DOCSLIB.ORG

A Constraint on Antigravity of Antimatter from Precision Spectroscopy of Simple Atoms*

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
A Constraint on Antigravity of Antimatter from Precision Spectroscopy of Simple Atoms* View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Springer - Publisher Connector ISSN 1063-7737, Astronomy Letters, 2009, Vol. 35, No. 10, pp. 663–669. c Pleiades Publishing, Inc., 2009. Published in Russian in Pis’ma v Astronomicheski˘ı Zhurnal, 2009, Vol. 35, No. 10, pp. 736–744. A Constraint on Antigravity of Antimatter from Precision Spectroscopy of Simple Atoms* S. G. Karshenboim** Max-Planck-Institut fur¨ Quantenoptik, Garching, 85748 Germany Mendeleev Institute for Metrology, St. Petersburg, 190005 Russia Received November 28, 2008 Abstract—Consideration of antigravity for antiparticles is an attractive target for various experimental projects. There are a number of theoretical arguments against it but it is not quite clear what kind of experimental data and theoretical suggestions are involved. In this paper we present straightforward arguments against a possibility of antigravity based on a few simple theoretical suggestions and some experimental data. The data are: astrophysical data on rotation of the Solar System in respect to the center of our galaxy and precision spectroscopy data on hydrogen and positronium. The theoretical suggestions for the case of absence of the gravitational field are: equality of electron and positron mass and equality of proton and positron charge. We also assume that QED is correct at the level of accuracy where it is clearly confirmed experimentally. PACS num b e r s : 04.80.Cc; 11.30.Er; 12.20.Fv DOI: 10.1134/S1063773709100028 Key words: Equivalence principle, CPT symmetry, Galactic gravitational field, quantum electrody- namics, precision spectroscopy. INTRODUCTION dominates over any general relativity effects), have the same absolute values for particles and antiparticles; After producing cold antihydrogen atoms via the (iii) the particle–particle and antipartic-le–anti- recombination of positrons and antiprotons [1, 2] a particle gravitational interaction is attractive, while number of possibilities to experimentally test CPT in- the particle–antiparticle one is repulsive. variance including precision spectroscopy and gravi- tation have been intensively discussed. In particular, In particular, that means that in any given [weak] a question of experimental check for a possibility for gravitation field a particle and its antiparticle expe- antigravity of antiparticles rose for new consideration. rience forces, equal in their absolute values and op- posite in directions. A concise review on the issue of It is absolutely clear that the very suggestion of antigravity can be found, e.g., in [3]. antigravity for antimatter contradicts general relativ- General relativity sets an even stronger direct con- ity (GR). While physics of matter objects in free fall straint on a possibility of antigravity. Observation of cannot be distinguished from the zero gravity case various effects beyond Newtonian gravity [4] proves (aslongasanygradienteffects can be neglected), that gravitation is due to a tensor field which (in an antigravitating particle will clearly recognize the contrast to a vector field for electromagnetic forces) gravitation field. produces only attraction and no repulsion. Any spec- Here we refer to antigravity for the following situ- ulation on the so-called fifth force considers only ation: small corrections beyond the tensor forces [5] and can be ignored in the case of a 100% effect such as (i) the inertial masses of particles and antiparticles antigravity. are the same; Still, because of the sensitivity of this issue, the (ii) the gravitation masses, understood, e.g., as the experimental community would prefer to have some related coefficients for Newtonian gravity at rest for more straightforward constraint, for which it would long distances (where the Newtonian gravity strongly be clear which experimental data and theoretical sug- ∗The article was translated by the author. gestions are involved in ruling out antigravity. **E-mail: [email protected] Here we present such a consideration. 663 664 KARSHENBOIM Ground Excited Transition frequency where ν0 is the photon frequency. The recoil effects for state state emission or absorption are neglected and the related 2 E = (m + ∆m)(c2 + gh ) hν = ∆m(c2 + gh ) E = m0c + m0gh 0 h correction does not change the result of our consider- h ation. 2 ∆ 2 ν ∆ 2 E = m0c E = (m0 + m)c h h = mc With masses being different for the ground and excited states, the gravitation energy is also different Fig. 1. Derivation of the gravitational red shift. (see Fig. 1) ∆E =∆m ∆U (2) Prior to a detailed examination, we have to make by a value which is related to a correction for the two remarks. First, we remind that there are two emitted/absorbed photon frequency kinds of gravitation-related effects. Some are sensi- h∆ν =∆m∆U. (3) tive to a certain long-range difference of the gravita- tion potential U(r), while the other are sensitive to the Within this consideration the shift mentioned is for local field strength g = −∇U(r). the frequency of a clock, while a photon traveling through the time-independent gravitation field does Second, when one “tests” gravity, a few kinds 1 of interactions are commonly considered. Some, like not change its frequency. The derivation above, true gravitation, couple to the mass m, while the which follows [6], shows that the gravitational red others couple to some charges. The charge is ad- shift is not a specific property of GR, but rather a ditive and it is the same, e.g., for the ground and generic property of any relativistic theory of gravity excited states of an atom. We do not consider here since it is supposed to reproduce Newtonian gravity interactions coupled to such quantities as magnetic and special relativity as crucial limits. moments, which are neither additive, nor conserved. What is called the gravitational red shift of the The mass and charges are regular. Mass is a state- photon frequency within GR depends on a choice of dependent property in atomic physics since differ- 4-coordinates. Depending on how the time is defined ent states possess different binding energy. This en- (or how clocks are synchronized in space), it may be ergy is directly related to emission/absorption photon a shift in photon frequency or in clock frequency (or in energy. On the contrary, any conserved charge is both). The observable effect is a certain mismatch in state-independent and it is the same for any state in photon frequency while communicating between two the same atom. The magnetic moment (or a similar clocks at different gravitational potentials. In particu- quantity) is state-dependent, but it depends on the lar, in our consideration, instead of the red shift of the internal structure of a related state. photon going “upward” we observe a blue shift of the transition frequency in the upper clock in respect to In particular, antigravity means a coupling to the bottom clock (see, e.g., [6]). The mismatch of the mass. Otherwise, we have to suggest that all the frequency sent to an upper potential is equivalent to gravity is a force coupled to a baryonic and/or lep- the red shift by a conventional value: tonic charge. The latter indeed changes its sign for antimatter, but the results for tests of the equivalence ∆ν ∆U = 2 . (4) principle and GR in general indeed rule out this ν0 c option [4, 5]. Usually the red-shift experiments are organized as relative and differential. We can either compare the THE RED SHIFT OF THE PHOTON red shift of two different clocks, or we can compare FREQUENCY AS THE BLUE SHIFT the experimental red shift to a theoretical calculation, OF THE CLOCKS based on a measurement of the free fall acceleration with bulk matter or atomic beams. In the former case The idea of our derivation is based on a study we check universality of the red shift for different of the red shift in atoms and we remind here how traveling frequencies and different frequency sources. one can derive the red shift expression with ‘minimal’ Actually, this is the universality of the gravitational and clearly formulated suggestions. (Note, once we effect on all local clocks that allows to redefine the consider a possibility for antigravity of antiparticles we cannot blindly rely on GR.) 1Actually, it is rather natural to suggest (once we assume antigravity of antimatter) that the matter and antimatter Let us consider ground and excited states of an are affected by gravity in opposite directions, while “pure atom in two positions at different gravitational poten- neutral objects” such as positronium atoms and photons are tials. Different states have different masses such as not affected by gravity at all. That immediately leads to a 2 contradiction with gravitational deflection of light, which is ∆mc = hν0, (1) well established experimentally. ASTRONOMY LETTERS Vol. 35 No. 10 2009 A CONSTRAINT ON ANTIGRAVITY 665 time in any way we like. The latter case confirms the center of our galaxy supplies us with a value that the gravitation acting on matter governs photon v2/c2 10−6 [7].Wedonotexpectthatanon- behavior as well. In both cases the gravitational red circularity of the orbits can change the estimations. shift is a comparison of a certain frequency of a clock We note that the related field is very small, but measured at two different positions. the potential difference is large enough. Indeed, the Looking for a non-universality of the red shift in universe is not so simple as consisting of a gravitating different clocks we have a certain advantage. Usually, center which determines solar and Earth motion one also has to deal with a number of motional effects, mentioned. However, a good approximation is that which partly or completely cancel gravitational effects most of the universe is homogeneously distributed under certain conditions. Studying a differential red around us and its gravitational effect vanishes.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Sp0103 32-36 Gaughan
    Atomic Unique Atomic Spectroscopy Aims at Answering a Universal Question Richard Gaughan There is far more matter cover the detailed properties of the than antimatter in our antiproton. In 1930 Paul Dirac theoretically pre- universe, but scientists dicted the existence of these antimatter don’t know enough particles, which are the exact opposite of about the properties of common particles. The positron was ex- perimentally verified in 1932, while the antimatter to understand _ antiproton (p) was not observed until why. By spectroscopically 1955. Why did it take so long to experi- analyzing atoms created mentally identify the antiproton? One reason is that it is essentially nonexistent when antiprotons collide in our earthly environment, and it can with helium, physicists only be produced in particle accelerators at CERN are measuring more powerful than those required to produce positrons. the properties of The absence of antimatter was not a antimatter with subject of much concern until physicists unprecedented accuracy. began to improve our understanding of the origin of the universe. The early uni- verse, filled with dense energy, almost instantaneously expanded to the point where matter condensed from the initial PHOTODISC INCORPORATED PHOTODISC sea of energy. So where is the problem? e live in a universe con- The problem is that our current un- structed from atoms com- derstanding predicts that as the universe posed of light, negatively cooled, both matter and antimatter charged electrons orbiting should have been produced in roughly Wpositively charged protons and un- equivalent quantities. Something has to charged neutrons (both heavy). We account for the observed matter pre- know now that our universe could have dominance in today’s universe, and sci- been predominantly composed of anti- entists around the world are searching matter — atoms with light, positively for possibilities.
    [Show full text]
  • ANTIMATTER a Review of Its Role in the Universe and Its Applications
    A review of its role in the ANTIMATTER universe and its applications THE DISCOVERY OF NATURE’S SYMMETRIES ntimatter plays an intrinsic role in our Aunderstanding of the subatomic world THE UNIVERSE THROUGH THE LOOKING-GLASS C.D. Anderson, Anderson, Emilio VisualSegrè Archives C.D. The beginning of the 20th century or vice versa, it absorbed or emitted saw a cascade of brilliant insights into quanta of electromagnetic radiation the nature of matter and energy. The of definite energy, giving rise to a first was Max Planck’s realisation that characteristic spectrum of bright or energy (in the form of electromagnetic dark lines at specific wavelengths. radiation i.e. light) had discrete values The Austrian physicist, Erwin – it was quantised. The second was Schrödinger laid down a more precise that energy and mass were equivalent, mathematical formulation of this as described by Einstein’s special behaviour based on wave theory and theory of relativity and his iconic probability – quantum mechanics. The first image of a positron track found in cosmic rays equation, E = mc2, where c is the The Schrödinger wave equation could speed of light in a vacuum; the theory predict the spectrum of the simplest or positron; when an electron also predicted that objects behave atom, hydrogen, which consists of met a positron, they would annihilate somewhat differently when moving a single electron orbiting a positive according to Einstein’s equation, proton. However, the spectrum generating two gamma rays in the featured additional lines that were not process. The concept of antimatter explained. In 1928, the British physicist was born.
    [Show full text]
  • Precision Physics with Low-Energy Antiprotons — from Antiproton Decelerator to Flair∗
    Vol. 41 (2010) ACTA PHYSICA POLONICA B No 2 PRECISION PHYSICS WITH LOW-ENERGY ANTIPROTONS — FROM ANTIPROTON DECELERATOR TO FLAIR∗ Eberhard Widmann Stefan Meyer Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences Boltzmanngasse 3, 1090 Vienna, Austria (Received January 5, 2010) Experiments with low-energy antiprotons are currently performed at the Antiproton Decelerator of CERN. The main experiments deal with the spectroscopy of antiprotonic helium, an exotic three-body system, and the formation and spectroscopy of antihydrogen. A next generation facility FLAIR (Facility for Low-energy Antiproton Research) is planned at the FAIR facility, generating a factor 100 higher flux of stopped antiprotons and also offering continuous antiprotons beam, which will enable nuclear and particle physics type experiments. DOI:10.5506/APhysPolB.41.249 PACS numbers: 36.10.Gv, 11.30.Er, 14.20.Dh, 39.30.+w 1. Introduction The physics with low-energy antiprotons currently concentrates on pre- cision spectroscopy of antiprotonic atoms and antihydrogen. The reason for that is given by the characteristics of the only low-energy antiproton beam available currently at the Antiproton Decelerator (AD) of CERN. The AD [1,2] produces pulses of 3–5 × 107 antiprotons of 5.3 MeV kinetic energy every 90–120 second, which makes the beam only usable to be trapped in Penning traps or stopped in low-density gas targets. Two collaborations working at the AD, ATRAP [3] and ALPHA [4], have as goal to produce an- tihydrogen, the simplest atom consisting only of antimatter, from its charged constituents by trapping antiprotons and positrons in Pennning traps, to trap the resulting antihydrogen in a neutral-atom trap and to perform 1S–2S laser spectroscopy.
    [Show full text]
  • Antiprotonic Helium and CPT Invariance
    IOP PUBLISHING REPORTS ON PROGRESS IN PHYSICS Rep. Prog. Phys. 70 (2007) 1995–2065 doi:10.1088/0034-4885/70/12/R01 Antiprotonic helium and CPT invariance Ryugo S Hayano1, Masaki Hori1, Dezso˝ Horvath´ 2,4 and Eberhard Widmann3 1 Department of Physics, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan 2 KFKI Research Institute for Particle and Nuclear Physics, H-1525 Budapest, Hungary 3 Stefan Meyer Institute for Subatomic Physics, Boltzmanngasse 3, A-1090 Vienna, Austria E-mail: [email protected] Received 12 March 2007, in final form 31 July 2007 Published 1 November 2007 Online at stacks.iop.org/RoPP/70/1995 Abstract We review recent progress in the laser and microwave spectroscopy of antiprotonic helium atoms (pHe¯ + ≡ e− − p¯ − He++) carried out at CERN’s Antiproton Decelerator facility (AD). Laser transitions were here induced between Rydberg states (n, ) and (n ± 1, − 1) of pHe¯ + (n ∼ 40 and n − 1 being the principal and orbital angular momentum quantum numbers of the antiproton orbit). Successive refinements in the experimental techniques improved the fractional precision on the pHe¯ + frequencies from 3 parts in 106 to ∼1 part in 108. These included a radiofrequency quadrupole decelerator, which reduced the energy of the antiprotons from 5.3 MeV (the energy of the beam emerging from AD) to ∼100 keV. This enabled the production of pHe¯ + in ultra-low density targets, where collisional effects with other helium atoms are negligible. A continuous wave pulse-amplified dye laser, stabilized against a femtosecond optical frequency comb, was then used to measure the pHe¯ + frequencies with ppb-scale precision.
    [Show full text]
  • Energies and Relativistic Corrections for the Metastable States of Antiprotonic Helium Atoms
    VOLUME 79, NUMBER 18 PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 3NOVEMBER 1997 Energies and Relativistic Corrections for the Metastable States of Antiprotonic Helium Atoms V. I. Korobov Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, 141980, Dubna, Russia D. D. Bakalov Institute for Nuclear Research and Nuclear Energy, Tsarigradsko chaussée 72, Sofia 1784, Bulgaria (Received 16 April 1997) We present accurate results for the energy levels of antiprotonic helium atoms with the relativistic and QED corrections of order a4mc2 taken into account. These results reduce the discrepancy between theory and experiment to about 5–10 ppm and rigorously confirm Condo’s model of metastability for the long-lived fraction of antiprotonic helium. The present level of precision enables the unambiguous ascription of quantum numbers to all of the transition lines observed so far. [S0031-9007(97)04162-8] PACS numbers: 36.10.–k, 31.15.Ar Over the past few years a new experimental program The antiprotonic helium atom consists of three particles: has been launched [1] following the discovery that a a helium nucleus, an electron, and an antiproton which sub- fraction of the antiprotons stopped in a helium target stitutes the second electron of the helium atom. The non- survive for a surprisingly long time (tens of microseconds) relativistic Hamiltonian (in atomic units e ­ hÅ ­ me ­ [2]. As suggested by Condo [3] more than 20 years ago, 1) can be written in Jacobian coordinates as the longevity of antiprotons in helium is explained by the 1 1 2 1 2 existence of metastable states of the exotic atom He1pÅ . H ­ 2 DR 2 Dr 2 1 2 , (1) 2M 2m rHe rpÅ R In these states the antiproton, after having substituted one 21 21 21 21 21 of the electrons of the neutral helium atom, settles in where M ­ MHe 1 MpÅ and m ­ me 1 sMHe 1 21 a nearly circular orbit sn, ld with the principal quantum MpÅ d , r is the position vector of the electron with respect number n close to the value MyMe ø 38, where M to the center of mass of the heavy particles, rHe and rpÅ are is the reduced mass of pÅ .
    [Show full text]
  • Spectroscopy of High Rydberg States of Highly Charged Ions and Antiprotonic Helium Atoms
    RIKEN Review No. 31 (November, 2000): Focused on Production of Ultra Slow Highly-Charged Ions and Its Application Spectroscopy of high Rydberg states of highly charged ions and antiprotonic helium atoms Hiroyuki A. Torii,∗1 Y. Morishita,∗2 Y. Yamazaki,∗1,∗2 K. Komaki,∗1 K. Kuroki,∗1 R. Hutton,∗3 K. Ishii,∗4 K. Ando,∗2 H. Masuda,∗5 M. Sekiguchi,∗6 M. Hori,∗7 E. Widmann,∗7 and R. S. Hayano∗7 ∗1 Institute of Physics, University of Tokyo, Komaba Campus ∗2 Atomic Physics Laboratory, RIKEN ∗3 Department of Physics, University of Lund, Sweden ∗4 Department of Engineering Science, Kyoto University ∗5 Department of Industrial Chemistry, Tokyo Metropolitan University ∗6 Center for Nuclear Study, University of Tokyo, RIKEN Campus ∗7 Department of Physics, University of Tokyo, Hongo Campus We have performed fluorescence spectroscopy of high Rydberg states of highly charged ions (HCIs) extracted in vacuum using a microcapillary foil target. We identified photons emitted from ions with one electron in a high n Q + Rydberg state, for ∆n = 1 transitions from Q 1 3 states in the VUV-visible-NIR light range. Time- resolved measurements clearly showed radiative cascade, and the initial population was deduced for the first time n Q + by our analysis which revealed that the electrons are preferentially transferred to states around 1, in good agreement with the classical over-barrier model. Also, laser spectroscopy of antiprotonic helium atom is introduced in the latter section to give a hint to the similar time-variant method for the aim of mapping the initial population, which gives an important information of atomic capture process of antiprotons.
    [Show full text]
  • Single-Photon Laser Spectroscopy of Cold Antiprotonic Helium
    Hyperfine Interaction (2018) 239:44 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10751-018-1518-y Single-photon laser spectroscopy of cold antiprotonic helium Masaki Hori1 © The Author(s) 2018 Abstract Some laser spectroscopy experiments carried out by the Atomic Spectroscopy and Col- lisions Using Slow Antiprotons (ASACUSA) collaboration to measure the single-photon transition frequencies of antiprotonic helium (pHe+ ≡ p+He2+ +e−) atoms are reviewed. The pHe+ were cooled to temperature T = 1.5–1.7 K by buffer-gas cooling in a cryogenic gas target, thus reducing the thermal Doppler width in the single-photon resonance lines. The antiproton-to-electron mass ratio was determined as Mp/me = 1836.1526734(15) by comparisons with the results of three-body quantum electrodynamics calculations. This agreed with the known proton-to-electron mass ratio. Keywords Antiprotonic helium · CPT symmetry · Exotic atoms 1 Introduction Metastable antiprotonic helium (pHe+ ≡ p + He2+ + e−) is a three-body atom composed of a helium nucleus, an electron in the ground state, and an antiproton occupying a Ryd- berg state of principal and orbital angular momentum quantum numbers n ∼ − 1 ∼ 38 [1–3]. By measuring its transition frequencies by laser spectroscopy [4–7], and comparing the values with the results of three-body quantum electrodynamics (QED) calculations, the antiproton-to-electron mass ratio Mp/me can in principle be determined with a relative pre- cision of < 10−11. This corresponds to the best determinations of the proton-to-electron + mass ratio Mp/me from Penning trap experiments [8–12], or laser spectroscopy of HD molecular ions [13–15].
    [Show full text]
  • Testing CPT Invariance with Antiprotonic Atoms
    ARTICLE IN PRESS Radiation Physics and Chemistry 76 (2007) 397–403 www.elsevier.com/locate/radphyschem Testing CPT invariance with antiprotonic atoms Dezso+ Horva´tha,b,Ã aKFKI Research Institute for Particle and Nuclear Physics of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences (KFKI-RMKI), P.O. Box 49, H-1525 Budapest, Hungary bInstitute of Nuclear Research of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences (ATOMKI), P.O. Box 51, H-4001 Debrecen, Hungary Received 31 August 2005; accepted 5 January 2006 Abstract The structure of matter is related to symmetries on every level of study. The CPT symmetry is one of the most important laws of the field theory: it states the invariance of physical properties when one simultaneously changes the signs of the charge and of the spatial and time coordinates of particles. Although in general opinion CPT symmetry is not violated in Nature, there are theoretical attempts to develop CPT-violating models. The antiproton decelerator at CERN has been built to test CPT invariance. Its three experiments compare the properties of particles and antiparticles by studying antihydrogen, the positron–antiproton bound system and the antiprotonic helium atom. r 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. PACS: 11.30.Er; 14.20.Dh; 36.10.Àk Keywords: CPT invariance; Antiproton; Antihydrogen; Antiprotonic helium 1. Introduction: symmetries in particle physics coordinate axes at any angle is the origin of angular momentum conservation. Symmetries in particle physics are even more important Spin is one of the most important properties of the than in chemistry or solid state physics. Just like in any particles: those having half-integer spins are the fermions theory of matter, the inner structure of the composite whereas the integer-spin particles are bosons.
    [Show full text]
  • A Testing Time for Antimatter Tator During the Capture Process
    The Antiproton Decelerator at CERN used in the preparation of the antiprotonic helium atoms. n = 31 to n = 40 are probed. The overlap of _ the wave functions of p and He2+ is minimal if the high-n Rydberg states exhibit a large angular momentum—for example, in a state such as n = 38 with l = 36 or 37 (where l de- notes the quantized angular momentum). These circular states have typical lifetimes of microseconds, long enough to perform a la- ser experiment. Narrow spectral lines can be measured to determine level energies to high accuracy. The Rydberg constant of the heavy- _ Rydberg pHe+ ion pair is so large that the transitions by which the n-quantum number changes by unity lie in the wavelength range of the near-infrared, visible, and ultraviolet, where Hori et al. have narrowband and sta- PHYSICS ble lasers at hand. The second electron of the helium atom remains in its 1s orbital, and it acts as a spec- A testing time for antimatter tator during the capture process. It favorably shields the composite newly built electrically _ Precision measurement of antiprotonic helium neutral epHe system during collisions with the outside world. This property makes it on November 4, 2016 provides a test of physical laws possible for the antiprotonic helium atom to survive while it undergoes multiple collisions By Wim Ubachs less than a nanosecond. The Heisenberg un- in the surrounding bath of cold helium atoms certainty principle then prohibits a precision at a temperature of 1.5 K above absolute zero. pectroscopy is the most accurate measurement.
    [Show full text]
  • Two-Photon Laser Spectroscopy of Antiprotonic Helium and the Antiproton-To-Electron Mass Ratio
    LETTER doi:10.1038/nature10260 Two-photon laser spectroscopy of antiprotonic helium and the antiproton-to-electron mass ratio Masaki Hori1,2, Anna So´te´r1, Daniel Barna2,3, Andreas Dax2, Ryugo Hayano2, Susanne Friedreich4, Bertalan Juha´sz4, Thomas Pask4, Eberhard Widmann4, Dezso˝Horva´th3,5, Luca Venturelli6 & Nicola Zurlo6 1 Physical laws are believed to be invariant under the combined trans- the thermal motion of pHe at temperature T stronglypffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi broadens the 1 2 formations of charge, parity and time reversal (CPT symmetry ). measured widths of the laser resonances, by *n 8kBT log (2)=Mc , This implies that an antimatter particle has exactly the same mass where n denotes the transition frequency, kB the Boltzmann constant, and absolute value of charge as its particle counterpart. Metastable M the atom’s mass and c the speed of light. 1 antiprotonic helium (pHe ) is a three-body atom2 consisting of a One way to reach precisions beyond this Doppler limit is provided normal helium nucleus, an electron in its ground state and an anti- by two-photon spectroscopy. For example, the 1s–2s transition fre- proton (p) occupying a Rydberg state with high principal and angu- quency in atomic hydrogen (H) has been measured to a precision of lar momentum quantum numbers, respectively n and l,suchthat 10214 using two counter-propagating laser beams, each with a fre- n < l 1 1 < 38. These atoms are amenable to precision laser spectro- quency of half the 1s–2s energy interval. This arrangement cancels scopy, the results of which can in principle be used to determine the the Doppler broadening to first order6.
    [Show full text]
  • Laser Spectroscopy of Antiprotonic Helium
    Laser spectroscopy of antiprotonic helium M. Hori1, H. A. Khozani1, A. Sótér1, R.S. Hayano2, Y. Murakami2, H. Yamada2, D. Horváth3, L. Venturelli4 1Max Planck Institute of Quantum Optics, Garching, Germany 2University of Tokyo, Japan 3Wigner Institute, Budapest, Hungary 4INFN Brescia Moriond 2017 Long-lived antiprotons in helium Ar Number of recorded annihilations Time elapsed until annihilation (us) Ne PS205 experiment (1993) Number of recorded annihilations Time elapsed until annihilation (us) Masaki Hori MPI for Quantum Optics 2 Metastable antiprotonic helium (p̄He+) Electron in 1s orbital. Attached with 25-eV ionization potential. Auger emission suppressed. Antiproton in a ‘circular’ Rydberg orbital n=38, l=n-1 with diameter of 100 pm. Localized away from the nucleus. The electron protects the antiproton during collisions with helium atoms. τ ∼ 4 µs Masaki Hori MPI for Quantum Optics 3 Precision measurements of p̄He+ transition frequencies and companions with QED calculations yields: Antiproton-to-electron mass ratio to precision of 8 × 10-10 Assuming CPT invariance, electron mass to 8 × 10-10 Combined with the cyclotron frequency of antiprotons in a Penning trap by TRAP and BASE collaborations, antiproton and proton masses and charges to 5 × 10-10 → Consistency test of CPT invariance Bounds on the 5th force at the sub-A length scale…… Masaki Hori MPI for Quantum Optics 4 Ionic Atomic Energy states states levels of v=1 v=0 v=2 + v=4 v=3 42 p̄ v=5 He -2.6 41 40 n=33 39 M* -2.8 38 n 0 ~ = 38.3 me 32 37 Level energy (a.u.) -3.0 36 31
    [Show full text]
  • High Precision Experiments on Antiprotonic Helium at CERN, ASACUSA
    High precision experiments on antiprotonic helium at CERN, ASACUSA Anna Sótér [email protected] Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary and Max-Planck-Institut für Quantenoptik, Garching, Germany Zimányi 2008 Winter School on Heavy Ion Physics, Budapest Outline (And the big questions of Life...) brief history of antiprotonic helium (what?) motivations in investigating matter-antimatter systems (why?) CERN Antiproton Decelerator (AD) (where?) ASACUSA @ CERN AD (who?) instrumentation and experiments of ASACUSA (how?) results up to 2007 (was it worthy?) outlook (what will we do tomorrow?) Anna Sótér: High precision experiments on antiprotonic helium, Zimányi 2008 Winter School, Budapest Discovery of antiprotonic helium In matter the lifetime of antiprotons ∼ 1 ps Delayed annihilation in liquid helium: E < 25 eV Discovered in 1991 at KEK (Japan) Iwasaki et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 67 (1991) 1246 The antiprotonic helium ± after collisions ± reaches thermal equilibrium in 1 ns. The electron is on 1s ground state, while the antiproton occupies a large n~38 state (same bounding energy than the other electron had before!) Anna Sótér: High precision experiments on antiprotonic helium, Zimányi 2008 Winter School, Budapest Reasons for investigating antiprotonic helium I. Curiosity... Antiprotonic helium is a metastable system which contains matter and antimatter. It might give an answer about a few basic question. Why can©t we see antimatter in the Universe? No antimatter signatures have been observed in diffuse cosmic gamma rays, charged cosmic rays, or cosmic microwave background. No trace of ªantigalaxiesº within 3 billion light years... ● the word is ªbarionically asymmetricº ● CP violation is not enough strong to explain it: we have to find an other explanation...
    [Show full text]