Masaki Hori1, Dezso˝ Horvath´ 2,4 and Eberhard Widmann3 1 Department of Physics, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan 2 KFKI Research Institute for Particle and Nuclear Physics, H-1525 Budapest, Hungary 3 Stefan Meyer Institute for Subatomic Physics, Boltzmanngasse 3, A-1090 Vienna, Austria E-mail: [email protected] Received 12 March 2007, in final form 31 July 2007 Published 1 November 2007 Online at stacks.iop.org/RoPP/70/1995 Abstract We review recent progress in the laser and microwave spectroscopy of antiprotonic helium atoms (pHe¯ + ≡ e− − p¯ − He++) carried out at CERN’s Antiproton Decelerator facility (AD). Laser transitions were here induced between Rydberg states (n, ) and (n ± 1, − 1) of pHe¯ + (n ∼ 40 and n − 1 being the principal and orbital angular momentum quantum numbers of the antiproton orbit). Successive refinements in the experimental techniques improved the fractional precision on the pHe¯ + frequencies from 3 parts in 106 to ∼1 part in 108. These included a radiofrequency quadrupole decelerator, which reduced the energy of the antiprotons from 5.3 MeV (the energy of the beam emerging from AD) to ∼100 keV. This enabled the production of pHe¯ + in ultra-low density targets, where collisional effects with other helium atoms are negligible. A continuous wave pulse-amplified dye laser, stabilized against a femtosecond optical frequency comb, was then used to measure the pHe¯ + frequencies with ppb-scale precision.
    [Show full text]
  • Energies and Relativistic Corrections for the Metastable States of Antiprotonic Helium Atoms
    VOLUME 79, NUMBER 18 PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 3NOVEMBER 1997 Energies and Relativistic Corrections for the Metastable States of Antiprotonic Helium Atoms V. I. Korobov Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, 141980, Dubna, Russia D. D. Bakalov Institute for Nuclear Research and Nuclear Energy, Tsarigradsko chaussée 72, Sofia 1784, Bulgaria (Received 16 April 1997) We present accurate results for the energy levels of antiprotonic helium atoms with the relativistic and QED corrections of order a4mc2 taken into account. These results reduce the discrepancy between theory and experiment to about 5–10 ppm and rigorously confirm Condo’s model of metastability for the long-lived fraction of antiprotonic helium. The present level of precision enables the unambiguous ascription of quantum numbers to all of the transition lines observed so far. [S0031-9007(97)04162-8] PACS numbers: 36.10.–k, 31.15.Ar Over the past few years a new experimental program The antiprotonic helium atom consists of three particles: has been launched [1] following the discovery that a a helium nucleus, an electron, and an antiproton which sub- fraction of the antiprotons stopped in a helium target stitutes the second electron of the helium atom. The non- survive for a surprisingly long time (tens of microseconds) relativistic Hamiltonian (in atomic units e ­ hÅ ­ me ­ [2]. As suggested by Condo [3] more than 20 years ago, 1) can be written in Jacobian coordinates as the longevity of antiprotons in helium is explained by the 1 1 2 1 2 existence of metastable states of the exotic atom He1pÅ . H ­ 2 DR 2 Dr 2 1 2 , (1) 2M 2m rHe rpÅ R In these states the antiproton, after having substituted one 21 21 21 21 21 of the electrons of the neutral helium atom, settles in where M ­ MHe 1 MpÅ and m ­ me 1 sMHe 1 21 a nearly circular orbit sn, ld with the principal quantum MpÅ d , r is the position vector of the electron with respect number n close to the value MyMe ø 38, where M to the center of mass of the heavy particles, rHe and rpÅ are is the reduced mass of pÅ .
    [Show full text]
  • Spectroscopy of High Rydberg States of Highly Charged Ions and Antiprotonic Helium Atoms
    RIKEN Review No. 31 (November, 2000): Focused on Production of Ultra Slow Highly-Charged Ions and Its Application Spectroscopy of high Rydberg states of highly charged ions and antiprotonic helium atoms Hiroyuki A. Torii,∗1 Y. Morishita,∗2 Y. Yamazaki,∗1,∗2 K. Komaki,∗1 K. Kuroki,∗1 R. Hutton,∗3 K. Ishii,∗4 K. Ando,∗2 H. Masuda,∗5 M. Sekiguchi,∗6 M. Hori,∗7 E. Widmann,∗7 and R. S. Hayano∗7 ∗1 Institute of Physics, University of Tokyo, Komaba Campus ∗2 Atomic Physics Laboratory, RIKEN ∗3 Department of Physics, University of Lund, Sweden ∗4 Department of Engineering Science, Kyoto University ∗5 Department of Industrial Chemistry, Tokyo Metropolitan University ∗6 Center for Nuclear Study, University of Tokyo, RIKEN Campus ∗7 Department of Physics, University of Tokyo, Hongo Campus We have performed fluorescence spectroscopy of high Rydberg states of highly charged ions (HCIs) extracted in vacuum using a microcapillary foil target. We identified photons emitted from ions with one electron in a high n Q + Rydberg state, for ∆n = 1 transitions from Q 1 3 states in the VUV-visible-NIR light range. Time- resolved measurements clearly showed radiative cascade, and the initial population was deduced for the first time n Q + by our analysis which revealed that the electrons are preferentially transferred to states around 1, in good agreement with the classical over-barrier model. Also, laser spectroscopy of antiprotonic helium atom is introduced in the latter section to give a hint to the similar time-variant method for the aim of mapping the initial population, which gives an important information of atomic capture process of antiprotons.
    [Show full text]
  • A Constraint on Antigravity of Antimatter from Precision Spectroscopy of Simple Atoms*
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Springer - Publisher Connector ISSN 1063-7737, Astronomy Letters, 2009, Vol. 35, No. 10, pp. 663–669. c Pleiades Publishing, Inc., 2009. Published in Russian in Pis’ma v Astronomicheski˘ı Zhurnal, 2009, Vol. 35, No. 10, pp. 736–744. A Constraint on Antigravity of Antimatter from Precision Spectroscopy of Simple Atoms* S. G. Karshenboim** Max-Planck-Institut fur¨ Quantenoptik, Garching, 85748 Germany Mendeleev Institute for Metrology, St. Petersburg, 190005 Russia Received November 28, 2008 Abstract—Consideration of antigravity for antiparticles is an attractive target for various experimental projects. There are a number of theoretical arguments against it but it is not quite clear what kind of experimental data and theoretical suggestions are involved. In this paper we present straightforward arguments against a possibility of antigravity based on a few simple theoretical suggestions and some experimental data. The data are: astrophysical data on rotation of the Solar System in respect to the center of our galaxy and precision spectroscopy data on hydrogen and positronium. The theoretical suggestions for the case of absence of the gravitational field are: equality of electron and positron mass and equality of proton and positron charge. We also assume that QED is correct at the level of accuracy where it is clearly confirmed experimentally. PACS num b e r s : 04.80.Cc; 11.30.Er; 12.20.Fv DOI: 10.1134/S1063773709100028 Key words: Equivalence principle, CPT symmetry, Galactic gravitational field, quantum electrody- namics, precision spectroscopy. INTRODUCTION dominates over any general relativity effects), have the same absolute values for particles and antiparticles; After producing cold antihydrogen atoms via the (iii) the particle–particle and antipartic-le–anti- recombination of positrons and antiprotons [1, 2] a particle gravitational interaction is attractive, while number of possibilities to experimentally test CPT in- the particle–antiparticle one is repulsive.
    [Show full text]
  • Single-Photon Laser Spectroscopy of Cold Antiprotonic Helium
    Hyperfine Interaction (2018) 239:44 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10751-018-1518-y Single-photon laser spectroscopy of cold antiprotonic helium Masaki Hori1 © The Author(s) 2018 Abstract Some laser spectroscopy experiments carried out by the Atomic Spectroscopy and Col- lisions Using Slow Antiprotons (ASACUSA) collaboration to measure the single-photon transition frequencies of antiprotonic helium (pHe+ ≡ p+He2+ +e−) atoms are reviewed. The pHe+ were cooled to temperature T = 1.5–1.7 K by buffer-gas cooling in a cryogenic gas target, thus reducing the thermal Doppler width in the single-photon resonance lines. The antiproton-to-electron mass ratio was determined as Mp/me = 1836.1526734(15) by comparisons with the results of three-body quantum electrodynamics calculations. This agreed with the known proton-to-electron mass ratio. Keywords Antiprotonic helium · CPT symmetry · Exotic atoms 1 Introduction Metastable antiprotonic helium (pHe+ ≡ p + He2+ + e−) is a three-body atom composed of a helium nucleus, an electron in the ground state, and an antiproton occupying a Ryd- berg state of principal and orbital angular momentum quantum numbers n ∼ − 1 ∼ 38 [1–3]. By measuring its transition frequencies by laser spectroscopy [4–7], and comparing the values with the results of three-body quantum electrodynamics (QED) calculations, the antiproton-to-electron mass ratio Mp/me can in principle be determined with a relative pre- cision of < 10−11. This corresponds to the best determinations of the proton-to-electron + mass ratio Mp/me from Penning trap experiments [8–12], or laser spectroscopy of HD molecular ions [13–15].
    [Show full text]
  • Testing CPT Invariance with Antiprotonic Atoms
    ARTICLE IN PRESS Radiation Physics and Chemistry 76 (2007) 397–403 www.elsevier.com/locate/radphyschem Testing CPT invariance with antiprotonic atoms Dezso+ Horva´tha,b,Ã aKFKI Research Institute for Particle and Nuclear Physics of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences (KFKI-RMKI), P.O. Box 49, H-1525 Budapest, Hungary bInstitute of Nuclear Research of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences (ATOMKI), P.O. Box 51, H-4001 Debrecen, Hungary Received 31 August 2005; accepted 5 January 2006 Abstract The structure of matter is related to symmetries on every level of study. The CPT symmetry is one of the most important laws of the field theory: it states the invariance of physical properties when one simultaneously changes the signs of the charge and of the spatial and time coordinates of particles. Although in general opinion CPT symmetry is not violated in Nature, there are theoretical attempts to develop CPT-violating models. The antiproton decelerator at CERN has been built to test CPT invariance. Its three experiments compare the properties of particles and antiparticles by studying antihydrogen, the positron–antiproton bound system and the antiprotonic helium atom. r 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. PACS: 11.30.Er; 14.20.Dh; 36.10.Àk Keywords: CPT invariance; Antiproton; Antihydrogen; Antiprotonic helium 1. Introduction: symmetries in particle physics coordinate axes at any angle is the origin of angular momentum conservation. Symmetries in particle physics are even more important Spin is one of the most important properties of the than in chemistry or solid state physics. Just like in any particles: those having half-integer spins are the fermions theory of matter, the inner structure of the composite whereas the integer-spin particles are bosons.
    [Show full text]
  • A Testing Time for Antimatter Tator During the Capture Process
    The Antiproton Decelerator at CERN used in the preparation of the antiprotonic helium atoms. n = 31 to n = 40 are probed. The overlap of _ the wave functions of p and He2+ is minimal if the high-n Rydberg states exhibit a large angular momentum—for example, in a state such as n = 38 with l = 36 or 37 (where l de- notes the quantized angular momentum). These circular states have typical lifetimes of microseconds, long enough to perform a la- ser experiment. Narrow spectral lines can be measured to determine level energies to high accuracy. The Rydberg constant of the heavy- _ Rydberg pHe+ ion pair is so large that the transitions by which the n-quantum number changes by unity lie in the wavelength range of the near-infrared, visible, and ultraviolet, where Hori et al. have narrowband and sta- PHYSICS ble lasers at hand. The second electron of the helium atom remains in its 1s orbital, and it acts as a spec- A testing time for antimatter tator during the capture process. It favorably shields the composite newly built electrically _ Precision measurement of antiprotonic helium neutral epHe system during collisions with the outside world. This property makes it on November 4, 2016 provides a test of physical laws possible for the antiprotonic helium atom to survive while it undergoes multiple collisions By Wim Ubachs less than a nanosecond. The Heisenberg un- in the surrounding bath of cold helium atoms certainty principle then prohibits a precision at a temperature of 1.5 K above absolute zero. pectroscopy is the most accurate measurement.
    [Show full text]
  • Two-Photon Laser Spectroscopy of Antiprotonic Helium and the Antiproton-To-Electron Mass Ratio
    LETTER doi:10.1038/nature10260 Two-photon laser spectroscopy of antiprotonic helium and the antiproton-to-electron mass ratio Masaki Hori1,2, Anna So´te´r1, Daniel Barna2,3, Andreas Dax2, Ryugo Hayano2, Susanne Friedreich4, Bertalan Juha´sz4, Thomas Pask4, Eberhard Widmann4, Dezso˝Horva´th3,5, Luca Venturelli6 & Nicola Zurlo6 1 Physical laws are believed to be invariant under the combined trans- the thermal motion of pHe at temperature T stronglypffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi broadens the 1 2 formations of charge, parity and time reversal (CPT symmetry ). measured widths of the laser resonances, by *n 8kBT log (2)=Mc , This implies that an antimatter particle has exactly the same mass where n denotes the transition frequency, kB the Boltzmann constant, and absolute value of charge as its particle counterpart. Metastable M the atom’s mass and c the speed of light. 1 antiprotonic helium (pHe ) is a three-body atom2 consisting of a One way to reach precisions beyond this Doppler limit is provided normal helium nucleus, an electron in its ground state and an anti- by two-photon spectroscopy. For example, the 1s–2s transition fre- proton (p) occupying a Rydberg state with high principal and angu- quency in atomic hydrogen (H) has been measured to a precision of lar momentum quantum numbers, respectively n and l,suchthat 10214 using two counter-propagating laser beams, each with a fre- n < l 1 1 < 38. These atoms are amenable to precision laser spectro- quency of half the 1s–2s energy interval. This arrangement cancels scopy, the results of which can in principle be used to determine the the Doppler broadening to first order6.
    [Show full text]
  • Laser Spectroscopy of Antiprotonic Helium
    Laser spectroscopy of antiprotonic helium M. Hori1, H. A. Khozani1, A. Sótér1, R.S. Hayano2, Y. Murakami2, H. Yamada2, D. Horváth3, L. Venturelli4 1Max Planck Institute of Quantum Optics, Garching, Germany 2University of Tokyo, Japan 3Wigner Institute, Budapest, Hungary 4INFN Brescia Moriond 2017 Long-lived antiprotons in helium Ar Number of recorded annihilations Time elapsed until annihilation (us) Ne PS205 experiment (1993) Number of recorded annihilations Time elapsed until annihilation (us) Masaki Hori MPI for Quantum Optics 2 Metastable antiprotonic helium (p̄He+) Electron in 1s orbital. Attached with 25-eV ionization potential. Auger emission suppressed. Antiproton in a ‘circular’ Rydberg orbital n=38, l=n-1 with diameter of 100 pm. Localized away from the nucleus. The electron protects the antiproton during collisions with helium atoms. τ ∼ 4 µs Masaki Hori MPI for Quantum Optics 3 Precision measurements of p̄He+ transition frequencies and companions with QED calculations yields: Antiproton-to-electron mass ratio to precision of 8 × 10-10 Assuming CPT invariance, electron mass to 8 × 10-10 Combined with the cyclotron frequency of antiprotons in a Penning trap by TRAP and BASE collaborations, antiproton and proton masses and charges to 5 × 10-10 → Consistency test of CPT invariance Bounds on the 5th force at the sub-A length scale…… Masaki Hori MPI for Quantum Optics 4 Ionic Atomic Energy states states levels of v=1 v=0 v=2 + v=4 v=3 42 p̄ v=5 He -2.6 41 40 n=33 39 M* -2.8 38 n 0 ~ = 38.3 me 32 37 Level energy (a.u.) -3.0 36 31
    [Show full text]
  • High Precision Experiments on Antiprotonic Helium at CERN, ASACUSA
    High precision experiments on antiprotonic helium at CERN, ASACUSA Anna Sótér [email protected] Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary and Max-Planck-Institut für Quantenoptik, Garching, Germany Zimányi 2008 Winter School on Heavy Ion Physics, Budapest Outline (And the big questions of Life...) brief history of antiprotonic helium (what?) motivations in investigating matter-antimatter systems (why?) CERN Antiproton Decelerator (AD) (where?) ASACUSA @ CERN AD (who?) instrumentation and experiments of ASACUSA (how?) results up to 2007 (was it worthy?) outlook (what will we do tomorrow?) Anna Sótér: High precision experiments on antiprotonic helium, Zimányi 2008 Winter School, Budapest Discovery of antiprotonic helium In matter the lifetime of antiprotons ∼ 1 ps Delayed annihilation in liquid helium: E < 25 eV Discovered in 1991 at KEK (Japan) Iwasaki et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 67 (1991) 1246 The antiprotonic helium ± after collisions ± reaches thermal equilibrium in 1 ns. The electron is on 1s ground state, while the antiproton occupies a large n~38 state (same bounding energy than the other electron had before!) Anna Sótér: High precision experiments on antiprotonic helium, Zimányi 2008 Winter School, Budapest Reasons for investigating antiprotonic helium I. Curiosity... Antiprotonic helium is a metastable system which contains matter and antimatter. It might give an answer about a few basic question. Why can©t we see antimatter in the Universe? No antimatter signatures have been observed in diffuse cosmic gamma rays, charged cosmic rays, or cosmic microwave background. No trace of ªantigalaxiesº within 3 billion light years... ● the word is ªbarionically asymmetricº ● CP violation is not enough strong to explain it: we have to find an other explanation...
    [Show full text]