A Phylogenetic Revision at the Generic Level

THE SPIDER SUBFAMILY AMAUROBIOIDINAE (ARANEAE, ANYPHAENIDAE): A PHYLOGENETIC REVISION AT THE GENERIC LEVEL

MARTIÂN J. RAMIÂREZ Fessenden Research Fellow, Division of Invertebrate Zoology American Museum of Natural History Research Scientist, Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones CientõÂ®cas y TeÂcnicas Av. Angel Gallardo 470 C1405DJR Buenos Aires Argentina

BULLETIN OF THE AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY CENTRAL PARK WEST AT 79TH STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10024 Number 277, 262 pp., 139 ®gures, 29 tables Issued August 13, 2003

CONTENTS Abstract ...... 3 Introduction ...... 4 Materials and Methods ...... 6 Format of Descriptions ...... 6 Cladistic Analysis ...... 7 Representatives ...... 7 Outgroups ...... 8 Characters ...... 8 Coding ...... 8 Character Description and Optimizations ...... 8 Characters Not Included ...... 23 Evaluation of Cladistic Hypothesis ...... 24 Tree Searches ...... 24 Character Weighting ...... 24 Lists of Synapomorphies ...... 28 Indices of Support ...... 28 Weighting Functions and Support ...... 31 Discussion ...... 31 Taxonomy ...... 38 Anyphaenidae Bertkau ...... 38 Malenellinae RamõÂrez ...... 38 Anyphaeninae Bertkau ...... 39 Amaurobioidinae Hickman ...... 41 Morphological Remarks ...... 44 Tribe Amaurobioidini Hickman ...... 51 Amaurobioides O.P.-Cambridge ...... 52 Axyracrus Simon ...... 57 Aysenia Tullgren ...... 60 Aysenoides, new genus ...... 67 Acanthoceto Mello-LeitaÄo ...... 74 Ferrieria Tullgren ...... 78 Coptoprepes Simon ...... 79 Gamakia, new genus ...... 91 Negayan, new genus ...... 96 Selknamia, new genus ...... 105 Josa Keyserling ...... 108 Tribe Gayennini, New Rank ...... 120 Gayenna Nicolet ...... 120 Gayennoides, new genus ...... 125 Arachosia O.P.-Cambridge ...... 130 Sanogasta Mello-LeitaÄo ...... 142 Philisca Simon ...... 176 Tomopisthes Simon ...... 192 Araiya, new genus ...... 210 Oxysoma Nicolet ...... 214 Tasata Simon ...... 229 Phidyle Simon ...... 242 Monapia Simon ...... 247 Acknowledgments ...... 256 References ...... 256 Index of Speci®c and Generic Names ...... 261 2003 RAMIÂREZ: SPIDER SUBFAMILY AMAUROBIOIDINAE 3

ABSTRACT

A cladistic phylogenetic analysis at generic level of the subfamily Amaurobioidinae is presented. The analysis is based on a dataset of 93 representative species scored for one behavioral and 199 morphological characters. Tree searches were made under equal and implied weights according to homoplasy, and the results were compared in terms of sensitivity to jackknife resampling. Mildest weighting functions produced trees more robust to resampling, and those results were selected as the working phylogenetic hypotheses. Groups of weak support as identi®ed by jackkni®ng and Bremer indices are in general those that vary in resolution with different character-weighting schemes. Seven outgroup representatives were included (Malenella nana RamõÂrez, from Malenellinae, and six Anyphaeninae species). In this analysis Anyphaeninae, previously identi®ed as sister group of Amaurobioidinae, is paraphyletic, but forcing its monophyly does not alter the groupings within Amaurobioidinae. The monophyly of the genera is in general well supported, but some particularly con¯icting groups are discussed. In contrast, the relationships among genera are in general problematic. Amaurobioidinae is diagnosed by a pronounced indentation at the base of male palpal tegulum, and by a particular male copulatory bulb conformation, with a paramedian apophysis. The subfamily is classi®ed in two tribes (Gayennini and Amaurobioidini); the genus Josa Keyserling, probably sister group to Gayennini, is not assigned to either tribe. The tribe Amaurobioidini is mainly diagnosed by an apical loop of the sperm duct in the male copulatory bulb. It includes 10 genera: Amaurobioides O.P.-Cambridge is restricted to seashores of southern continents. Clubiona chilensis Nicolet, transferred to Amaurobioides,is the ®rst true record of the genus for South America. The male of Axyracrus elegans Simon, three species of Aysenia Tullgren, and three of Coptoprepes Simon are newly described. Four new genera are proposed in Amaurobioidini: Gamakia, Selknamia (described for one new species each), Aysenoides (for three new species), and Negayan (type species Gayenna tridentata Simon, including also Axyracrus coccineus Mello-LeitaÄo, Clubiona paduana Karsch, Gayenna excepta Tullgren, Gayenna exigua Mello-LeitaÄo, and Tomopisthes lebruni Simon). The previously revised genera Acanthoceto Mello-LeitaÄo and Ferrieria Tullgren are also included in the tribe. The basal branch and most intergeneric branches of the tribe have low support values. Amaurobioides and Negayan, however, are relatively well supported. The tribe Gayennini is well de®ned by a homogeneous conformation of male and female genitalia, with a distinctive secondary conductor and spherical spermathecae. It includes 11 genera: Gayenna Nicolet includes only G. americana Nicolet from Chile and adjacent Argen- tina. Arachosia O.P.-Cambridge comprises many species previously assigned to Oxysoma. Abuzaida striata Keyserling, Anyphaena oblonga Keyserling, Gayenna proseni Mello-LeitaÄo, Gayenna duplovittata Mello-LeitaÄo, Gayenna bonneti Mello-LeitaÄo, Oxysoma dubium Berland, Oxysoma bifasciatum Mello-LeitaÄo, Oxysoma cubana Banks, Oxysoma polytrichium Mello- LeitaÄo, Phidyle bergi Simon, and Samuza praesignis Keyserling are transferred to Arachosia. The males of Arachosia bergi (Simon), A. honesta Keyserling, and Arachosia praesignis (Key- serling) are newly described. Arachosia is easily recognized by the thick setae on the anterior lateral spinnerets, and it has good support values. A very diverse group of species here assigned to the genus Sanogasta Mello-LeitaÄo is paraphyletic in terms of Arachosia. It includes many of the species formerly placed in Gayenna Nicolet. Anyphaena maculatipes Keyserling, Clubiona maculosa Nicolet, Gayenna paucilineata Mello-LeitaÄo, Gayenna alticola Simon, Gayenna bonariensis Mello-LeitaÄo, Gayenna ru®thorax Tullgren, Gayenna x-signata Keyser- ling, Gayenna approximata Tullgren, Samuza minuta Keyserling, and Tomopisthes backhauseni Simon are transferred to Sanogasta. The female of Sanogasta alticola (Simon), the males of S. x-signata (Keyserling) and S. approximata (Tullgren), and four species are newly described. The males of Monapia carolina RamõÂrez and Monapia angusta (Mello-LeitaÄo) are newly described. A new species of Oxysoma Nicolet from southern Brazil is described, and Gayenna saccata Tullgren is transferred to Oxysoma. Phidyle Simon is removed from the synonymy of Oxysoma Nicolet; the male of its only species Phidyle punctipes (Nicolet) is newly described. The genus Philisca Simon is rede®ned to include Liparotoma Simon. Clu- biona tripunctata Nicolet and Clubiona gayi Nicolet are also transferred to Philisca. The male of Philisca hahni Simon and two species are newly described. The genus is reasonably supported, except for one basal species of questionable placement. Anyphaena punctata Keyser- 4 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY NO. 277

ling, Gayenna fuscotaeniata Keyserling, Gayenna tripunctata Mello-LeitaÄo, Gayenna reticulata Mello-LeitaÄo, Gayenna taperae Mello-LeitaÄo, Oxysoma quinquenotatum Simon, Oxy- soma unipunctatum Simon, Oxysoma novum Mello-LeitaÄo, Oxysoma lineatum Tullgren, and Tomopisthes frenatus Mello-LeitaÄo are transferred to Tasata. The males of Tasata parcepunctata Simon, T. variolosa Mello-LeitaÄo, and three species are newly described. Tasata albofasciata Mello-LeitaÄo is transferred to Tupirinna Bonaldo, in the Corinnidae. Tomopisthes Simon includes only three species from Chile and adjacent Argentina. Clubiona horrenda Nicolet and Clubiona pusilla Nicolet are transferred to Tomopisthes. The male of Tomopisthes pusillus (Nicolet) is newly described. Two new genera are proposed in Gayennini: Araiya (Gayenna pallida Tullgren, type species and Gayenna coccinea Simon) and Gayennoides (for two new Chilean species). The genus Josa Keyserling, distinguished by a femoral apophysis on the male palp, is extremely diverse in Andean cloud forests and tropical America. It is one of the better supported groups of the analysis. Anyphaena keyserlingi L. Koch, Gayenna andesiana Berland, Gayenna simoni Berland, Gayennella riveti Berland, Haptisus nigrifrons Simon, Haptisus analis Simon, Haptisus maurus Simon, Olbophthalmus lojensis Berland, Olbus personatus Si- mon, Olbus gounellei Simon, Tetromma luteum Keyserling, and Tomopisthes chazaliae Simon are transferred to Josa. The male of Josa riveti (Berland) and one species are newly described. The following names are newly synonymized: Cluilius Simon, with Amaurobioides O.P.- Cambridge; Schiapellia Mello-LeitaÄo, with Axyracrus Simon; Schiapellia gerschmanni Mello LeitaÄo and Amaurobioides boydi Forster, with Axyracrus elegans Simon; Tomopisthes magellanicus Simon and Gayenna strigosa Tullgren, with Clubiona (now Negayan) paduana Karsch; Tetromma Keyserling (preoccupied), Haptisus Simon, Olbophthalmus Simon, and Gayennella Berland, with Josa Keyserling; Anyphaena pilosa Keyserling and Gayenna riveti Berland, with Tetromma (now Josa) luteum Keyserling; Pelayo insignis Banks, with Haptisus (now Josa) nigrifrons Simon; Samuza Keyserling, Abuzaida Keyserling, and Gayennina Gertsch, with Arachosia O.P.-Cambridge; Tomopisthes tripunctatus Mello-LeitaÄo, with Samuza (now Ara- chosia) praesignis Keyserling; Oxysoma ramboi Mello-LeitaÄo, with Arachosia honesta Key- serling; Sanogasta intermedia Mello-LeitaÄo, with Anyphaena (now Sanogasta) maculatipes Keyserling; Gayenna monticola Chamberlin, with Gayenna alticola Simon; Clubiona sternalis Nicolet, Anyphaena ignota Keyserling, Gayenna af®nis Tullgren, Gayenna dubia Tullgren, Tomopisthes conspersus Simon, Tomopisthes modestus Simon, Tomopisthes taeniatus Simon, Gayenna skottsbergi Berland, and Tomopisthes injucundus Simon, with Clubiona (now San- ogasta) maculosa Nicolet; Tomopisthes kraepelini Simon, with Gayenna approximata Tull- gren; Liparotoma Simon, with Philisca Simon; Philisca navarinensis Tullgren, with Philisca hahni Simon; Heteromma Karsch (preoccupied), with Tomopisthes Simon; Tomopisthes immanis Simon, Heteromma fuegiana Karsch, Philisca sica Strand, and Nonianus argentinus Mello-LeitaÄo, with Clubiona (now Tomopisthes) horrenda Nicolet; Gayenna chilensis Tull- gren, with Clubiona (now Tomopisthes) pusilla Nicolet; Gayenna stellata Simon, with Gay- enna (now Araiya) coccinea Simon; Oxysoma punctipes Nicolet, Oxysoma aurata Nicolet, Oxysoma longipes Nicolet, Oxysoma lineata Nicolet, and Aporatea valdiviensis Simon, with Oxysoma punctatum Nicolet. The following names, previously listed in Anyphaenidae, are considered nomina dubia: Anyphaena pampa Holmberg, Clubiona albiventris Nicolet, Clubiona citrina Nicolet, Clubiona gemella Nicolet, Clubiona gibbosa Nicolet, Clubiona lepida Nicolet, Clubiona limbata Nicolet, Clubiona lineata Nicolet, Clubiona nigricans Nicolet, Clubiona nubes Nicolet, Clubiona pulchella Nicolet, Clubiona puella Nicolet, Clubiona versicolor Nicolet, Oxysoma auratum Nic- olet, Oxysoma del®ni Simon, and Tomopisthes aethiops Simon.

INTRODUCTION particularly well-developed tracheal system, The Anyphaenidae is a homogeneous fam- externally evident by the wide, advanced tra- ily of small to medium-sized, wandering cheal spiracle. Most diversity of the family hunter spiders. The group is relatively uni- occurs in the New World, especially South form and well de®ned, both morphologically America, with 29 endemic genera out of 54. and geographically. They have characteristic The extended tracheal system of Anyphae- claw tufts composed of ¯attened setae, and a na Sundevall motivated Bertkau (1878) to 2003 RAMIÂREZ: SPIDER SUBFAMILY AMAUROBIOIDINAE 5 erect the family Anyphaenidae. In subse- was deposited in the Museum National quent years, anyphaenids were considered ei- d'Histoire Naturelle in Paris, where EugeÁne ther a separate family or members of the Simon worked. Most of Nicolet's types, families Clubionidae and the old Drassidae however, were thought to be lost, until about (today mostly Gnaphosidae), depending on half of them were found mixed with general the inclination of the authors to cherish or collections (RamõÂrez, 1989). It seems that Si- decry characters from internal anatomy (see mon (1889, 1904) only examined a few of Platnick, 1974; Brescovit, 1997; RamõÂrez, those types. That, together with the fact that 1995a). However, the group in itself, beyond the library of the museum in Paris apparently its hierarchic position, was never disputed. lacked the atlas with the illustrations from A small cladistic analysis of the family Nicolet, may explain how things unfolded. In (RamõÂrez, 1995a) resulted in a classi®cation 1897 Simon described two monotypic gen- of Anyphaenidae in three subfamilies. The era, Aporatea and Mezenia (Simon, 1987a), most basal group, Malenellinae, includes precisely for the same species for which Nic- only the Chilean Malenella nana RamõÂrez. olet created Oxysoma and Gayenna, while The Anyphaeninae was revised at the generic ascribing Nicolet names to very different spi- level by Brescovit (1997), and it is probably ders. Simon placed in Oxysoma those amau- the sister group of Amaurobioidinae. These robioidines with a markedly procurved pos- last two subfamilies mostly correspond to the terior eye row (here Arachosia and Tasata), main divisions in traditional keys to genera but he left Gayenna loosely de®ned by char- (e.g., Simon, 1897a). The monophyly of An- acters also attributed to other genera (notably yphaeninae is not well documented, but Tomopisthes; see Tullgren, 1901; RamõÂrez Amaurobioidinae may be easily recognized and Kochalka, 1993). Subsequent authors by a very characteristic male copulatory followed the characterization of Gayenna palp, with a deep basal indentation in the te- and Oxysoma given by Simon, often using gulum, occupied by a membranous area Gayenna as a dump group for species that (Platnick, 1977; RamõÂrez, 1995a). lacked the speci®c characters of better de- Most species of Amaurobioidinae were de- ®ned genera. scribed in Gayenna Nicolet, Tomopisthes Si- Modern revisionary works in Amaurobioi- mon, Oxysoma Nicolet, or Tasata Simon. dinae cover only a few genera. Forster These four genera were ambiguously de®ned (1970) revised Amaurobioides Hewitt, and in the classic literature (see Tullgren, 1901; RamõÂrez (1993, 1995b, 1997, 1999) present- RamõÂrez and Kochalka, 1993; RamõÂrez, ed cladistic revisions of Liparotoma (here 1995b), being mostly diagnosed by details in part of Philisca), Monapia, Acanthoceto, and the position of the eyes. As shown here, Ferrieria. The relationships among genera these characters are among the most homo- were preliminary studied for the closer rela- plasious of all the analysis. A nomenclatorial tives of Monapia and Acanthoceto (RamõÂrez, twist in the early history of the group further 1995b, 1997, 1999). Kochalka (1980) revised complicates this unfortunate fact. The most Josa Keyserling in an unpublished Master's popular genera of Amaurobioidinae seemed thesis, which also includes considerations of to be Gayenna and Oxysoma, in the sense the systematics of Amaurobioidinae, most of that specialists were inclined to describe new them already discussed in my previous pa- species in those genera. Both genera were pers. proposed by Nicolet (1849) for two species The 22 genera of Amaurobioidinae that re- of remarkable appearance and morphology, sult from this revision include about 140 common in temperate forests of Chile. Nic- known species. In addition, the collections olet's descriptions are of little use for iden- that I examined hold a similar number of un- ti®cation, but the illustrations are good described species. The aim of this contribu- enough to distinguish these two species. This tion is to produce a phylogenetic classi®ca- work by Nicolet is included in the ``Historia tion of the subfamily, settling the limits of FõÂsica y PolõÂtica de Chile'', compiled by the genera. Besides the representatives se- Claudio Gay in Spanish, but printed in Paris. lected for the cladistic analysis, I assign re- The collection of spiders studied by Nicolet vised generic placement to other species that 6 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY NO. 277

I examined in the preliminary stages of this SMF Senkenberg Museum, Frankfurt, work. As explained in Cladistic Analysis, Manfred Grasshoff these species ®t well in the genera as de®ned UC Universidad de ConcepcioÂn, Vivi- here. ane Jerez UCB University of California, Berkley, Elizabeth Arias MATERIALS AND METHODS UNESP Instituto de BiocieÃncias, Universi- dade de SaÄo Paulo, Isabela Rinaldi Specimens examined for this study are de- UPBS University of Plymouth, UK, De- posited in the following institutions: partment of Biological Sciences, Pe- ter Smithers AMNH American Museum of Natural His- USNM National Museum of Natural Histo- tory, New York, Norman Platnick ry, Smithsonian Institution, Wash- BMNH The Natural History Museum, Lon- ington, D.C., Jonathan Coddington don, Janet Beccaloni ZMB Musem fuÈr Naturkunde, Institut fuÈr BPBM Bishop Museum, Honolulu, David Systematische Zoologie, Berlin, Ja- Preston son Dunlop CAS California Academy of Sciences, ZMH Zoologisches Museum, Hamburg, San Francisco, Charles Griswold Hieronymus Dastych IBNP Inventario BioloÂgico Nacional de ZMK Zoologisk Museum, Copenhagen, Paraguay, AsuncioÂn, John Kochalka Nikolaj Scharff IBSP Instituto Butantan, SaÄo Paulo, An- The lists of material examined (other than tonio Brescovit the types) include over 6400 specimens. Lo- IML FundacioÂn Miguel Lillo, TucumaÂn, calities are listed mostly as they appear in the Pablo Goloboff IRSN Institut Royal des Sciences Naturel- labels, but were checked with maps and gaz- les de Belgique, Brussels, LeÂon etteers. Distances and measures from labels Baert are transcribed without conversion to the MACN-Ar Museo Argentino de Ciencias Na- metric system. Annotations on the original turales Bernardino Rivadavia, Buen- labels are included (e.g., ``under stones'', os Aires, Cristina Scioscia Malaise trap), but not taxonomic identi®ca- MBUV Museo de BiologõÂa, Universidad tions. Central de Venezuela, Caracas, R. Candia FORMAT OF DESCRIPTIONS MCN FundacËaÄo ZoobotaÃnica do Rio Grande do Sul, Erica Buckup Measurements are in millimeters, taken MCTP Museu de CieÃncias e Tecnologia, with an ocular micrometer on a Leitz stereo- PontifõÂcia Universidade CatoÂlica do microscope. Measurements are given with Rio Grande do Sul, Arno Lise two decimals, but accuracy between 1% and MCZ Museum of Comparative Zoology, 2% is as follows: Ϯ0.017 mm (for measure- Cambridge, Massachusets, Herbert ments Ͻ1.67 mm), 0.033 mm (1.70±3.33 Levi mm), 0.133 (Ͼ3.33 mm). Carapace length is MHNP MuseÂum National d'Histoire Natu- the maximum in dorsal view, not including relle, Paris, Christine Rollard MHNS Museo Nacional de Historia Natu- chelicerae; total length is without chelicerae ral, Santiago, Ariel Camousseight or spinnerets. Tibiae are measured between MLP Museo de La Plata, Luis Pereira condyla, metatarsi from basal condyle to dor- MMLS Museo Municipal de Ciencias Na- sal apical end. Measurements of total length, turales Lorenzo Scaglia, Mar del abdomen dimensions, and position of trache- Plata, Juan Farina al spiracle vary with physiological condition MNRJ Museu Nacional, Universidade Fed- or preservation artifacts and are only intend- eral do Rio de Janeiro, Adriano ed to give an idea of the size and aspect of Kury the specimen. Other measurements are dif®- MZUSP Museu de Zoologia, Universidade cult to take and may have considerable error: de SaÄo Paulo, Ricardo Pinto da Ro- the distance between tracheal spiracle and cha spinnerets is measured up to the posterior NRS Naturhistoriska Riksmuseet, Stock- holm, TorbjoÈrn Kronestedt margin of abdominal cuticle (because spin- 2003 RAMIÂREZ: SPIDER SUBFAMILY AMAUROBIOIDINAE 7 nerets are telescopable) and is quite inaccu- C2r retrolateral portion of C2 rate for small specimens with few setae. CD copulatory duct Length of female tarsal palp is problematic CO copulatory opening if telescoped into the tibia. Some types were E embolus examined without access to an ocular micro- FD fertilization duct LL lateral lobe meter, and thus measurements are lacking for LT lateral trachea some species known only from the types. MA median apophysis Spine (macroseta) pattern is described in MT median trachea standard format, with slight intuitive modi- PLE posterior lateral eye ®cations (ap ϭ apical, bas ϭ basal, d ϭ dor- PMA paramedian apophysis sal, p ϭ prolateral, r ϭ retrolateral, v ϭ ven- PME posterior median eye tral). In case a spine is not paired, it is in- PMS posterior median spinneret dicated whether it is placed on a particular RTA retrolateral tibial apophysis side: p 2-d1±1 means four spines on the pro- SCG index of supported/contradicted groupings lateral side (two basals, one median dorsally SD sperm duct displaced, and one apical on the median All drawings were made with a camera lu- line). In case a segment bears only basal or cida on a Leitz stereo or compound micro- apical spines, notation is abbreviated: 2ap is scope. Spermathecae were cleared in clove equivalent to 0±0±2, 1bas to 1±0±0, and oil and are illustrated with a compound mi- p1ap to 0±0-p1. Only surfaces bearing spines croscope. The tracheal system was examined are listed. Occasionally (mostly on femora) after digestion in KOH 10±20% in a double two spines are not strictly paired but are boiler. Spinnerets were critical-point dried close to each other; these are associated in for the scanning electorn microscope; all oth- parentheses: 0-d1-(1-d1) would be equivalent er structures were air dried. Primordia of epi- to 0-0-0-0-d1-0-0-0-1-d1. If bristles (thin, re- gyne were dissected from penultimate fe- duced macrosetae) occur in place of spines, males close to ecdysis from regular collec- it is indicated: 1±1 bristles (two bristles in a tions. Spermathecae were prepared for scan- median line) or 1-(1 bristle) (one spine and ning after digestion with contact lens cleaner one bristle). When referring to individual overnight (Sierwald, 1990). spines, other positions of the generalized pattern (for instance, in characters 129±199) are CLADISTIC ANALYSIS replaced by ``x'': v x-p1-x is the ventral me- REPRESENTATIVES dian prolateral spine, regardless of whether the specimen bears v 2±2±2 or v 0-p1±2. In this analysis, terminals are exemplar Spine positions are approximate, with refer- species, instead of hypothetical constructs or ence to a generalized pattern, and the nota- bauplans. A ®rst step for terminal selection tion is not strictly literal: v 2ap spines are was the examination of all available type close to the apical margin on tibia, but not specimens and the larger collections of so close on the metatarsus. In many cases Amaurobioidinae over the world. From all notations like p d1-x-x and d p1-x-x may be these specimens I made a preliminary list of equally appropriate, and they were arbitrarily species, with at least a few sketches and (but consistently) settled according to the notes for each one. These ®les comprise generalized pattern. about three times as many species as included here, a number far beyond the scope of ABBREVIATIONS USED IN TEXT AND TABLES this paper. I decided then to base the analysis on representative species. More than one rep- AB accessory bulb resentative is included for each genus (except ALE anterior lateral eye monotypic ones) and for groups of species ALS anterior lateral spinneret AME anterior median eye that seemed reasonable candidates to deserve APmf anterior pouch on median ®eld genus rank. For the sake of nomenclatorial C1 primary conductor stability, type species of genera are also in- C2 secondary conductor cluded, when available. Because the main C2p prolateral portion of C2 purpose of this study is to settle the limits 8 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY NO. 277

and relationships of genera, I also included CHARACTERS species bearing particularly con¯icting com- Of the 200 characters listed below, 189 are binations of characters. In turn, no further informative for phylogeny. Most characters species was added if a very similar one had are from male (59) and female (28) sexual been included, or if it seemed evident that structures and from spines (71). The general such species would not imply a problematic somatic morphology, coloration, and spin- generic assignation. Finally, I included all nerets are coded in 38 characters. The tra- species treated in previous cladistic analyses cheal system is coded in three characters that (genera Monapia, Acanthoceto, Liparotoma), are considered logically related. Only one because they do not add complications to the character of sexual behavior is included. Ta- project, and it seemed interesting to test those ble 3 lists character statistics, and ®gure 4 previous hypotheses. Taxon sampling was in- shows the average ®t that the character sys- creased after some preliminary analysis, but tems had after the analysis. still some problems are not adequately resolved (e.g., the limits of Sanogasta). These CODING weak points of the analysis are noted and Multistate characters are considered addi- will be addressed in the future. tive when the states were interpreted as in- ternested homologies; this is not intended to OUTGROUPS express assumptions on the evolution of characters, but merely re¯ects degrees of The monophyly of Anyphaenidae is rea- similarity (Lipscomb, 1992; Goloboff, sonably well founded, and the grouping of 1997a). Morphoclines were interpreted as in- Anyphaeninae plus Amaurobioidinae is very ternested homologies. Because some authors well supported and has never been disputed have criticized this approach as an unjusti®ed (RamõÂrez, 1995a). This is so even though the assumption, additional analyses were made closest relatives of Anyphaenidae are not yet with all characters set as nonadditive. These determined, as is true for most dionychan analyses produced identical trees (but only families (Coddington and Levi, 1991), be- one of the two trees for concavity K ϭ 6; see cause anyphaenids are quite uniform in some also note under character 11). characters not commonly found on other spi- Weight for each character is a function of ders (the details of the claw tufts and the tra- the homoplasy it implies on the tree. How- cheal system). Malenella nana was used to ever, there is an amount of a priori homopla- root the analysis. The Anyphaeninae, recent- sy, as determined by intraspeci®c variability ly revised at the generic level by Brescovit (e.g., Negayan tridentata may have two or (1997), includes 33 genera whose relation- three teeth on the cheliceral retromargen, and ships are practically unknown. The mono- the scoring [12] adds one internal step to phyly of Anyphaeninae is at best weakly character 20). Those cells of the matrix were supported. I included six representative spe- coded as polymorphisms (letters a±j in the cies, selected by having characters potential- datamatrix), and the appropriate internal ly con¯icting with the monophyly and inter- steps were added manually with command nal resolution of Amaurobioidinae. That is, ccodeϭ of Pee-Wee. Polymorphic entries they share conditions that are diagnostic for were also used to express ambiguous ho- genera or groups of genera within Amauro- mology, because of intermediate conditions bioidinae. This selection biases the analysis (e.g., the intermediate shapes of the para- against monophyly of Anyphaeninae, and median apophysis of some Gaynennini, char- hence solutions with Anyphaeninae con- acter 68). These entries do not count for in- strained to be monophyletic were also external steps. The complete data matrix is list- plored. Admittedly, some statements of ho- ed in table 1. mology among amaurobioidines and anyphaenines are questionable (e.g., those of CHARACTER DESCRIPTION AND OPTIMIZATIONS male palpal conductorsÐsee the taxonomic Except as noted, states are (0) absent, (1) section Anyphaeninae for details). present, and ``synapomorphy'' represent a 2003 RAMIÂREZ: SPIDER SUBFAMILY AMAUROBIOIDINAE 9 [36] ϭ [34]; j ϭ [2345]; i ϭ [24]; h ϭ [23]; g ϭ [15]; f ϭ [12]; e ϭ [02]; d ϭ TABLE 1 Data Matrix [012]; c ϭ [01]; b ϭ Terminals that have more than one state are coded: a 10 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY NO. 277 ) TABLE 1 Continued ( 2003 RAMIÂREZ: SPIDER SUBFAMILY AMAUROBIOIDINAE 11 ) TABLE 1 Continued ( 12 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY NO. 277 ) TABLE 1 Continued ( 2003 RAMIÂREZ: SPIDER SUBFAMILY AMAUROBIOIDINAE 13 ) TABLE 1 Continued ( 14 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY NO. 277 ) TABLE 1 Continued ( 2003 RAMIÂREZ: SPIDER SUBFAMILY AMAUROBIOIDINAE 15 gain (transformation 0 → 1). To make read- A potential synapomorphy of Aysenia, but ing easier, after de®nition of each character ambiguous at node 117 because Axyra- and states, a synopsis of its evolution is giv- crus and Aysenoides parvus are interme- en, as optimized on the preferred trees of ®g- diate and were coded [01]. ure 3. 7. Carapace and chelicerae Amaurobioides- like. In this genus and Aysenia the carapace is wide in front, the chelicerae are Color and Body Pattern very strong, and the ocular area is rela- 0. Body pattern: (0) absent, color uniform; tively small. It appears as a convergence (1) present, with contrasting patches, in the optimal trees; however, in Axyra- spots or dots. Color uniform is a syna- crus and Aysenoides the carapace is inter- pomorphy (reversion) of Sanogasta puma mediate between the generalized shape and S. tenuis, both being pale brown. and that of Amaurobioides. Coptoprepes species have a weakly con- 8. Thoracic groove. Absent in Malenella, trasting pattern; only C. ¯avopilosus is shallow in Wul®la argentina (coded [01]), uniformly dark brown (®g. 35A). Male- absent in clade 126. nella nana is uniformly pale green (see character 3). In previous contributions Eyes (RamõÂrez, 1995b, 1999), a pattern of dark small dots on a pale background appeared 9. Ocular area black. Appears independently as a synapomorphy of Monapia, Tasata, in several groups. and Oxysoma. With a wider selection of 10. Ocular area protruded (®g. 22A). Syna- representatives, there are many interme- pomorphy of clade 118, but also of clades diate or ambiguous conditions, and the 141, 152, and of Tasata taim. character is not used here (but see char- 11. Anterior eye row: (0) procurved; (1) acters 4 and 5). straight; (2) recurved. States are ordered. 1. Ventral longitudinal dark stripe on abdo- Very homoplasious. Characters 11±16 are men. It may be dark and homogeneous, perhaps the most traditional characters of or formed by aligned spots. It appears in- spider systematics. They are continuously dependently many times. variable, with boundaries between states 2. Red lateral bands on carapace. A syna- arbitrarily de®ned. A small variation in pomorphy of Araiya. the position of AME can change the row 3. Color green. A potential synapomorphy from recurved to straight or procurved, of Wul®la and Malenella nana; appears as while a wide change to the other side will a plesiomorphy in this analysis. still be considered recurved. Eye rows are 4. Anterior dorsal dark dot on abdomen (®g. seen from standard views (anterior, dor- 125). Potential synapomorphy of some sal), which may not be comparable when Tasata, Oxysoma, and Monapia species, the shape of the cephalic area varies. The arises independently in all three genera. 5. Two pairs of dark dots on the anterior half ambiguity of de®nition is re¯ected in their of abdomen. Similar distribution as char- high levels of homoplasy. Eliminating acter 3, ariable in Oxysoma punctatum these characters only affects local reso- and Tasata unipunctata. lution in clades 95 and 128, involving groups with tiny support. 12. Posterior eye row: (0) procurved or Carapace straight; (1) recurved. Synapomorphy of 6. Carapace very narrow: (0) normal, female clade 119, with reversals in clade 100 and carapace width/length Ͼ 0.65; (1) nar- Amaurobioides africana; ambiguous at row, width/length Ͻ 0.55 (®gs. 22A, nodes 95 and 96 of Josa. 88A). Estimated from the male for a few 13. Posterior eye row strongly procurved (®g. species with unknown females. Because 129A, B). Traditionally considered syna- measurements were taken from one spec- pomorphy of Arachosia (what Simon re- imen only, statistical analysis of continu- ferred as Oxysoma), appears also in some ous characters derived from measure- Tasata,inGayenna americana, and in ments is impossible. Only a clear gap Oxysoma itambezinho. across all terminals was considered as the 14. Separation between lateral eyes: (0) up to limit between states (®g. 1A), and any in- one diameter; (1) more than one diame- termediate group is coded as ambiguous. ter. Appears independently in Arachosia 16 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY NO. 277

bergi, Tomopisthes horrendus, and clade ilar to those of Dictyninae males, it is a 93 of Josa. synapomorphy of a group of Philisca spe- 15. Ratio AME/ALE: (0) AME minute; (1) cies, here represented by clade 132. AME Ͻ ALE; (2) AME ϭ ALE; (3) AME 25. Male endites modi®ed (®g. 96B). In this Ͼ ALE. States are ordered. Extremely analysis the protuberances at the external homoplasious. sides of the endites are an autapomorphy 16. Ratio PME/PLE: (0) PME Ͻ PLE; (1) of Philisca ornata, also present in other PME ϭ PLE; (2) PME Ͼ PLE. States are related species. ordered. Very homoplasious. State 2 is an autapomorphy of Josa calilegua. Female Legs and Palp 26. Leg III orientation: (0) backward; (1) for- Chelicerae and Endites ward (®g. 24A). Synapomorphy of Aysen- ia and Aysenoides. The habits of these 17. Male chelicerae: (0) strong, as in female spiders are almost unknown; the body or larger; (1) smaller than in female. Ap- shape and position of third legs suggest pears and reverts in several groups. that they might live in narrow tubes. 18. Male retromarginal distal tooth: (0) simi- 27. Leg III much shorter that IV: (0) unmod- lar to the basal; (1) much larger than the i®ed, female tibia ϩ metatarsus III equal basal (RamõÂrez, 1997: ®gs. 50, 56). Syn- or longer to tibia IV; (1) shorter than apomorphy of clade 99. 80% of tibia IV (®g. 1B). Estimated from 19. Male distal pro- and retromarginal teeth: the male for the few species with un- (0) separate; (1) contiguous, on a com- known females. Synapomorphy of clade mon protuberance (RamõÂrez, 1997: ®gs. 151, convergent in Sanogasta tenuis. All 50, 56). Synapomorphy of clade 99, ab- three species live on grasses and have sent in Acanthoceto riogrande (contra Ra- similar cryptic habits. mõÂrez, 1997). 28. Tibia I sinuous: (0) straight (®g. 112C); 20. Number of retromarginal teeth: (0) one; (1) slightly sinuous (®g. 112A, B). Syna- (1) two (®g. 12A); (2) three; (3) four or pomorphy of Araiya (with a convergence more (®g. 11B, C). States are unordered, in Aysenia elongata, ®g. 22B). In other because the homology among individual genera only males have a sinuous tibia I. teeth is unclear (apical, basal, or inter- 29. Patch of blunt hairs on palp. Autapomor- mediate teeth might be added or lost). phy of Malenella nana (®g. 10E, F). Very homoplasious. Having two teeth is 30. Thick female palp. Autapomorphy of a synapomorphy of Gayennini and Josa, Malenella nana (RamõÂrez, 1995a; this pa- with subsequent reversals in several per, compare ®gs. 10F and 12C). groups, also variable within Amaurobioi- 31. Palpal claw blunt, compressed. Synapo- dini. See character 23. morphy of clade 134 (RamõÂrez, 1993: ®g. 21. Size of retromarginal teeth: (0) small den- 4; this paper, ®g. 101). ticles; (1) regular teeth. Quite homoplasious, ambiguous in Malenella and some Anyphaeninae, because they have both Claw tufts and Scopulae regular and small teeth. State 1 arises in- 32. Orientation of claw tuft setae: (0) ¯at dependently in clades 118 and 176, and sides up and down, the generalized con- there are several other convergences and dition in Dionycha (Platnick and Lau, reversals. 1975; this paper, ®g. 10C, D); (1) ridged 22. Male median promarginal tooth: (0) un- sides directed outward (®g. 13B, C, G). modi®ed, slightly larger than the laterals; A synapomorphy of Anyphaeninae plus (1) thick, elevated (®g. 96B). Synapomor- Amaurobioidinae (RamõÂrez, 1995a). Each phy of clade 132 of Philisca. claw tuft seta has a vertical widened sur- 23. Number of promarginal teeth: (0) three; face, with the petiolus extending in an ex- (1) four; (2) ®ve or more. States are un- ternal rib (®g. 13G). Some dionychans ordered for the same reason as character like Lygromma (Prodidomidae) or Scoti- 20. The general number is three. Two nella (Liocranidae) have super®cially gains of promarginal teeth are associated similar setae (Platnick and Lau, 1975). with a gain of one or more retromarginals, 33. Scopulae on anterior tibiae: (0) absent; two other gains are not; all other changes (1) present. Independently lost in several are ambiguously optimized. groups. 24. Male chelicerae modi®ed (®g. 97D). Sim- 34. Scopulae on posterior tibiae. Synapomor- 2003 RAMIÂREZ: SPIDER SUBFAMILY AMAUROBIOIDINAE 17

phy of Arachosia, with convergences in morphy of Negayan; node 119 and de- clade 93 of Josa, and in Tomopisthes hor- scendants optimize state 1, node 108 op- rendus. timizes state 0, all other Amaurobioidinae [01]. The relict of RTA of Gamakia hir- Abdomen suta (®g. 46) is coded uncertain; if coded 1, only the assignments of clades 106, 35. PMS with many aciniform gland spigots 120, and 121 change from [01] to 1. (®g. 15C). Synapomorphy of Amauro- 44. RTA extremely thin (RamõÂrez, 1997: ®g. bioides, probably used to build water- 9). Synapomorphy of clade 101 of Acan- proof retreats. thoceto. 36. Male abdomen projecting over anal tu- 45. Retrolateral or dorsal apophysis, addition- bercle (RamõÂrez, 1997: ®g. 16). Synapo- al to the RTA. Only in Malenella nana morphy of Acanthoceto. and Aysha prospera. Otoniela is coded 37. Thick setae on ALS base (®g. 61D±F) of ambiguous because it has a low ridge. males, females and immatures. Synapo- Xiruana hirsuta has only one RTA, but X. morphy of Arachosia. The males of P. hu- gracilipes has two; if Xiruana is coded as api, and at least the adult males and fe- present, it becomes sister to Aysha,a males of other undescribed Philisca spe- more reasonable placement according to cies also have similar setae on ALS. Brescovit (1997). The optimizations for the basal node of Amaurobioidinae do not Tracheae change much with that alternative resolution (but see character 79). 38. Tracheal spiracle position: (0) closer to 46. Basal retrolateral tibial apophysis. A po- spinnerets, or midway to epigastric fur- tential synapomorphy of some Anyphaen- row; (1) closer to epigastric furrow. A inae, unclear in Xiruana and Otoniela. potential synapomorphy of Anyphaeninae 47. Cymbial conductor (®gs. 34A, 61). Syn- (RamõÂrez, 1995a, but here nonmonophy- apomorphy of Anyphaeninae plus Amau- letic), with convergences in some Aracho- robioidinae (Coddington, 1990; RamõÂrez, sia and Acanthoceto acupicta. Because 1995a). the next two characters are most probably 48. Cymbial conductor subapical: (0) apical a consequence of the advancement of the (®gs. 34A, 61); (1) subapical (®g. 53B). tracheal spiracle, the weight of these three Synapomorphy of clade 106, with con- characters is 1, with all others being 3; vergence in Aysenoides parvus and Cop- equal weights produce the same results, toprepes valdiviensis. including the nonmonophyly of Any- 49. Cymbial conductor width: (0) narrow phaeninae. 39. Length of lateral tracheae: (0) short; (1) (®g. 61); (1) wide (®g. 34A). The narrow long. Same as preceding. condition is a synapomorphy of Gayen- 40. Position of ®rst bifurcation of median tra- nini, convergent in some Anyphaenines. cheae: (0) separate from lateral tracheae; There is a reversal to wide in clade 158 (1) contiguous. Potential synapomorphy of Monapia (RamõÂrez, 1995b: ®gs. 41, 55, of Anyphaeninae, see character 38. 62, 68, 74). 50. Retrolateral apical notch on cymbium. The notch is usually ®tted to the median Male Palp apophysis (®g. 42A, B), even also to the 41. Femoral apophysis (®g. 60E). Synapo- secondary conductor (®g. 38A). Conver- morphy of Josa. gent in Coptoprepes, Negayan, and 42. Retrolateral tibial apophysis (RTA): (0) Amaurobioides maritima. Sanogasta ap- absent; (1) present. The RTA is primitive proximata and Monapia dilaticollis have for Anyphaenidae, but is independently similar notches, but they are not clearly lost in Wul®la argentina (where a basal associated with the median apophysis. apophysis is present instead, see character 51. Apical patch of thick, bent setae on cym- 46), Josa ϩ Gayennini, and Coptoprepes bium (®g. 119B, C; Gerschman and campanensis; Gamakia hirsuta has a tiny Schiapelli, 1970: ®g. 23). In this analysis relict of RTA (®g. 46). an autapomorphy of Oxysoma longiven- 43. Shape of RTA: (0) thick or spatulate; (1) tre, present also in some closely related, thin, narrow, spine-shaped (®g. 18C); (2) undescribed species. Negayan type, elongate and distally 52. Retrolateral basal notch on cymbium hooked (®g. 50C). State 2 is a synapo- (®gs. 66D, 118E). Appears convergently 18 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY NO. 277

in Gayennoides, clade 149 of Monapia, terally (®g. 58A). Convergence of Josa and Oxysoma itambezinho. and clade 156 of Monapia. 62. Ventral cusp on tegulum (®g. 47A). Syn- Copulatory Bulb apomorphy of clade 104 of Negayan. 63. Triangular sclerotized area from the 53. Apical loop of the sperm duct (SD), dor- sperm duct to the base of median apoph- sal to secondary conductor (®gs. 21H, ysis (®g. 107E). Extremely homoplasious, 26C). Synapomorphy of Amaurobioidini, present in Tomopisthes, but variable in with a reversal in Acanthoceto acupicta Philisca. In several Monapia all the area group (clade 100), and a convergence in is sclerotized (coded uncertain), variable Monapia angusta. Sanogasta approxima- in Monapia alupuran. ta and several Anyphaeninae have a weak 64. Median apophysis (MA): (0) present; (1) curve, coded as uncertain. reduced; (2) absent. States are ordered. 54. Loop of the SD dorsal to median apoph- Reduced independently in Ferrieria, ysis. Appears convergently in clade 114 Acanthoceto acupicta group, Negayan, of Aysenoides (®g. 26C) (they have both Axyracrus, and Sanogasta maculatipes loops, see preceding character) and in group. Totally absent in Negayan cocci- clade 134 of Philisca (®g. 102A). nea, Malenella, and the anyphaenine Ita- 55. Apical dorsal margin of tegulum extended laman santamaria. over the secondary conductor (®gs. 82A, 65. Shape of MA: (0) relatively thick (®g. 84D). Synapomorphy of clade 174, re- 18H); (1) slender and elongate (®g. 66E). verts in clade 167 of Sanogasta, probably The slender MA is a synapomorphy of masked by the hypertrophy of secondary Gayennini, with convergence in several conductor (®g. 78B). Convergent in Phi- Amaurobioidini. Only Gamakia and some dyle punctipes. The bulbs of Amaurobioi- Aysenoides have similar S-shaped MA. dini, Josa, and several Anyphaeninae are 66. MA with thin branches (®g. 93A±C). very different; hence, the character is Synapomorphy of Philisca, lost in P. tri- scored as missing. punctata; convergent in Tasata centralis, 56. Ventral loop of the sperm duct reaching with very short splinters (®g. 133). the apical margin of tegulum. Quite no- 67. Paramedian apophysis (PMA; see Mor- torious in Tasata and close relatives (®gs. phological Remarks): (0) absent; (1) pre- 128A, 137C), but ambiguous in many sent. Absent in Malenella and Anyphaen- other species. Synapomorphy of clade ines, but coded uncertain in Otoniela ad- 165, with a few reversals, and probable isi. This species has a palpal sclerite (the convergences in Anyphaeninae (here in ``ventral tegular projection'', Brescovit, Xiruana hirsuta). 1997), which might be homologous to ei- 57. Sperm duct suddenly narrowed before ther PMA or the primary conductor (C1). reaching the embolus (®gs. 18G, 50D). In Josa the PMA is fused to the tegulum Convergent in Amaurobioides and Negay- (character 74); Josa nigrifrons and Cop- an paduana. toprepes campanensis have no traces of 58. Spiral loop of the sperm duct, before PMA. reaching the embolus: (0) absent (®g. 68. Shape of PMA: (0) one short cusp (®gs. 121); (1) present, slightly coiled (®g. 42C, 37A); (1) two or more short cusps 129E); (2) well coiled in spiral (®g. (®gs. 26C, D, 52A); (2) thick, simple, and 128D). States are ordered. Synapomorphy elongate, type Philisca (®g. 98A); (3) of clades 147 (state 1) and 145 (state 2) slender, type Monapia or Sanogasta (®g. of Tasata. 82A); (4) bi®d (®g. 107D, E). States are 59. Tegulum displaced basally (®gs. 25B, unordered; coding details within Gayen- 36F). Caused by the hypertrophy of the nini sacri®ced the presumed homology of distal sclerites, it is a synapomorphy of their conspicuous, projecting PMA. State Coptoprepes, also of clade 112 of Aysenia 1 is a synapomorphy of clade 121 with (but the male of Aysenia elongata is still subsequent reversal in some Acanthoceto. unknown). State 2 appears in Philisca except P. pu- 60. Basal notch on tegulum. Synapomorphy conensis and some Tasata, and state 3 ap- of Amaurobioidinae (Platnick, 1977; Ra- pears in Sanogasta (including Arachosia) mõÂrez, 1995a). and Monapia. State 4 seems to be the 61. Basal notch of tegulum displaced prola- primitive condition for Gayennini. Sev- 2003 RAMIÂREZ: SPIDER SUBFAMILY AMAUROBIOIDINAE 19

eral Gayennini have intermediate shapes the embolus, and is even lost indepen- and were coded as polymorphic. dently in several groups; it optimizes as a 69. One cusp of the PMA on the primary con- regain in Arachosia bergi, but the putative ductor (®g. 26). The cusp is clearly visible C1 is quite different, being fused to the in some amaurobioidines, but is dubious PMA. in others; scored missing in Gayennini, 76. Translucent vertical lamina on C1 (®gs. which has reduced C1. 27C, 28C). Synapomorphy of clade 114. 70. PMA slender, associated with MA (®gs. 77. Prolateral process on C1, crossing the ca- 82A, 84D). Synapomorphy of clade 172. nal (®gs. 47C, 52B). A potential synapo- 71. Membranous area in the base of PMA, as morphy of Selknamia minima and some seen in the unexpanded bulb: (0) absent; Negayan. (1) present (®g. 85A); (2) completely sur- 78. Apex of C1 displaced close to the median rounding the base of PMA (®g. 81B, D, apophysis (RamõÂrez, 1997: ®g. 44; this F). This is a part of the distal hematodo- paper, ®gs. 32B, 33D). Convergent to cha, which is visible in the unexpanded state 1 in clade 100, Selknamia and in Ay- bulb; the main in¯atable portion is mostly senoides parvus. All these species have folded between PMA and tegulum. States small bulbs, with crowded apical sclerites. are ordered. Synapomorphy of clades 172 The morphology in Axyracrus elegans is (state 1) and 167 (state 2). quite different, and is coded as missing. 72. PMA Oxysoma type. Forming a hollow 79. Secondary conductor (C2; see Morpho- under the tegulum, with a cusp close to logical Remarks). (0) absent; (1) fused to the base, and an elongate, recurved tip anterior dorsal margin of tegulum; (2) (®g. 116B). Synapomorphy of clade 141. free. States are unordered. Among any- 73. Globose lobe on C1, at the origin of PMA phaenid outgroups, potential homologs of (®g. 47C). Convergence of Negayan coc- the C2 occur in Anyphaeninae. As dis- cinea with clade 108 of Coptoprepes. cussed by Brescovit (1997), the ``any- 74. PMA fused to tegulum (®g. 56A, B). Pre- phaenine conductor'' is a good candidate, sent in Josa, but the PMA is missing in here present in Xiruana.InAnyphaena J. nigrifrons. accentuata, the prolateral tegular projec- 75. Primary conductor (C1; see Morphologi- tion (Brescovit, 1997: ®g. 4) is also a pu- cal Remarks): (0) absent; (1) present, tative homolog of a free C2, according to without canal (®g. 93B); (2) with a canal its apical position, arising close to the an- where the embolus ®ts (®g. 44B); (3) mas- terior dorsal margin of tegulum (®g. sive, with canal (®g. 47D). States are or- 11A). The ``prolateral tegular projection'' dered. Potential homologs of C1 occur in of Wul®la argentina (Brescovit, 1997: ®g. many dionychans, Malenella (a hyaline 19) arises between the base of the em- conductor, but not a separate sclerite), bolus and the (presumably) primary con- Wul®la (the ``ventral tegular projection'', ductor, and may be a tegular or embolar Brescovit, 1997), and Otoniela (see char- apophysis instead of a C2. With this out- acter 67); Anyphaena accentuata (®g. group selection, a fused C2 arises in clade 11A) has a potential homolog of the C1 178. If Anyphaeninae is constrained to be quite similar to the massive conductor monophyletic, the assignment of the basal found in some Amaurobioidinae (state 3; node of Amaurobioidinae is [012] instead ``median apophysis'' of Huber, 1995; of 1. According to Brescovit, Xiruana, ``ventral tegular projection'' of Brescovit, Aysha, and several other genera without 1997), including a shallow canal. In this putative homologs of secondary conduc- analysis with restricted outgroups, the C1 tor form a monophyletic group with Xir- is ambiguous [01] through outgroup in- uana, and hence their conductors should ternal nodes and is present without canal have appeared independently. If Xiruana at base of Amaurobioidinae, Josa, and is forced to be sister to Aysha (see char- Gayennini. The canal (state 2) arises at acter 45), the optimization of C2 becomes the base of Amaurobioidini; the C1 be- ambiguous and thus compatible with comes massive (state 3) at clades 100 and Brescovit's interpretation. The optimiza- 106 (and in Anyphaena accentuata). Josa tion on most parsimonious trees implies has a C1 fused to the tegulum (®g. 60B), multiple separations and losses of C2. but otherwise is similar in shape and po- Among the Amaurobioidini, the C2 is free sition to that of Amaurobioidini. In Gay- only in some Coptoprepes (clade 108) ennini the C1 is small, not associated with and is independently lost several times; it 20 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY NO. 277

becomes free also in node 176, fused at 88. Denticles on prolateral portion of C2. Ex- node 172, and separate again at node 169! tremely homoplasious in clade 165, with The C2 of Josa is different and could not many independent gains and losses. be scored for several of the following de- Weakly sclerotized areas of the bulb seem tails. especially susceptible to develop such 80. Wide membranous area separating C2 sculptures. from tegulum: (0) membranous area nar- 89. Teeth on C2 apex, regularly disposed, row retrolaterally, just a suture, or C2 pointing backward (®g. 111A, C). A po- fused to tegulum (®g. 78B); (1) wide (®gs. tential synapomorphy of Araiya and To- 105A, 93D). A potential synapomorphy mopisthes (with somewhat similar dispo- of Tomopisthes and Philisca, also present sition in Philisca amoena, coded ambig- in Gayenna americana, Oxysoma punc- uous). tatum, and Tasata centralis. 90. Denticles on retrolateral portion of C2 81. Prolateral process on C2: (0) absent; (1) (®g. 116E). Convergent in Oxysoma and elongate, rounded lobe, Arachosia type clade 157 of Monapia, lost in M. pichi- (®g. 70); (2) ¯attened lobe, directed ba- nahuel. sally, Tasata type (®gs. 116C, 126D). 91. Base of C2r: (0) thick; (1) wide, thin, States are unordered. State 1 is a syna- translucent (RamõÂrez, 1995b: ®gs. 25, pomorphy of clade 124 of Arachosia. 63). Synapomorphy of clade 159 of Mon- State 2 is a synapomorphy of clade 163. apia, lost in M. carolina and clade 155; In most Monapia and Philisca the mor- also present in some Philisca, with am- phology is confusing, but de®nitely not of biguous optimizations. the Arachosia type (scored [02]). 92. C2 Josa type (®gs. 56B, 60B). Hypertro- 82. Dentate prolateral ridge or lobe on C2 phied and complex, a clear synapomorphy (®gs. 102B, 126D). Appears convergently for the genus. in Tasata and clade 136 of Philisca. 93. Shape of the relictual C1 in Gayennini: 83. Apex of C2 (the piece where the canal (0) conical (®gs. 63C, 105C); (1) acute ends): (0) apical (®g. 82A); (1) median or (RamõÂrez, 1999: ®gs. 27, 39); (2) thin, basal, the C2 extended as anterior border rounded (®g. 126B). States are unordered, (®g. 84E). Synapomorphy of clade 165, only scored in Gayennini. Very homopla- with several reversals; convergent in San- sious, it optimizes state 2 in most internal ogasta approximata and S. x-signata; nodes. confusing in several Gayennini with mod- 94. Articulation of embolus: (0) ®xed, fused i®ed C2. to tegulum; (1) movable, membranous in 84. Canal on C2: (0) absent; (1) present, part. In this analysis the embolus became short; (2) deep, long, arising under the movable at node 179; I think that the em- PMA, Gayenna type (®g. 82B). The canal bolus of Aysha is articulate (contra Bres- appears at node 178 (with same provi- covit, 1997). sions as character 79) and is lost several 95. Embolus very long. Arises independently times in both tribes. State 2 is a synapo- in Wul®la argentina, Josa, Negayan, Cop- morphy of clade 174, being subsequently toprepes campanensis, and clades 111 or lost in Sanogasta pehuenche and S. ap- 112 of Aysenia and 96 of Monapia. proximata. 96. Basal process on embolus. For the any- 85. C2 divided by a membranous area: (0) un- phaenines, I scored this character present divided; (1) totally divided by a membra- for both the ``apophysis of embolic pro- nous area, retrolateral to the canal (Ra- cess'' and the ``basal process of embolus'' mõÂrez, 1995b: ®g. 40; this paper, ®gs. as distinguished by Brescovit (1997). It 133A, 135D). Convergent in clades 161 optimizes as present at clade 180, and is and 145. lost in Xiruana and Selknamia. In the 86. C2 with membranous area prolateral to Gayennini the shape of the process is ho- the canal. Similar to preceding, but at the mogeneous, but it becomes very small other side of the canal (®gs. 118H, 124E). and of dubious homology in Monapia, A potential synapomorphy of Oxysoma where it optimizes as three independent saccatum and O. itambezinho. regains. 87. Membranous lobe on C2. Synapomorphy 97. Shape of basal process of embolus: (0) of Monapia, it is an outgrowth of the un- ¯attened (®g. 44B); (1) thin, hyaline (®g. sclerotized area dividing the C2 (RamõÂrez, 33B, C); (2) membranous, expansible 1995b: ®g. 40); lost in M. angusta. (Acanthoceto acupicta group, ®g. 33E); 2003 RAMIÂREZ: SPIDER SUBFAMILY AMAUROBIOIDINAE 21

(3) complex (®g. 54B); (4) spinelike (Ay- 105. Position of APmf: (0) advanced; (1) close senoides, ®g. 26B); (5) thick, conical (Ne- to epigastric furrow. Quite homoplasious, gayan, ®g. 50D); (6) Gayennini type, an some interferences with next character. extension of a narrow sclerotized stripe, For Sanogasta, the optimal reconstruction partly bordered by a membranous area implies that the pouch moved close to epi- which may confer variable shape (®gs. gastrium in node 170, then advanced 93F, 116C). States are unordered. Because again at node 167 (see preceding charac- of the outgroup selection, the primitive ter). state is determined by that of Aysha and 106. Shape of APmf: (0) opening approxi- Josa (complex, state 3). In Amaurobioi- mately circular; (1) opening transverse dini the ancestral state is 0. All Gayennini (®g. 69); (2) pouch widely distended (®g. have state 6 or absent. Axyracrus was 107F, G). States are unordered. State 1 is coded [36] because the complex process convergent in Monapia and Arachosia, arises from a membranous area similar to state 2 in Tomopisthes, Tasata, Philisca that of Gayennini. State 1 is a synapo- amoena, and Araiya coccinea. morphy of clade 103 (parallel in Amau- 107. Lumen of APmf: (0) simple; (1) double. robioides africana), changing to state 2 in A double cavity appears independently in the Acanthoceto acupicta group. Arachosia and clade 142 and is ambigu- 98. Base of embolus ¯attened: (0) unmodi- ous through several nodes of Monapia. ®ed, approximately cylindrical; (1) ¯at- 108. Median depression on epigyne: (0) ab- tened (RamõÂrez, 1995b: ®g. 62). Synapo- sent; (1) present; (2) vestigial. States are morphy of clade 156 of Monapia, con- unordered. States 1 and 2 are synapomor- vergent (not very similar, though) in M. phies of groups in Monapia (see discus- angusta, Josa, and Xiruana. sion in RamõÂrez, 1995b); among the out- 99. Base of embolus with anterior longitudi- groups, state 1 is present in Malenella and nal projecting ridge (®g. 99F). Totally Anyphaena accentuata. homoplasious, appears independently in 109. Pouch on median depression (not the some Philisca and Phidyle. APmf). Synapomorphy of clade 153, reverts in Monapia angusta (RamõÂrez, Epigyne 1999). 110. Lateral lobes (LL): (0) separate; (1) con- 100. Epigastrium partially sclerotized (®g. tiguous; (2) fused with suture; (3) fused 59C). Arises independently four times in without suture. States are ordered. Syna- species of Josa, Sanogasta, Tasata, and pomorphy of some clades in Philisca and Wul®la, which have dark sclerotized cu- Monapia (RamõÂrez, 1993, 1995b). State 2 ticle around the epigynum, instead of soft, appears convergently in Oxysoma punc- clear cuticle. tatum. 101. Insertions of epigastric muscles at sides of 111. Posterior notch between LL. The LL are epigyne: (0) super®cial; (1) depressed close together over the epigastric fold, (®g. 69B). Synapomorphy of clade 171, limiting notch. Appears independently in reverts in Sanogasta tenuis. Josa and clade 128 of Sanogasta (®gs. 102. Epigyne projecting posteriorly. Conver- 56H, 84A). gent in Josa nigrifrons and Sanogasta x- 112. Posterior depressions on LL. Appear in- signata, also occurs in species of both dependently in some Josa (®g. 55A), Fer- genera not included here. rieria (RamõÂrez, 1997: ®g. 67), and clade 103. Semicircular ridges anterior to epigyne. 104 of Negayan (shallow in N. tridenta- All convergences in species of Tomopis- ta). thes, Tasata, Oxysoma, and Araiya. 113. LL projecting posteriorly. Arises indepen- 104. Anterior pouch on median ®eld (APmf): dently in Josa, clade 104, and Sanogasta (0) absent; (1) opening forward (®g. x-signata. 94E); (2) opening backward (®g. 80). States are unordered. Anyphaeninae has a Spermathecae and Ducts wide diversity of pouches; here, Anyphae- na accentuata has state 2. State 1 is a syn- 114. Fusion of proximal copulatory ducts apomorphy of Gayennini, state 2 of clade (CD): (0) separate; (1) fused walls; (2) 168. Coded uncertain for a few Amauro- totally fused, with common lumen. States bioidini with irregular folding on median are ordered. States 1 and 2 are synapo- ®eld. morphy of clades 155 and 156 of Mona- 22 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY NO. 277

pia, respectively (RamõÂrez, 1995b); state toprepes (ambiguous because of any- 1 is also a synapomorphy of clade 129 of phaenine outgroups), also convergent in Sanogasta. Aysenia elongata. 115. Copulatory openings on epigastric fur- 126. Fertilization duct (FD) coiled along with row. Convergent in several groups. the CD (®g. 57F). Potential synapomor- 116. CD slender. Often associated with the phy of some Josa. spherical spermathecae (character 124), 127. FD distant from epigastric furrow (®g. appears convergently in Gayennini, Selk- 23E). Very homoplasious. namia, and Aysenoides. Through outgroups, appears at clade 181 to revert in Sexual Behavior 178. 117. CD coiled along longitudinal axes. Pre- 128. Copulatory plug. Among close outgroups, sent in Josa, Ferrieria, Acanthoceto pichi only seen in Malenella. Absent in Any- (ambiguous at nodes 102 and 103), Ne- phaena accentuata (Huber, 1995), to my gayan, and clade 111 of Aysenia. Because knowledge not reported for any other an- most entelegyne families have represen- yphaenine. Synapomorphy of Monapia tatives with similarly coiled ducts, the (with reversal at clade 155), also conver- convergences here are not surprising. gent in Axyracrus elegans and Gamakia However, those of Negayan, Ferrieria, hirsuta. Acanthoceto pichi, and Aysenia araucana are remarkably similar, yet mostly hom- Spines oplasious. 118. CD extremely coiled. Convergence in Ay- 129. Spines on chelicerae. A thick spine on an- senia segestrioides and clade 95 of Josa terior face of paturon (RamõÂrez, 1999: ®g. (®gs. 23E and 57F, respectively). 14) is a synapomorphy of clade 151, con- 119. Lumen of proximal CD: (0) thin; (1) am- vergent in Oxysoma itambezinho. ple. Synapomorphy of clade 156 of Mon- 130. Female palpal femur with a line of ventral apia, convergent in Xiruana. In this any- spines. Synapomorphy of clade 152, also phaenine genus, the epigyne is extremely present in Aysha prospera (weak spines) modi®ed, folded on itself, with the copu- and Wul®la argentina. latory openings at the end of an invagi- 131. A series of prolateral-ventral spines on fe- nation, resembling those of some Mona- mur I. Synapomorphy of clade 151. pia.InXiruana, the median, sclerotized, elevated plate is in fact the lateral lobes Tibia I fused to each other (personal obs.). 132. Supplementary ventral spines on tibia I: 120. Walls of proximal CD thin, ¯exible. Syn- (0) 2±2±2 or less; (1) 2-2-2-2 or more. apomorphy of clade 155 of Monapia, Synapomorphy of clade 153, also present convergent in Xiruana. in Otoniela. Ferrieria has v 2±2±2 (contra 121. CD trajectory Oxysoma type (®gs. 120E, RamõÂrez, 1999), plus p and r 0-v1, resem- 123B). Synapomorphy of Oxysoma (see bling v 2-2-2-2. diagnosis). 133. v p1-x-x. 122. Accessory bulbs (AB; see Morphological 134. v r1-x-x. Remarks). Present in most Anyphaenidae 135. v x-p1-x. (and entelegynes), absent in Malenella, 136. v x-p1-x displaced prolaterally (®g. 24E). Wul®la argentina, and Otoniela. Synapomorphy of Aysenia plus Ayseno- 123. Duct of the AB: (0) short (®g. 80E); (1) ides. long (®g. 73B). Highly homoplasious, 137. v x-r1-x. perhaps because of the somewhat dubious 138. v xap: (0) 2ap; (1) p1ap; (2) 0ap. States limits between states. In Amaurobioidini are ordered because individual spines are the duct is short. homologous; merged into one character 124. Spermathecae shape: (0) irregular; (1) because the r1ap is never present alone. approximately spherical. Synapomorphy of Gayennini and also of Aysenoides, con- Metatarsus I vergent in Selknamia and the anyphaenine Otoniela. 139. v 2bas. 125. Spermathecae contiguous: (0) separate; 140. v x-p1-x. (1) contiguous. Synapomorphy of Negay- 141. v x-r1-x. an and potential synapomorphy of Cop- 142. p 1-x. 2003 RAMIÂREZ: SPIDER SUBFAMILY AMAUROBIOIDINAE 23

143. r 1-x. 172. p x-1-x. 144. d p1-x. 173. p x-x-1. 145. d 2ap. 174. r d1-x-x. 175. r x-1-x. Tibia II 176. r x-x-1. 177. d x-p1-x. 146. v p1-x-x. 178. d x-x-p1. 147. v r1-x-x. 179. d x-x-r1. 148. v x-p1-x. Coded ambiguous in Monapia guenoana, because they have v r1-r1-r1- Patella IV 2-0, and the homology of individual spines is unclear. 180. r d1. 149. v x-r1-x. 150. v p1ap. Tibia IV 151. v r1ap. 152. p x-1. 181. v p1-x-x. 182. v r1-x-x. 183. v x-p1-x. Metatarsus II 184. v x-r1-x. 153. p d1-x-x. 185. v x-x-p1. 154. p x-1-x. 186. v x-x-r1. 155. d p1-x. 156. d p1ap. Metatarsus IV 157. d r1ap. 187. v p1-x-x. 188. v r1-x-x. Patella III 189. v x-p1-x. 158. r d1. 190. v x-r1-x. 191. p d1-x-x. Tibia III 192. p x-1-x. 193. p x-x-1. 159. Prolateral spines on tibiae III and IV dis- 194. r d1-x-x. placed ventrally. Synapomorphy of clade 195. r x-1-x. 126. 196. r x-x-1. 160. v p1-x-x. 197. d x-p1-x. 161. v r1-x-x. 198. d x-x-p1. 162. v x-p1-x. 199. d x-x-r1. 163. v x-r1-x. 164. v x-x-p1. CHARACTERS NOT INCLUDED 165. v x-x-r1. Several characters considered in prelimi- Metatarsus III nary data matrices were excluded from the analysis, and are discussed below. Some may 166. v 2-x-x. 167. v x-p1-x. be informative for less inclusive analyses. 168. v x-r1-x. Posterior slope of carapace, steep or atten- 169. v ap: (0) 2; (1) p1; (2) 1; (3) 0. States are uate (RamõÂrez, 1997: character 21). Posterior unordered, because the unpaired median slope begining close behind the fovea (Ra- spine (state 2) is not homologous with ei- mõÂrez, 1999: character 2). Posterior notch in ther of the laterals. Legs III and IV vary carapace (RamõÂrez, 1993: character 2). Many coordinately, and thus only one character intermediate conditions exist in this dataset. is scored. One median spine is present in Carapace globose in males. Seemingly early immatures of at least Tomopisthes correlated with the small chelicerae, already horrendus. scored in character 17. 170. Preening comb on metatarsi III and IV. In some cases poorly de®ned, only a group Sternum very narrow. Abdomen elongate. of thick setae (®g. 40). Some genera (e.g., At least in some groups (e.g., Aysenia and Oxysoma) have a bunch of hairs in that close relatives), both characters are seeming- position. ly correlated with the elongate body in gen- 171. p d1-x-x. eral (scored in character 6). 24 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY NO. 277

Proportions of male palpal tibia (length/ the exhaustive optimal sets. For instance, the width) are very variable and are somewhat parsimony ratchet (Nixon, 1999) found the phylogenetically conservative. Measures of two optimal trees in Pee-Wee (concavity K these dimensions are coarsely approximate ϭ 6) in 100 of 100 runs of tree bisection- (e.g., the anterior limit of the tibia is poorly reconnection (TBR) multiratchet (nixwts*12 de®ned in the presence of an apophysis) and 100). of dubious homology, since the general shape of the tibia is variable as well. CHARACTER WEIGHTING Wide diastema between copulatory bulb and tarsus (®g. 98A). Many intermediate A proposed re®nement of parsimony is conditions. character weighting according to homoplasy. Retrolateral basal lamina on cymbium The best known and more widely used ways (®gs. 34B, 42B). Many intermediate condi- to perform this are successive weighting tions. (Farris, 1969) and implied weights (Golo- Basal tegular notch short or deep (®g. 91A boff, 1993, 1995a). The aim of these proce- vs. 83B). Many intermediate conditions and dures is to reach a classi®cation that better interactions with other characters (e.g., char- explains those characters with a better ®t to acter 59). the cladistic hypothesis, at the expense of the Median epigynal ®eld elevated (RamõÂrez, more homoplasious ones. In successive 1997: character 42). Many intermediate con- weighting, a ®rst run is made with all ditions exist in this dataset. weights equal, and the weights are calculated Ducts of the accessory bulbs, converging from the set of most parsimonious trees, us- or diverging. Many intermediate conditions ing a homoplasy index (e.g., consistency in- exist, and there are ambiguities if the ducts dex, or rescaled consistency index; Farris, are short (character 123). 1989). The data are then analyzed made un- Preference for habitats close to water (Ra- der these weights, and the process is repeated mõÂrez, 1997: character 43). It is not convinc- until a stable result is reached. As noted by ing that the several conditions are homologs Goloboff (1993), successive weighting may (e.g., at stony seashores or grasses on wet- produce inconsistent trees, which are not op- lands). timal under the weights they imply. Calcu- Preference for living on grasses, under lating the weights from a set of trees is also stones, etc. Several details of habitat seemed problematic, because the characters will have dependent on biogeography (e.g., in Chilean different homoplasy values on different trees temperate forests there are no grasslands, and (best scores are typically used). In this da- there are no super®cial rocks through most taset, succesive weighting with the consisten- of the Pampas). cy index starting with only one of the most parsimonious trees under equal weights pro- EVALUATION OF CLADISTIC HYPOTHESIS duces at least ®ve different results, each from a different starting tree. Successive weighting This dataset was analyzed with parsimony is not an optimality criterion; hence, there is under equal weights with the program no way to select among these different re- NONA, and under implied weights with Pee- sults. Because the general idea of successive Wee (Goloboff, 1994). A congruence-based weighting is the same as in implied weights, test was made to select between these meth- and the problems of the former method may ods of analysis and among different strengths interact in complex ways with the resampling of the weighting function. procedures used below to compare methods, only implied weighting and equal weights TREE SEARCHES will be considered here. For a dataset of this size, only heuristic Implied weighting as implemented in Pee- solutions are available. However, because the Wee assigns higher weight to those charac- same optimal trees were hit many times us- ters with less homoplasy, and the sum of ing different search strategies and under dif- weights over all characters is maximized dur- ferent conditions, they are almost certainly ing tree searches. Each tree is evaluated ac- 2003 RAMIÂREZ: SPIDER SUBFAMILY AMAUROBIOIDINAE 25 cording the homoplasy it implies. The value retention index) grows for greater values of to be maximized is Fit ϭ⌺(®ti), where ®ti ϭ K when calculated for random trees. K/(K ϩ Hi), Hi is the homoplasy of character I used topological measures in experi- i in the tree under evaluation, and K is a con- ments in line with those of Penny and Hendy stant that de®nes the concavity of the func- (1985), and especially those of Goloboff tion. The function decreases as H grows, so (1997a). The idea of my experiments is to the more extra steps, the lower the weight. estimate the predictive power of the weight- The concave shape means that the decrease ing procedures. An algorithm is deemed in weight from 0 to 1 extra step is greater more predictive if it produces trees that better than from 1 to 2, and so on. The effect is explain data not yet examined; that is, if it is that trees will be preferred that save steps in superior in ®nding the correct tree without less homoplasious characters, at the expense part of the data. Because the correct tree and of allocating some extra homoplasy in the all the future data are unknown, we can only more homoplasious ones. In Pee-Wee, K may rely on some kind of estimation. Here an es- be an integer between 1 and 6; the lower the timation of predictivity was obtained by K, the steeper the descent of the weight func- measuring how well an algorithm can re- tion. Compared to equal weights, implied trieve the results from the complete dataset, weighting (as well as any fractional weight- based on the partial evidence of datasets ing strategy) typically produces a more re- where a portion of the characters was elim- solved consensus. Trees from K ϭ 6 are usu- inated. A more ef®cient algorithm will be ally more similar to those from equal able to recover more groups, even without weights, but those from K ϭ 1 are more dif- part of the data. This strategy has two prop- ferent, often with bizarre clades. One might erties that deserve mention. First, it does not be inclined, on philosophical grounds, to a rely on ®xed partitions of the dataset, for ex- classi®cation that better re¯ects the more re- ample, systems of characters. Over a long se- liable characters, but still a decision has to ries of replications, it is possible to estimate be made as to how strongly to weight against if the variation in the indices may be attri- homoplasy. buted to the random generation of resampled There have been several approaches to de- datasets. Second, the reference against which cide among different weighting strategies in the results are compared is the optimal set of cladistic analyses, all based on some measure trees for the total evidence. of congruence. Congruence may be mea- Some indices were constructed for these sured comparing tree topologies or compar- comparisons. Let T be the number of groups ing how the dataset adjusts to trees (``taxo- in the consensus from the complete dataset. nomic congruence'' and ``character congru- J is the number of groups in the consensus ence'', respectively; e.g., Wheeler, 1995). from the pseudoreplicate (jackknifed) data-

Measures based on character congruence ex- set. The value JT is the number of groups in press a more direct relationship between trees common between the consensus from pseu- and datasets, because they are based on the doreplicate and the consensus of the com- same measures that are used to evaluate trees plete datasets (that is, the `correct' clades re-

(e.g., the length of the characters optimized covered in the pseudoreplicate). JT varies be- over the tree). A well-known index of this tween 0 and T. Because T will be different kind is the incongruence length difference for each concavity in general, JT alone (or (e.g., Farris et al., 1995). Comparing char- divided by a constant value, as in the fork acter congruence indices when they come index; see Swofford, 1991) would favor from different ways of measuring the ®t of a weighting strategies producing a more re- character to a tree may have its caveats; how- solved consensus from the complete dataset, ever, this approach has not yet been ade- irrespective of the accuracy. Fractional quately studied. For the problem addressed weighting is well known for producing fewer here, the indices proposed so far are not com- trees and a more resolved consensus. A nor- parable, because the weights are not a linear malized value between 0 and 1 is obtained function of homoplasy. For example, the re- as PC ϭ JT/T, which is the proportion of cor- scaled ®t (Goloboff, 1994; analogous to the rect groups recovered by the pseudoreplicate. 26 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY NO. 277

Greater resolution may also produce higher J values, thus increasing JT. It is interesting to quantify an error E ϭ JÐJT, the number of incorrect groups in the consensus from the pseudoreplicate. E can take values between 0 and J, and thus it can be normalized as PE ϭ (J Ϫ JT)/J, the proportion of wrong groups from the jackknifed dataset (similar to the error rate of Goloboff and Farris, 2001). It may be interesting to examine whether these indices based on consensus are biasing the analysis in some direction, for example, against methods that produce more ambiguous, but perhaps robust, results. Equal weights for this dataset (and also in general) produce many more trees for both complete and pseudoreplicate datasets than do any of the fractional weightings examined. The individual trees of complete and jackknifed datasets may agree or con¯ict in ways that are not detected by comparing just their consensus. Hence, the same results were analyzed calculating max JT, the maximum number of groups in common between pairs of trees of the jackknifed and complete datasets. Be- cause these trees are mostly resolved, no nor- Fig. 1. Continuous characters: each point is a terminal in the analysis, dashed lines are the limits malization or measure of error is necessary. between states. A. Character 6, an intermediate One hundred jackknifed pseudoreplicate group of terminals has ambiguous scoring. B. datasets were generated with probability of Character 27. elimination of 0.36 (approximately eϪ1, the probability used for jackkni®ng to give values comparable to those of bootstrapping; these calculations were made with simple Farris et al., 1996). The pseudoreplicate da- macro ®les in Pee-Wee. tasets were analyzed under the six available The results are shown in ®gure 2 and table values of the constant of concavity in Pee- 2. The number of correct groups is larger for Wee (K ϭ 1 to 6) and equal weights (in the weighting concavities K ϭ 4 to 6, both NONA), with the commands hold 30 hold/1 if analyzed as a proportion of the groups in nixwts*15 3 ®nd* (three series of 15 runs of the consensus (®g. 2A) or between pairs of TBR parsimony ratchet each, keeping one trees (®g. 2C). The proportion of wrong shorter tree each run, then TBR swapping up groups in the consensus from the pseudore- to a maximum of 30 trees). In preliminary plicate datasets is smaller for the concavities runs these commands suf®ced to ®nd the op- K ϭ 3 to 6. All these point out to a better timal trees in most of the replicates, collaps- performance of the mildest weighting func- ing the appropriate groups in the consensus. tions. The low performance of equal weights Optimal trees for the complete dataset were in recovering correct groups is somewhat hit many thousands of times in aggressive compensated through conservative results, searches, and are deemed exhaustive. Search- but the error rate is still greater. The two vir- es under equal weights produce at least many tues of accuracy and robustness seem to be thousands of trees. Only 21 of these trees absent with stronger concavities (K ϭ 1or were suf®cient to produce the same consen- 2), which produce well-resolved but inaccu- sus. For the pairwise comparisons of trees, rate trees. The results presented here are this set of 21 trees was extended to 50. All based on the two optimal trees for K ϭ 6 2003 RAMIÂREZ: SPIDER SUBFAMILY AMAUROBIOIDINAE 27

Fig. 2. Sensitivity analysis for the callibration of implied weighting concavities. Homogeneous groups of means from multiple pairwise a posteriori comparisons in a Kruskal-Wallis ANOVA (␣ϭ 0.05). A. Proportion of correct groups shared by consensus from pseudoreplicate and complete dataset. B. Proportion of wrong groups in the consensus from pseudoreplicate. C. Maximum number of groups shared by individual pseudoreplicate trees with individual optimal trees. 28 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY NO. 277

TABLE 2 Summary Mean Values ؎SD for Sensitivity Analysis, Over 100 Jackknifed Pseudoreplicates E ϭ error, number of incorrect groups in the consensus from pseudoreplicate; J ϭ number of groups in the consensus from pseudoreplicate; J trees ϭ number of trees for the jackknifed pseudoreplicates; JT ϭ number of groups common to consensus from complete dataset and jackknifed pseudoreplicate; max JT ϭ same as JT, but best value between pairs of trees; PC ϭ proportion of correct groups recovered by the pseudoreplicate; PE ϭ proportion of wrong groups from the jackknifed pseudoreplicate; T ϭ number of groups in consensus from complete dataset; T trees ϭ number of trees for the complete dataset.

(strict consensus in ®g. 3, character indices in favor of mild weighting functions (results in ®g. 4 and table 3). One of these trees (with not shown), but the interpretation is less Josa personata sister of clade 93) is also the clear, because jackkni®ng is used to generate one optimal with K ϭ 5 and 4, and it is also pseudoreplicate datasets, but also as a mea- the only one optimal under K ϭ 6iftheFit sure of support to decide which groups of the is calculated with ¯oating point precision in pseudoreplicate trees are to be counted. That X-Pee-Wee (Goloboff, 1997b; both trees dif- seems like overuse of jackkni®ng. fer only by ഠ0.04 units of ®t). With K ϭ 3, Coptoprepes is paraphyletic (clade 107 sister LISTS OF SYNAPOMORPHIES of 121). Under K ϭ 2, major rearrangements Following the description of each group, a are produced in the Amaurobioidini, and table summarizes its synapomorphies and with K ϭ 1, also in Gayennini. Searches un- those of the clades included. Only unambig- der equal weights produce a much less re- uous synapomorphies are listed (e.g., 0 → 1, solved consensus (®g. 5), with most groups but not 01 → 1; 01 → 2, but not 01 → 12; as in the jackknife majority rule consensus. option ambiguous- of Pee-Wee). Diagnosing In this estimation process, predictivity is polytomies (and groups close to polytomies) somewhat equated with stability, and that is has its drawbacks (Maddison, 1989; Golo- why it uses a procedure often applied to es- boff, 1994). For the diagnosis of groups, the timate clade support (jackkni®ng). Some au- six most parsimonious dichotomous trees for thors have used the sum of jackkni®ng or concavities K ϭ 4 to 6 (two resolutions of bootstrap proportions as a measure of the ac- clade 95, three of clade 167) were consid- curacy of weighting strategies (e.g., Penny ered. The synapomorphies common to all six and Hendy, 1986; KaÈllersjoÈ et al., 1999). The trees are reported in the ®rst place; those of approach used here is slightly different, be- only some resolutions are listed separately sides the attention paid to the problem of res- (calculated by command apo/). olution. First, the reference set of trees for counting agreement or disagreement of INDICES OF SUPPORT groups is calculated from the complete dataset. Spurious groups produced in the ma- Three indices for support of individual jority-rule consensus from the pseudorepli- groups were explored in this analysis. The cate datasets are counted against, not in favor Bremer support (Bremer, 1988, 1994; KaÈl- of a method. Second, all groups are counted, lersjoÈ et al., 1992) was calculated heuristi- even if their frequency is below 50%. Count- cally searching trees suboptimal by 1.8, 2.2, ing only those groups that would appear in 2.6, ...,4.0, and then 5, 6, 7, ...,17units the majority consensus produces results more of ®t. In each search the optimal trees were 2003 RAMIÂREZ: SPIDER SUBFAMILY AMAUROBIOIDINAE 29

Fig. 3. Strict consensus of two trees from Pee-Wee (constant of concavity K ϭ 4±6). Clades are numbered as used through text and tables. Under K ϭ 6, tree statistics are: Fit ϭ 3568.6; rescaled Fit ϭ 0.48; consistency index for informative characters ϭ 0.22; retention index ϭ 0.65 (CI and RI without internal steps); length ϭ 2968, 2959. (Weight for all characters ϭ 3, except 38±40 ϭ 1.) 30 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY NO. 277

Fig. 4. Mean ®t*100 in Pee-Wee, for character systems (character numbers in parentheses). Constant of concavity K ϭ 6.

TBR swapped until 4000 trees were found. the SCG Index (``supported/contradicted Lower values of Bremer support for all these groupings; Goloboff et al., in prep.). SCG ϭ searches are reported in ®gure 6. TBR swap- SÐC, where S is the proportion of the pseu- ping trees suboptimal by 1.8 produced only doreplicate datasets that produce the group 1767 trees without over¯ow of tree space, and C is the proportion that contains the most hence the values of BS Յ 1.8 are most prob- frequent incompatible group. Compared to ably exact. the jackkni®ng index, this one has the ad- Jackkni®ng frequencies were calculated vantage of preserving groups with low fre- with 1000 pseudoreplicate datasets, eliminat- quencies when they are mostly undisputed. ing characters with p ϭ 0.36 (Farris et al., Because the resampling algorithm is the 1996). Each pseudoreplicate was analyzed same, it suffers from the same bias as the with three runs of TBR parsimony ratchet jackkni®ng. In this analysis, the SCG Index (Nixon, 1999) with 25 iterations each, saving (®g. 6) was calculated from the same tree ®le only one tree for each iteration (with the de- from 1000 pseudoreplicate datasets as the fault of 20% of characters reweighted; com- jackkni®ng index. mands h/1 nixwts*25 3). This search is very As expected, all three measures are mostly aggressive for a dataset this size, and will correlated (®g. 8). However, some noticeable most likely obtain the shortest trees (a pilot con¯icts exist among the resampling mea- test of 15 replicates with h/2 nixwts*50 8 sures and the Bremer support (®g. 8A, B). produced the same scores). For each pseu- Several groups with low to very low Bremer doreplicate, the strict consensus was saved to support have moderate to very high SCG or a ®le and submitted to the program FQ (for jackkni®ng frequencies (e.g., clades 93, 95, majority-rule consensus, distributed P. Golo- 98, 150, 154; ®g. 8). They have in common boff). The majority rule-consensus from the support by only one to a few very homo- jackknifed pseudoreplicate datasets is pre- plastic synapomorphies, but their placement sented in ®gure 7. in the tree is nevertheless undisputed (simi- The simple majority-rule consensus from larly as in Goloboff and Farris, 2001: S30). the jackkni®ng is perhaps too conservative a For instance, the three unambiguous syna- measure of support. A more re®ned way to pomorphies for clade 93 (Josa lutea ϩ J. riv- analyze frequencies of jackknifed groups is eti) are extremely homoplastic, which is re- 2003 RAMIÂREZ: SPIDER SUBFAMILY AMAUROBIOIDINAE 31

¯ected in a very low Bremer support (BS ϭ groups. It is not surprising that the clades that 0.2). These two species are extremely similar, have different resolutions under different they are nested in one of the better supported weighting functions are also those with low groups (the genus Josa), and there are no support. Support indices are constructed many con¯icting characters suggesting alter- looking at the effect that small alterations in native relationships within the genus. the dataset have on the groups (resampling The resampling indices of support exam- methods), or the effect that alterations in the ined here seem more appropriate than does groups have on the optimality measures the Bremer support to express robustness or (Bremer support). Looking at the sensitivity stability of groups. This is so because they of groups to small changes in the way that are sensitive both to the absolute evidence in the data are analyzed is yet another way of favor of groups and to the con¯icting char- evaluating the stability of groups (Wheeler, acters favoring other resolutions. These in- 1995). The search for the best methods of dices are not free of bias, though. In the spe- analysis is legitimate, but the arguments and ci®c case of unequal character weighting, the strategies used so far to compare methods are support for groups is heterogeneously dis- not totally convincing and will no doubt be tributed among characters, thus biasing the debated for a long time. The fact that the resampling. This effect is patent when un- better supported clades are robust to changes supported (or plainly contradicted) groups in the weighting functions may help circum- appear as supported. In this analysis, there vent part of the problem from a practical are two equally parsimonious resolutions in point of view. Josa,Aϭ (Josa personata ϩ J. calilegua) and B ϭ (J. personata (J. riveti ϩ J. lutea)). DISCUSSION Resolution A appears as supported in the jackkni®ng analyses (®gs. 6 and 7; the sup- Some critical considerations about the port is low, though). This is so because com- groups proposed here can be derived rather paring both trees, tree A has better ®t for two directly from the approximate measures of characters (difference in ®t ϭ 2.5 ϩ 3.2), support obtained in the cladistic analysis. while tree B has the same difference distrib- Additional points can be made taking into uted over ®ve characters (2.5 ϩ 0.2 ϩ 2.5 ϩ account the way in which characters and spe- 0.3 ϩ 0.2), making it more probable that a cies were selected and processed for this jackknifed pseudoreplicate will have resolu- monograph. These will be by force subjec- tion A rather than B. Resampling with p ϭ tive, but of the most value for orienting fu- 0.36, pA ഠ 0.504, and pB ഠ 0.418, then ture research. pSCG ϭ pAÐpB ഠ 0.09%. Spurious groups The monophyly of Amaurobioidinae is are easily detected, but the same bias is sure- mostly undisputed and will most probably rely affecting values for supported groups in main undisturbed should additional out- an undetected way. Bootstrap frequencies groups be included. The peculiar conforma- have a comparable bias with unequal tion of the male copulatory bulb, especially weights, but in the opposite direction (Go- of the basal tegular notch, is unparalleled in loboff et al., in prep.). Jackkni®ng is pre- any other etelegyne known so far. Similarly, ferred here over bootstrapping, because in all members of the tribe Gayennini proposed the ®rst the frequency of a group is not in- here have a very conservative pattern of ¯uenced by characters irrelevant to that male and female genitalia. Even though some group (Farris et al., 1996). The support met- homologies of details of the male copulatory rics used here should be interpreted only as bulb might be disputed, alternative homology approximate measures of stability of clades. relations would still have the Gayennini as a very homogeneous, most probably mono- WEIGHTING FUNCTIONS AND SUPPORT phyletic group, sharing many character states (although perhaps differently de®ned). Part of the problem of settling among al- Most genera in Gayennini are reasonably ternative weighting functions may be sub- well supported, but others deserve comment. sumed under the estimation of support for The paraphyly of Sanogasta (which has Ar- 32 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY NO. 277

TABLE 3 Character Statistics Char. ϭ character (ϩϭstates ordered; u ϭ parsimony uninformative); Int. ϭ internal, ®t ϭ ®t*100 (K ϭ 6). Consis- tency index and retention index (CI and RI) are calculated without internal steps from intraspeci®c variability. ®t*100 has a maximum of 300 for characters with a weight of 3, and 100 with a weight of 1 (only characters 38± 40, because of nonindependence). 2003 RAMIÂREZ: SPIDER SUBFAMILY AMAUROBIOIDINAE 33

TABLE 3 Character Statistics (Continued) Char. ϭ character (ϩϭstates ordered; u ϭ parsimony uninformative); Int. ϭ internal, ®t ϭ ®t*100 (K ϭ 6). Consis- tency index and retention index (CI and RI) are calculated without internal steps from intraspeci®c variability. ®t*100 has a maximum of 300 for characters with a weight of 3, and 100 with a weight of 1 (only characters 38± 40, because of nonindependence). 34 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY NO. 277

Fig. 5. Strict consensus of shorter trees under equal weights (length ϭ 2881). Clades in gray are different from the preferred tree of ®gure 3. (Weight for all characters ϭ 3, except 38±40 ϭ 1.) 2003 RAMIÂREZ: SPIDER SUBFAMILY AMAUROBIOIDINAE 35

Fig. 6. Support for groups expressed as Bremer support in terms of ®t (top) and SCG (bottom). Bremer support values Յ1.8 are exact. SCG based on 1000 pseudoreplicates. 36 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY NO. 277

Fig. 7. Support for groups expressed as jackkni®ng frequencies. Based in 1000 pseudoreplicates. 2003 RAMIÂREZ: SPIDER SUBFAMILY AMAUROBIOIDINAE 37

achosia as an internal clade) may need several additional representatives to be solved. Arachosia is no doubt a monophyletic group, but some species not included are similar enough to A. praesignis to be potential candidates for basal clades in the genus. It may be expected that the basal resolution of Ar- achosia species will affect their relationships with groups of Sanogasta. The placement of Sanogasta approximata is not well supported; analysis of the several other species not included here may help elucidate problems in clade 172. Stability in this group may hopefully suf®ce to raise the support for clade 173 and Gayennoides. The intraspeci®c variation in Arachosia bergi, Sanogasta maculosa, and clade 167 will most likely have only local effects. Philisca is a well-de®ned group, except for P. puconensis, which might be related to To- mopisthes instead. There are several species not included here (with a remarkable diversity in the Chilean Paci®c Juan FernaÂndez Islands), all of them with either the male modi®ed chelicerae (as in clade 132) or the reduced leg spination of clade 135. Araiya and Tomopisthes are here represented by all known members. Their sister group relationship is weakly supported. Clade 163 is mostly supported by the spinose anterior metatarsi of females, a set of homoplasious characters. Clades 162 and 161 have weak support, mainly because their basal species are problematic: Oxysoma saccatum shares many characters with Monapia, Tasata chiloensis with Oxysoma, and Phidyle punctipes may conceivably be a Tasata instead. Of these, Phidyle is monotypic, all species of Monapia are included, and some undescribed Chilean species of Oxysoma are very closely related to O. longiventre (if not intraspeci®c variants). Additional representatives that may help resolve this clade may be found in Tas- ata and in the undescribed females of Oxy- soma itambezinho and Monapia tandil.

← Fig. 8. A±C. Scatterplots of measures of support for groups. Each point corresponds to a group: some are labeled as in ®gure 3. One un- supported group (Josa personata ϩ J. calilegua) is marked with an asterisk (*). 38 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY NO. 277

The genus Josa is undisputedly monophy- others). His Amaurobioides group (Amauro- letic, as concluded by Kochalka (1980). It is bioides, Axyracrus, and Aysenia) is also cor- very likely that further knowledge of the roborated, with the addition of Aysenoides, many species of the genus will challenge the but is supported by different characters. Ko- relationships among species obtained here, chalka diagnosed the group by the pointed but it is unlikely that the support for the ge- retrolateral tibial apophysis in the male palp nus could be considerably eroded. The (character 43, state 1), a character that is Amaurobioidini is more problematic, as more broadly distributed and ambiguously shown by the low support values for the tribe optimized. Kochalka gave some importance and several of its internal clades, mainly on to the coiling of the female copulatory duct the branches among genera. Negayan and on a longitudinal axis (characters 117, 118). Amaurobioides are very homogeneous, and This condition is shown here to be very hom- it is not likely that additional representatives oplasious. would improve or challenge their monophyly. There are several species of Aysenia and TAXONOMY Aysenoides not included here, some with no- ANYPHAENIDAE BERTKAU ticeable differences in the male copulatory bulb. Super®cial examination of their mor- Anyphaenidae Bertkau, 1878: 358, 379 (type ge- phology suggested that they are clearly as- nus Anyphaena Sundevall, 1833). Petrunkev- signable to either of these genera, but the itch, 1939: 187. Mello-LeitaÄo, 1947: 289±292. analysis under equal weights splits clade 118 Lehtinen, 1967: 384. Forster, 1970: 12±15, 18. in two. It is conceivable that additional spe- Platnick, 1974: 205±211. Platnick and Lau, cies of both genera may help stabilize the 1975: 4±6. RamõÂrez, 1995a: 373. group. Perhaps more promising would be the DIAGNOSIS: Spiders with two tarsal claws. inclusion of more Coptoprepes species, a ge- Claw tuft formed by 2±8 rows of spatulate nus that is also paraphyletic under equal setae (®gs. 10D, 13G). Nonadhesive side of weights, because of its basal position in the spatulate setae with thick, aligned microvilli; tribe and the quite variable male copulatory adhesive side facing inward or obliquely to bulb and tibial apophysis. The remaining ventral/inward. Tracheal system well devel- genera are either monotypic or all their spe- oped, in characteristic pattern (RamõÂrez, cies were included, except a probably unde- 1995a: ®gs. 1±11), tracheal spiracle moder- scribed species close to Acanthoceto pichi, ately to widely separate from spinnerets. Pos- which would most likely have only a local terior spinnerets without cylindrical gland effect on the trees. spigots. The results of previous analyses are tested DESCRIPTION: Recently redescribed in Ra- with this one, including a wider range of rep- mõÂrez (1995a). resentatives and characters. My analyses of COMPOSITION: Three subfamilies: Malenel- Liparotoma (here subsumed into Philisca), linae, Anyphaeninae, and Amaurobioidinae. Monapia, and Acanthoceto (RamõÂrez, 1993, The limits and relationships among the sub- 1995b, 1997, 1999) had the same outcome in families are discussed in RamõÂrez (1995a), the relationships among species, except for but see comments under Anyphaeninae. the further resolution obtained here in the placement of Monapia alupuran. In the re- MALENELLINAE RAMIÂREZ vision of Acanthoceto, however, the outgroups belonging to Amaurobioidini had Malenellinae RamõÂrez, 1995a: 376 (type genus Malenella RamõÂrez, 1995), 1997: 178. quite different relationships, because of the limited sampling of terminals and characters. DIAGNOSIS: Resembles some Anyphaeni- Some of the groupings proposed by Kochal- nae in having minute AME and pale green ka (1980) in his unpublished work are con- color, but distinguished by having the trache- ®rmed here. His Gayenna-Oxysoma group is al spiracle closer to spinnerets. Females and in fact Gayennini, supported by the confor- immatures are also distinguished by having mation of epigyne and spermathecae as stat- a thickened palpal tarsus with an apical dor- ed by him (characters 104, 116, 124, but also sal patch of blunt setae (®g. 10E, F), and 2003 RAMIÂREZ: SPIDER SUBFAMILY AMAUROBIOIDINAE 39

Fig. 9. Female Malenellinae and Anyphaeninae. A. Malenella nana RamõÂrez (ConcepcioÂn, Cerro Caracol, photo MJR 137). B. Otoniela adisi Brescovit (Buenos Aires, Atucha, photo MJR 342). C. Xiruana hirsuta (Mello-LeitaÄo, 1938) (Entre RõÂos, El Palmar, photo MJR 276). males by the copulatory bulb with a short, paraphyletic in terms of Amaurobioidinae, thick embolus, without median apophysis. but see comments below. DESCRIPTION: See RamõÂrez (1995a). DESCRIPTION: Recently redescribed by DISTRIBUTION AND COMPOSITION: Only Brescovit (1997). Malenella nana RamõÂrez from southern DISTRIBUTION AND COMPOSITION: Thirty- Chile. three genera, mostly from the New World. Anyphaena Sundevall has representatives in MALENELLA NANA RAMIÂREZ Palearctic and Oriental regions; Australaena Figures 9A, 10 Berland is known only from Polynesia. Malenella nana RamõÂrez, 1995a: 376. Six representative species of Anyphaeni- nae are included as outgroups. They were se- NEW RECORDS: RegioÂn Metropolitana lected for having putatively homologous (Santiago): Santiago: Bucalemi, San Anto- conditions of important characters diagnostic nio, 23±24.X.1994, L. PenÄa (AMNH). Re- of higher groups of Amaurobioidinae. Spe- gioÂn IX (AraucanõÂa): Malleco: 16.5 km NE cies of Xiruana Brescovit have a structure PucoÂn, 12.I.1951, Ross and Michelbacher, (``conductor of Anyphaeninae'', Brescovit, 1& (CAS). CautõÂn: Flor del Lago Ranch, 1997) very similar to the secondary conduc- Villarrica, Polo Field, 39Њ12.300ЈS, tor found in amaurobioidines. The prolateral 72Њ08.367ЈW, 282 m, canopy fogging GT and retrolateral tegular projections in Any- Nothofagus obliqua roble, 13.XII.2001, Ari- phaena accentuata (Walckenaer) (Brescovit, as et al., 1& (UCB). RegioÂn X (Los Lagos): 1997: ®gs. 3, 4) were both tentatively ho- ChiloeÂ: Isla de ChiloeÂ: El Pozuelo, 1.5 km mologized with the secondary conductor. NE Butalcura, 2.II.2001, T. Cekalovic, 1& Species of Wul®la O.P.-Cambridge and An- (AMNH). yphaena accentuata have a putative homolog of a primary conductor (named ``ventral teg- ANYPHAENINAE BERTKAU Table 4, Figure 9B, C ular projection'' by Brescovit, 1997). In A. accentuata, this structure has a shallow canal Anyphaenidae Bertkau, 1878: 358 (type genus where the embolus ®ts, favoring homology Anyphaena Sundevall, 1833). with a conductor (®g. 11A). Species of Aysha Anyphaeninae Bertkau, 1878: 379. Reviewed at Keyserling have a complex process at the generic level by Brescovit, 1997. embolar base comparable to that of Josa. It- DIAGNOSIS: Tracheal spiracle advanced, at alaman santamaria Brescovit has an acute midpoint or closer to epigastrium than to retrolateral tibial apophysis similar to that spinnerets. Tegulum without basal notch. found in Amaurobioides and close relatives. NOTE: In this analysis Anyphaeninae is Several conditions present in Malenella nana 40 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY NO. 277

Fig. 10. Malenella nana RamõÂrez, female (ConcepcioÂn, Cerro Caracol). A. Left metatarsus I, ventral. B. Left tibia I, ventral. C. Claw tuft I, distal-ventral view. D. Same, dorsal view. E. Right palp, prolateral. F. Same, tarsal organ and blunt setae. G. Left chelicera, posterior view. are also found in Wul®la (green color, minute inae (the advanced tracheal spiracle and as- AME, absence of accessory bulbs in the sociated modi®cations of the tracheal system, spermathecae), Italaman (simple male cop- characters 38±40). The effect of the suspi- ulatory bulb), and Otoniela Brescovit (many cious resolution of Anyphaeninae over the anterior leg spines, absence of accessory relationships among amaurobioidines, how- bulbs). This selection of representative out- ever, is limited: if Anyphaeninae is con- group characters is clearly insuf®cient for a strained to be monophyletic, all groups in sound hypothesis of relationships among an- Amaurobioidinae are the same in the optimal yphaenines. Because only a few characters trees, except for the collapsing of clade 95 speci®c for that subfamily are here included, of Josa. Character optimizations at the basal and because the rather unusual Malenella node of Amaurobioidinae are the same ex- was used as outer outgroup, it is clear that a cept for characters 15 (state 1 instead of 2), more complete analysis is needed to appro- 79 ([012] instead of 1), 123 ([01] instead of priately assess anyphaenine relationships. In 1), 125 (0 instead of [01]), 138 ([01] instead this dataset, only three correlated characters of 0), and 163 ([01] instead of 1). would support the monophyly of Anyphaen- Brescovit (1997) suggested a monophylet- 2003 RAMIÂREZ: SPIDER SUBFAMILY AMAUROBIOIDINAE 41

Fig. 11. Anyphaena accentuata Sundevall. A. Left male palp, ventral-apical view (Poland, Kazimierz Dolny). B. Left female chelicera, posterior view (Poland, Warsaw). C. Same, detail. (C1 ϭ primary conductor; C2 ϭ secondary conductor; E ϭ embolus; MA ϭ median apophysis; St ϭ subtegulum.)

ic group of nine genera including Aysha, ferred to the members of each genus, and are united by having a process on the male em- not available at familylevel (ICZN, 1999: bolar base. I cannot test his hypothesis here, 11[f]2). not only because of my modest selection of DIAGNOSIS: Distinguished from Anyphaen- representatives and speci®c characters for inae by the male tegulum with a deep notch Anyphaeninae, but because there is not yet a occupied by the median hematodocha, visi- coherent scheme of homologies for the many ble in ventral view as a membranous area at details of embolar morphology, embracing base of the copulatory bulb. Most species both anyphaenines and amaurobioidines. have the tracheal spiracle closer to the spinnerets than to the epigastrium. AMAUROBIOIDINAE HICKMAN DESCRIPTION: Body size small (2.50) to Table 5 medium (22.00). Chelicerae (®g. 12A) with Amaurobioididae Hickman, 1949: 31 (type genus three teeth on promargin (exceptionally four Amaurobioides O.P.-Cambridge, 1883). Forster, or ®ve), two to seven teeth on retromargin 1970: 165. Synonymized with Anyphaenidae (exceptionally one). Labial apex rounded or by Platnick, 1974: 211. slightly notched. Male palp with only one Amaurobioidinae: Lehtinen, 1967: 211, 316, 320± tibial apophysis in retrolateral apical posi- 321. Kochalka, 1980: 65. RamõÂrez, 1995a: 381. tion, or lacking apophysis. Tip of cymbium NOTE: Simon (1897a: 99±100, 104, 1903a: with ventral canal devoid of setae, often as- 1032, 1903c: 29) used informal names for sociated with embolus (cymbial conductor). some Amaurobioidinae that might be con- Subtegulum prolateral, visible in unexpanded fused with family-level names (Tomopisthini, palp. Tegulum with deep basal notch occu- Oxysomini, Oxysomate), which clearly re- pied by median hematodocha. Sperm reser- 42 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY NO. 277

TABLE 4 Synapomorphies of Outgroup Clades 2003 RAMIÂREZ: SPIDER SUBFAMILY AMAUROBIOIDINAE 43

TABLE 4 TABLE 5 (Continued) Synapomorphies of Amaurobioidinae and Clade 176

and lateral lobes. Copulatory duct weakly sclerotized from opening to joint with duct of accessory bulb; from that point duct well sclerotized, coming into spermatheca. ``Dic- tynoid'' pore conspicuous, close to union of voir in subtegulum, sperm duct running to copulatory duct with spermatheca and fertil- tegulum through apical margin of bulb ization duct. Tracheal spiracle variable from (clockwise, left palp ventral view), then par- close to spinnerets to midpoint between spin- allel through retrolateral border of cymbium, nerets and epigastrium (except in some Ar- then bordering tegular notch and entering achosia and Acanthoceto, slightly closer to into embolar base. Embolus articulated pro- epigastrium). Length of lateral tracheae var- laterally to tegulum. Embolar base usually iable according to spiracle position, reaching with one process of diverse shape; terminal spinnerets. Trichobothriae in one row on portion of embolus ®liform or moderately metatarsi, two rows on tarsi (®g. 13A). An- thick, usually ®tting into canal on conductor terior lateral spinnerets with two major am- (primary or secondary) and into cymbial pullate gland spigots (®gs. 15B, 16B, 17B, conductor. Apical portion of tegulum hous- 117B), or one plus nubbin (RamõÂrez, 1995a: ing distal hematodocha, where rest of scler- ®g. 39), and several unmodi®ed piriform ites are inserted. Median apophysis retrola- gland spigots. Posterior median spinnerets teral, usually articulated on weakly sclero- with two minor ampullate gland spigots (®gs. tized area, commonly hook-shaped, some- 16C, D, 17C) and several aciniform gland times bi®d, reduced, even absent in some spigots. One PMS minor ampullate detected species. Paramedian apophysis arising from in Amaurobioides (®g. 15C, contra RamõÂrez, sclerotized plate on distal hematodocha, be- 1995a), but it is so similar to aciniforms that tween median apophysis and retrolateral ven- second one may have been overlooked. Pos- tral border of tegulum, with one to several terior lateral spinnerets only with aciniform sclerotized cusps. Primary conductor arising gland spigots (®gs. 15D, 16E, 17D). Gland between embolus and prolateral ventral bor- spigots not sexually dimorphic, cylindrical der of tegulum (relictual in Gayennini), often gland spigots absent. with canal where embolus ®ts. Secondary DISTRIBUTION: Mainly South America, but conductor arising distally, associated with Josa extending also to Central America, Ar- apical dorsal tegular stripe where sperm duct achosia to Central and North America, and runs. Epigyne with paired lateral lobes and the coastal genus Amaurobioides in the sea- median ®eld, copulatory openings usually as- shores of Chile, South Africa, Australia, Tas- sociated with furrows between median ®eld mania, and New Zealand. 44 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY NO. 277

Fig. 12. Gayenna americana Nicolet, left mouthparts (Talca, Alto de Vilches). A. Chelicera, posterior view, inset to cheliceral gland. B. Maxilla, inset to sieve plate. C. Palpal tarsus.

COMPOSITION: Twenty-two genera grouped MORPHOLOGICAL REMARKS in two tribes, Amaurobioidini and Gayenni- ni, here de®ned, plus the genus Josa, sister MALE COPULATORY BULB group of Gayennini, for which I declined to The copulatory bulb is united to the cym- erect a tribe. bial alveolus by the basal hematodocha and TYPES NOT EXAMINED: The following spe- a triangular petiole. Because neither the sub- cies have been assigned to various amauro- tegulum nor the tegulum forms a complete bioidine genera, but their placement cannot ring, the three hematodochae (basal, median, be clari®ed without examination of the types: and distal) are continuous (®g. 33E). The Anyphaena trivittata Bertkau, 1880; Any- subtegulum is compact, partially visible in phaena furcata Keyserling, 1880; and Any- prolateral view in the unexpanded bulb (®gs. phaena vittata Keyserling, 1881. 83A, 129E), but mostly distally in Amauro- NOMINA DUBIA: The types of the following bioidini (®g. 47B). Part of the median he- Chilean species have not been found in matodocha is visible in ventral view in the MHNP, and the original descriptions are very unexpanded palp, occupying a basal notch on ambiguous: Clubiona lineata Nicolet, 1849; the tegulum, which is the most conspicuous Clubiona limbata Nicolet, 1849; Clubiona synapomorphy of Amaurobioidinae. The an- nubes Nicolet, 1849; and Clubiona versicol- terior part of the bulb is occupied by the dis- or Nicolet, 1849. tal hematodocha, from where the conductors, 2003 RAMIÂREZ: SPIDER SUBFAMILY AMAUROBIOIDINAE 45

Fig. 13. Female left tarsus IV, setae and sensilla. A±D. Amaurobioides africana Hewitt, retrolateral claw tuft shaved (South Africa, Western Cape, Kommetjie). A. Tarsus, dorsal view. B. Same, distal view. C. Same, retrolateral view. D. Same, trichobothria. E±G. Gayenna americana Nicolet (Talca, Alto de Vilches). E. Tarsal organ. F. Trichobothria. G. Claw tuft. 46 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY NO. 277

Fig. 14. Details of posterior respiratory system. A. Oxysoma punctatum Nicolet, female tracheal spiracle (Llanquihue, Alerce Andino). B. Sanogasta maculosa (Nicolet), penultimate female abdomen sectioned through epigastric fold, showing median tracheae (Chubut, NÄ orquinco). C, D. Same, detail of median tracheae. the median apophysis, and the paramedian matodocha (®gs. 63C, 105C), connected by apophysis arise. a sclerotized stripe to the articulation between the embolus and prolateral margin of CONDUCTORS tegulum, which is a presumed homolog of the C1. In Josa the basal portion of the C1 The homology of the extremely diverse is fused with the tegulum; the apical portion structures accompanying the embolus of en- is no longer identi®able (®g. 60A, B). telegyne spiders is a contentious ®eld. Here I call the secondary conductor (C2) a I tried to establish the homology of the struc- sclerite also associated with the embolus, tures across the subfamily, with variable suc- arising from the apical-dorsal region of the cess. I call the primary conductor (C1) a distal hematodocha. It is closely related, of- structure arising between the base of the em- ten fused, to a sclerotized stripe of the te- bolus and the prolateral margin of the tegul- gulum where the sperm duct runs. In Amau- um. The C1 is most evident in Amaurobioi- robioidini, the main structure leading the em- dini, often bearing a long canal where the bolus is the C1, and the C2 is small, with a embolus ®ts. The apical portion of C1, where poorly de®ned canal (®g. 26A). In Gayennini the canal ends, usually forms a heavily scler- this situation is reversed, and the C2 is a con- otized, partially coiled beak (e.g., ®g. 50D). spicuous structure. In Josa, the C2 is hyper- The apical portion of C1 may look like a trophied and very complex (®gs. 56B, 60B). separate sclerite if the basal portion is protruding as well (®g. 33B). In the Gayennini, PARAMEDIAN APOPHYSIS there is a small sclerite mostly hidden by the Hidden behind the retrolateral margin of other structures arising from the distal he- the tegulum there is a tightly folded section 2003 RAMIÂREZ: SPIDER SUBFAMILY AMAUROBIOIDINAE 47

Fig. 15. Amaurobioides africana Hewitt, female spinnerets (South Africa, Western Cape, Komme- tjie). A. Spinnerets. B. Left anterior lateral spinneret. C. Left posterior median spinneret. D. Left posterior lateral spinneret. (Ac ϭ aciniform gland spigot; mAmp ϭ minor ampullate gland spigot; MAmp ϭ major ampullate gland spigot; Pi ϭ piriform gland spigots; Tp ϭ tartipore.) 48 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY NO. 277

Fig. 16. Gayenna americana Nicolet, female spinnerets (Talca, Alto de Vilches). A. Spinnerets. B. Right anterior lateral spinneret. C. Right posterior median spinneret. D. Same, internal view. E. Right posterior lateral spinneret. (Ac ϭ aciniform gland spigot; mAmp ϭ minor ampullate gland spigot; MAmp ϭ major ampullate gland spigot; Pi ϭ piriform gland spigot.) of the distal hematodocha, which becomes 124D, H), it is possible that the PMA ®ts into in¯ated during expansion (®g. 50D; see also the APmf during copulation, at least in some character 71). A sclerotized plate attached to species. this section of hematodocha is called the paramedian apophysis (PMA), which, in MEDIAN APOPHYSIS Amaurobioidini, is distally articulated to the C1 (®g. 50D). The PMA may have one (in The median apophysis (MA) is much more Gayennini) to several cusps (in Amaurobioi- conservative than are the conductors. In most dini). The PMA is also connected, often Amaurobioidinae the MA is very simple, more or less fused, with the median apoph- small, and hooked, at some extent articulated ysis. A protruding PMA appears in Gayen- or fused with the plate of the PMA. Species nini (see character 68), together with the an- of Coptoprepes have a larger, complex MA. terior pouch on the median epigynal ®eld Davies (1998) doubted the homology of the (APmf, character 104). Because the shape of MA in Amaurobioides, because it is not ar- the PMA seems also to be somewhat corre- ticulated, but is ®rmly fused to a complex of lated with the shape of the APmf (e.g., ®g. paramedian apophysis and part of the con- 2003 RAMIÂREZ: SPIDER SUBFAMILY AMAUROBIOIDINAE 49

Fig. 17. Gayenna americana Nicolet, male spinnerets (Llanquihue, Alerce Andino). A. Spinnerets. B. Right anterior lateral spinneret. C. Right posterior median spinneret. D. Right posterior lateral spinneret. (Ac ϭ aciniform gland spigot; mAmp ϭ minor ampullate gland spigot; MAmp ϭ major ampullate gland spigot; Pi ϭ piriform gland spigot.)

ductor. However, when close relatives of differing from most entelegynes. Other Amaurobioides are examined (Axyracrus, Amaurobioidini, and to a lesser degree to a Aysenia, Aysenoides), it is clear that the dis- Gayennini, also have that embolar course. tal hematodocha where C1, PMA, and AM The change from clockwise to counterclock- are placed underwent variable degrees of wise involved only minor modi®cations of sclerotization. Because the morphology of the copulatory bulb, compared to a more the area is otherwise conservative, the ho- generalized conformation. The region of the mology of the MA seems clear. The homol- basal articulation of the embolus has an acute ogy of the MA as identi®ed in Josa is some- to straight angle, thus changing the course, what more problematic, because the entire while the basal part of the sperm duct runs distal region of the bulb is extremely modi- clockwise, as in other entelegynes. Amauro- ®ed. The MA becomes reduced indepen- bioidines with a less pronounced angle (e.g., dently in several clades (character 64), but in Selknamia, ®gs. 52, 53A, B) are ambiguous these cases the general morphology of the as to the curvature, while in others the cur- area is similar to that of close relatives. vature looks different from prolateral and ventral views (e.g., Negayan, ®gs. 47D, 50A, B). In Anyphaeninae there is great variability EMBOLUS in embolus morphology, and sometimes it is Coddington (1990) noted that the embolus not clear in what direction a contorted em- of Amaurobioides runs counterclockwise, bolus is running. 50 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY NO. 277

ALTERNATIVE INTERPRETATIONS OF MALE bioidinae, at least in functional terms. In PALP STRUCTURES Amaurobioidinae, the accessory bulb joins the copulatory duct relatively close to the The identi®cation of C1, C2, and cusps of copulatory opening, and from this point to PMA is disputable. The system of homolo- the origin of the fertilization duct there runs gies adopted here is what seemed more con- a tube that evidently functions as a duct rath- gruent after detailed study of the anatomy er than as a reservoir. In fact, the male em- and informal examination of alternative cod- bolus runs through that segment (RamõÂrez ings during the construction of the dataset. and Kochalka, 1993: ®g. 4), and I could not Those alternative codings did not produce ®nd much justi®cation for considering it part very different results from those shown here, of the spermatheca (a name that indicates though. This is because alternative homolo- storage function). Comparative anatomy does gies have a coordinated effect on groups of not help much to settle the question, because terminals with similar morphology. The C1 the evolutionary transformations that lead to in Gayennini, as interpreted here, is a small the entelegyne female genitalia are not well piece, compared to the structure found in understood. I am inclined to accept the ho- Amaurobioidini. An alternative coding might mology of the accessory bulb with one of the consider this small piece the second cusp of paired receptacles, as found in most Myga- the PMA (which is lacking in Gayennini, lomorphae and many Haplogynae. In this compared with most Amaurobioidini). The case, the fertilization ducts are homologous C2 of Gayennini might be considered a C1 to the ducts leading to one pair of recepta- (or conversely, the apical portion of C1 in cles, the entelegyne copulatory openings are some Amaurobioidini, a C2), because in Ne- homologous to the duct leading to the second gayan and Selknamia the apical portion of pair of receptacles, and the ``peduncles'' are C1 is similar to the C2 of Gayennini. This invaginations of the body wall connecting coding was used in preliminary datasets, but the two receptacles of each side (see Sier- was later abandoned, because the homologies wald, 1989). would be supported by intermediate mor- The development in Tomopisthes horren- phologies that were not intermediate in phy- dus is in agreement with this hypothesis (®g. logeny! Settling these problems of unclear 106). The accessory bulb arises anteriorly on homologies may involve the use of alterna- a cuticular fold separating the median ®eld tive codings, keeping those homologies (and from the lateral lobes, the primordium of the the corresponding trees) that imply most par- copulatory opening leads to the primordium simonious results (Rieppel, 1996; Wheeler, of the accessory bulb, and both primordia are 1996). connected by a deep folding corresponding to the copulatory duct. For the sake of de- SPERMATHECAE AND ASSOCIATED DUCTS scriptive power, I refer as ``spermatheca'' to There is some disagreement on the termi- the ample chamber immediately connected to nology for these structures. I mostly followed the fertilization duct, ``copulatory duct'' to Sierwald (1989), with modi®cations. The the tube running from the copulatory open- main difference is interpretation of the cop- ing to spermatheca, and ``accessory bulb'' to ulatory duct. In Sierwald's view, this duct the blind sac bearing conspicuous pores, con- runs from the copulatory opening to the connected to the copulatory duct by a tube of nection with a duct from the ``head of sper- variable length. The accessory bulb was re- matheca'', here accessory bulb (AB) after cently referred to as ``seminal receptacle'' Carico and Holt (1964). The segment from (Brescovit, 1997) and ``diverticulum'' (Hub- that point to the ``base of spermatheca'' (here er, 1995). Bonaldo (2000) called it ``second- spermatheca) is considered by Sierwald as ary spermatheca'' on account of its function part of the spermatheca itself, the ``peduncle as a sperm reservoir in Corinninae. of spermatheca'', uniting the head and base. This terminology seems adequate for Lyco- LEG SPINES soidea (Griswold, 1993; Diana Silva, person- Goloboff (1995b) used several characters al commun.), but not so much for Amauro- from patterns of spines in Nemesiidae. Bos- 2003 RAMIÂREZ: SPIDER SUBFAMILY AMAUROBIOIDINAE 51 selaers and JocqueÂ (2002) used both patterns shorter) seem to be homologous to spines, and individual spines in an analysis of some because some specimens have a bristle where Corinnidae and Liocranidae. They found a spine is normally found. Frequent positions those characters informative, with similar for replacement of spines by bristles are the levels of homoplasy as for other somatic prolaterals and retrolaterals on femora, and ones. Here many of the leg spines were cod- the v p1-x-x of tibia II. In species with spi- ed as independent characters, homologized nose males, it is common that the male has according to their position. This is possible a spine where the female has a bristle; com- since the spination in Anyphaenidae follows mon positions are the dorsals of tibiae (r1-0- a rather conservative pattern. 1-0) and patellae (1±0±1). In most genera the spines on leg I are sim- Inter- and intrasexual variabilities in spines ilarly distributed to those on leg II. Legs III were coded without distinction as polymor- and IV are also similar in spines, which are phisms in the data matrix, with internal steps more numerous than on forelegs. Through added accordingly. It is expected that vari- the four pairs of legs, most spine positions ability is underestimated in species known are conserved, because they are serially ho- from a few exemplars, and more drastically mologous. A common pattern is: if the males are unknown. To estimate the Legs I and II, femur d 1±1±1, p 0±1-(1-d1), r d1ap; effect of variations in the internal steps for tibia v 2±2±2; metatarsus v 2bas. III, femur d 1±1± the spine characters, several replications 1, p and r 0-d1-d1; patella r d1; tibia v 2±2±2, p and were examined with the internal steps for the r d1±1, d r1bas; metatarsus v 2±2±2, p and r d1±1± spine characters assigned randomly between 1, d 0-p1±2. IV, femur d 1±1±1, p 0-d1-d1, r d1ap; 0 and 29. These produced virtually the same patella, tibia, and metatarsus ϭ III. trees, except for some clades of little support, In some groups the anterior legs are almost suggesting that underestimation of variability as spinose as the posterior legs. A common in spines is not decisive in this analysis. pattern of this type is: Leg I and II, femur d 1±1±1, p and r 0-d1-(1-d1); TRIBE AMAUROBIOIDINI HICKMAN tibia v 2±2±2, p and r d1±1, d r1-0-1-0; metatarsus v Table 6 2bas, p and r d1±1±1, d 0-p1±2. III, femur ϭ I; patella Amaurobioididae Hickman, 1949: 31 (type genus r d1; tibia ϭ I; metatarsus ϭ I, but v 2±2±2. IV, femur d 1±1±1, p 0-d1-d1, r d1ap; patella, tibia, and meta- Amaurobioides O.P.-Cambridge, 1883). tarsus ϭ III. DIAGNOSIS: Distinguished from Gayennini Most spine patterns vary between these and Josa by the male copulatory bulb with two examples. In the spinose pattern, spines an apical dorsal loop on the sperm duct, vis- on anterior and posterior legs differ mostly ible in apical view (®gs. 21H, 26C, white by the ventrals on metatarsi. There are only arrow; absent in Acanthoceto acupicta group, a few species with more than two ventral see character 53), and by the well-developed spines on metatarsus I or II, they are not es- primary conductor with canal where the em- pecially spinose on other surfaces, and these bolus ®ts (®g. 47). spines are not usually sexually dimorphic. DESCRIPTION: Chelicerae commonly with Some species have more than three pairs of three or more teeth on retromargin, some- ventral spines on tibiae I and II, conferring a times only two. Male palp with one retrola- raptorial appearance (e.g., some Monapia). teral tibial apophysis (reduced in Gamakia, Males are often more spinose than are fe- absent in Coptoprepes campanensis). Cym- males. The additional male spines appear af- bial conductor wide. Sperm duct with loop ter the last ecdysis. Spines of penultimates of on apical side of copulatory bulb. Primary both sexes are similar to those of the female. conductor with canal where embolus ®ts; In some rare specimens (but commonly in basal portion often weakly sclerotized, close Sanogasta backhauseni) there are supernu- to base of embolus; apical portion, where ca- merary spines, for example, two or three nal ends, sclerotized, of varied shape, some- spines where one is expected. Such an anom- times diverging from basal portion (®g. aly is often asymmetrical. 33B). Secondary conductor generally small, Bristles (similar to spines but thinner and partially or totally fused to apical tegular 52 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY NO. 277

TABLE 6 TABLE 7 Synapomorphies of Amaurobioidini Synapomorphies of Amaurobioides and Internal Clades and Representatives

tralia, Tasmania, and New Zealand, and San- ogasta maculatipes, probably introduced in Eastern Island. COMPOSITION: Ten genera, four of them newly proposed here: Acanthoceto Mello- LeitaÄo, Amaurobioides O.P.-Cambridge, Ax- yracrus Simon, Aysenia Tullgren, Ayseno- ides, n. gen., Coptoprepes Simon, Ferrieria Tullgren, Gamakia, n. gen., Negayan, n. gen., and Selknamia, n. gen.

AMAUROBIOIDES O.P.-CAMBRIDGE Table 7 Amaurobioides O.P.-Cambridge, 1883: 356 (type species by monotypy Amaurobioides maritima O.P.-Cambridge, 1883). Simon, 1897a: 89, 1903a: 1034. Hogg, 1909: 163. Hewitt, 1917: 704. Hickman, 1949: 31, 1951: 1. Forster, 1955: 184. Lehtinen, 1967: 211 (removed from synonymy of Uliodon L. Koch, 1873). Coddington, 1990: 10. RamõÂrez, 1995a: 366, 1997: 178. Da- vies, 1998: 212. stripe where basal part of sperm duct runs, Cluilius Simon, 1889: 220 (type species by mon- well developed only in some Coptoprepes. otypy Clubiona chilensis Nicolet, 1849; see Si- Paramedian apophysis not projecting, usually mon, 1904: 100, and Synonymy in Philisca). NEW SYNONYMY. with two conical cusps. Epigyne without anterior pouch, lateral lobes separated from SYNONYMY: The type species of Cluilius is each other. Spermathecae usually of irregular here considered a typical Amaurobioides. shape, but spherical in Selknamia and Aysen- See also Synonymy in Philisca. oides. DIAGNOSIS: Distinguished from other gen- DISTRIBUTION: South America, except the era of Anyphaenidae by having many acini- coastal genus Amaurobioides, which occur in form gland spigots on posterior median spin- the sea-shores of Chile, South Africa, Aus- nerets (RamõÂrez, 1995a: ®g. 43). 2003 RAMIÂREZ: SPIDER SUBFAMILY AMAUROBIOIDINAE 53

DESCRIPTION: Redescribed by Forster 10.00, width 6.25, spiracle±epigastrium 4.40, (1970). spiracle±spinnerets 1.10. Spines: leg I, femur MORPHOLOGICAL REMARKS: The posterior d 1±1±1, p d1ap; tibia v 2±2±2; metatarsus v median spinnerets densely covered by spig- 2bas. II, femur ϭ I; tibia v r1±2±2 or 2±2± ots might have a correlation with their aquat- 2, p 1±1; metatarsus v 2-(p1-r1)-0 or 2-r1±0, ic habitats, because the retreat silk is much p 1±0. III, femur d 1±1±1, p and r 0-d1-d1; denser than that of other Anyphaenidae. In tibia v 0±2±2, p and r 1-0-1-0; metatarsus v support of this association, the PMS are sim- 2±2±2, p d1±1±1, r 0±1±1, d 2ap. IV, femur ilarly enlarged and covered by many acini- d 1±1±1, p and r d1ap; tibia v p1±2±2 (plus form gland spigots in the European aquatic r1 supernumerary), r d1ap or 0-d1-d1; meta- spider Argyroneta aquatica (Clerck) and in tarsus v 2-p1±2 or 2-p1-r1, p and r 0±1±1, d species of the intertidal spider genus Desis, 2ap. Epigyne: lateral lobes separate, anterior from Paci®c and South African coasts (Leh- margin elevated. Median ®eld slightly scler- tinen, 1967). Forster (1970) reported three otized. Copulatory ducts irregular, contorted processes on the male palpal conductor of before reaching spermathecae, ducts of ac- Amaurobioides maritima. One of them is cessory bulbs long, thick, diverging (®g. here interpreted as the tip of the primary con- 18A). ductor, bearing the canal, the other two as MALE (Otago): Spines as in female, ex- cusps of the paramedian apophysis. Davies cept: leg I, femur d 1±1±1, p 0-d1-d1, r d1ap; (1998) suggested that the structure that is tibia v 2-2-2-2 or 6 spines on each side, ir- here identi®ed as secondary conductor may regularly paired, p 1±2±1, r 1±0±1; metatar- be a primary conductor (C1) instead, because sus v 2bas, p d1±1±0, r 1, d p1. II, femur ϭ in Amaurobioides isolata Hirst it is a well- I; tibia v 2±2±2, p and r 1±1±1; metatarsus de®ned sclerite, entirely bordered by a mem- v 2-r1±0, p d1±1±0, r 1. III, tibia v 2±2±2, branous area; however, the same is true for p and r 1-d1±1. IV, femur ϭ I; tibia ϭ III, the structure here identi®ed as C1. but p 0-d1±1 or 1ap; metatarsus v 2±2±2, p DISTRIBUTION: Shores of Austral regions: 0±1±1, r d1±1±1. Palp (®g. 18B±D): tibia one species from Chile, one from South Af- short, width/legth 0.85, RTA very long, rica, all others from Australia, New Zealand, sharp, slightly concave ventrally. Cymbium and Tasmania. with retrolateral notch where median apoph- COMPOSITION: In addition to the three spe- ysis ®ts, and short basal projection, opposing cies detailed below: A. isolata Hirst, 1993, tibia. Sperm duct thick, suddenly narrowed A. litoralis Hickman, 1949, A. major Forster, in front of tegular notch. Embolus with basal 1970, A. minor Forster, 1970, A. pallida For- process ¯at, well developed. Median apoph- ster, 1970, A. picuna Forster, 1970, A. pis- ysis small, thin, apical. Paramedian apophy- cator Hogg, 1909, A. pleta Forster, 1970, and sis with three separate cusps, apical cusp A. pohara Forster, 1970. concave, placed under median apophysis, median cusp conical, heavily sclerotized, Amaurobioides maritima O.P.-Cambridge ventral cusp ¯attened, weakly sclerotized. Figure 18A±D Primary conductor well developed, with conspicuous canal. Secondary conductor com- A. maritima O.P.-Cambridge, 1883: 356 (male ho- pressed, partly fused to anterior dorsal mar- lotype from New Zealand, Otago, Allday Bay, gin of tegulum. in BMNH, not examined). VARIABILITY: Spines, according to Forster A. maritimus: Forster, 1970: 168. RamõÂrez, 1995a: 28. (1970). Female: II, tibia p 0±1; metatarsus v 2bas. III, tibia p 1±1±1; metatarsus d p1ap. DESCRIPTION AND DIAGNOSIS: See Forster IV, tibia v p1-p1±2, p 0; metatarsus r 0±1± (1970). Additional data are provided below. 1. Male: I, tibia v 2±2±2, p and r 1±1±1; FEMALE (Otago): Total length 15.45. Car- metatarsus v 2±2±0, p 1±1±0. II, metatarsus apace length 5.45, width 4.26, wider on legs v 2±2±0, p and r 1±1±0. III, metatarsus r d1± II±III. Leg III, length of tibia 2.50, metatar- 1±1, d 0-p1±2. IV, tibia p 0±1±1, r 1±1±1. sus 2.67; leg IV, length of tibia 3.23. Sternum MATERIAL EXAMINED: NEW ZEALAND: length 3.50, width 2.07. Abdomen length Otago, St. Clair Beach, on cliff face, 54 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY NO. 277

Fig. 18. Amaurobioides spp. A±D. A. maritima O.P.-Cambridge (New Zealand, Otago). A. Cleared epigyne, dorsal view. B. Male palp, cymbium and petiolus, bulb dissected, ventral view. C. Same, retrolateral view. D. Male copulatoy bulb, ventral-prolateral view. E±I. A. africana Hewitt (Namibia, Luderitzbucht). E. Cleared epigyne, dorsal view. F. Epigyne, ventral view. G. Male copulatory bulb, ventral view. H. Same, retrolateral-apical view. I. Same, apical-dorsal view. Scale bars ϭ A, E, 0.2 mm; B±D, F±I, 0.5 mm. (C1 ϭ primary conductor; C2 ϭ secondary conductor; E ϭ embolus; MA ϭ median apophysis; PBE ϭ process on base of embolus; PMA ϭ paramedian apophysis.) 2003 RAMIÂREZ: SPIDER SUBFAMILY AMAUROBIOIDINAE 55

28.IV.1979, J. Carico, 1( 1& (MACN-Ar, width/length 1.07, RTA long, sharp, forming identi®ed by R. Forster). subtle angle at base. Cymbium with weak apical notch where median apophysis ®ts, Amaurobioides africana Hewitt and short, rounded basal projection opposing Figures 13A±D, 15, 18E±I tibia. Copulatory bulb (®g. 18G±I): sperm duct thick, suddenly narrowed in front of teg- Amaurobioides africanus Hewitt, 1917: 704 (fe- ular notch. Embolus with basal process ¯at, male holotype from South Africa, East London, thin, striated longitudinally. Median apoph- in BMNH, examined). Lehtinen, 1967: 212. ysis long, apical. Paramedian apophysis with Forster, 1970: 176 (removed from synonymy of A. maritima O.P.-Cambridge). Lopez, 1974: ¯attened portion close to median apophysis, 902. wide, sclerotized, bearing three separate cusps, and weakly sclerotized portion close DIAGNOSIS: Distinguished from other to primary conductor, projecting as ¯attened, Amaurobioides by the wide, sclerotized por- triangular cusp. Primary conductor with open tion of paramedian apophysis with three sep- canal, bifurcating in elongate tips; canal end- arate cusps (®g. 18G±I), and by the shape of ing on dorsal tip. Secondary conductor com- the elevated margins of epigyne (®g. 18F). pressed, partly fused to anterior dorsal mar- FEMALE (Namibia): Total length 14.00. gin of tegulum, its membranous apex with Carapace length 4.92, width 3.60, wider on vaguely de®ned canal. leg II. Length of tibia/metatarsus: I, 2.83/ NATURAL HISTORY: Lamoral (1968) made 2.50; II, 2.67/2.10; III, 2.37/2.10; IV, 2.60/ a detailed ecological and physiological study, 2.33. Palpal tarsus length 1.50. Chelicerae comparing A. africana with the sympatrid very strong, with three teeth on retromargin. and also intertidal Desis formidabilis (Desi- Sternum length 2.83, width 1.77. Spines, all dae). He found that A. maritima builds re- short: leg I, femur d 1±1±1, p d1ap; tibia v treats using molusc shells, or only silk, in 2±2±2; metatarsus v 2-r1±0. II, femur ϭ I; rock crevices, which endure daily periods of tibia v r1±2±2, p 0±1; metatarsus v 2-r1±0, immersion as the tides rise. They resist long p1.III, femur ϭ I; tibia v p1-p1±2, p 1-d1± periods of immersion, taking oxygen from 1 or 0±1, r d1±1; metatarsus v 2±0±1, p and the water through an air ®lm retained by hy- r 0±1±1, d 2ap. IV, femur d 1±1±1 or d 1± drophobic hairs. They resist at least 12 hours 0±1; tibia v p1-p1±2, p 0, r d1±1; metatarsus of immersion after the air ®lm has disap- v 2±0±1 or 2-r1±1, p and r 0±1±1, d 2ap. peared. The spiders are nocturnal and seem Abdomen length 9.44, width 5.32. Spiracle± to prey mostly on isopod and amphipod crus- epigastrium 5.19, spiracle±spinnerets 1.07. taceans. The rhythm of silk nest building re- Epigyne (®g. 18E, F): lateral lobes separate, mained coordinated with the tides up to a depressed on anterior margin, prolonged in week in the laboratory. V-shaped marks on elevated median ®eld. DISTRIBUTION: South Africa. Copulatory ducts irregular, contorted before OTHER MATERIAL EXAMINED: NAMIBIA: reaching spermathecae, ducts of accessory Luderitzbucht, intertidal rocks (26Њ35ЈS, bulbs long, thick, converging; some of their 15Њ10ЈE), 8±10.X.1984, C. Griswold and T. gland ducts discharging before expansion of Meikle Griswold, 1( 3& 2 immatures bulb. (CAS). SOUTH AFRICAN REPUBLIC: MALE (Namibia): Total length 8.25. Cara- Western Cape: Cape Peninsula (34Њ08ЈS, pace length 3.60, width 2.67. Length of tibia/ 18Њ20ЈE), intertidial rocks, 1966, B. Lamoral, metatarsus: I, 2.97/2.83; II, 2.93/2.73; III, 1( 1& (CAS); Cape of Good Hope, in rock 2.47/2.23; IV, 2.50/2.30. Chelicerae smaller crevices though white silken tubes, upper than those of female, teeth evenly spaced. edge of average high tide, 6.II.1991, V. and Spines as in female, except: leg I, tibia p 1± B. Roth, 2& (CAS); Kommetjie, 34Њ9ЈS, 0±1. II, tibia v 2±2±2, p 1-d1±1; metatarsus 18Њ20ЈE, 30 air km S of Cape Town, inter- v 2±2±0. III, tibia v 2±2±2, p and r 1-d1±1; tidial zone, under rocks, 13.III.2001, L. Pren- metatarsus v 2-r1±1 or 2±2±1, p and r d1±1± dini, D. Ubick, 3& 3& penultimates, 1& 1. IV, femur d 1±1±1, p d1ap; metatarsus v (CAS); 3 mi S Port Nolloth, 1 m, 5.I.1967, 2-r1±1, p and r d1±1±1. Palp: tibia short, E.S. Ross and K. Lorenzen, 1& (CAS). 56 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY NO. 277

Fig. 19. Amaurobioides chilensis (Nicolet), Elqui, Cruz Grande. A. Habitat. B. Female retreat. C. Female. (Photos MJR 1324±1326.)

Amaurobioides chilensis (Nicolet), 2bas, p 1±0. III, tibia v 0-p1±2 or p1±2±2, new combination p 1-d1±1 or d1±1 or 0±1, r d1±1 or 0±1; Figures 19, 20 metatarsus v 2±0±1 or 2-p1±1, p d1±1±1 or Clubiona chilensis Nicolet, 1849: 419 (female 0-d1±1, r 0-d1±1, d 0-p1±2. IV, tibia v p1- presumably holotype from Chile, no speci®c lo- p1±2, r d1±1 or 0; metatarsus v p1-p1±1 or cality, in MHNP 4231, examined). 2-p1±1, p 0-d1±1 or 1ap, r d1±0±1 or 1ap, d Cluilius chilensis: Simon, 1889: 220. r1ap. Abdomen badly preserved, spiracle± Philisca chilensis: Simon, 1897a: 86, 1904: 48. epigastrium 2.77, spiracle±spinnerets 0.43. Amaurobioides cf. boydi: RamõÂrez, 1995a: 366 Color: type with abdomen totally faded. (misidenti®cation). Fresh specimens are very similar to those of NOTE: The specimens examined in RamõÂ- A. maritima (Forster, 1970: ®g. 463). Epi- rez (1995a), misidenti®ed as Amaurobioides gyne (®g. 20B, C): lateral lobes separate, el- cf. boydi (here synonymyzed with Axyracrus evated at anterior margin. Median ®eld elegans), are provisionally identi®ed here as weakly sclerotized. Copulatory ducts irregu- A. chilensis. The species was not included in lar, contorted before reaching spermathecae, the cladistic analysis, because the females are ducts of accessory bulbs short, thick, diverg- almost identical to those of A. maritima, and ing. the males are unknown. There are some dif- MALE: Unknown. ferences in the spermathecae between the NATURAL HISTORY: Collected from retreats type of A. chilensis and the specimens I col- made of white, very dense silk in rock crev- lected in Chile, and it is possible that more ices at the seashore in the spray zone (®g. than one species is involved. Opell (Ameri- 19). can Arachnological Society Annual Meeting, DISTRIBUTION: The type lacks a precise lo- Keene, 2001) reported problems in species cality. Collected in two widely separate lo- delimitation for New Zealand Amaurobioi- calities at Chilean seashore, probably with a des. much more extensive distribution. DIAGNOSIS: Very similar to A. maritima, OTHER MATERIAL EXAMINED: CHILE: Re- distinguished by the less curved epigynal lat- gioÂn IV: Elqui: coast 6 km S Cruz Grande, eral lobes (®g. 20B). 11.XI.1993, 29Њ29ЈS, 71Њ19ЈW, N. Platnick, FEMALE (holotype, ®g. 20A, spines from K. Catley, M. RamõÂrez, T. Allen, 8 immatures Cruz Grande MACN-Ar 9848): Total length (MACN-Ar), 6 immatures 2nd stage ca. 8.68 (abdomen deteriorated). Carapace (MACN-Ar), 1& (MACN-Ar 9848), 2& length 3.48, width 2.22, wider at leg II. (MACN-Ar 9849, photos MJR 1324±1326), Length of tibia/metatarsus: I, 1.75/1.70; II, 1& (MHNS), 2& (AMNH); same, 9 km S 1.70/1.62; III, 1.30/1.40; IV, 1.65/1.65. Che- Cruz Grande, 5 immatures (MACN-Ar). licerae strong, with three teeth on retromar- Choapa: 12 km S Los Vilos, Rt. 5, km 213, gin. Sternum length 1.91, width 1.11. Spines elev. 5 m, 33Њ00ЈS, 71Њ31ЈW, 13.XI.1993, N. (six females): femora I±IV d 1±1±1, p d1ap Platnick, K. Catley, M. RamõÂrez, T. Allen, 1 or p 0. Leg I tibia v 2±2±2; metatarsus v immature (MACN-Ar). RegioÂn X: Llanqui- 2bas. II, tibia v 2±2±2, p 0±1; metatarsus v hue: 30 km E Puerto Montt, 41Њ36ЈS, 2003 RAMIÂREZ: SPIDER SUBFAMILY AMAUROBIOIDINAE 57

Fig. 20. Amaurobioides chilensis (Nicolet). A. Female (holotype). B. Epigyne, ventral view (holotype). C. Cleared epigyne, dorsal view (Elqui, Cruz Grande). Scale bars ϭ A, 2 mm; B, C, 0.2 mm.

TABLE 8 72Њ42ЈW, N. Platnick, K. Catley, M. RamõÂrez, Autapomorphies of Axyracrus elegans T. Allen, 1& (AMNH).

AXYRACRUS SIMON Table 8 Axyracrus Simon, 1884: 140 (type species by original designation Axyracrus elegans Simon, 1884), 1887: E23, 1897a: 90, 96±98. Keyser- ling, 1891: 83. RamõÂrez, 1995a: 381, 1997: 178. 58 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY NO. 277

Schiapellia Mello-LeitaÄo, 1938: 115 (type species Amaurobioides boydi Forster, 1970: 175 (female by original designation Schiapellia gerschman- holotype from Chile, Magallanes, Isla Navari- ni Mello-LeitaÄo, 1938). NEW SYNONYMY. no, Pto. Willams, 30 m, 14.I.1964, J.C. Boyd no. 128 F. coll., BPBM 10678, right appendages YNONYMY S : The type species of Schiapel- mounted on separate slide, examined). NEW lia is here considered a junior synonym of SYNONYMY. Axyracrus elegans. DIAGNOSIS: Resembles Amaurobioides and SYNONYMY: The presumed female syn- Aysenia in having a recurved posterior eye types are not labeled as types, but correspond row, distinguished by the complex embolar well with the description and collection data. process, reduced median apophysis, reduced They were compared with the holotype of basal portion of the primary conductor (with- Schiapellia gerschmanni and Amaurobioides out canal), and by the epigynal median ®eld boydi, and with numerous specimens col- slightly elevated, frequently with copulatory lected in the same area; no relevant differ- plugs. ences were found. The epigyne of the holo- DESCRIPTION: Carapace wide in front, pos- type of A. boydi is lost, but the ®gures pro- terior eye row recurved, ocular area project- vided by Forster (1970) are enough for the ing (®g. 21A). Chelicerae strong, slightly identi®cation. smaller in males, with three teeth on pro- DIAGNOSIS: See generic diagnosis. margin, two on retromargin. Spines on an- FEMALE (BahõÂa San Antonio MACN-Ar terior legs unmodi®ed. Male palpal tibia 9807): Total length 6.25. Carapace length slightly longer than wide, RTA long, pointed 2.93, width 1.77, wider on leg II. Length of (®g. 21D, E). Tegulum with sort basal notch tibia/metatarsus: I, 1.43/1.27; II, 1.33/1.23; (®g. 21F). Sperm duct with pronounced loop III, 0.99/1.02; IV, 1.60/1.40. Palpal tarsus on anterior dorsal margin (®g. 21H). Embo- length 0.69. Chelicerae strong, with two teeth lus not associated with canal on primary con- on retromargin, basal one largest. Sternum ductor, with complex basal process. Median length 1.40, width 0.90. Spines: leg I, femur apophysis reduced. Basal portion of primary d 1±1±1, p d1ap; tibia v 2±2±2; metatarsus v conductor reduced to weakly sclerotized 2bas. II, femur ϭ I; tibia v r1±2±2, p 0 or lobe, without canal. Apical portion thick, 0±1. Metatarsus ϭ I. III, femur d 1±1±1, p heavily sclerotized, with wide, shallow canal. and r d1ap; tibia v 0-p1±2, p 0±1, r d1±1; Paramedian apophysis with two blunt, heavi- metatarsus v 2±0±2, p and r 0-d1±1, d 2ap ly sclerotized cusps (®g. 21G). Secondary or 0-p1±2. IV, femur d 1±1±1, r d1ap; tibia conductor absent. Epigyne (®g. 21B, C) with v p1-p1±2, r d1±1; metatarsus v 2-p1±2, p median ®eld slightly elevated, weakly scler- 1ap or 0-d1±1, r 1ap, d r1ap or 2ap. Abdo- otized. Lateral lobes curved, narrow, widely men length 3.60, width 1.90, spiracle±epi- separated. Copulatory openings often ob- gastrium 1.87, spiracle±spinnerets 0.18. Col- structed by copulatory plugs, occasionally or: brown with dark brown pattern (®g. entire median ®eld covered by massive plug. 21A); ocular area much darker, legs I and II Spermathecae elongate, copulatory ducts ir- darker from tibia to tarsus; sternum, endites, regular, not coiled. Accessory bulbs volu- and labium dark brown, venter brown. Epi- minous. gyne: see generic description. COMPOSITION: Only the type species. MALE (BahõÂa San Antonio MACN-Ar 9807): Total length 5.45. Carapace length Axyracrus elegans Simon 2.67, width 1.70. Length of tibia/metatarsus: Figure 21 I, 2.20/1.93; II, 2.03/1.83; III, 1.47/1.50; IV, 1.97/1.83. Chelicerae smaller than those of Axyracrus elegans Simon, 1884: 140 (several fe- female, vertical. Sternum length 1.37, width males, presumed syntypes, from Chile, Cabo de 0.80. Spines: leg I, femur d 1±1±1, p d1ap, Hornos, Horn, in MHNP, examined), 1887: E23, 1897a: 98. RamõÂrez, 1995a: 366. r d1; tibia v 2±2±2, p 1-d1±1, r 0±1; meta- Schiapellia gerschmanni Mello LeitaÄo, 1938: 116 tarsus v 2±2±0, p d1-d1-d1, r d1. II, femur (female holotype from Argentina, Isla de los ϭ I or p 0-d1-d1. Tibia and metatarsus ϭ I. Estados, in MACN-Ar 35425, examined). NEW III, femur d 1±1±1, p and r 0-d1-d1; tibia v SYNONYMY. 2±2±2 or p1±2±2, p and r 1-d1-1-0; metatar- 2003 RAMIÂREZ: SPIDER SUBFAMILY AMAUROBIOIDINAE 59

Fig. 21. Axyracrus elegans Simon (Tierra del Fuego, male from BahõÂa Buen Suceso, female from San Antonio). A. Female. B. Epiginum, ventral view. C. Cleared epigyne, dorsal view. D. Male palpal cymbium, ventral view. E. Same, retrolateral view. F. Male copulatory bulb, ventral-apical view. G. Same, retrolateral view. H. Same, apical-dorsal view. Scale bars ϭ A, 1 mm; B, C, F±H, 0.2 mm; D, E, 0.5 mm. (C1 ϭ primary conductor; MA ϭ median apophysis; PBE ϭ process on base of embolus; PMA ϭ paramedian apophysis.) sus v 2±2±2, p d1-d1±1, r 0-d1±1, d 0-p1±2. anterior legs much darker from tibia to tar- IV, femur d 1±1±1, p and r d1ap or p 0; tibia sus. Palp: see generic description. v 2±2±2, p 1-0-1-0, r 1-d1-1-0; metatarsus v VARIABILITY: The female holotype of 2±2±2, p 0-d1±1, r d1±0±1, d 0-p1±2. Ab- Amaurobioides boydi has an additional, domen length 2.67, width 1.50, spiracle±epi- small apical tooth on the left cheliceral pro- gastrium 1.50, spiracle±spinnerets 0.15. Col- margin, retromargin; spines also differ by: or as in female but more heavily contrasting, tibia II, v r1-r1±2; metatarsus III, IV, v 2±0± 60 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY NO. 277

2. These differences are interpreted as anom- TABLE 9 alies and not included in the dataset. Synapomorphies of Aysenia and Internal Clades NATURAL HISTORY: According to the labels, many specimens were collected under stones or logs at seashore. DISTRIBUTION: Tierra del Fuego and Ma- gallanes. OTHER MATERIAL EXAMINED: ARGENTI- NA: Tierra del Fuego: BahõÂa Aguirre, 13.II.1949, S. NuÂnÄez, 1( (MACN-Ar 2804); BahõÂa Buen Suceso, 16±31.I.1986, E. Maury, 1( 1& 1 immature (MACN-Ar 9806); Pen- Ânsulaõ Hardy, Isla Hoste, BahõÂa Orange, 2± 3.I.1963, P.J. Darlington, 1( 2& (MCZ); Isla de los Estados, I±II.1935, J.A. Dagerre and A. Carcelles, 1& (MACN-Ar); XII.1967, A. Bachmann, 1& 2 immatures (MACN-Ar); BahõÂa Crosby, 18.X.1941, 6& 1 immature (MACN-Ar); BahõÂa San Antonio, 6± 13.II.1982, J.C. CheÂbez, 1( 1& (MACN-Ar 9807); Puerto Perry, I.1982, J.C. CheÂbez, 1& (MACN-Ar); Puerto San Juan, en troncos podridos, A. Carcelles, I.1934, 2& (MACN- Ar 35425); Ushuaia, 25.II.1959, J. Vellard, 1 immature (MACN-Ar); 22.II.1959, J. Vel- lard, 1& (MACN-Ar). CHILE: RegioÂn XII (Magallanes y AntaÂrtica): Magallanes: Guarello, loc. 92, 18.XII.1978, S. Jacque- mard, 1& 4 immatures (IRSN IG 25934), loc. 91, 1& (IRSN IG 25934); Isla Alacalu- fes, loc. 98, 20.XII.1978, S. Jacquemard, 1( (IRSN IG 25934); Isla Hermit, 13± 14.III.1961, B. Malkin, 4& 4 immatures (CAS); Isla Hermit, St. Martin's Cove, 13± 14.III.1961, B. Malkin, 4& 4 immatures (AMNH); Isla Hoste, BahõÂa Orange, 2± 3.I.1963, P.J. Darlington, 1( 2& (MCZ); MarõÂa Virginia, J. Vellard, 2& 1 immature (MACN-Ar); Rusf®n, 9.III.1957, J. Vellard, 2 immatures (MACN-Ar); 9.II.1959, J. Vel- lard, 1& (MACN-Ar). No Locality: (presumably from Chile) 1( (IRSN IG 23934).

AYSENIA TULLGREN Table 9 Aysenia Tullgren, 1902: 54 (type species by monotypy Aysenia elongata Tullgren, 1902). Simon, but can be distinguished by having the car- 1903a: 1031. RamõÂrez, 1995a: 381 (transferred from Clubionidae), 1997: 178. apace wider in front (®g. 22A; as in Amau- robioides), irregular spermathecae (instead of DIAGNOSIS: Resembles Aysenoides in hav- spherical), and an unmodi®ed, ¯attened em- ing an elongate body, a recurved posterior bolar process (instead of spinelike). eye row, and the third leg directed forward, DESCRIPTION: Carapace very narrow, wider 2003 RAMIÂREZ: SPIDER SUBFAMILY AMAUROBIOIDINAE 61

Fig. 22. Aysenia elongata Tullgren, female lectotype. A. Carapace. B. Right leg I, prolateral view. C. Cleared epigyne, ventral view. D. Same, dorsal view. Scale bars ϭ A, B, 0.2 mm; C, D, 0.1 mm. anteriorly, posterior eye row recurved, ocular lindrica were collected by beating vegetation area projecting (®g. 22A). Chelicerae strong, in Malleco, Contulmo. with three teeth on promargin, 2±4 regular DISTRIBUTION: Southern forests of Chile teeth on retromargin. Legs generally short, and Argentina. leg III directed forward (®gs. 23F, 24A). Tib- COMPOSITION: A. elongata Tullgren, three ia I with ventral x-p1-x spine displaced pro- species here newly described, and several laterally (®g. 24E). Male palp with long, still undescribed species. pointed RTA. Copulatory bulb variable in size, median apophysis unmodi®ed, parame- Aysenia elongata Tullgren dian apophysis with two cusps. Primary con- Figure 22 ductor well developed, with canal. Second- Aysenia elongata Tullgren, 1902: 54 (female lec- ary conductor small, fused to anterior margin totype and female paralectotype [only a cara- of tegulum, without canal. Embolus short, pace, broken] here designated, from Chile, RõÂo with basal process ¯attened (®gs. 23B, 24B). AiseÂn Valley, in NRS, examined). Simon, Epigyne with median ®eld not elevated, cop- 1903a: 1031. Merian, 1913: 12. RamõÂrez, ulatory ducts contorted or coiled, spermathe- 1995a: 366. cae with irregular lumen (®gs. 22D, 23E). DIAGNOSIS: Distinguished from other Ay- NATURAL HISTORY: Almost nothing is senia species by having large female acces- known of the behavior and habitat of these sory bulbs. spiders, and most species are rare in collec- FEMALE (lectotype): Total length 2.67. Car- tions. The elongate body and the anteriorly apace length 1.00, width 0.50, slightly wider oriented third legs suggest that they may live on leg III (®g. 22A). Length of tibia/meta- in tubes. Some immatures similar to A. cy- tarsus: I, 0.42/0.32; II, 0.35/0.28; III, 0.23/ 62 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY NO. 277

0.18; IV, 0.37/0.25. Palpal tarsus length 0.20. 8.10. Carapace elevated, cephalic area ¯at; Chelicerae strong, with thick anterior bris- length 2.93, width 1.57, wider behind chelic- tles, three contiguous teeth on retromargin, erae. Length of tibia/metatarsus: I, 0.90/0.79; promargin not seen, three very small teeth II, 0.67/0.77; III, 0.62/0.66; IV, 1.02/0.99. according to Tullgren (1902). Sternum length Palpal tarsus length 0.69. Chelicerae very 0.57, width 0.33. Spines (those on femora strong, with two teeth on retromargin, fang and legs III±IV hardly visible, tentative): short, thick (®g. 23G). Sternum length 1.27, femora all d 1±1±1. Leg I, tibia v 2±2±0 (x- width 0.73. Spines: femora I±IV d 1±1±1. p1-x displaced prolaterally, ®g. 22B); meta- Leg I, tibia v r1-r1±2, p v1±1±0 (these are tarsus v 2bas. II, tibia r1-r1±0 or r1; meta- the ventrals displaced); metatarsus v 2±0. II, tarsus v r1-r1±0, p 1. III, tibia apparently 0 tibia v r1-r1-r1, p 0-d1; metatarsus v 2bas, p (all scored as missing entries); metatarsus v 1. III, tibia v r1ap, p and r d1; metatarsus v 1ap and apical group of thick setae. IV, tibia 2±0±2, p 0-d1±1, r 1ap, d 2ap. IV, tibia v v p1-p1-p1; metatarsus v p1±2-comb (preen- p1-p1±2; metatarsus v 2-p1±2, p and r 1ap, ing comb not in a de®nite line). Abdomen d r1ap. Scopulae on tarsi I and II, and meta- length 1.61, width 0.55, spiracle close to tarsus II, denser on prolateral faces. Leg III spinnerets. Color: types badly faded. Abdo- oriented forward (®g. 23F). Femora I±III men described by Tullgren (1902: 57): ``The narrow, IV very strong. Abdomen length color seems to have been greenish-yellow on 5.30, width 2.33, spiracle±epigastrium 3.13, the back with two longitudinal reticulated spiracle±spinnerets 0.30. Color: carapace brown-violet bands con¯uent at the hind-end. dark brown, ocular area almost black. Legs On the sides there are longitudinally ar- brown, I and II darker. Sternum uniform ranged scattered short stripes of the same brown, endites and labium dark brown. Ab- color. The venter is one-colored light yellow- domen grayish brown with cream pattern, brown.'' Epigyne (®g. 22C, D): lateral lobes venter grayish uniform. Epigyne (®g. 23D, separate, median ®eld and copulatory open- E): lateral lobes well sclerotized, separate, el- ings in epigastric fold, all weakly sclerotized. evated above median ®eld. Copulatory ducts Spermathecae irregular, contiguous, copula- very long, coiled. tory ducts contorted. Accessory bulbs volu- MALE (holotype): Total length 5.00. Car- minous. apace length 2.40, width 1.37 (®g. 23A). MALE: Unknown. Length of tibia/metatarsus: I, 1.05/1.00; II, MORPHOLOGICAL REMARKS: The course of 1.05/0.97; III, 0.73/0.82; IV, 1.05/1.00. Che- the copulatory ducts, although not clearly licerae smaller than those of female. Sternum discernible, suggests some coiling on oblique length 1.08, width 0.68. Spines as in female, axes. except: leg I, tibia v r1-r1±2 or r1-r1-p1, p OTHER MATERIAL EXAMINED: None. d1-0-d1-0; metatarsus v 2±2±0, p 0±1-d1, d p1. II, tibia v r1-r1±2; metatarsus v 2bas, p Aysenia segestrioides, new species 0±1-d1. III, tibia p d1 or d1-d1±0. IV, meta- Figure 23 tarsus p 0±1±1. Abdomen length 2.60, width 1.30, spiracle±epigastrium 1.20, spiracle± TYPE: Male holotype from Chile, RegioÂn spinnerets 0.23. Color as in female. Palp (®g. X, Valdivia province, Las Lajas, W La 23B, C): tibia short, width/length 0.93, RTA UnioÂn, ca. 40Њ46ЈS, 73Њ42ЈW, 1 9 ± sharp, long. Cymbial conductor wide. Cop- 20.XI.1990, L. PenÄa, deposited in AMNH. ulatory bulb extremely modi®ed, distal re- ETYMOLOGY: The speci®c name refers to gion occupying ventral face, primary con- the striking similarity with segestriid spiders, ductor covering tegulum. Sperm duct with because of the elongate body and the third two conspicuous loops at anterior dorsal leg directed forward. margin, one at base of secondary conductor. DIAGNOSIS: Easily distinguished by having Embolus very long, thin, basal process a huge primary conductor occupying most of rounded. Median apophysis apical, hooked, the male copulatory bulb, and greatly coiled tip pointing basally and retrolaterally. Pri- female copulatory ducts. mary conductor huge, crescent-shaped, pro- FEMALE (Valdivia, AMNH): Total length jecting at both ends; canal area covered by 2003 RAMIÂREZ: SPIDER SUBFAMILY AMAUROBIOIDINAE 63

Fig. 23. Aysenia segestrioides, n. sp., male holotype, female from Valdivia (AMNH). A. Male. B. Male palp, ventral view. C. Same, detail retrolateral-ventral. D. Epigyne, ventral view. E. Cleared epigyne, dorsal view. F. Female. G. Female chelicera, ventral view. Scale bars ϭ A, F, 1 mm; B±E, 0.2 mm; G, 0.5 mm. (FD ϭ fertilization duct.) 64 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY NO. 277 thin projections. Secondary conductor ¯at- gastrium 2.00, spiracle±spinnerets 0.24. Col- tened, partly fused to anterior margin of te- or: carapace pale brown, with bright cuticle, gulum, without canal. Paramedian apophysis cephalic area darker. Legs, femora brownish with three cusps, two heavily sclerotized, violet with grayish longitudinal stripes; pa- close to median apophysis, third one less tella and tarsus I grayish, II pale gray, III sclerotized, ¯attened, close to primary con- cream; leg IV, patella and tarsus cream, tibia ductor. brownish violet, distally cream. Abdomen NATURAL HISTORY: Unknown. The prola- brownish violet, dark, with three whitish dor- teral displacement of both ventral spines on sal spots, covered by white hairs, two patches ®rst tibiae, and of scopulae of ®rst and sec- of white hairs on posterior end. Leg coxae ond legs, suggest further adaptations for liv- pale, sternum, labium, endites, and venter ing in tubes. dark. Epigyne (®g. 24F, G): lateral lobes DISTRIBUTION: Known only from Valdivia widely separated, slightly elevated above province. median ®eld. Copulatory ducts not coiled. OTHER MATERIAL EXAMINED: CHILE: Re- MALE (holotype, ®g. 24A): Total length gioÂn X (Los Lagos): Valdivia: Valdivia, no 4.00. Carapace length 1.47, width 0.87, wid- date, collection E. Simon, 1( (MHNP er at leg II. Length of tibia/metatarsus: I, 18235); Valdivia, 12.X.1976, E. Krahmer, 0.96/0.74; II, 0.72/0.68; III, 0.44/0.51; IV, 1& (AMNH). 0.77/0.61. Chelicerae slightly smaller than those of female. Sternum length 0.77, width Aysenia cylindrica, new species 0.49. Spines as in female, except: leg II, Figure 24 metatarsus v 2±2. III, tibia v 2ap, p d1bas or 0, metatarsus p 0-d1±1. IV, tibia v 0-p1-p1 TYPE: Male holotype from Chile, RegioÂn or 0-(p1-r1)-p1, r d1-d1-d1; metatarsus p 0- X, Valdivia province, RincoÂn de Piedra, d1±1. Abdomen length 2.17, width 0.73, spi- south of Valdivia, 23±26.II.1979, L. PenÄa, racle±epigastrium 1.30, spiracle±spinnerets deposited in AMNH, and female paratype 0.10. Color (®g. 24A) as in female. Palp (®g. from Valdivia, 1983, deposited in MHNS 24B, C): tibia short, width/length 0.93, RTA 837. sharp, long. Cymbium relatively small, glo- ETYMOLOGY: The speci®c name refers to bose, cymbial conductor wide. Tegulum bas- the thin, elongate body. al. Embolus with basal process ¯at, short, DIAGNOSIS: Resembles A. araucana in wide. Median apophysis apical, hook-shaped. body shape and genitalia, but can be distin- Primary conductor heavily sclerotized, with guished by having relatively short, not sharp apex. Secondary conductor with short coiled, female copulatory ducts and a shorter apical tip. Paramedian apophysis heavily embolus. sclerotized, forming longitudinal shallow FEMALE (paratype): Total length 4.75. Car- ridge. apace length 1.43, width 0.75, wider on leg VARIABILITY: Female spines: III, tibia v 0- II. Length of tibia/metatarsus: I, 0.63/0.52; II, r1-r1; metatarsus v 2-r1±2 or 2±0±2, p 0-d1± 0.59/0.51; III, 0.33/0.38; IV, 0.66/0.47. Pal- 1. IV, tibia v p1-(p1-r1)-2, r 0-d1; metatarsus pal tarsus length 0.28. Chelicerae (®g. 24D) r d1±0±1, d r1ap. Some specimens with an- very strong, with three teeth on retromargin, terior abdominal spot tenuous, divided lon- basal one larger; fang short, thick. Sternum gitudinally, or absent. length 0.73, width 0.47. Spines: femora I±IV NATURAL HISTORY: Unknown. d 1±1±1. Leg I, tibia v 2±2±2 (the x-p1-x DISTRIBUTION: Known only from a few lo- displaced to prolateral, ®g. 24E), p d1-0-1-0; calities in Valdivia and RõÂo Negro provinces. metatarsus v 2-r1 (the basal pair advanced), OTHER MATERIAL EXAMINED: ARGENTI- p1.II, tibia v r1-r1±2, p 0-d1; metatarsus ϭ NA: RõÂo Negro: San Carlos de Bariloche, I. III, tibia v r1ap; metatarsus v 0-r1-0-2 or Colonia Suiza, 800 m, 19.IX.1981, Nielsen 0-r1-r1-2, p and r 1ap, d p1ap. IV, tibia v and Karsholt, 1 immature (ZMK). CHILE: p1-p1±2; metatarsus v 2±2±2, p and r 1ap, d RegioÂn X (Los Lagos): Valdivia: Valdivia, p1ap. Femora I±III narrow, IV strong. Ab- 1983, E. Krahmer, 2& 1 immature (MHNS domen length 2.80, width 0.47, spiracle±epi- 837), 1& (MHNS 799), XI±XII.1982. 2003 RAMIÂREZ: SPIDER SUBFAMILY AMAUROBIOIDINAE 65

Fig. 24. Aysenia cylindrica,n.sp.A. Male (holotype). B. Same, palp, ventral view. C. Same, retrolateral view. D. Same, chelicera, ventral view. E. Female left leg I, ventral-prolateral view: arrow points to spine v x-p1-x displaced prolaterally (paratype). F. Same, epigyne, ventral view. G. Same, cleared. Scale bars ϭ A, 1 mm; B±D, F, G, 0.2 mm; E, 0.5 mm.

Aysenia araucana, new species ETYMOLOGY: The speci®c name refers to Figure 25 the region where this species lives. DIAGNOSIS: Resembles A. segestrioides Aysenia sp.: RamõÂrez, 1995a: 366. and A. cylindrical in body shape and geni- TYPES: Male holotype and female paratype talia, but can be distinguished by having the from Chile, RegioÂn VIII, BiobõÂo province, El embolus intermediate in length, and by the Manzano, nr. Contulmo, ca. 38Њ01ЈS, moderately coiled female copulatory ducts. 73Њ20ЈW, 3±5.III.1986, L. PenÄa, deposited in FEMALE (paratype): Carapace length 2.27, AMNH. width 1.17, wider at chelicerae bases and at 66 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY NO. 277

Fig. 25. Aysenia araucana,n.sp.A. Male palp, ventral view (holotype). B. Same, retrolateral view. C. Same, prolateral-ventral view. D. Epigyne, ventral view (paratype). E. Same, cleared, dorsal view. Scale bars ϭ 0.2 mm. leg III. Length of tibia/metatarsus: I, 1.00/ trium, tracheae exposed. Epigyne (®g. 25D, 0.93; II, 0.93/0.83; III, 0.53/0.70; IV, 1.00/ E): lateral lobes slightly elevated, arched, 0.80. Palpal tarsus length 0.53. Chelicerae copulatory ducts moderately coiled. very strong, with 3±4 teeth on retromargin, MALE (holotype): Total length ca. 4.25. increasing in size to basal. Sternum length Carapace length 1.73, width 1.07. Length of 1.03, width 0.72. Spines: leg I, femur d 1± tibia/metatarsus: I, 1.27/1.20; II, 1.10/1.07; 1±1, p d1ap; tibia v 2±2±2 (the x-p1-x slight- III, 0.60/0.83; IV, 1.10/0.90. Chelicerae ly displaced to prolateral), p 1-d1-1-0; meta- slightly smaller than those of female, with tarsus v 2-r1±0 (the basal pair advanced), p three teeth on retromargin. Sternum length 1±0. II, femur ϭ I; tibia v r1-r1±2, p d1±1; 0.88, width 0.64. Spines as in female, except: metatarsus ϭ I. III, femur d 1±1±1, p and r leg I, tibia r 1-0-1-0; metatarsus v 2±2±0, r d1ap; tibia v 0-p1±2, p d1±0, d r1bas; meta- 1. II, metatarsus v 2±2±0 or 2±2±1, p 0-1-0- tarsus v 2±0±2, p 0-d1±1, r 1ap, d 0-p1±2. 1,r1.III, tibia v 2ap, p d1±1±0. Abdomen IV, femur d 1±1±1; tibia v p1-p1±2, r d1±1; (deformed) length ca. 2.50, spiracle±epigas- metatarsus v 2±2±2, p 0-d1±1 or 1ap, r d1± trium 1.40, spiracle±spinnerets 0.27. Color as 0±1, d 0-p1±2. Leg III oriented forward. in female, except legs I and II pale gray from Femora I±III narrow, IV strong. Color: dark tibiae. Abdomen brownish violet, with whit- brown, cephalic area paler, ocular area al- ish dorsal spots, two anteriors, two medians most black. Legs dark brown, patellae and larger, two posteriors covered by whitish dorsum of tibiae, metatarsi, and tarsi III±IV hairs. Sternum, labium, and endites dark. pale gray. Abdomen digested behind epigas- Palp (®g. 25A, B): tibia short, width/length 2003 RAMIÂREZ: SPIDER SUBFAMILY AMAUROBIOIDINAE 67

1.08, RTA sharp, long. Cymbial conductor TABLE 10 large, triangular. Copulatory bulb greatly Synapomorphies of Aysenoides and Internal Clades modi®ed, distal region occupying ventral face. Tegulum basal. Sperm duct with two conspicuous loops at dorsal anterior margin. Embolus very long, basal process ¯at, rounded. Median apophysis apical, hook-shaped. Primary conductor with narrow apex. Sec- ondary conductor with short apical tip. Para- median apophysis with two heavily sclerotized cusps, close to median apophysis. VARIABILITY: The female from Valdivia has the lateral lobes of epigyne more arched. NATURAL HISTORY: Unknown. DISTRIBUTION: Only known from a few localities, in Cordillera Nahuelbuta and X Re- gion. OTHER MATERIAL EXAMINED: CHILE: Re- gioÂn IX (AraucanõÂa): CautõÂn: Coicoicura, 5.XII.1992, T. Cekalovic, 1& (AMNH). Re- gioÂn X (Los Lagos): Valdivia: Valdivia, E. Krahmer, XI±XII.1982, E. Krahmer, 1& 1 immature (MHNS 685). Osorno: Pucatrihue, 4.III.2001, T. Cekalovic, 1( (AMNH).

AYSENOIDES, NEW GENUS Table 10 with basal process thin, pointed (®g. 26B). Epigyne with median ®eld not elevated, cop- TYPE SPECIES: Aysenoides terricola, new ulatory ducts short, spermathecae spherical. species. NATURAL HISTORY: Little is known of the ETYMOLOGY: The generic name is a deri- behavior and habitat of these spiders, and vation of the close relative Aysenia, proposed most species are rare in collections. As in to me by John Kochalka (IBNP). Gender is Aysenia, they may live in some kind of tubes. masculine. DISTRIBUTION: Southern forests of Chile DIAGNOSIS: Resembles Aysenia in having and Argentina. an elongate body, recurved posterior eye COMPOSITION: Three species here newly row, and the third legs directed forward, but described, and at least three undescribed. distinguished by having spherical spermathecae (®g. 28F) and a spinelike embolar pro- Aysenoides terricola, new species cess (®g. 26B). Figure 27 DESCRIPTION: Carapace very narrow, posterior eye row recurved, ocular area project- TYPES: Male holotype and female paratype ing (®g. 27A). Chelicerae strong, with three from Chile, RegioÂn V, ValparaõÂso province, teeth on promargin and 2±3 regular teeth on Cuesta CaviloleÂn, ca. 31Њ46ЈS, 71Њ19ЈW, i n retromargin. Leg III directed forward. Tibia soil crevices, 6.XI.1988, P. Goloboff, E. I with ventral x-p1-x spine displaced prola- Maury, C. Szumik, deposited in MACN-Ar terally. Male palp with RTA long, pointed, 9808. cymbium relatively small. Median apophysis ETYMOLOGY: The speci®c name refers to slender, paramedian with two cusps (®g. the habitat where the types were collected. 26C, D). Primary conductor well developed, DIAGNOSIS: Resembles A. colecole in body with canal (®g. 26A). Secondary conductor shape and genitalia, but can be distinguished fused to tegulum, small, forming wide incon- by having curved elevations on the epigyne spicuous canal, or absent. Embolus short, anterior of the spermathecae, and by a longer 68 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY NO. 277

Fig. 26. Aysenoides colecole, n. sp., male copulatory bulb (ChiloeÂ, MACN-Ar 9810). A, B. Prola- teral view. C, D. Apical view. (White arrows point to loop of sperm duct dorsal to secondary conductor, black arrows to loop dorsal to median apophysis. C1 ϭ primary conductor; C2 ϭ secondary conductor; E ϭ embolus; MA ϭ median apophysis; PBE ϭ process on base of embolus; PMA ϭ paramedian apophysis.) cusp of the paramedian apophysis on the pri- III directed forward. Femora I±III narrow, IV mary conductor. strong. Abdomen (slightly bowed ventrally) FEMALE (paratype, ®g. 27A): Total length length 2.50, width 1.07. Color: carapace 4.55. Carapace length 2.03, width 1.08, wid- grayish, legs pale gray with brownish violet er on leg II. Length of tibia/metatarsus: I, spots, I and II darker. Leg coxae pale, en- 1.02/0.91; II, 0.87/0.81; III, 0.58/0.66; IV, dites, labium, and sternum dark. Abdomen 1.00/0.77. Palpal tarsus length 0.41. Chelic- brownish violet with yellow dorsal pattern, erae with three teeth on retromargin, basal venter brownish violet uniform. Epigyne (®g. one largest. Sternum length 1.06, width 0.64. 27D, E): lateral lobes anteriorly curved, Spines: leg I, femur d 1±1±1, p d1ap; tibia v widely separate, closer posteriorly, limiting 2-2-0-2 (the x-p1-x displaced prolaterally); T-shaped median ®eld. Limit between lateral metatarsus v 2±2±0 (the x-p1-x displaced lobes and median ®eld unclear close to cop- prolaterally). II, femur ϭ I; tibia v 2-2-0-2, ulatory openings. Spermathecae spherical, p 0±1; metatarsus v 2-r1±0. III, femur ϭ I; copulatory ducts heavily sclerotized. tibia v r1ap or 0-p1-r1, p and r d1±1; meta- MALE (holotype): Total length 4.00. Car- tarsus v 2±0±2 or r1±0±2, p and r 0-d1±1, d apace length 1.87, width 1.07. Length of tib- 2ap. IV, femur d 1±1±1; tibia v p1-p1±2; ia/metatarsus: I, 1.63/1.47; II, 1.13/1.17; III, metatarsus v 2-p1±2, p and r 1ap, d r1ap. Leg 0.73/0.87; IV, 1.23/1.03. Chelicerae smaller 2003 RAMIÂREZ: SPIDER SUBFAMILY AMAUROBIOIDINAE 69

Fig. 27. Aysenoides terricola, n. sp., holotype and paratype A. Female, dorsal view. B. Male palp, ventral view. C. Same, retrolateral view. D. Epigyne, ventral view. E. Same, cleared. Scale bars ϭ A, 1 mm; B±E, 0.2 mm. (C1 ϭ primary conductor; MA ϭ median apophysis; PMA ϭ paramedian apophysis.) than those of female. Sternum length 0.98, ductor wide. Tegulum basal. Sperm duct with width 0.64. Spines as in female, except: leg two conspicuous loops at dorsal anterior I, tibia v 2±2±2, p 1-0-1-0. II, tibia p 1-d1- margin, one at base of secondary conductor. 1-0; metatarsus v 2±2±0, p d1. III, tibia v 0- Embolus with basal process long, narrow. p1-r1; metatarsus v 2±2±2 or 2-r1±2. IV, fe- Median apophysis retrolateral, long, sinuous. mur r d1ap; tibia v p1±2±2 or p1-p1±2, r 1- Primary conductor with basal portion hya- d1-1-0; metatarsus p 0-d1±1, r d1-d1±1. Ab- line, without canal, not ®tted to embolus; api- domen length 2.13, width 0.97, spiracle± cal portion long, heavily sclerotized, with epigastrium 1.10, spiracle±spinnerets 0.11. long canal, connected to basal portion by thin Color as in female. Palp (®g. 27B, C): tibia translucent vertical lamina. Secondary con- width/length 0.58, RTA long, sharp. Cym- ductor triangular, with acute apex and mem- bium relatively small, globose, cymbial con- branous ventral area. Paramedian apophysis 70 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY NO. 277 apparently with two cusps, one retrolateral, strong. Abdomen length 3.40, width 1.27, triangular, ¯at, another ventral, on primary spiracle±epigastrium 2.10, spiracle±spinner- conductor, long, narrow. ets 0.16. Color: carapace and legs grayish, VARIABILITY: Male spines: III, tibia v 0± posterior legs paler. Abdomen yellow with 2±2. grayish stripes; dorsum with median stripe NATURAL HISTORY: The types were col- on anterior half, two lateral ones; epigastrium lected in crevices on dry soil, in a steep ra- grayish, venter with median stripe from epi- vine (Pablo Goloboff, personal commun.). gyne to spinnerets. Dark arch-shaped mark DISTRIBUTION: Central Chile, in Elqui and surrounding spinnerets ventrally and lateral- ValparaõÂso provinces. ly. Epigyne (®g. 28E, F): median ®eld scler- OTHER MATERIAL EXAMINED: CHILE: Re- otized, longitudinal median ridge close to lat- gioÂn IV (Coquimbo): Elqui: 20 km N La eral pouches. Limit between lateral lobes and Serena (Rt. 5 km 491), 120 m, 7.X.1992, N. median ®eld unclear anterior to copulatory Platnick, P. Goloboff, K. Catley, 1( openings. Two lateral pouches with openings (AMNH). RegioÂn V (ValparaõÂso): Valpa- directed forward, apparently formed by ele- raõÂso: Same data as types, 3 immatures vated margins of lateral lobes. Spermathecae (MACN-Ar); VinÄa del Mar, I.1979, A. Tobar, spherical, accessory bulbs voluminous, con- 1( 3& 4 immatures (AMNH). tiguous. MALE (holotype): Total length 5.45. Car- Aysenoides colecole, new species apace length 2.13, width 1.15. Length of tib- Figures 26, 28, 35B ia/metatarsus: I, 2.00/1.80; II, 1.30/1.23; III, 0.64/0.82; IV, 1.27/1.13. Chelicerae slightly TYPES: Male holotype (in MHNS) and one narrower than those of female, with more male paratype (in MACN-Ar 9809) from evenly spaced teeth. Sternum length 1.09, Chile, RegioÂn X, ChiloeÂ province, Isla de width 0.61. Spines as in female, except: leg ChiloeÂ, Arroyo Cole Cole, 25 km N Cucao, I, p 1-d1-1-0; metatarsus p d1±0 or 0-d1-0- ca. 200 m, ca. 42 30 S, 54 11 W, 8 ± Њ Ј Њ Ј 1. II, tibia p 1-d1-1-0, v r1±2±2; metatarsus 11.II.1991, M. RamõÂrez. p d1-d1-0-d1. III, femur r 0-d1-d1; tibia v 0- ETYMOLOGY: The speci®c name is a noun r1±2 or 0-p1±2, r 1-d1-1-0; metatarsus v 2± in apposition taken from the type locality. 0±2, p d1-d1±1, r 0-d1±1. IV, femur r d1ap DIAGNOSIS: Resembles A. terricola in body or 0; tibia v p1±2±2, r 1-d1-1-0. Abdomen shape and genitalia, but can be distinguished by having two epigynal pouches with their length 3.27, width 0.93, spiracle±epigastrium openings directed forward, and by a shorter 1.97, spiracle±spinnerets 0.13. Color as in fe- cusp of the paramedian apophysis on the pri- male, with abdominal stripes darker, except mary conductor. median stripe, diffuse. Palp (®gs. 26, 28A± FEMALE (Antillanca, ®g. 28D): Total length C): tibia width/length 0.77, RTA very long, 5.30. Carapace length 1.87, width 0.93, wid- thin. Cymbium relatively small, globose, er at leg II. Length of tibia/metatarsus: I, cymbial conductor wide. Tegulum basal. 0.88/0.81; II, 0.74/0.69; III, 0.43/0.51; IV, Sperm duct with two conspicuous loops at 0.90/0.69. Palpal tarsus length 0.39. Chelic- dorsal anterior margin, one at base of sec- erae with 3 strong teeth on retromargin, basal ondary conductor. Embolus with basal pro- one larger. Sternum length 0.97, width 0.58. cess long, narrow (®g. 26B). Median apoph- Spines: leg I, femur d 1±1±1, p d1ap; tibia v ysis retrolateral, long, sinuous. Primary con- 2±2±2 (the x-p1-x slightly displaced prola- ductor with basal portion hyaline, without ca- terally); metatarsus v 2bas. II, femur ϭ I; nal, not ®tted to embolus (®g. 26A); apical tibia v r1-r1±2, p 0±1; metatarsus ϭ I. III, portion long, heavily sclerotized, with long femur d d1-d1-d1, p and r d1ap; tibia v r1ap, canal, connected to basal portion by thin p d1±1 or 0±1, r 0±1; metatarsus v r1±0±2, translucent vertical lamina. Secondary con- p 0-d1±1, r 1ap, d 0-p1±2. IV, femur d 1±1± ductor triangular, pointed, with ventral mem- 1; tibia v 0-p1±2, r 0±1; metatarsus v 2-p1± branous area and dorsal patch of denticles 2, p 1ap, r d1±0±1, d 2ap. Leg III directed (®g. 26C, D). Paramedian apophysis appar- forward. Femora II and III narrow, IV very ently with two cusps, one retrolateral, coni- 2003 RAMIÂREZ: SPIDER SUBFAMILY AMAUROBIOIDINAE 71

Fig. 28. Aysenoides colecole,n.sp.A. Male palp, prolateral view (holotype). B. Same, ventral view. C. Same, retrolateral view. D. Female (Osorno, Antillanca). E. Same, epigyne, ventral view. F. Same, cleared. Scale bars ϭ D, 1 mm; all others, 0.2 mm. (C1 ϭ primary conductor; PBE ϭ process on base of embolus; T ϭ tegulum.) cal, curved, heavily sclerotized, another ven- OTHER MATERIAL EXAMINED: CHILE: Re- tral, on primary conductor, narrow, small. gioÂn IX (AraucanõÂa): CautõÂn: Chacamo, VARIABILITY: Male spines: III, tibia v r1ap, NW Nueva Imperial, W Temuco, 16± p and r d1±1, or 1-d1-1-0. IV, tibia v p1-(p1- 24.II.1981, L.E. PenÄa, 1( (AMNH). RegioÂn r1)-2, r d1±1; metatarsus p 0±1±1. X (Los Lagos): Valdivia: Valdivia, 1984, E. NATURAL HISTORY: The types were col- Krahmer, 1& (MHNS 849). Osorno: Puye- lected by beating the endemic ``colihue'' hue Natl. Park: Antillanca rd, 470±720 m, bamboos (Chusquea spp.). valdivian rainforest, screen-sweeping at DISTRIBUTION: Forests in southern Chile, dusk, 18±24.XII.1982, A. Newton and M. from CautõÂn to ChiloeÂ. At the type locality I Thayer, 1& (AMNH). ChiloeÂ: Isla de ChiloeÂ: failed to ®nd them close to sea level. Same data as holotype, 2( 2 immatures 72 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY NO. 277

(MACN-Ar 9811), 1( (MACN-Ar 9810 narower than those of female. Sternum photos MJR 512±513). length 0.96, width 0.68. Spines as in female (but weaker), except: leg I, tibia p d1±1. II, Aysenoides parvus, new species tibia v r1±2±2, p d1±1; metatarsus p d1±0. Figures 29, 30 III, tibia v p1±2±2 or p1-p1±2, p and r d1± 1. IV, tibia r d1±1; metatarsus p 0-d1±1, d TYPES: Male holotype and female paratype 2ap. Abdomen (slightly bowed) length 2.07, from Chile, RegioÂn IX, Malleco province, spiracle±epigastrium 1.11, spiracle±spinner- Monumento Natural Contulmo, ca. 38Њ01ЈS, ets 0.13. Color as in female, but abdominal 73Њ11ЈW, 11.XII.1984±13.II.1985, FIT, 350 pattern more heavily contrasting. Palp (®gs. m, S. and J. Peck, deposited in AMNH. One 29B±D, 30A, B): tibia width/length 0.70, male paratype from Argentina, Chubut prov- RTA long, narrow. Cymbium relatively ince, Los Alerces Natl. Park, RõÂo Arrayanes, small, globose, cymbial conductor wide. II.1986, M. RamõÂrez, deposited in MACN- Sperm duct with pronounced loop at dorsal Ar 9812. anterior margin, secondary conductor absent. ETYMOLOGY: The speci®c name refers to Embolus with basal process acute but grea- the small size. tely reduced (®g. 29D). Other apical sclerites DIAGNOSIS: Easily distinguished from oth- crowded at bulb apex, small, dif®cult to ob- er Aysenoides by having a relatively small serve. Median apophysis apical, triangular, cymbium and copulatory bulb, with the distal hyaline. Primary conductor with basal por- sclerites crowded behind the anterior margin tion short, with canal; apical portion curved, of the cymbium, and a ¯at epigyne without conical, without canal. Paramedian apophy- ridges. sis apparently with two ¯attened triangular FEMALE (paratype): Total length 4.80. Car- cusps. apace length 1.90, width 1.20, wider on legs VARIABILITY: Female, spines: III, tibia v 0- II±III. Length of tibia/metatarsus: I, 1.10/ p1±2, p1±2±2, r1±2±2, or 0-(p1-r1)-2; meta- 0.88; II, 0.94/0.81; III, 0.86/0.63; IV, 1.07/ tarsus r 1ap. IV tibia v p1-p1±2. Males, III, 0.92. Palpal tarsus length 0.48. Chelicerae tibia v 2±2±2; metatarsus v 2-p1±2, p d1±1± with two teeth on retromargin. Sternum 1. IV, tibia v 2-p1±2 or 2±2±2; metatarsus v length 1.00, width 0.68. Spines: leg I, femur 2±2±2. d 1±1±1, p d1ap; tibia v 2±2±2 (the x-p1-x NATURAL HISTORY: Mostly unknown, but slightly displaced prolaterally); metatarsus v some specimens were collected by beating 2bas. II, femur ϭ I; tibia v r1-r1±2, p 0±1; foliage. The paratype from Los Alerces was metatarsus ϭ I. III, femur ϭ I; tibia v 0-p1- collected on the bark of a Nothofagus sp. r1, p d1±1, r 0±1; metatarsus v 2±0±2 and tree, at 1.7 m high. They may otherwise live some distal thick setae, p and r 0-d1±1, d 0- on the ground, because most specimens were p1±2. IV, femur d 1±1±1; tibia v p1-p1±2, r collected in pitfall traps. 0±1; metatarsus v r1-r1±2, p 1ap, r d1±0±1, DISTRIBUTION: Forests in southern Chile, d r1ap. Spines on tibiae and metatarsi I and from NÄ uble to AiseÂn, and adjacent humid II long, thick. Leg III directed forward. Ab- mountain passes in Argentina. domen length 2.87, width 1.50, spiracle±epi- OTHER MATERIAL EXAMINED: CHILE: Re- gastrium 1.70, spiracle±spinnerets 0.10. Col- gioÂn VIII (BiobõÂo): NÄ uble: 60 km SE Chi- or: carapace and legs grayish, posterior legs llaÂn, Termas Road, beech forest, FIT, 1300 paler. Abdomen pale gray with dorsal pattern m, 7.XII.1984±19.II.1985, S. and J. Peck, grayish violet, venter grayish violet uniform. 1( 1 immature (AMNH); 72 km SE ChillaÂn, Epigyne (®gs. 29A, 30C±E) ¯at, lateral lobes Trancas, nr. Termas, FIT, 1700 m, Nothofa- separate, median ®eld narrow, slightly ru- gus forest, 6.XII.1984±19.II.1985, S. and J. gose, weakly sclerotized. Copulatory ducts Peck, 2( (AMNH). RegioÂn IX (Arauca- short, spermathecae spherical. nõÂa): Malleco: 17 km W Angol, 800 m, FIT, MALE (holotype): Total length 3.99. Car- mixed Nothofagus, 8.XII.1984±16.II.1985, apace length 1.83, width 1.17. Length of tib- S. and J. Peck, 2( (AMNH); 40 km W An- ia/metatarsus: I, 1.50/1.27; II, 1.27/1.10; III, gol, Nahuelbuta Natl. Park, FITS, 1200± 0.78/0.88; IV, 1.23/1.10. Chelicerae slightly 1500 m, Nothofagus/Araucaria forest, 2003 RAMIÂREZ: SPIDER SUBFAMILY AMAUROBIOIDINAE 73

Fig. 29. Aysenoides parvus,n.sp.A. Male palp, ventral view (holotype). B. Same, retrolateral view. C. Epigyne, ventral view (paratype). D. Same, cleared. E. Same, detail. Scale bars ϭ A±C, 0.2 mm; D, 0.1 mm; E, 0.05 mm.

9.XII.1984±17.II.1985, S. and J. Peck, 6( km E Correntoso, site 656, window trap, 310 1& (AMNH); Monumento Natural Contul- m, valdivian rainforest, 16±27.XII.1982, A. mo, same data as types, 1( 1& (AMNH), Newton and M Thayer, 1& (AMNH); 34 km 19±21.XII.1998, M. RamõÂrez, L. Compag- E Puerto Montt, 300 m, FIT, 2nd growth nucci, C. Grismado, L. Lopardo, 1& Nothofagus, 24.XII.1984±2.II.1985, S. and J. (MACN-Ar). CautõÂn: Monte Verde, Cava- Peck, 4( 1& (AMNH). ChiloeÂ: Isla de Chi- hue, 31.I.1993, L. PenÄa, 1& (AMNH); 15 km loeÂ: Lago Tepuhueco, 33 km SW Chonchi, NE Villarrica, Flor del Lago, 500 m log 25 m, 42Њ49ЈS, 73Њ55ЈW, 26.XI.1994, no. spraying, 10.II.1985, S. and J. Peck, 2( 163, beating vegetation, 1&, no. 167, fog- (AMNH); 300 m, 2 FITS, Nothofagus forest, ging fungusy logs, 1 immature, R. Leschen 14.XII.1984±10.II.1985, S. and J. Peck, 5( and C. Carlton, 1& (AMNH). Palena: 4km 4& (AMNH). RegioÂn X (Los Lagos): Osor- NW ChaiteÂn, 30.I.1985, S. and J. Peck, 1( no: 36 km W La UnioÂn, 600 m, 25± (AMNH); 37 km SE ChaiteÂn, 28.XII.1984± 28.III.1987, L. PenÄa, 1& (AMNH); Puyehue 30.I.1985, S. and J. Peck, 6( (AMNH). Re- Natl. Park, 7.7 km NE Termas de Puyehue, gioÂn XI (IbaÂnÄez del Campo): AiseÂn: 15 km 200 m, site 664, window trap, 19± S La Junta, FIT, 100 m, Nothofagus forest, 25.XII.1982, A. Newton and M. Thayer, 1& 30.XII.1984±29.I.1985, S. and J. Peck, 1( (AMNH). Llanquihue: Lago Chapo, 13.5 1& (AMNH). 74 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY NO. 277

Fig. 30. Aysenoides parvus, n. sp. (CautõÂn, Flor del Lago). A. Epigyne, ventral view. B. Male copulatory bulb, ventral-apical view. C. Same, dorsal-apical view. D. Same, prolateral view. (C1 ϭ primary conductor; E ϭ embolus; MA ϭ median apophysis; PBE ϭ process on base of embolus; PMA ϭ paramedian apophysis.)

ACANTHOCETO MELLO-LEITAÄ O Acanthoceto pichi RamõÂrez Table 11 Figure 33B Acanthoceto Mello-LeitaÄo, 1944: 352 (type spe- A. pichi RamõÂrez, 1997: 181. cies by original designation Acanthoceto adelae Mello-LeitaÄo, 1944). RamõÂrez, 1995a: 381, DESCRIPTION AND DIAGNOSIS: See RamõÂrez 1997: 186. Revised by RamõÂrez, 1997. (1997). Additional data are provided below. DIAGNOSIS: Distinguished from other FEMALE: Spines: leg I, femur d 1±1±1, p Amaurobioidinae by the male abdomen with 2ap; tibia v 2±2-p1 or 2±2±2, p 0 or 0±1; a terminal projection over the anal tubercle metatarsus v 2±0. II, femur d 1±1±1, p d1ap; (RamõÂrez, 1997: ®g. 16). tibia v r1±2-p1, r1±2±2 or 2±2±2, p d1±1; DESCRIPTION: Redescribed by RamõÂrez metatarsus v 2±0, p 1. III, femur d 1±1±1, p (1997). See below for additional data and re- and r d1ap; patella r d1; tibia v p1-p1±2, p interpretation of male palpal sclerites, prin- and r d1±1, d r1bas; metatarsus v 2±0±2, p cipally the reinterpretation of the conductors. d1±1±1 or 0±1±1, r d1±1±1, d p1±2. IV, fe- DISTRIBUTION: South America. mur d 1±1±1, r d1ap; patella r d1; tibia ϭ COMPOSITION: Seven species, all included III; metatarsus v 2±0±2 or 2-p1±2, p and r here and in RamõÂrez (1997), and perhaps an d1±1±1, d p1±2. additional, undescribed one, very close to A. MALE: Spines as in female but: III, tibia pichi. v p1±2±2; metatarsus v 2±0±2 or 2-p1±2. IV, 2003 RAMIÂREZ: SPIDER SUBFAMILY AMAUROBIOIDINAE 75

TABLE 11 Synapomorphies of Acanthoceto and Internal Clades

tibia v p1-p1±2 or 2±2±2. Palp: tibia short, median apophysis, all quite sclerotized. width/length 0.89, RTA sharp, short, sinuous. Short, pointed cusp arises from basal part of Cymbial conductor wide. Tegulum small, re- sperm duct, close to apex of embolar process, stricted to bulb base. Embolus long, basal may be relict of secondary conductor (®g. process well developed into translucent 33B). blade. Median apophysis apical, hyaline, not NOTE: Several males, including some ex- articulated, with ¯attened, blunt tip. Para- amined in RamõÂrez (1997), have two cusps median apophysis heavily sclerotized, with on PMA, instead of one. They probably be- conical cusp (but see note below). Median long to a separate species, but I have not yet and paramedian apophyses arising from associated this with corresponding variability wide, heavily sclerotized sclerite. Primary in females. As both forms share all the au- conductor with basal portion translucent, tapomorphies of A. pichi, I leave this prob- elongate, with canal where embolus ®ts; api- lem unresolved (and scored the species as be- cal portion conspicuous, sclerotized, with ing polymorphic for character 68). long canal, arising from median part of basal NEW RECORDS: ARGENTINA: NeuqueÂn: portion. Membranous areas that should sep- LanõÂn Natl. Park: Lago Lolog, 4 km N San arate primary conductor, median and para- MartõÂn de los Andes, FIT, Nothofagus forest, 76 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY NO. 277 ca. 950 m, Gentili property, 25.XI± on the anterior legs and by the cheliceral 1.XII.1989, S.A. Marshall, 1& (AMNH); 8 teeth. km N San MartõÂn de los Andes, 1000 m, Malaise trap, 16±22.XI.1997, C. and M. Var- Acanthoceto cinerea (Tullgren) dy, 1( (BMNH/MACN-Ar). RõÂo Negro: El Figures 32A, 33C BolsoÂn, 28.X.1961, A. KoÂvacs, 1( Gayenna cinerea Tullgren, 1901: 244. (AMNH). CHILE: RegioÂn VIII (BiobõÂo): A. cinereus: RamõÂrez, 1997: 153. NÄ uble: Las Trancas, E ChillaÂn, 29± A. cinerea: Platnick, 1997: 684 (emendation of A. 30.XI.1990, L. PenÄa, 1( 1& (AMNH), 1200 cinereus). m, 24±27.XI.1994, L. PenÄa, 1& (AMNH). DESCRIPTION AND DIAGNOSIS: See RamõÂrez RegioÂn IX (AraucanõÂa): Malleco: Cordil- (1997). Additional data are provided below. lera Nahuelbuta, 18±20.XII.1993, L. PenÄa, Spines, male and female (those on femora 1& (AMNH). RegioÂn X (Los Lagos): Osor- weak in some specimens): leg I, femur d 1± no: Puyehue Natl. Park: Aguas Calientes, 1±1, p (1-d1)ap; tibia v 2±2±0; metatarsus v 480 m, 40Њ44ЈS, 72Њ18ЈW, 21.XI.1993, N. 2bas. II, femur d 1±1±1, p 0±1-(1-d1), 0-d1- Platnick, K. Catley, M. RamõÂrez, T. Allen, d1 or d1ap; tibia v 2±2±0, p 0±1; metatarsus 1& (AMNH); Los Derrumbes road, Aguas v 2bas, p 1±0. III, femur d 1±1±1, p and r Calientes, 480 m, 40Њ44ЈS, 72Њ18ЈW, N. Plat- 0-d1-d1; tibia v 2±2±2, p 1-d1-1-0, r d1±1; nick, K. Catley, M. RamõÂrez, T. Allen, 1& metatarsus v 2±2±1(slightly p) and an apical (AMNH). ChiloeÂ: Isla de ChiloeÂ: Butalcura, group of thick setae, p and r d1±1±1, d 0- 21.II.1997, T. Cekalovic, 2& (AMNH), Coi- (p1-r1)-2 or 0-p1±2. IV, femur d 1±1±1, p 0- co, 8.II.1994, T. Cekalovic, 2& (AMNH), d1-d1, r d1ap; tibia v 2±2±2, p and r 1-d1- Piroquina, 16.II.1995, T. Cekalovic, 1& 1-0; metatarsus ϭ III. (AMNH), intersection road to Piroquina, NEW RECORDS: CHILE: ARGENTINA: 22.II.1991, T. Cekalovic, 1& (AMNH), Pu- Tierra del Fuego: road to Glaciar Le Mar- ente Trainel, 9.II.1993, T. Cekalovic, 1& tial, XII.1989, A. GonzaÂlez, 1( 2& 2 im- (AMNH), no date, Skottsberg, 1& (NRS). matures (MLP). RegioÂn X (Los Lagos): Osorno: 500 m, 26.I.1969, L. PenÄa, 1& ACANTHOCETO CINEREA GROUP (MCZ). ChiloeÂ: Isla de ChiloeÂ: Lago Huil- linco, 9.II.1981, T. Cekalovic, 6 immatures DESCRIPTION AND DIAGNOSIS: See RamõÂrez (AMNH), Vilupulli, TC-99, 7.II.1981, or Pir- (1997). Additional data are provided below. oquina, TC-101, 10.II.1981, T. Cekalovic, MALE: Palp: tibia long, width/length about 1& (AMNH). Specimen misidenti®ed as A. 0.45, RTA sharp, short, very thin, cymbium marina by RamõÂrez (1997): CHILE: RegioÂn relatively small. Tegulum small, restricted to VIII: ConcepcioÂn: Hualqui, 18.XII.1988, R. base of bulb. Embolus with basal process Vergara, 1& (AMNH). ¯attened, translucent (®g. 33C). Paramedian apophysis conical, heavily sclerotized. Me- Acanthoceto ladormida RamõÂrez dian apophysis small, apical, hook-shaped, with rounded, weakly sclerotized ¯at exten- A. ladormida RamõÂrez, 1997: 185. sion close to its base (®g. 32A). Primary con- NEW RECORDS: CHILE: RegioÂn IV (Co- ductor with weakly sclerotized basal portion; quimbo): Elqui: 9 km S Cruz Grande, apical portion long, thin, with long, relatively beach, 5 m, 11.XI.1993, 29Њ29ЈS, 71Њ19ЈW, wide canal, arising from median part of basal N. Platnick, K. Catley, M. RamõÂrez, T. Allen, portion (canal, restricted to apical portion, 1 immature (AMNH). was overlooked in RamõÂrez, 1997). Second- NOTE: The apparently disjunct distribution ary conductor wide, fused to anterior dorsal in the central littoral and Cuesta La Dormida margin of tegulum. is similar to that of Gayennoides molles. DISTRIBUTION: Southern forests of Chile and Argentina. Acanthoceto marina RamõÂrez COMPOSITION: Three very similar species Figure 31B listed below. They have almost identical gen- A. marinus RamõÂrez, 1997: 184 (incorrect gender, italia, but can be distinguished by the spines here emended). 2003 RAMIÂREZ: SPIDER SUBFAMILY AMAUROBIOIDINAE 77

Fig. 31. A. Acanthoceto acupicta (Nicolet), couple in copula (Buenos Aires, Hudson, photo MJR 247). B. Acanthoceto marina RamõÂrez, female with recently emerged spiderlings (ChiloeÂ, Chepu, photo MJR 484).

DESCRIPTION AND DIAGNOSIS: See RamõÂrez conical cusps in variable number, up to sev- (1997). Additional data are provided below. en, most ventral on primary conductor. Me- Spines, male and female (those on femora dian apophysis small. Primary conductor weak in some specimens): leg I, femur d 1± with basal portion massive, with conspicuous 1±1, p (1-d1)ap; tibia v 2±2±0; metatarsus v canal; apical portion (``secondary conduc- 2±2±0. II, femur d 1±1±1, p (1-d1)ap or tor'' in RamõÂrez [1997]) small, without canal, d1ap; tibia v 2±2±0, p 0±1; metatarsus v 2± contiguous to median apophysis (®gs. 32B, 2±0, p 1±0. III, femur d 1±1±1, p and r d1ap; 33D). Sperm duct lacking loop on anterior patella r d1 or 0; tibia v p1±2±2 or p1-p1±2, dorsal margin (wrongly interpreted as present p 1-d1-1-0, r d1±1, d r1bas; metatarsus v 2± in RamõÂrez, 1997; apical part of bulb ex- 2±1(slightly p) and an apical group of thick tremely modi®ed). setae, p and r d1±1±1, d 0-(p1-r1)-2 or 0-p1± DISTRIBUTION: South America. 2. IV ϭ III; patella r d1; tibia v 2±2±2 or COMPOSITION: Two species listed below, p1±2±2, p and r 1-d1-1-0, d r1bas; metatar- and Acanthoceto septentrionalis (Berland). sus ϭ III. They have mostly identical genitalia, but can NEW RECORDS: CHILE: RegioÂn VIII be distinguished by the spines on the anterior (BiobõÂo): ConcepcioÂn: Lirquen, 5.VII.1992, legs and by the cheliceral teeth. T. Cekalovic, 4( 1& 4 immatures (AMNH). Acanthoceto acupicta (Nicolet) ACANTHOCETO ACUPICTA GROUP Figures 31A, 32B, 33D, E

DESCRIPTION AND DIAGNOSIS: See RamõÂrez Clubiona acupicta Nicolet, 1849: 420 (female ho- (1997). Additional data are provided below. lotype from Chile, San Carlos, in MHNP 4223, Ä MALE: Palp: tibia long, width/length 0.35± not reexamined; probably from Nuble province, 0.60, RTA extremely thin, oblique. Cym- San Carlos, 25 km NE ChillaÂn). bium relatively small. Tegulum small, re- A. acupictus: RamõÂrez, 1997: 186 (incorrect gender, here emended). stricted to basal part of bulb. Embolus with basal process weakly sclerotized, thick, con- DESCRIPTION AND DIAGNOSIS: See RamõÂrez cave, in¯ated on arti®cial expansion (®g. (1997). Additional data are provided below. 33E). Paramedian apophysis forming con- Spines: female: leg I, femur d 1±1±1, p cave sclerotized plate, with arch of several 2ap; tibia v 0-p1-p1, 0±2-p1 or 0-p1±2 (rare- 78 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY NO. 277

Fig. 32. Acanthoceto spp., male copulatory bulb, detail apical, ventral view. A. A. cinerea (Tullgren). B. A. acupicta (Nicolet). (C1 ϭ primary conductor, * ϭ apical portion of C1 contiguous to MA; C2 ϭ secondary conductor; E ϭ embolus; MA ϭ median apophysis; PMA ϭ paramedian apophysis.) ly 0±2±2), short; metatarsus v 2bas. II, femur CHILE: RegioÂn VIII (BiobõÂo): Concep- d 1±1±1, p and r d1ap or r 0; tibia v p1ap, cioÂn: Fundo El Manzano, 23.XI.1990, T. 2ap or 0-r1±2; metatarsus v 2bas, p 1±0. III, Cekalovic, 1& (AMNH); 7.XII.1996, T. Cek- femur d 1±1±1, p and r d1ap; tibia v 0-p1± alovic, 1( (AMNH). 2, r 0±1 or d1±1; metatarsus v 2±0±2, p 0± 1±1 or 1ap, r 0±1±1, d 2ap. IV, femur d 1± Acanthoceto riogrande RamõÂrez 1±1, r d1ap; tibia v p1-p1±2, r d1±1; metatarsus v 2-p1±2 or 2±2±2, p 0±1±1, r d1±1± A. riogrande RamõÂrez, 1997: 189. 1, d 2ap. Male: spines as in female, except: DESCRIPTION AND DIAGNOSIS: See RamõÂrez I, femur p d1ap. (1997). Additional data are provided below. NEW RECORDS: ARGENTINA: Entre Spines: Female: leg I, femur d 1±1±1, p RõÂos: Arroyo Brazo Largo, V.1939, Castillo, d1ap; tibia v 2±2±2 long; metatarsus v 2bas. 1 immature (MACN-Ar); Rosario (?), illeg- II, femur ϭ I; tibia v r1-r1±2, p 0±1; meta- ible, 1( (ZMK). Buenos Aires: San Pedro, tarsus v 2bas, p 1±0. III, femur d 1±1±1, p 2.XI.1991, M. RamõÂrez, 1( (MACN-Ar). and r d1ap; tibia v 0-p1±2, r d1±1; metatarsus v 2±0±2, p and r 0±1±1, d 0-p1±2. IV, femur d 1±1±1, r d1ap; tibia v p1±2±2, p 0±1 or 0, TABLE 12 r d1±1; metatarsus v 2-p1±2, p 0±1±1, r d1± Autapomorphies of Ferrieria echinata 1±1, d 0-p1±2.

FERRIERIA TULLGREN Table 12 Ferrieria Tullgren, 1901: 247 (type species by monotypy Ferrieria echinata Tullgren, 1901). RamõÂrez, 1995a: 381. RamõÂrez, 1997: 190 (revision of the genus). Terupis Simon, 1904: 103 (type species by monotypy Terupis bicolor Simon, 1904). First synonymized by RamõÂrez, 1997: 190. 2003 RAMIÂREZ: SPIDER SUBFAMILY AMAUROBIOIDINAE 79

DIAGNOSIS: The single known species re- es, elev. 1180 m, 35Њ36ЈS, 71Њ04ЈW, 14± sembles some Aysenia and Acanthoceto in its 15.XI.1993, N. Platnick, K. Catley, M. Ra- small size and recurved posterior eye row, mõÂrez, T. Allen, 1& (AMNH). RegioÂn VIII but it can be distinguished by the combina- (BiobõÂo): ConcepcioÂn: HualpeÂn, 7.VI.1996, tion of large spines on the anterior legs, a T. Cekalovic, 1& (AMNH). Malleco: Mon- short, acute RTA, and copulatory ducts umento Natural Contulmo, 19±21.XII.1998, coiled along a longitudinal axis. Immatures M. RamõÂrez, L. Compagnucci, C. Grismado, are very similar to those of Acanthoceto pi- L. Lopardo, 1 immature (MACN-Ar). Ar- chi RamõÂrez, but are distinguished by having auco: 10 km N Curanilahue, 21.XI.1992, T. larger spines on the anterior legs. Cekalovic, 2& (AMNH); Los Morongos, E DESCRIPTION: Redescribed by RamõÂrez Los Niches, 600 m, 17±20.XI.1994, L. PenÄa, (1997). Palp (®gs. 33A, 34): tibia short, as 1( (AMNH). BiobõÂo: W Ralco, Santa BaÂr- long as wide, RTA very short, acute. Cym- bara, 400 m, 22±23.XI.1994, L. PenÄa, 1( bium with wide conductor, conspicuous (AMNH). RegioÂn X (Los Lagos): Valdivia: translucent lamina opposed to RTA. Tegulum Las Lajas, W La UnioÂn, 13±15.I.1991, L. large, with rectangular basal notch. Sperm PenÄa, 1( (AMNH), 19±20.XI.1990, L. PenÄa, duct loops at base of secondary conductor, at 1& (AMNH); 37 km SE Panguipulli, anterior ventral margin of tegulum, just be- 39Њ45ЈS, 72Њ20ЈW, 300 m, beating vegetation, fore entering embolus, and at embolar base. 14.XI.1994, R. Leschen and C. Carlton no. Embolus with basal process well developed, 097, 1& (AMNH); Parque Oncol: intersec- laminar. Paramedian apophysis well sclero- tion Tepual trail with Rio Cruces, 8.I.2001, tized, formed by two irregular protuberances, T. Cekalovic, 1( 1& (AMNH), Quitaqui one approximately conic. Median apophysis trail, 19.I.2001, T. Cekalovic, 1( 1& small, slender, connected to primary conduc- (AMNH), Punucapa trail, TC 642, 15.I.2001, tor by sclerotized stripe. Primary conductor T. Cekalovic (AMNH). Osorno: Puyehue with wide canal where embolus ®ts. Second- Natl. Park: Aguas Calientes, 700 m, ary conductor small, with canal, apex acute. 21.XI.1993, N. Platnick, K. Catley, M. Ra- Epigyne with separate lateral lobes, bearing mõÂrez, T. Allen, 1( 1& (AMNH), 13± depressions at posterior margins. Copulatory 17.XII.1998, M. RamõÂrez, L. Compagnucci, openings close to epigastric furrow; copula- C. Grismado, L. Lopardo, 1( 1& 12 imma- tory ducts colied along longitudinal axes, tures (MACN-Ar), 1( 1& (MHNS). Llan- spermathecae separate from each other. quihue: Alerce Andino Natl. Park, elev. 100 COMPOSITION: Only the type species. m, 41Њ35ЈS, 72Њ41ЈS, 23.XI.1993, N. Plat- nick, K. Catley, M. RamõÂrez, T. Allen, 2( Ferrieria echinata Tullgren 1& 1 immature (AMNH). Figures 33A, 34, 35C COPTOPREPES SIMON Ferrieria echinata Tullgren, 1901: 247. Rede- scribed by RamõÂrez, 1997: 191. Table 13 Terupis bicolor Simon, 1904: 103. Synonymized Coptoprepes Simon, 1884: 130, 136 (type species by RamõÂrez, 1997: 191. by monotypy Coptoprepes ¯avopilosus Simon, 1884), 1887: E24, 1897a: 93, 96, 102. RamõÂrez, DIAGNOSIS AND DESCRIPTION: See RamõÂrez 1995a: 369, 1997: 178. (1997). Additional data are provided below. VARIABILITY: Female spines: III, tibia v 0- DIAGNOSIS: Distinguished from other p1-r1. IV, tibia r 1ap; metatarsus v p1±0- Amaurobioidinae by the combination of a comb, p 1ap. Male spines: III, tibia v 0-p1- greatly developed, often bi®d median apoph- r1. ysis, and by the apical cymbial notch, retro- DISTRIBUTION: Southern forests of Chile lateral to the cymbial conductor, where the and Argentina. median apophysis ®ts (®g. 42A, B). NEW RECORDS: Argentina: NeuqueÂn: DESCRIPTION: Color generally dark, with Puerto Blest, 7±20.I.2000, L. Lopardo and A. pattern diffuse or absent. Carapace narrowed Quaglino, 6 immatures (MACN-Ar). Chile: in front, posterior eye row procurved, ocular RegioÂn VII (Maule): Talca: Alto de Vilch- area not projecting. Chelicerae relatively 80 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY NO. 277

Fig. 33. Expanded male copulatory bulbs of Ferrieria echinata Tullgren and Acanthoceto spp. A. F. echinata (Osorno, Puyehue, 13±17.XII.1998). B. A. pichi RamõÂrez (NeuqueÂn, Laguna PireÂ). C. A. cinerea (Tullgren) (Chubut, BahõÂa Rosales). D. A. acupicta (Nicolet), retrolateral view (Buenos Aires, Capital, IX.1990). E. Same, prolateral view. Scale bar ϭ 0.2 mm. (BH ϭ basal hematodocha; C1 ϭ primary conductor; C1* ϭ apical portion of C1 contiguous to MA; C2 ϭ secondary conductor; DH ϭ distal hematodocha; E ϭ embolus; MA ϭ median apophysis; MH ϭ median hematodocha; PBE ϭ process on base of embolus; PMA ϭ paramedian apophysis; T ϭ tegulum.) small, unmodi®ed, slightly smaller in males, median apophysis large, apical, often bi®d. three to ®ve teeth on promargin, a series of Primary conductor with long canal. Second- small teeth (four to seven) on retromargin. ary conductor of variable shape, separate or Anterior legs with few spines, lacking pro- fused to anterior dorsal margin of tegulum. lateral spines on tibia II. Male palpal tibia Paramedian apophysis small or absent. Em- short, RTA variable, even absent. Cymbium bolus long, basal process ¯attened. Epigyne large, with retrolateral apical notch, contig- ¯attened, displaced posteriorly, copulatory uous to cymbial conductor, where median openings in or very close to epigastric fold. apophysis ®ts. Tegulum displaced basally, Copulatory ducts long in species with long 2003 RAMIÂREZ: SPIDER SUBFAMILY AMAUROBIOIDINAE 81

Fig. 34. Ferrieria echinata Tullgren, male palp (ChiloeÂ, Cole Cole). A. Cymbial conductor, ventral view. B. Retrolateral tibial apophysis (RTA) and base of cymbium, retrolateral view: white arrow points to widened posterior margin of alveolus, black arrow to RTA. C. Male copulatory bulb, ventral-apical view. D. Same, apical view. (C1 ϭ primary conductor; C2 ϭ secondary conductor; MA ϭ median apophysis; PMA ϭ paramedian apophysis.) embolus, with tortuous course, not colied NOTE: In the same vial as the holotype along any axis; fertilization duct generally there is a female, but Simon only described separated from posterior epigynal margin. the male. He reported that the male palpal DISTRIBUTION: Southern forests of Chile tibia lacks any apophysis. The RTA is slight- and Argentina. ly translucent and may have been over- COMPOSITION: C. ¯avopilosus Simon, three looked. species newly described below, and at least DIAGNOSIS: Females are asily distinguished ®ve undescribed species. from those of other Coptoprepes by the lateral curved ridges on the epigyne; males re- Coptoprepes ¯avopilosus Simon semble those of C. nahuelbuta by having a Figures 35A, 36, 37 curved tibial apophysis, concave dorsally, Coptoprepes ¯avopilosus Simon, 1884: 137 (male but can be distinguished by the much smaller holotype from Chile, Cabo de Hornos, in secondary conductor. MHNP 6672, examined), 1887: E25, 1897a: 97, FEMALE (Ushuaia, Castellanos and GoÂmez, 102 (fulvopilosus, lapsus), 1902: 29. Tullgren, MACN-Ar 9822): Total length 5.35. Cara- 1901: 245, 260. Merian, 1913: 12. RamõÂrez, pace length 2.23, width 1.50, wider on legs 1995a: 366, 369. II±III. Length of tibia/metatarsus: I, 1.03/ 82 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY NO. 277

TABLE 13 (d r1±0±1). Abdomen length 3.17, width Synapomorphies of Coptoprepes and Internal 1.70, spiracle±epigastrium 1.50, spiracle± Clades spinnerets 0.22. Color: grayish uniform, darker dorsally (®g. 35A). Epigyne (®g. 36D, E): lateral lobes separate, slightly projecting above epigastric fold. Copulatory ducts irregular. Spermathecae fused to each other. MALE (Punta Remolino, MACN-Ar 9821): Total length 4.40. Carapace length 2.20, width 1.50 (®g. 36A, B). Length of tibia/ metatarsus: I, 1.33/1.27; II, 1.17/1.17; III, 0.96/1.23; IV, 1.40/1.70. Chelicerae slightly smaller than those of female, with 6 denticles on retromargin (®g. 36C). Sternum length 1.17, width 0.83. Spines as in female, except: leg I, tibia v 0±2±2. II, tibia v r1-r1±2, p 0± 1. III, tibia p and r 1-d1-1-0. IV, tibia v 2± 2±2. Abdomen length 2.33, width 1.30, spiracle±epigastrium 1.20, spiracle±spinnerets 0.20. Color as in female. Palp (®gs. 36F, G, 37): femur short, laterally compressed. Tibia very short, width/length 1.33, RTA ¯attened, tip concave dorsally. Cymbium relatively large, with apical retrolateral notch where median apophysis ®ts, cymbial conductor wide. Tegulum basal. Sperm duct with loop at dorsal anterior margin, close to base of secondary conductor (®g. 37B). Embolus with basal process ample, ¯attened, rounded. Median apophysis apical, wide, with apical projection long, curved. Primary conductor hyaline, tip simple. Secondary conductor well developed, apex acute, partially separate from tegulum by ventral membranous area. Paramedian apophysis with one triangular cusp, ¯attened, close to base of median apophysis; rounded, ventral protuberance, may also be part of paramedian apophysis. 0.63; II, 0.94/1.00; III, 0.97/1.08; IV, 1.30/ VARIABILITY: Female spines: I, tibia v p1± 1.63. Palpal tarsus length 0.64. Chelicerae 2-p1. II, tibia v 0-r1±2. III, tibia v p1±2±2. with 5 teeth on promargin and 5 or 6 denti- NATURAL HISTORY: This species constructs cles on retromargin. Sternum length 1.17, retreats under logs in very humid localities. width 0.93. Spines: leg I, femur d 1±1±1, p DISTRIBUTION: Forests in southern Argen- 2ap; tibia v r1±2±0 or 0±2±0; metatarsus v tina and Chile, from Osorno to Tierra del 2bas. II, femur d 1±1±1, p d1ap; tibia v 0- Fuego. r1-p1; metatarsus v 2bas. III, femur d 1±1± OTHER MATERIAL EXAMINED: ARGENTI- 1, p and r d1ap; patella r 1; tibia v p1-p1±2, NA: Chubut: Los Alerces Natl. Park: RõÂo p 1-d1-1-0, r d1±1, d r1bas; metatarsus v 2± Arrayanes, II.1985, M. RamõÂrez, 2& 2-comb, p and r d1±1±1, d 0-p1±2. IV, femur (MACN-Ar). Santa Cruz: Ventisquero Mo- d 1±1±1, p and r d1ap; patella r 1; tibia v reno, 18±24.I.1971, J. Vellard, 1& (MACN- p1±2±2, p and r 1-d1-1-0, d r1bas; metatar- Ar). Tierra del Fuego: BahõÂa Buen Suceso, sus ϭ III, but d 0±2±2. Dorsal, long, thin, 16±31.I.1986, E. Maury, 1 immature erect bristles on patellae (d 1±0±1) and tibiae (MACN-Ar); Cabo de Hornos, same vial as 2003 RAMIÂREZ: SPIDER SUBFAMILY AMAUROBIOIDINAE 83

Fig. 35. A. Coptoprepes ¯avopilosus Simon, female (Osorno, Puyehue, photo MJR 53). B. Aysen- oides colecole, n. sp., male (ChiloeÂ, Cole Cole, photo MJR 513). C. Ferrieria echinata Tullgren, male (ChiloeÂ, Cucao, photo MJR 534). holotype, 1& (MHNP); Isla de los Estados, Arroyo Cole Cole, 25 km N Cucao, 8± Arroyo Goffre, 20.X.1971, MeneÂndez, 1& 11.II.1991, M. RamõÂrez, 1& (MACN-Ar). (MACN-Ar); Laguna Negra, XII.1989, A. RegioÂn XI (IbaÂnÄez del Campo): AiseÂn: La- GonzaÂlez, 1 immature (MLP); Punta Remo- guna San Rafael, II.1957, N. Codoceo, 2& lino 24, 24.II.1959, J. Vellard, 1( (MACN- (MACN-Ar); RõÂo Simpson Natl. Park, N Ar 9821); Ushuaia, 1±14.XII.1932, Castel- margin, 17.II.1991, M. RamõÂrez, 4& 2 im- lanos and GoÂmez, 1& (MACN-Ar 9822); RõÂo matures (MACN-Ar); 85±89 km S Puerto Pipo, XII.1989, A. GonzaÂlez, 1& (MLP); Us- Puyuguapi, 220±270 m, burned forest, huaia, no date, J. Vellard, 1& (MACN-Ar); 19.I.1986, N. Platnick, P. Goloboff, T. Schuh, Valle Carbajal, 17.II.1961, B. Malkin, 1& 1& (AMNH); 102 km S Puerto Puyuguapi, (AMNH). CHILE: RegioÂn X (Los Lagos): 220 m, wet forest, 19.I.1986, N. Platnick, P. Osorno: Puyehue Natl. Park, Los Derrum- Goloboff, T. Schuh, 4& (MACN-Ar). RegioÂn bes, 18.I.1989, M. RamõÂrez, 1& (MACN-Ar, XII (Magallanes y AntaÂrtica): Ultima Es- photo MJR 53), Los Mallines, 40Њ46Ј0ЉS, peranza: Torres del Paine Natl. Park: near 72Њ17Ј00ЉW, 700 m, bog, pitfall 514T1, Refugio Chileno, 50Њ56Ј45ЉS, 72Њ55Ј0ЉW, 2.XII.2000±2.I.2001, 1&, 12.XII.2000± 400±600 m, 8±9.XII.2000, J. Miller, I. Ag- 2.I.2001, pitfall 514T1, 1( 2&, J. Miller, I. narsson, 1(,1&,2& (USNM); near Refugio Agnarsson, Alvarez, J. Coddington, G. Hor- Pudeto, 51Њ3Ј45ЉS, 72Њ58Ј45ЉW, 100 m, miga, (USNM), Antillanca, 40Њ46Ј30ЉS, 7.XII.2000, pitfall in scrub, J. Miller, I. Ag- 72Њ11Ј30ЉW, 1050±1350 m, alpine meadow, narsson, 1(, pitfall 51T1, 1( (USNM); La- 2.XII.2000, J. Miller, I. Agnarsson, Alvarez, guna Parrillar Natl. Res., 53Њ24Ј15ЉS, J. Coddington, G. Hormiga, pitfall 57T1, 1&, 71Њ15Ј45ЉW, 1±10.XII.2000, 350 m, J. Miller, pitfall 511T1, 1(, pitfall 512T2, 1& I. Agnarsson, forest Berlese, 1&, dry grass (USNM); Antillanca road, 40Њ46Ј30ЉS, near Chorio Hermoso, pitfall 55T2, 1&, 72Њ12Ј00ЉW, 1150 m, Nothofagus pumilio scrub in bog, pitfall 54T1, 1&, scrub, grass forest, 24.XII.2000, J. Miller, I. Agnarsson, in bog, pitfal 54T2, 4& 2 immatures, Chorio Alvarez, J. Coddington, G. Hormiga, pitfall Hermoso, ¯ood plain, 55T1, 2& (USNM). 511T1, 1( (USNM). Llanquihue: Lago Magallanes: Cabo de Hornos, 1844±84, P. Chapo, 13.5 km E Correntoso, site 656, win- Hahn, 1& (MHNP); CameroÂn, 14± dow trap, 310 m, valdivian rainforest, 16± 17.XI.1960, L. PenÄa, 2& (MCZ); Estancia La 27.XII.1982, A. Newton and M Thayer, 1( VicunÄa, SE CameroÂn, 1±6.XII.1960, L. PenÄa, (AMNH); 35 km W RõÂo Negro, 240 m, dis- 1& (MCZ); Isla Nueva, 4.II.1896, O. Nor- turbed forest, 24.I.1986, N. Platnick and T. denskjoÈld, 2& (NRS); Isla Picton (1896, O. Schuh, 1& 1 immature (AMNH). ChiloeÂ: NordenskjoÈld), 1& (NRS); Puerto Bridges, 84 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY NO. 277

Fig. 36. Coptoprepes ¯avopilosus Simon. A. Male carapace (holotype). B. Same, anterior view. C. Same, mouth parts, ventral view. D. Epigyne, ventral view (AiseÂn, Puerto Puyuguapi). E. Same, cleared, dorsal view. F. Male palp, ventral view (Llanquihue, Lago Chapo). G. Same, retrolateral view. Scale bars ϭ A±C, 1 mm; D±G, 0.2 mm.

9.I.1893, Michelsen, 3& (ZMH); Puerto SE Cameron, 17±20.XI.1960, L. PenÄa, 1& Toro, Isla Navarino, 19.XII.1992, Michelsen, (MCZ); Tres Vientos, Puerto Arturo, 1 immature (ZMH); RõÂo Rubens, 1956, J. 53Њ34ЈS, 73Њ23ЈW, 25±28.XI.1960, L. PenÄa, Vellard, 1( 2& (MACN-Ar); Rubens, 1& (MCZ). Mistaken Locality: Argentina, La 13.XII.1960, L. PenÄa, 1& (MCZ); Rusf®n, Pampa, Santa Rosa, V.1962, Aravena, 1& 2003 RAMIÂREZ: SPIDER SUBFAMILY AMAUROBIOIDINAE 85

Fig. 37. Coptoprepes ¯avopilosus Simon, male holotype. A. Copulatory bulb, ventral-retrolateral view. B. same, prolateral-apical view. Scale bar ϭ 0.1 mm.

(MACN-Ar), a tentative transcription made margin. Sternum length 1.08, width 0.87. by M.E. Galiano of an illegible label, is here Metatarsi III and IV with preening comb. considered inaccurate. Spines: leg I, femur d 1±1±1, p 2ap; tibia v 2±2±0; metatarsus v 2bas. II, femur d 1±1± Coptoprepes nahuelbuta, new species 1, p d1ap; tibia v r1-r1±2; metatarsus ϭ I. Figure 38 III, femur d 1±1±1, p 0-d1-d1 or d1ap, r TYPES: Female holotype and male paratype d1ap or 0; patella r 1; tibia v p1-p1±2, p 1- from Chile, RegioÂn IX, Malleco province, d1-1-0, r d1±1, d r1bas; metatarsus v 2±0- Nahuelbuta Natl. Park, FITS, 1200±1500 m, comb, p and r d1±1±1, d 0-p1±2. IV, femur Nothofagus/Araucaria forest, ca. 38ЊS, 73ЊW, d 1±1±1, p and r d1ap; patella r 1; tibia v 9.XII.1984±17.II.1985, S. and J. Peck, de- p1±2±2, p and r 1-d1-1-0, d r1bas; metatar- posited in AMNH. sus v 2±2-comb, p and r d1±1±1, d 0±2±2. ETYMOLOGY: The speci®c name is a noun Dorsal bristles as in C. ¯avopilosus. Abdo- in apposition, referring to the area where this men (with cuticle partially detached) length species lives. 3.55. Color: holotype quite faded; other spec- DIAGNOSIS: Distinguished from other Cop- imens with carapace, legs, sternum, mouth- toprepes by having a projecting secondary parts brown, abdomen dark grayish, dorsum conductor, articulated and heavily sclero- paler, cardiac area dark. Epigyne (®g. 38F± tized, and an epigynal median ®eld hidden in H) displaced posteriorly, in ventral view only the epigastric furrow. visible as elevation of epigastrium. Lateral FEMALE (holotype): Total length 5.30. Car- lobes separate in posterior view. Copulatory apace length 2.03, width 1.43, wider on leg ducts contorted, asymmetrical, spermathecae II. Length of tibia/metatarsus: I, 0.92/0.84; II, contiguous, lumen small. 0.83/0.80; III, 0.72/0.89; IV, 1.10/1.07. Pal- MALE (paratype): Total length 4.12. Cara- pal tarsus length 0.57. Chelicerae with ®ve pace length 1.90, width 1.37. Length of tibia/ teeth on promargin, seven denticles on retro- metatarsus: I, 1.23/1.09; II, 1.04/0.99; III, 86 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY NO. 277

Fig. 38. Coptoprepes nahuelbuta,n.sp.A. Male palp, ventral view (paratype). B. Same, copulatory bulb, apical view. C. Same, ventral-apical view. D. Same, retrolateral view. E. Same, palp, retrolateral view. F. Epigyne, ventral view (holotype). G. Same, posterior view. H. Same, dorsal view, cleared. Scale bar ϭ E, 0.4 mm; H, 0.15 mm, all other, 0.2 mm. (C1 ϭ primary conductor; C2 ϭ secondary conductor; E ϭ embolus; MA ϭ median apophysis; PBE ϭ process on base of embolus.)

0.81/1.00; IV, 1.17/1.47. Chelicerae smaller long, ¯attened, distally bent dorsally. Cym- than those of female. Sternum length 1.06, bium relatively large, with deep apical retro- width 0.78. Spines as in female, except: leg lateral notch where median apophysis and I, tibia v 2±2±2. II, tibia p 0±1. Abdomen secondary conductor ®t; cymbial conductor (badly preserved) length ca. 2.00. Color as wide. Tegulum basal. Sperm duct with pro- in female. Palp (®g. 38A±D): femur short; nounced loop at dorsal anterior margin, be- tibia very short, width/length 1.39, RTA tween secondary conductor and median 2003 RAMIÂREZ: SPIDER SUBFAMILY AMAUROBIOIDINAE 87 apophysis. Embolus with basal process am- mary conductor, and long, contorted female ple, ¯attened, rounded. Median apophysis copulatory ducts. apical, sinuous, forming right angle, apex FEMALE (paratype): Total length 3.17. Car- very thin. Primary conductor with deep ca- apace length 1.40, width 1.02, wider between nal, apical portion projecting as straight, legs II and III. Length of tibia/metatarsus: I, heavily sclerotized prong, where canal ends. 0.72/0.61; II, 0.66/0.59; III, 0.57/0.63; IV, Secondary conductor conspicuous, heavily 0.98/1.07. Palpal tarsus length 0.41. Chelic- sclerotized, almost totally surrounded by erae with three teeth on promargin, four on membranous area (®g. 38B). Paramedian retromargin. Sternum length 0.81, width apophysis absent, or represented only by a 0.61. Spines: leg I, femur d 1±1±1, p d1ap; longitudinal ridge close to base of median tibia v 2±2±0; metatarsus v 2bas. II ϭ I. III, apophysis; rounded, ventral protuberance, femur d 1±1±1, p and r d1ap; patella r 1; tibia may also be part of paramedian apophysis. v p1-p1±2, p 1-d1-1-0, r d1±1, d r1bas; meta- VARIABILITY: Females spines: I, tibia v 2± tarsus v 2±0±1 (and apical preening comb, 2-p1 or 2±2±2. II, tibia v r1-r1-p1. IV, meta- ®g. 40), p and r d1±1±1, d 0-p1±2. IV, femur tarsus d 0-p1±2. ϭ III; tibia v p1±2±2, p and r 1-d1-1-0, d NATURAL HISTORY: Unknown. All speci- r1bas; metatarsus v 2±2±1, p and r d1±1±1, mens were collected in pitfall traps or in leaf d 0-p1±2. Abdomen length 1.87, width 1.07, litter. spiracle±epigastrium 1.00, spiracle±spinner- DISTRIBUTION: Forests in southern Chile, in ets 0.16. Color: grayish, spotted in dark Malleco and AiseÂn provinces, probably also brown. Sternum and mouthparts dark brown, in intermediate localities. leg coxae paler. Abdomen with dark dorsum, OTHER MATERIAL EXAMINED: CHILE: darker on cardiac area, with three pairs of RegioÂn IX (AraucanõÂa): Malleco: Same paler spots covered by whitish hairs, spots in data as types, 2( 3& (AMNH); 17 km W two posterior pairs closer to each other. Ven- Angol, 800 m, FIT, mixed Nothofagus, ter grayish, slightly paler than dorsum. Epi- 8.XII.1984±16.II.1985, S. and J. Peck, 1( gyne (®g. 41C, D) partially displaced poste- (AMNH); Monumento Natural Contulmo, riorly, lateral lobes widely separate, copula- 11.XII.1984±13.II.1985, S. and J. Peck, 1( tory openings near epigastric fold. Copula- 1& (AMNH); Nahuelbuta Natl. Park, 1250 tory ducts long, convoluted, fused with those m, 19.XI.1981, N. Platnick and T. Schuh, of opposite side though in part of their mossy forest litter, Nothofagus, Araucaria, length. Spermathecae contiguous, lumen 1& (AMNH). RegioÂn XI (IbaÂnÄez del Cam- small, fertilization ducts separate from pos- po): AiseÂn: 102 km S Puerto Puyuguapi, terior border. 220±270 m, burned forest, 19.I.1986, N. MALE (holotype): Total length 3.00. Car- Platnick, P. Goloboff, T. Schuh, 2& apace length 1.43, width 0.97. Length of tib- (AMNH). ia/metatarsus: I, 1.11/1.01; II, 0.96/0.93; III, 0.73/0.90; IV, 1.11/1.37. Chelicerae slightly Coptoprepes campanensis, new species narrower than those of female. Sternum Figures 39±41 length 0.83, width 0.67. Spines as in female, except: leg I, tibia v 2±2±2. II, tibia v r1-r1± TYPES: Male holotype from Chile, RegioÂn 2. IV, patella r 1. Abdomen length 1.60, V, Quillota province, Palmas de Ocoa, La width 0.91, spiracle±epigastrium 0.80, spi- Campana Natl. Park, unburned site, racle±spinnerets 0.18. Color as in female, but 23.VIII.1985, pitfall 1, R. CalderoÂn; female darker carapace, with paler central strip. Palp paratype from the same locality, trap 5, (®gs. 39, 41A, B): femur short; tibia short, 22.VI.1984, R. CalderoÂn, deposited in as wide as long, RTA absent. Cymbium rel- AMNH. atively large, ¯attened, with deep apical re- ETYMOLOGY: The speci®c name refers to trolateral notch where median apophysis and the type locality, where this species seems to secondary conductor ®t; cymbial conductor be very common. wide. Tegulum basal. Sperm duct with pro- DIAGNOSIS: Distinguished from other Cop- nounced loop at base of secondary conduc- toprepes by having a huge embolus and pri- tor. Embolus with basal process ample, ¯at- 88 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY NO. 277

Fig. 39. Coptoprepes campanensis, n. sp., male copulatory bulb (Quillota, Palmas de Ocoa). A. Ventral view. B. Ventral-apical view. C, D. Apical-prolateral view. (C1 ϭ primary conductor; C2 ϭ secondary conductor; E ϭ embolus; MA ϭ median apophysis; PBE ϭ process on base of embolus.) 2003 RAMIÂREZ: SPIDER SUBFAMILY AMAUROBIOIDINAE 89

DISTRIBUTION: Relict forests in central Chile. OTHER MATERIAL EXAMINED: CHILE: Re- gioÂn IV (Coquimbo): Elqui: 34 km SE La Serena, 29Њ58ЈS, 70Њ57ЈW, 300 m, riparian litter, 23.X.1994, R. Leschen, C. Carlton no. 002, 1( (AMNH). LimarõÂ: Many vials from type locality and Fray Jorge Natl. Park, pitfall traps, R. CalderoÂn (AMNH). RegioÂn V (ValparaõÂso): Petorca: Cuesta El MeloÂn, 520 m, chaparral, 10.I.1985, N. Platnick and Fig. 40. Coptoprepes campanensis, n. sp., fe- O. Francke, 3& (AMNH); Los Molles, Rt. 5, male left metatarsus III, ventral view, showing km 188, elev. 10 m, 9.XI.1993, 32Њ14ЈS, apical unpaired spine and irregular preening comb 71Њ30ЈW, N. Platnick, K. Catley, M. RamõÂrez, (Quillota, Palmas de Ocoa). T. Allen, 2& (AMNH). ValparaõÂso: Quin- tero, 9.III.19??, 1& (MACN-Ar). RegioÂn tened, rounded. Median apophysis apical, Metropolitana (Santiago): Santiago: Batu- large, heavily sclerotized, bi®d, apical pro- co, 1964, 3& 1 immature (MHNS); Quebra- jection forming right angle (®g. 39B±D). Pri- da La Plata, fundo La Rinconada de MaipuÂ, mary conductor huge, canal deep (®g. 39A± 8.X.1958±10.V.1960, W. Noodt, many spec- C), tip simple. Secondary conductor trian- imens (MHNS); Valle del RõÂo Mapocho be- gular (®g. 39B). Additional projection of te- tween El ArrayaÂn and Farellones (Barber gulum near tip of primary conductor. Para- traps), 15.X.1958±8.VI.1960, W. Noodt, median apophysis absent. many specimens (MHNS). Cordillera: RõÂo NATURAL HISTORY: Unknown. Most spec- Clarillo Natl. Res., 940 m, 26.XI.1993, imens were collected in pitfall traps. 33Њ44ЈS, 70Њ28ЈW, N. Platnick, K. Catley, M.

Fig. 41. Coptoprepes campanensis,n.sp.A. Male palp, ventral view (holotype). B. Same, retrolateral view. C. Epigyne, ventral view (paratype). D. Same, cleared, dorsal view. Scale bars ϭ 0.2 mm. 90 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY NO. 277

RamõÂrez, T. Allen, 1& (AMNH); RõÂo Clar- length 1.00, width 0.81. Spines as in female, illo, ¯ight intersection trap, 3.XI±7.XII.1989, except: leg I, tibia v 2±2±2. II, tibia p 0±1. S.A. Marshall, 1& (AMNH). Abdomen length 2.13, width 1.17, spiracle± epigastrium 0.37, spiracle±spinnerets 0.16. Coptoprepes valdiviensis, new species Color as in female. Palp (®g. 42A±C): femur Figure 42 short, ¯attened. Tibia short, width/length 1.06, RTA sharp, slender. Cymbium relative- TYPES: Male holotype from Chile, RegioÂn ly large, with apical retrolateral notch where X, Llanquihue province, Lago Chapo, 13.5 median apophysis ®ts; retrolateral margin ba- km E Correntoso, carrion trap (squid), site sally extended into thin lamina; cymbial con- 656, 310 m, valdivian rain forest, ca. ductor wide. Tegulum basal/retrolateral. 41Њ33ЈS, 71Њ57ЈW, 16.27.XII.1982, A. New- Sperm duct with pronounced loop at dorsal ton and M Thayer; female paratype with anterior margin, close to secondary conduc- same data, window trap, deposited in tor (®g. 42C). Embolus with basal process AMNH. ample, ¯attened, rounded. Median apophysis ETYMOLOGY: The speci®c name refers to apical, well developed, bi®d, long, narrow the valdivian forest where this species lives. projection forming straight angle, another DIAGNOSIS: Distinguished from other Cop- projection long, thick, directed apically. Pri- toprepes by having a sharp and slender tibial mary conductor with canal. Secondary con- apophysis and a rectangular median epigynal ductor triangular with acute apex, with ven- ®eld. tral membranous area, fused to anterior dor- FEMALE (paratype): Total length 4.66. Car- sal margin of tegulum. Paramedian apophy- apace length 1.77, width 1.17, wider at leg sis reduced to sclerotized piece at base of III. Length of tibia/metatarsus: I, 1.07/0.82; median apophysis, slightly elevated in round- II, 0.89/0.81; III, 0.74/0.90; IV, 1.17/1.37. ed mound. Palpal tarsus length 0.59. Chelicerae with VARIABILITY: Male spines: III, tibia v p1± three teeth on promargin, four on retromar- 2±2, p and r 1-d1-1-0. gin. Sternum length 1.17, width 0.75. Spines: NATURAL HISTORY: Unknown. Several leg I, femur d 1±1±1, p 2ap; tibia v 2±2-p1; specimens were collected in leaf litter. metatarsus v 2bas. II, femur d 1±1±1, p d1ap; DISTRIBUTION: Forests of southern Chile and tibia v r1-r1-p1; metatarsus ϭ I. III, femur d Argentina, in Valdivia, CautõÂn, Osorno and Ne- 1±1±1, p 0-d1-d1, r d1ap; patella r 1; tibia v uqueÂn provinces, plus one isolated record in p1-p1±2, p 1-d1-1-0, r d1±1, d r1bas; meta- Ultima Esperanza province, Magallanes. tarsus v 2±0-comb, p and r d1±1±1, d 0-p1± OTHER MATERIAL EXAMINED: ARGENTI- 2. IV, femur d 1±1±1, p and r d1ap; patella NA: NeuqueÂn: LanõÂn Natl. Park: Lago Lol- r 1; tibia v p1±2±2, p and r 1-d1-1-0, d r1bas; og, nr. San MartõÂn de los Andes, pans nr. metatarsus ϭ III, but v 2±2-comb. Dorsal stream, ca. 900 m, 23±30.XI.1989, S. Mar- bristles as in C. ¯avopilosus, but tibiae d 1ap. shall 1( (AMNH); Lago Lolog, 4 km N San Abdomen length 2.83, width 1.60, spiracle± MartõÂn de los Andes, FIT, Nothofagus forest, epigastrium 2.25, spiracle±spinnerets 0.17. ca. 950 m, Gentili property, 23.XI± Color: grayish, abdomen slightly darker on 1.XII.1989, S.A. Marshall, 1( (AMNH); San cardiac area and several chevrons extending MartõÂn de los Andes, Gentili Cabin, pans and to spinnerets. Epigyne (®g. 42D, E) partially FIT along streambed, 18±21.XI.1989, S. displaced posteriorly, lateral lobes separate, Marshall, 1( (AMNH), forest and meadow, copulatory openings close to epigastric fold. 18±21.XI.1989, S.A. Marshall, 1( 1& Spermathecae contiguous, lumen small, cop- (AMNH); 4 km N San MartõÂn de los Andes, ulatory ducts fused with those of opposite FIT, Nothofagus forest, ca. 950 m, Gentili side though in part of their length. property, 25.XI±1.XII.1989, S.A. Marshall, MALE (holotype): Total length 4.12. Car- 1( (AMNH); Villa La Angostura, pans nr. apace length 1.90, width 1.27. Length of tib- Laguna Verge, 26±28.XI.1989, S.A. Marshal, ia/metatarsus: I, 1.33/1.10; II, 1.02/0.93; III, 1& (AMNH). CHILE: RegioÂn IX (Arau- 0.86/1.00; IV, 1.23/1.47. Chelicerae slightly canõÂa): CautõÂn: VolcaÂn Villarrica, 1250 m, narrower than those of female. Sternum site 653, window trap, Nothofagus domb.- 2003 RAMIÂREZ: SPIDER SUBFAMILY AMAUROBIOIDINAE 91

Fig. 42. Coptoprepes valdiviensis,n.sp.A. Male palp, ventral view (holotype). B. Same, retrolateral view: arrow points to retrolateral apical notch on cymbium ®tting MA. C. Male copulatory bulb, expanded (Llanquihue, NE Puerto Montt). D. Epigyne, ventral view (paratype). E. Same, cleared, dorsal view. Scale bars ϭ 0.2 mm. (C1 ϭ primary conductor; C2 ϭ secondary conductor; E ϭ embolus; MA ϭ median apophysis; PMA ϭ paramedian apophysis.) pumilio forest with Chusquea, 15± m, disturbed forest, 3.II.1985, N. Platnick 29.XII.1982, A. Newton and M. Thayer, 1& and O. Francke, 1( 2 immatures (AMNH); (AMNH); site 654, Nothofagus domb.-pum- NE Puerto Montt, 22±28.XII.1985, L. PenÄa, ilio forest with Drimys, A. Newton and M. 1( (AMNH). RegioÂn XII (Magallanes y Thayer, 1& (AMNH). RegioÂn X (Los La- AntaÂrtica): Ultima Esperanza: Torres del gos): Osorno: Puyehue Natl. Park: Antillan- Paine Natl. Park: near Refugio Pudeto, ca rd, 965 m, trap site 658, window trap, 51Њ3Ј45ЉS, 72Њ58Ј45ЉW, 100 m, 7.XII.2000, Nothofagus pumilio forest, 18±25.XII.1982, pitfall in scrub, J. Miller, I. Agnarsson, 1& A. Newton and M. Thayer, 1( (AMNH); (USNM). 40Њ46Ј30ЉS, 72Њ12Ј00ЉW, 1000 m, 12.XII.2000±2.I.2001, Nothofagus pumilio GAMAKIA, NEW GENUS forest, J. Miller, I. Agnarsson, Alvarez, J. Table 14 Coddington, G. Hormiga, 2( 2& (USNM). TYPE SPECIES: Gamakia hirsuta, new spe- Llanquihue: 10±14 km E Correntoso, 305 cies. 92 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY NO. 277

TABLE 14 cal dorsal margin of tegulum, additional pro- Autapomorphies of Gamakia hirsuta jection prolateral to secondary conductor. Paramedian apophysis well developed, with multiple cusps (®g. 44C). Embolus with simple, ¯attened basal process. Membranous area between paramedian apophysis and tegulum lined with thin projections (®g. 44C, ETYMOLOGY: Gamakia is the supreme be- D). Epigyne (®gs. 44A, 45A, B) with two ing of the Septentrional Tehuelches. Gender hemispheric depressions anterior to copula- is feminine. tory openings, ®lled by copulatory plug in DIAGNOSIS: The single known species can mated females. Spermathecae irregular, cop- be distinguished from other Amaurobioidini ulatory ducts not coiled. by having a relatively long male palpal tibia COMPOSITION: Only the type species. with relictual apophysis, the chelicerae and palpal femora covered with thick, long setae, Gamakia hirsuta, new species and the epigyne with a double depression an- Figures 43±46 terior of copulatory openings, which are ®lled by a copulatory plug in mated females. TYPES: Male holotype and female paratype DESCRIPTION: Carapace narrowed in front, from Chile, RegioÂn V (ValparaõÂso), Petorca posterior eye row slightly procurved, ocular province, Los Molles, Rt. 5, km 188, elev. area not projecting. Chelicerae unmodi®ed, 10 m, 9.XI.1993, 32Њ14ЈS, 71Њ30ЈW, N. Plat- slightly smaller in males, with three teeth on nick, K. Catley, M. RamõÂrez, T. Allen, de- promargin, a series of six or seven small den- posited in AMNH. ticles on retromargin; males have long, thick ETYMOLOGY: The speci®c name refers to setae on anterior face of chelicerae. Anterior the thick hairs on chelicerae and male palp. legs with unmodi®ed spines, more spinose in DIAGNOSIS: See generic diagnosis. males. Male palp (®gs. 44B±D, 45C±E, 46) FEMALE (paratype): Total length 4.92. Car- with relatively long tibia, wider distally, RTA apace length 2.10, width 1.47, wider on legs reduced to small dorsal/retrolateral peak (®g. II±III. Length of tibia/metatarsus: I, 1.20/ 46), femur with long, thick setae on ventral/ 1.00; II, 1.13/0.83; III, 0.90/1.05; IV, 1.28/ retrolateral face (®g. 45D). Cymbium rela- 1.28. Palpal tarsus length 0.52. Chelicerae tively small. Copulatory bulb: median with 6 teeth on retromargin, slightly decreas- apophysis long, slender, sinuous. Primary ing in size to basal. Sternum length 1.05, conductor short, with canal. Secondary con- width 0.80. Spines: leg I, femur d 1±1±1, p ductor long, with marked canal, fused to api- d2 ap, r d1ap; tibia v 2±2±2 or 2±2-p1, p d1±

Fig. 43. Female Gamakia hirsuta,n.sp.A. Malleco, Fundo MarõÂa Ester (photo MJR 122). B. Malleco, Contulmo (photo MJR 92). C. ConcepcioÂn, HualpeÂn (photo MJR 69). 2003 RAMIÂREZ: SPIDER SUBFAMILY AMAUROBIOIDINAE 93

Fig. 44. Gamakia hirsuta, n. sp. (ValparaõÂso, Central coast). A. Epigyne, ventral view. B. Male copulatory bulb, prolateral-apical view. C. Same, retrolateral view. D. Same, prolateral-apical view. (C1 ϭ primary conductor; C2 ϭ secondary conductor; E ϭ embolus; MA ϭ median apophysis; PBE ϭ process on base of embolus; PMA ϭ paramedian apophysis.)

1; metatarsus v 2bas, p d1 or 0. II, femur d MALE (holotype): Total length 4.79. Car- 1±1±1, p 0-d1-d2 or d2ap, r 0-d1-d1; tibia v apace length 2.27, width 1.50. Length of tib- 2±2±2, p d1±1, r 0±1; metatarsus p v 2bas, ia/metatarsus: I, 1.87/1.69; II, 1.70/1.60; III, 0-d1-0-1, r d1±0. III, femur d 1±1±1, p and 1.57/1.48; IV, 1.67/2.03. Chelicerae long, r 0-d1-d1; patella r d1; tibia v p1-p1±2, p and narrow, and vertical, anterior face with short, r 1-d1-1-0, d r1bas; metatarsus v 2-p1±2, p thick hairs; promargin with 7 teeth grouped and r d1-d1±1, d 0-p1±2. IV, femur d 1±1± at base, forming short, sinuous line, basals 1, p 0-d1-d1, r d1ap; patella r d1; tibia ϭ III slightly smaller; fang long, sinuous. Endites or v p1±2±2; metatarsus ϭ III or v 2±2±2. with external angle prominent. Sternum Abdomen length 3.00, width 1.90, spiracle± length 1.10, width 0.87. Spines as in female, epigastrium 1.67, spiracle±spinnerets 0.22. except: leg I, femur r 0-d1-d1; tibia v 2±2± Color: carapace gray, ocular area darker, eyes 2, p and r 1-d1-1-0; metatarsus v 2-0-2-0, p bordered black. Legs, femora pale gray with and r d1±0, d 2ap. II, femur p and r 0-d1±2; darker spots, darker from patella to tarsus. tibia ϭ I; metatarsus ϭI, but p d1-d1-0-0. III, Sternum gray, darker on margins. Endites tibia v p1±2±2; metatarsus v 2±0±2. IV, fe- brown, labium dark brown. Abdomen cream mur r 0-d1-d1; tibia v 2±2±2; metatarsus v with gray pattern, venter with irregular gray 2±2±2. Abdomen length 2.50, width 1.43, spots. Epigyne: see generic description. spiracle±epigastrium 1.37, spiracle±spinner- 94 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY NO. 277

Fig. 45. Gamakia hirsuta,n.sp.A. Epigyne, ventral view (ValparaõÂso, Central coast). B. Same, cleared. C. Male copulatory bulb, expanded, apical view (ConcepcioÂn, Cerro Caracol). D. Male palp, retrolateral view (ValparaõÂso, Central coast). E. Same, ventral view. Scale bar ϭ B, 0.15 mm; all others, 0.2 mm. (C1 ϭ primary conductor; C2 ϭ secondary conductor; E ϭ embolus; MA ϭ median apophysis; PMA ϭ paramedian apophysis.)

ets 0.25. Color as in female but darker in tibia III, IV, v p1-p1±2. Metatarsus III, v 2± general, abdomen with denser pattern. Palp: 0±2. see generic description. NATURAL HISTORY: This species builds re- VARIABILITY: The abdominal pattern is ex- treats on foliage of forest and chaparrals. tremely variable (®g. 43), as is the length of DISTRIBUTION: Southern and central Chile, the male chelicerae, which vary from similar from Elqui to ChiloeÂ provinces. to much larger than those of female. Spines: OTHER MATERIAL EXAMINED: CHILE: Re- 2003 RAMIÂREZ: SPIDER SUBFAMILY AMAUROBIOIDINAE 95

Same data as types, 1& (AMNH), 1& (MACN-Ar); E La Ligua, relict forest, 27.IX.1980, L. PenÄa, 1& (AMNH); Zapallar, 27.XI.1950, Ross and Michelbacher, 4& (CAS). Quillota: Cuesta El MeloÂn, nr. La Calera, 15.XI.1985, L. PenÄa, 1( 1& (AMNH); Cuesta La Dormida, N Tiltil, 800± 1300 m, 13±18.XI.1982, L. PenÄa, 1& (AMNH); La Campana Natl. Park, 29.XII.1973, J. Solervicens, 1( (UC). Val- paraõÂso: 10 mi N ConcoÂn, 16.XII.1950, Ross and Michelbacher, 1( 2& (CAS); Central coast (no speci®c locality), 31.X.1982, no collector, 11( 9& (AMNH); TunqueÂn, S Quintay, X.1982, M. Pino, 2& (MHNS 619); ValparaõÂso, 15.VIII.1961, J. Kothmann, 1& (AMNH). San Felipe de Aconcagua: Cach- agua, 14.II.1980, L. PenÄa, 2& (AMNH); SW Catapilco, 30.IX.1964, L. PenÄa, 1( (MCZ); Los Hornos, 20 km E HuaqueÂn, 2± 4.XII.1986, L. PenÄa, 1& (AMNH); Pullalli, coastal town, 16.XII.1980, L. PenÄa, 1( 4& (AMNH). San Antonio: Quebrada de CoÂr- doba, 1±4.XI.1985, L. PenÄa, 1( 4& 1 immature (AMNH), 15±20.II.1979, L. PenÄa, 2& (AMNH); 5 km E El Tabo, 6.II.1992, M. Ra- mõÂrez, N. Platnick, P. Goloboff, 1& 1 immature (AMNH). RegioÂn Metropolitana (Santiago): Santiago: Bucalemi, San Anto- nio, 23±24.X.1994, L. PenÄa, 2( 2& Fig. 46. Gamakia hirsuta, n. sp., detail of (AMNH); Pirque, 20.XI.1982, L. PenÄa, 1& male palpal tibia, in retrolateral view: arrow (AMNH); Quilicura, VIII.1979, L. PenÄa, 2( points to relict of retrolateral tibial apophysis. Scale bar ϭ 0.05 mm. 11& (AMNH); Pilay, 800 m, 23±25.XI.1981, L.E. PenÄa, 1& (AMNH). RegioÂn VII (Mau- le): CuricoÂ: Las Tablas, E CuricoÂ, II.1985, gioÂn IV (Coquimbo): Elqui: 9 km S Cruz L. PenÄa, 11& 28 immatures (AMNH); Los Grande, beach, 5 m, 11.XI.1993, 29Њ29ЈS, QuenÄes (Ladera Sur), 27.IV.1980, J. Soler, R. 71Њ19ЈW, N. Platnick, K. Catley, M. RamõÂrez, CalderoÂn, 2& (UC). Talca: Alto de Vilches, T. Allen, 1& 3 immatures (AMNH); 34 km 18.25.X.1964, L. PenÄa, 1( (MCZ), 17± SE La Serena, 29Њ58ЈS, 70Њ57ЈW, 300 m, ri- 24.X.1964, L. PenÄa, 1& (MCZ). Gil de parian litter, 23.X.1994, R. Leschen, C. Carl- Vilches, 7±8.II.1992, M. RamõÂrez, N. Plat- ton no. 002, 1& (AMNH). Choapa: El Bato nick, P. Goloboff, 1& (AMNH). Cauquenes: (chacra en montanÄa), E Illapel, 10.X.1985, L. Los Ruiles Natl. Park, 25.II.1992, M. Ra- PenÄa, 4& (AMNH); 22 mi N Los Vilos, mõÂrez, N. Platnick, P. Goloboff, 1( 3 im- 13.XII.1950, E.I. Schlinger, 2& (CAS); NÄ a- matures (AMNH); Tregualemu, 300±500 m, gueÂ, 10 km N Los Vilos, Rt. 5, km 236, elev. 10.XII.1953, L. PenÄa, 2& (IRSN IG 19.736); 40 m, 31Њ50ЈS, 71Њ31ЈW, 13.XI.1993, N. 500 m, 7.XI.1993, L. PenÄa, 2( 1& (AMNH); Platnick, K. Catley, M. RamõÂrez, T. Allen, 520 m, 6±7.XI.1993, L. PenÄa and A. Ugarte, 2& (AMNH), 1& (MACN-Ar); Hacienda Il- 2( (AMNH); 4±5.XI.1995, L. PenÄa, 1& lapel, 900±1800 m, 5.XI.1954, L.E. PenÄa, (AMNH). Linares: Bullileo, Parral, 5± 1& (IG 20275 IRSN); Pichidangui, 32Њ08ЈS, 8.XII.1990, L. PenÄa, 2( 5& (AMNH); Fun- 71Њ32ЈW, 12.VIII.1966, E. Schlinger, 3( do Malcho, Andes in Parral, 11±20.XI.1964, (CAS). RegioÂn V (ValparaõÂso): Petorca: L. PenÄa, 5( 10& 3 immatures (MCZ). Re- 96 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY NO. 277 gioÂn VIII (BiobõÂo): NÄ uble: Cobquecura, 8± (AMNH); 15±30 km S Cherquenco, 9.XI.1993, L. PenÄa, 1& (AMNH), 12± 26.II.1989, L. PenÄa, 1& (AMNH); PucoÂn at 14.II.1959, L. PenÄa, 1& 1 immature (IRSN Lago Villarrica, 39Њ16ЈS, 71Њ58ЈW, IG 19.736). ConcepcioÂn: road Chome-Ra- 14.XII.1988, V. and B. Roth, 1( (CAS); muntcho, 8.XI.1996, T. Cekalovic, 4( Fundo La Selva, W Temuco, NW Nueva Im- (AMNH); Cerro Caracol, ConcepcioÂn, elev. perial, 700 m, 9±12.XII.1981, L.E. PenÄa, 1( 200 m, 36Њ51ЈS, 73Њ02ЈW, 17.XI.1993, N. (AMNH); Villarrica, 250 m, crest of river Platnick, K. Catley, M. RamõÂrez, T. Allen, gorge, 3±4.III.1965, H. Levi, 1 immature 1& (AMNH); EscuadroÂn, 10.IV.1988, 1( (MCZ); 14 km N Villarrica, elev. 250 m, 1&, elev. 5 m, 36Њ57ЈS, 73Њ09ЈW, 39Њ10ЈS, 72Њ12ЈW, 20.XI.1993, N. Platnick, 18.XI.1993, N. Platnick, K. Catley, M. Ra- K. Catley, M. RamõÂrez, T. Allen, 1& mõÂrez, T. Allen, 2( 1 immature (AMNH); (AMNH), 30 km NE Villarrica, 1±30.I.1965, EscuadroÂn, 10.IV.1988, 2& 1 immature, L. PenÄa, 3( 4& 1 immature (MCZ); NE Vil- 3.IX.1988, 1&, T. Cekalovic (AMNH); Es- larrica, 16±31.XII.1964, L. PenÄa, 2& 1 im- tero NongueÂn, 10.II.1996, T. Cekalovic, 1& mature (MCZ). RegioÂn X (Los Lagos): Val- (AMNH); 7.XI.1992, 2&, Fundo El Manza- divia: Nancul, Fundo ``El Lingue'', no, 8.XI.1992, 1( 1&, 12.X.1996, 1&, 8.II.1993, T. Cekalovic, 2& (AMNH); Val- 23.IX.1996, 1( 2&, T. Cekalovic (AMNH); divia, 1984, E. Krahmer, 1& (MHNS 848). Fundo El Venado, 6.I.1996, T. Cekalovic, 1& Osorno: Fundo Campolindo, Casablanca, (AMNH); HualpeÂn, 3.IV.1988, 1&, 9.XII.1971, R. CalderoÂn, 2& (UC); Puyehue 7.VI.1996, 4& 3 immatures, T. Cekalovic Natl. Park: Aguas Calientes, 480 m, 40Њ44ЈS, (AMNH), 11.I.1989, M. RamõÂrez, 4& 72Њ18ЈW, 21.XI.1993, N. Platnick, K. Catley, (MACN-Ar, photos MJR 68±70); Hualqui, M. RamõÂrez, T. Allen, 1( (AMNH, photo 4.XI.1989, T. Cekalovic, 1& (AMNH); Las MJR 1416), Pucatrihue, I±III.1968, L. PenÄa, Escaleras, 18.XI.1989, 2(, 24.XI.1989, 1&, 1( (MCZ); RõÂo Bueno, no. 13, L. PenÄa, 5& 6.I.1991, 1&, T. Cekalovic (AMNH); Pata- (IRSN IG 19.736). ChiloeÂ: Arroyo Cole gual, 29.XI.1993, T. Cekalovic, TC-369, 1( Cole, 25 km N Cucao, 8±11.II.1991, M. Ra- 1& (AMNH); Periquillo, 22.XI.1992, 2( mõÂrez, 1& (MACN-Ar); Chepu, 21.II.1997, 2&, 7.X.1994, 1(, 6.XI.1994, 1&, T. Cekalovic, 1& (AMNH). Mistaken Local- 8.XII.1994, 3&, 4.I.1997, 1&, 22.III.1997, ity: Prov. Santiago, Malleco, XI.1979, L.E. 1&, T. Cekalovic (AMNH); Laguna Chica de PenÄa, 8( 8& (AMNH) (see RamõÂrez, 1995b: San Pedro, 5.XII.1994, T. Cekalovic, 1& 83). (AMNH); TomeÂ, 8.X.1983, 1(, 1.I.1992, 1&, 10.I.1992, 1&, T. Cekalovic (AMNH). NEGAYAN, NEW GENUS BiobõÂo: Caledonia, E Mulchen, 700±900 m, Table 15 6.15.II.1981, L. E, PenÄa, 1& (AMNH); Los ``Gayenna strigosa group'': RamõÂrez, 1997: 179. Morongos, E Los Niches, 600 m, 17± 20.XI.1994, L. PenÄa, 3( 2& 1 immature TYPE SPECIES: Gayenna tridentata Simon, (AMNH); W Ralco, Santa BaÂrbara, 400 m, 1886. 22±23.XI.1994, L. PenÄa, 2& (AMNH). Re- ETYMOLOGY: The generic name is an ana- gioÂn IX (AraucanõÂa): Malleco: 18 km W gram of Gayenna; gender is feminine. Angol, 13.II.1991, M. RamõÂrez, N. Platnick, DIAGNOSIS: Easily distinguished from all P. Goloboff, 2& (AMNH); Fundo MarõÂa Es- other Amaurobioidinae by the characteristic ter, 15 km W de Victoria, 14.I.1989, M. Ra- shape of the retrolateral tibial apophysis, mõÂrez, 1& 2 immatures (MACN-Ar, photo which is long, thick, and sinuous at the tip MJR 121, 122); Monumento Natural Contul- (®g. 48F, G). The female genitalia resemble mo, 12.I.1989, M. RamõÂrez, 4& (MACN-Ar, those of Ferrieria echinata and Acanthoceto photo MJR 92); 340 m, 38Њ01ЈS, 73Њ11ЈW, pichi in having coiled copulatory ducts (®g. 18.XI.1993, N. Platnick, K. Catley, M. Ra- 49C±F). mõÂrez, T. Allen, 2( (AMNH). CautõÂn: Cerro DESCRIPTION: Carapace narrowed in front, NÄ ielol, Temuco, I.1989, M. RamõÂrez, 2& posterior eye row straight, ocular area not (MACN-Ar); Chacamo, NW Nueva Imperi- projecting. Chelicerae unmodi®ed, slightly al, W Temuco, 16±24.II.1981, L.E. PenÄa, 1& smaller in males, three teeth on promargin, 2003 RAMIÂREZ: SPIDER SUBFAMILY AMAUROBIOIDINAE 97

TABLE 15 median ®eld elevated in some species, cop- Synapomorphies of Negayan and Internal Clades ulatory openings close to epigastric furrow. Copulatory ducts coiled 360Њ. Spermathecae contiguous. NATURAL HISTORY: Most species live on the ground, under stones, or in leaf litter. Some species are common under stones at beaches in lakes, or at the sides of mountain streams. DISTRIBUTION: Most species from Argen- tina and Chile, in a wide variety of habitats and climates. Northern limit of distribution seems to be in Peru. COMPOSITION: In addition to the species detailed below: Gayenna excepta Tullgren, 1901 (female holotype in NRS, examined, new combination), Gayenna exigua Mello- LeitaÄo, 1940 (male holotype in MLP 14404, examined, new combination), Tomopisthes lebruni Simon, 1886 (two females syntypes in MHNP 7733, examined, new combination). Also several undescribed species. The genus is being revised by L. Lopardo (in prep.).

Negayan tridentata (Simon), new combination Figure 48 Gayenna tridentata Simon, 1886: 570 (female lectotype and one immature paralectotype here designated, from Argentina, Santa Cruz, in MHNP 2189, examined), 1897a: 91 (tridens, lapsus).

DIAGNOSIS: Distinguished from other Ne- two or three teeth, or series of small denti- gayan by having the posterior borders of epi- cles, on retromargin. Anterior legs with un- gynal lateral lobes relatively close to each modi®ed spines. Male palp with RTA long, other, converging over the median ®eld; thick, distally sinuous. Cymbium short, wide, males resemble those of N. coccinea in hav- cymbial conductor small, with elevated bor- ing a bi®d conductor, but the tibial apophysis ders. Shallow notch prolateral to cymbial is more sinuous at the tip. Both sexes com- conductor ®ts tip of primary conductor. Te- monly have three teeth on the cheliceral re- gulum with extended anterior ventral border, tromargin. in the same plane with primary conductor. FEMALE (Lago Roca, MACN-Ar 9820): Median apophysis reduced, triangular or ab- Total length 4.12. Carapace length 1.65, sent. Primary conductor well developed, bas- width 1.15, wider on leg III. AME smaller al portion massive, with long canal where than ALE (®g. 48C). Length of tibia/meta- embolus ®ts (®g. 47D); apical portion heavi- tarsus: I, 0.83/0.70; II, 0.77/0.67; III, 0.70/ ly sclerotized, thick, curved, canal ending in 0.80; IV, 1.08/1.27. Palpal tarsus length 0.43. acute tip (®g. 47A, B). Secondary conductor Chelicerae with two teeth on retromargin absent. Paramedian apophysis heavily scler- (variable, ®g. 48B). Sternum length 0.92, otized (®g. 47C). Embolus long, basal pro- width 0.72. Spines (quite strong): leg I, fe- cess simple, ¯attened (®g. 47D). Epigyne: mur d 1±1±1, p 2ap; tibia v 2±2±0; metatar- 98 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY NO. 277

Fig. 47. Negayan coccinea (Mello-LeitaÄo), male copulatory bulb (CoÂrdoba, Cabana). A. Apical view: arrow points to conical protuberance on tegulum. B. Prolateral-apical view. C. Ventral view: white arrow points to prolateral process on C1, gray arrow to globose lobe on primary conductor. D. Prolateral- basal view. (C1 ϭ primary conductor; E ϭ embolus; PBE ϭ process on base of embolus; PMA ϭ paramedian apophysis; St ϭ subtegulum; T ϭ tegulum.) sus v 2bas. II, femur d 1±1±1, p d1 ap, r 0 row, projections concave, close to each other. or d1ap; tibia v 2±2±0 or 2±2-p1, p 0±1; Copulatory ducts coiled about 360Њ, sper- metatarsus v 2bas, p 1±0. III, femur d 1±1± mathecae with contorted lumen. 1, p and r d1ap; patella r d1; tibia v p1-p1± MALE (Lago Roca, MACN-Ar 9820): To- 2, p 1-d1-1-0, r d1±1, d r1bas; metatarsus v tal length 3.59. Carapace length 1.67, width 2±0±2, p and r d1±1±1, d 0-p1±2. IV, femur 1.30, relatively wider than in female, but nar- ϭ III; patella r d1; tibia v p1±2±2, p and r rowed anteriorly. Length of tibia/metatarsus: 1-d1-1-0, d r1bas; metatarsus ϭ III, but v 2± I, 1.18/1.02; II, 1.03/0.95; III, 0.90/0.97; IV, 2±2. Dorsal, long, thin, erect bristles on pa- 1.30/1.48. Chelicerae slightly smaller than tellae (d 1±0±1) and tibiae (d r1±0±1). Ab- those of female, with three teeth on retro- domen length 2.30, width 1.33, spiracle±epi- margin, apical one smaller. Sternum length gastrium 1.12, spiracle±spinnerets 0.17. Col- 0.97, width 0.77. Spines as in female, except: or: carapace pale brown with two longitudi- leg I, tibia v 2±2±2, p 0±1. II, tibia ϭ I. III, nal brown bands (®g. 48A). Sternum pale tibia v p1±2±2, p and r 1-d1-1-0. Abdomen with lateral brown bands. Abdomen pale length 2.03, width 1.17, spiracle±epigastrium with dorsal brown pattern, three ventral lines 1.12, spiracle±spinnerets 0.50. Color as in fe- of specks. Epigyne (®g. 48D, E): lateral male. Palp (®g. 48F±H): RTA with narrow, lobes slightly projecting over epigastric fur- sinuous tip. Median apophysis triangular, hy- 2003 RAMIÂREZ: SPIDER SUBFAMILY AMAUROBIOIDINAE 99

Fig. 48. Negayan tridentata (Simon). A. Carapace (lectotype). B. Same, mouth parts, ventral view. C. Same, eyes, anterior view. D. Epigyne, ventral view (Santa Cruz, Lago Roca, MACN-Ar 9820). E. Same, cleared, dorsal view. F. Male palp, retrolateral view (Chubut, Cholila). G. Same, ventral view. H. Same, copulatory bulb, apical-retrolateral view. Scale bar ϭ A±C, 0.5 mm; D, G, H, 0.2 mm; E, 0.15 mm; F, 0.34 mm.

aline. Apical portion of primary conductor VARIABILITY: Two or most commonly bi®d, with thick curved tip where canal ends, three teeth on cheliceral retromargin. and ventral prolateral elongate projection NATURAL HISTORY: Unknown. (®g. 48H). Paramedian apophysis with two DISTRIBUTION: Patagonian forests in Ar- triangular, ¯attened cusps, retrolateral cusp gentina, from RõÂo Negro to Tierra del Fuego longer, curved, heavily sclerotized, ventral provinces. Probably also in Chile. cusp close to base of primary conductor, OTHER MATERIAL EXAMINED: ARGENTI- weakly sclerotized. NA: RõÂo Negro: San Carlos de Bariloche, 100 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY NO. 277

IV.62, Havrylenko, 1& (MACN-Ar); Cavia- II±III. Length of tibia/metatarsus: I, 1.60/ hue, 12±15.II.1968, E. Maury and N. MuÈller, 1.45; II, 1.55/1.37; III, 1.37/1.53; IV, 2.04/ 1& (MACN-Ar); Lago Pellegrini, 853, 2.47. Chelicerae with two teeth on retromar- 16.II.1972, L. Herman, 2& (AMNH). Chu- gin. Spines: leg I, femur d 1±1±1, p 2ap; tibia but: Cholila, 25.VIII.1962, A. KovaÂcs, 3( v 2±2±2; metatarsus v 2bas. II, femur d 1± 8& (AMNH); EpuyeÂn, 5.VIII.1966, A. Ko- 1±1, p d1ap; tibia v p1±2±2; metatarsus v vaÂcs, 2( 1& (AMNH); Esquel, road to La 2bas, p 1±0. III, femur d 1±1±1, p 0-d1-d1, Hoya, 42Њ54ЈS, 71Њ19ЈW, 16.XI.1988, V.D. r d1ap; patella 0; tibia v p1±2±2, p 1-d1-1- Roth, 3& (CAS). Santa Cruz: Los Glaciares 0, r d1±1, d r1bas; metatarsus v 2±2-(2ϩthick Natl. Park, II.1975, E. FernaÂndez, 1( 1 im- setae), p and r d1±1±1, d 0±2±2. IV, femur mature (MACN-Ar). Tierra del Fuego: d 1±1±1, p and r d1ap; patella 0; tibia v 2± Lago Roca, Nothofagus antarctica forest, 2±2, p and r 1-d1-1-0, d r1bas; metatarsus ϭ 27.I.1971, J. Vellard, 2( 3& 4 immatures III. Abdomen length 4.10, width 2.25. Spi- (MACN-Ar 9820). racle±epigastrium ca. 1.90, spiracle±spinnerets ca. 0.60. Color: holotype faded. Female Negayan paduana (Karsch), from Magallanes, Estancia Gazy Harbour new combination (AMNH): carapace brown, darker toward oc- Figure 49, 50 ular area, margins dark. Legs brown, with Clubiona paduana Karsch, 1880: 379 (female ho- some dark spots, more distinct on legs III and lotype from Chile, Punta Arenas, Magallanes, IV. Endites, labium, and sternum dark brown. Exp. Gazelle, in ZMB 2622, examined). Abdomen cream with dark dorsal pattern Tomopisthes magellanicus Simon, 1887: E32 (fe- brownish violet, venter cream, with large vi- male holotype from Chile, Punta Arenas, in olet patch anterior of tracheal spiracle, pro- MHNP 6685, examined), 1895: 168, 1896a: longed to epigastric furrow in three lines of 142, 1897a: 91, 1902: 32. NEW SYNONYMY. dots; epigastrium dark between pulmonary Gayenna strigosa Tullgren, 1901: 237, 259 (male plates and epigyne. Epigyne (®g. 49C±F): lectotype Chile, Magallanes, Gente Grande, and median ®eld wide, elevated, lateral lobes el- several females paralectotypes, plus one female evated posteriorly. Sanogasta maculosa, and one immature cf. Amaurobiidae, paralectotypes designated by MALE (Magallanes, Estancia Gazy Har- Platnick, 1977: 196, in NRS, examined). Schia- bour): Total length 5.05. Carapace length pelli and Gerschman, 1974: 91. RamõÂrez, 1997: 2.67, width 1.70. Length of tibia/metatarsus: 178. NEW SYNONYMY. I, 1.87/1.77; II, 1.80/1.70; III, 1.07/1.63; IV, Tomopisthes strigosus: Simon, 1902: 34. 1.97/2.33. Chelicerae slightly smaller than Philisca colulata Hogg, 1911: 42 (female holo- those of female. Sternum length 1.47, width type from Islas Malvinas, in BMNH, not ex- 1.00. Spines as in female, except: leg I, fe- amined). Synonymized with G. strigosa by mur r d1; tibia p 1-d1-1-0, r 1-0-1-0; meta- Platnick, 1977: 196. tarsus p 1. II, femur r 0-d1-d1; tibia and Gayenna magellanica: Merian, 1913: 13. metatarsus ϭ I. III, femur r 0-d1-d1; tibia v SYNONYMY: The holotypes or lectotypes of 2±2±2, p and r 1-d1-1-0; metatarsus d 0-p1± the species here synonymized were com- 2. IV, femur p 0-d1-d1. Abdomen length pared, together with extensive collections 2.67, width 1.40, spiracle±epigastrium 1.28, from the same areas; no relevant differences spiracle±spinnerets 0.25. Color as in female. were found. Palp (®g. 50): RTA with apical constriction. DIAGNOSIS: Distinguished from other spe- Median apophysis hyaline, hook-shaped. cies of Negayan by having the posterior el- Sperm duct wide, suddenly narrowed before evations of epigynal lateral lobes just below reaching embolar base (®g. 50D). Apical the median ®eld (®g. 49C), and by lacking a portion of primary conductor with only one bifurcate primary conductor, or a ventral apical cusp, longitudinally striated, where ca- cusp on tegulum, at the end of the tegular nal ends. Paramedian apophysis with two notch. Both sexes commonly have two teeth cusps, retrolateral cusp heavily sclerotized, on the cheliceral retromargin. short, curved, ventral cusp close to base of FEMALE (holotype): Total length 6.92. Car- primary conductor, rounded, ¯at, weakly apace length 3.17, width 2.17, wider on legs sclerotized. 2003 RAMIÂREZ: SPIDER SUBFAMILY AMAUROBIOIDINAE 101

Fig. 49. Negayan paduana (Karsch). A. Male (lectotype of Gayenna strigosa). B. Female (holotype of Tomopishtes magellanicus). C. Epigyne, ventral view (paralectotype of G. strigosa). D. Same, cleared. E. Same, dorsal view. F. Epigyne, posterior view (Estancia Gazy Harbor, Magallanes). Scale bars ϭ A, B, 2 mm; C±F, 0.2 mm.

DISTRIBUTION: Argentina and Chile, from VARIABILITY: The ocular area is relatively NeuqueÂn and AiseÂn provinces, respectively, narrower in larger specimens (as in ®g. 49B). to Tierra del Fuego and Islas Malvinas. The abdominal pattern is quite variable, from NATURAL HISTORY: This species builds re- almost uniform dark to slightly contrasting treats under stones or barks of fallen logs, in (®g. 49A, B). Some males have only one areas of rigorous climate. tooth on cheliceral retromargin. Female 102 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY NO. 277

Fig. 50. Negayan paduana (Karsch), male palp. A. Prolateral view (lectotype of Gayenna strigosa). B. Same, ventral view. C. Same, retrolateral view. D. Copulatory bulb, expanded (no data, MACN-Ar). Scale bars ϭ 0.2 mm. (BH ϭ basal hematodocha; C1 ϭ primary conductor; DH ϭ distal hematodocha; E ϭ embolus; MA ϭ median apophysis; PBE ϭ process on base of embolus; PMA ϭ paramedian apophysis; St ϭ subtegulum; T ϭ tegulum.) 2003 RAMIÂREZ: SPIDER SUBFAMILY AMAUROBIOIDINAE 103 spines: I, tibia I v 2±2±0; metatarsus p 0. III, Chileno, 50Њ56Ј45ЉS, 72Њ55Ј0ЉW, 400±600 tibia v 2±2±2, r 1-d1-1-0; metatarsus d m, 8±9.XII.2000, J. Miller, I. Agnarsson, 1& 0-p1±2. (USNM); Puerto Natales, Seno Ultima Es- OTHER MATERIAL EXAMINED: ARGENTI- peranza, 51Њ41Ј45ЉS, 72Њ31Ј30ЉW, 50 m, NA: NeuqueÂn: San MartõÂn de los Andes, 7.XII.2000, pasture, shoreline, J. Miller, I. Cerro Chapelco, 1700 m, II.1961, M.E. Ga- Agnarsson, 2& (USNM). Magallanes: Cabo liano, 1( (MACN-Ar). RõÂo Negro: El Bol- Negro, 29.I.1976, T. Cekalovic, 1& soÂn, Cerro PiltriquitroÂn, 3±4.II.1985, II.1986, (AMNH); Estancia La VicunÄa, 1956, J. Vel- M. RamõÂrez, 1& (MACN-Ar). Chubut: La lard, 1& (MACN-Ar); CanÄadoÂn Bombalot, Hoya, 800±1350 m, 24.II.1979, MisioÂn 29.I.1976, T. Cekalovic, 3& (AMNH); El CientõÂ®ca Danesa, 2( 1 immature (ZMK). Sombrero, 1956, J. Vellard, 1( 1& 1 im- Santa Cruz: Calafate, II.1963, E. Maury, 1( mature (MACN-Ar); Espora, 52Њ29ЈS, 1& (MACN-Ar); 30 km S Caleta Olivia, 69Њ28ЈW, 29.XI.1966, M. Irwin and E. 6.V.1974, M. Rumboll, 1& (MACN-Ar); 35 Schlinger, 1& (CAS); Estancia Gazy Har- km S Caleta Olivia, 6.V.1974, M. Rumboll, bour, 10.II.1990, T. Cekalovic, 8( 5& 1 im- 1& (MACN-Ar); Lago Belgrano, 14.II.1973, mature (AMNH); Estancia Virgen de M. Rumboll, 1& (MACN-Ar); Lago Argen- Lourdes (Sector Dinamarquero), 6.II.1990, 2( 6&, 8.II.1990, 2( 5&, T. Cekalovic tino, ``estepa'', nr. Calafate, 15±30.I.1971, (AMNH); Estancia Virgen de Lourdes, Gazy Vellard, 1& 2 immatures (MACN-Ar); Lago Harbour, 23.III.1991, T. Cekalovic, 1& 1 im- Argentino, III.1900, ExcursioÂn Silvestri, 2& mature (AMNH); Gallegos Chico, 8.II.1990, (MACN-Ar); Lago CoÂndor, RõÂo Turbio, T. Cekalovic, 2( 2& (AMNH), 10.II.1990, 28.I.1976, M. Rumboll, 1& (MACN-Ar); S. Cekalovic, 6( 2& 4 immatures (AMNH); Lago FrõÂas, no date, E. Maury, 1& (MACN- Gobernador Philippi, 29.I.1976, T. Cekalov- Ar); Puerto Bandera, II.1963, Margheritis ic, 2& (AMNH); Isla Riesco, Posomby, and Rizzo, 1( (MACN-Ar); Puerto Coyle, 31.I.1976, T. Cekalovic, 1( 4& (AMNH); 10 m, 26.XI.1966, M. Irwin and E. Schlinger, Isla Riesco, VaquerõÂa, 31.I.1976, T. Cekalov- 1( (CAS); RõÂo Gallegos, Cerro Aymond, ic, 2( 2& 2 immatures (AMNH); Laguna 26.III.1949, NuÂnÄez and Partridge, 1& Amarga, 21.IV.1962, T. Cekalovic, 1& (MACN-Ar); San JuliaÂn, XI.1973, M. Rum- (AMNH); Laguna Figueroa, 18, 28.I.1976, T. boll, 1& (MACN-Ar); Ventisquero Moreno, Cekalovic, 1& (AMNH); Manantiales, 1956, 18±24.I.1971, J. Vellard, 1( 2& (MACN- J. Vellard, 3( 1& (MACN-Ar); PenõÂnsula Ar). Tierra del Fuego: No speci®c locality, Brunswick, Barranco Amarillo, 27.I.1976, T. ``lote 39'', M.P. GoÂmez, 1933, 1& (MACN- Cekalovic, 1& (AMNH); PenõÂnsula Bruns- Ar 32052); Estancia Viamonte, Auricosta, 2 wick, Tres Brazos, 9.III.1961, T. Cekalovic, m, 23.I.1979, MisioÂn CientõÂ®ca Danesa, 1& 1& (UC), 28.II.1981, T. Cekalovic, 1& (ZMK); Lapataia, II.1963, E. Maury, 1( 2& (AMNH); RõÂo Chico, Estancia Brazo Norte (MACN-Ar); RõÂo Grande, 26±31.X.1973, M. (Cueva Fall), 12.II.1972, V. PeÂrez, 1& (UC); Rumboll, 1& (MACN-Ar); Ushuaia, RõÂo Verde, 31.I.1976, T. Cekalovic, 1& 8.II.1961, B. Malkin, 8( 18& 1 immature (AMNH), 29.VIII.1976, T. Cekalovic, 3& (AMNH); 8±26.II.1961, B. Malkin, 7( 12& (MCZ), 3& (AMNH); 15.2 km NE San Gre- (AMNH); RõÂo Pipo, XII.1989, A. GonzaÂlez, gorio (dunes), 5 m, 36Њ17ЈS, 71Њ49ЈW, 1& (MLP); Valle Carbajal, 17.II.1961, B. 27.XI.1966, E. Schlinger and M. Irwin, 3( Malkin, 1& (AMNH). Islas Malvinas: All (CAS); Silla del Diablo, 28.I.1976, T. Ceka- lovic, Tres Vientos, Puerto Arturo, 53 34 S, specimens reported by Schiapelli and Њ Ј 73Њ23ЈW, 25±28.XI.1960, L. PenÄa, 1& Gerschman (1974: 91), except 2& from (MCZ), 1& (AMNH); Aserradero Yendegaia, Puerto Stanley, belong to other Negayan spe- no. 5, 14.II.1957, J. Vellard, 1( 7& 6 im- cies not included here. CHILE: RegioÂn XI matures (MACN-Ar). (IbaÂnÄez del Campo): AiseÂn: Balmaceda, 17±22.I.1961, L. PenÄa, 1& (IRSN IG Negayan coccinea (Mello-LeitaÄo), 23.077). RegioÂn XII (Magallanes y AntaÂr- new combination tica): Ultima Esperanza: Torres del Paine Figures 47, 51 Natl. Park, 150 m, 10.II.1985, N. Platnick Axyracrus coccineus Mello-LeitaÄo, 1943b: 115 and O. Francke, 1& (AMNH), near Refugio (female holotype from Argentina, CoÂrdoba 104 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY NO. 277

Fig. 51. Negayan coccinea (Mello-LeitaÄo). A. Male palp, ventral view (CoÂrdoba, Cabana). B. Same, retrolateral view. C. Epigyne, ventral view. D. Same, cleared. Scale bars ϭ A±C, 0.2 mm; D, 0.1 mm.

province, Bajo Grande, I.1940, M. BirabeÂn, in 2-p1-comb. Abdomen length 1.93, width MLP 15800, examined). 1.20, spiracle±epigastrium 0.93, spiracle± DIAGNOSIS: Distinguished from other Ne- spinnerets 0.13. Color: carapace pale brown gayan by the small size, the absence of me- with dark brown band at each side, margins dian apophysis, and by having the copulatory almost black. Legs pale brown with dark openings in the epigastric furrow. Males re- brown spots. Chelicerae with basal two- semble those of N. tridentata in the bi®d con- thirds dark, basal pale patch, endites and la- ductor, but the tibial apophysis is less sinuous bium dark, sternum with central pale patch. at the tip. Abdomen dorsally brownish violet, with FEMALE (Cabana): Total length 3.13. Car- small pale dots, two pale anterior patches, apace length 1.27, width 0.92, wider on legs some chevrons at posterior end, fusing on II±III. Length of tibia/metatarsus: I, 0.73/ pale spot above spinnerets. Venter with dark 0.60; II, 0.65/0.57; III, 0.57/0.60; IV, 0.90/ rectangle anterior of spiracle, prolonged to 1.02. Palpal tarsus length 0.37. Chelicerae epigastric furrow in median band plus some with four teeth on promargin, four on retro- asymmetrical spots; epigastrium dark be- margin, basal one slightly larger. Sternum tween pulmonary plates and epigyne. Epi- length 0.70, width 0.58. Spines (those of tib- gyne (®g. 51C, D): median ®eld triangular, iae and metatarsi I, II relatively long, thick): slightly elevated, copulatory ducts complex, leg I, femur d 1±1±1, p d1ap; tibia v 2±2±0; dif®cult to observe, colied along oblique metatarsus v 2bas. II, femur ϭ I; tibia v 2± axes; copulatory openings not seen. 2±0, p 0±1; metatarsus v 2bas, p 0±1. III, MALE (Cabana): Total length 2.67. Cara- femur d 1±1±1, p and r d1ap; patella r 0; tibia pace length 1.20, width 0.88. Length of tibia/ v p1-p1±2, p and r d1±1, d r1bas; metatarsus metatarsus: I, 0.80/0.68; II, 0.72/0.67; III, v 2±0-comb, p and r d1-d1±1 or 0-d1±1, d 0.58/0.67; IV, 0.95/1.07. Chelicerae smaller 0-p1±2. IV, femur ϭ III; patella r d1; tibia than those of female, with ®ve teeth on re- ϭ III, but v p1±2±2; metatarsus ϭ III, but v tromargin. Sternum length 0.68, width 0.58. 2003 RAMIÂREZ: SPIDER SUBFAMILY AMAUROBIOIDINAE 105

Spines as in female. Abdomen length 1.50, TABLE 16 width 0.80, spiracle±epigastrium 0.63, spi- Autapomorphies of Selknamia minima racle±spinnerets 0.13. Color as in female, but wider dark bands on carapace, median pale band narrowing between eyes and thoracic groove. Anterior pale patches on abdomen extending in lateral oblique lines of pale dots. Palp (®gs. 47, 51A, B): RTA with ¯attened tip, only slightly widened. Tegulum with ventral conical protuberance at end of tegular notch (®g. 47A). Median apophysis absent. Apical portion of primary conductor bi®d, with thick tip where canal ends, and Tierra del Fuego and Magallanes. Gender is ventral/prolateral elongate projection (®g. feminine. 47C). Paramedian apophysis with two cusps DIAGNOSIS: The single known species of connected by ridge, retrolateral cusp longer, the genus is distinguished from other Amau- curved, heavily sclerotized, ventral cusp robioidini by having an elongate, relatively close to base of primary conductor, weakly thick tibial apophysis, and by the combina- sclerotized. Base of primary conductor pro- tion of spherical spermathecae and copula- jecting anteriorly in globose lobe, weakly tory openings on the epigastric furrow. sclerotized, close to secondary conductor DESCRIPTION: Carapace narrowed in front, (®g. 47C). posterior eye row straight, ocular area not NATURAL HISTORY: The specimens from projecting. Chelicerae unmodi®ed, slightly La Cumbre were collected in leaf litter in a smaller in males, with three teeth on retro- mesophytic forest. margin, growing larger to basal. Anterior leg DISTRIBUTION: Central Argentina. spines unmodi®ed. Male palp (®gs. 52, 53A, OTHER MATERIAL EXAMINED: ARGENTI- B) with elongate tibia, RTA long, straight, NA: CoÂrdoba: Cabana, VII.1950, M. Bira- thick. Cymbium very small, cymbial con- beÂn, 6( 13& 21 immatures (MLP); Cala- ductor subterminal. Copulatory bulb small. muchita, II.1959, J.M. Viana, 1& (MACN- Tegulum with anterior margin at same level Ar); La Cumbre, 8.XI.1990, M. RamõÂrez, 3& with primary conductor. Median apophysis 1 immature (MACN-Ar). Entre RõÂos: Ar- simple, close to apical portion of primary royo GualeyaÂn and Ruta Nac. 14, nr. Guale- conductor. Primary conductor with basal por- guaychuÂ, 13.XI.1982, P. Goloboff, 1( tion well developed, massive, with canal (MACN-Ar). Buenos Aires: Atucha, where embolus ®ts; apical portion with two 27.VI.1991, M. RamõÂrez, 1( (MACN-Ar); tips, heavily sclerotized, retrolateral tip bear- Ciudad de Buenos Aires, 17.V.1981, M. Ra- ing canal, prolateral tip ¯attened, triangular. mõÂrez, 1( 1& 1 immature (MACN-Ar), Secondary conductor absent. Paramedian 1.VIII.1981, F. Miranda, M. RamõÂrez, 1( apophysis not well developed, with two shal- (MACN-Ar); Lima, 19.IX.1981, P. Goloboff, low cusps. Embolus without basal process. M. RamõÂrez, 1( (MACN-Ar); Tigre, Epigyne (®g. 53C±F) slightly projecting pos- 19.VIII.1951, J.M. Viana, 1( (MACN-Ar). teriorly, copulatory openings in the epigastric La Pampa: Lihuel Calel Natl. Park, furrow. Spermathecae spherical, copulatory XI.1975, A. Toth and E. Maury, 1& ducts short. (MACN-Ar). COMPOSITION: Only the type species.

SELKNAMIA, NEW GENUS Selknamia minima, new species Table 16 Figures 52, 53

TYPE SPECIES: Selknamia minima, new TYPES: Female holotype from Argentina, species. Tierra del Fuego province, BahõÂa Lapataia, ETYMOLOGY: The generic name refers to ca. 54Њ52ЈW68Њ32ЈS, II.1963, E. Maury, de- the Selk'nam, the now extinct inhabitants of posited in MACN-Ar 9850; male paratype 106 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY NO. 277

Fig. 52. Selknamia minima, n. sp., male copulatory bulb (same data as paratype). A. Retrolateral view (median apophysis with tip broken). B. Ventral view. C, D. Prolateral view. (C1 ϭ primary conductor; E ϭ embolus; MA ϭ median apophysis; PMA ϭ paramedian apophysis.) from Tierra del Fuego, Ushuaia, dung traps d1±1; metatarsus v 2±2-comb, p and r d1±1± in Sphagnum, lakeside bog, 20 pans, ca. 1, d 0-p1±2. IV, femur d 1±1±1, r d1ap or 0; 54Њ48ЈS, 68Њ18ЈW, 12±14.II.1982, S. Mar- patella 0; tibia v p1±2±2, p and r 1-d1-1-0; shall, deposited in AMNH. metatarsus ϭ III. Abdomen length 2.80, ETYMOLOGY: The speci®c name refers to width 1.45, spiracle±epigastrium 1.08, spi- the small body size. racle±spinnerets 0.12. Color: grayish brown DIAGNOSIS: See generic diagnosis. almost uniform. Abdomen with two paler FEMALE (holotype): Total length 4.83. Car- bands at sides of cardiac area, diffusing pos- apace length 2.23, width 1.60, wider on legs teriorly. Epigyne: see generic description. II±III. Length of tibia/metatarsus: I, 1.12/ MALE (paratype): Total length 3.17. Cara- 0.92; II, 1.00/0.87; III, 0.83/1.00; IV, 1.30/ pace slightly narrower in front than that of 1.53. Palpal tarsus length 0.40. Chelicerae female, length 1.37, width 0.95. Length of with three teeth on retromargin, median one tibia/metatarsus: I, 0.82/0.67; II, 0.68/0.62; slightly smaller. Sternum length 1.13, width III, 0.55/0.67; IV, apparently regenerated. 0.98. Spines: leg I, femur d 1±1±1 thin bris- Chelicerae slightly narrower than those of fe- tles, p d1ap; tibia v 2±2±0; metatarsus v male. Sternum length 0.75, width 0.63. 2bas. II, femur d 1±1±1 or 1±1±0 thin bris- Spines as in female, except: leg II, femur d tles, p d1ap; tibia v 2±2±0, p 0±1 or d1±1; 1±1±1 bristles; tibia p 0±1; metatarsus p 0± metatarsus ϭ I. III, femur d 1±1±1, p d1ap 1. III, femur p 0; tibia p d1±1, v p1-p1±2; or 0; patella 0; tibia v p1±2±2, p 1-d1-1-0, r metatarsus v 2±2-comb or 2-p1-comb. IV, 2003 RAMIÂREZ: SPIDER SUBFAMILY AMAUROBIOIDINAE 107

Fig. 53. Selknamia minima,n.sp.A. Male palp, ventral view (Llanquihue, Huelmo). B. Same, retrolateral view. C. Epigyne, ventral view (Tierra del Fuego, BahõÂa Buen Suceso). D. Same, posterior view. E. Cleared epigyne, dorsal view. F. Same, posterior view. Scale bars ϭ 0.2 mm. badly developed, apparently regenerated, 13.X.1971, MeneÂndez, 1& 3 immatures with reduced spination. Abdomen length (MACN-Ar); shore at Canal de Beagle, 1.60, width 0.90, spiracle±epigastrium 0.82, I.1933, Castellanos and GoÂmez, 1 immature spiracle±spinnerets 0.27. Color: carapace (MACN-Ar); road to Glaciar Le Martial, on grayish brown, legs paler. Sternum and moss Polytrichum strictum, XII.1989, A. mouthparts brown, darker than coxae. Ab- GonzaÂlez, 2& 1 immature (MLP); Isla de los domen grayish brown, dorsum yellow, dark Estados, Puerto Flinders, 7.X.1971, MeneÂn- grayish on cardiac area and several dark dif- dez, 1& (MACN-Ar); Ushuaia, dung traps in fuse chevrons up to posterior end. Palp: see Sphagnum,2&, dry bog, pans, 2( 1& 1 im- generic description. mature, lakeside bog, 20 pans, 1(,1&, 1 im- VARIABILITY: Some males with RTA mature, 12±14.II.1982, S. Marshall slightly narrower and sharper. Female, (AMNH). CHILE: RegioÂn X (Los Lagos): spines: III, tibia p d1±1. IV, tibia r d1±1. Osorno: Puyehue Natl. Park: Antillanca rd., NATURAL HISTORY: Ground dwellers. Sev- 965 m, trap site 658, Berlese, leaf and log eral specimens were collected under stones litter, 18±25.XII.1982, A. Newton and M. or logs near the seashore. Thayer, 1& (AMNH). Llanquihue: Huelmo, DISTRIBUTION: Chile, from Osorno to Ma- superior level of beach, 30.XII.1986, J. Ko- gallanes, and Argentina, in Tierra del Fuego. chalka, 1( 1& (IBNP). RegioÂn XII (Ma- OTHER MATERIAL EXAMINED: ARGENTI- gallanes y AntaÂrtica): Ultima Esperanza: NA: Tierra del Fuego: BahõÂa Buen Suceso, Laguna Parrillar Natl. Res., 53Њ24Ј15ЉS, 108 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY NO. 277

71Њ15Ј45ЉW, 1±10.XII.2000, 350 m, J. Miller, TABLE 17 I. Agnarsson, 1(, pitfall, 3&, pitfall 55T3, Synapomorphies of Josa and Internal Clades bog, Berlese in moss, 1&,1&,1&,2&, pit- Common to the Six Dichotomic Trees, and fall 54T3, Sphagnum,1( 1&, pitfall 55T3, Synapomorphies of Some Resolutions Sphagnum,2&, pitfall 55T4, scrub, grass in bog, 3&, pitfall 55T6, forest, 2&, bog, moss, 2&, grass near Churio Hermoso, pitfall 55T2, 3&, moss near Churio Hermoso, 2&, pitfall 55T3, 2& (USNM). Magallanes: Isla Len- nox, Lennox Cave, 5.II.1896, O. Norden- skjoÈld, 1& (NRS).

JOSA KEYSERLING Table 17 Tetromma Keyserling, 1878: 608 (type species by monotypy Tetromma lutea Keyserling, 1878; preoccupied by DeÂjean, 1834). NEW SYNONYMY. Josa Keyserling, 1891: 83 (type species Anyphae- na pilosa Keyserling, 1880; earliest available name for Tetromma Keyserling, preoccupied). Simon, 1897a: 104. Brescovit, 1993: 129. Ra- mõÂrez, 1995a: 381, 1997: 178. Pelayo O.P.-Cambridge, 1896: 194 (type species by monotypy Pelayo laetus O.P.-Cambridge, 1896); Simon, 1903a: 1032. F.O.P.-Cambridge, 1900: 94, 107. Synonymized by Brescovit, 1993: 129. Haptisus Simon, 1897a: 100 (type species by original designation Anyphaena nicoleti Simon, 1897). NEW SYNONYMY. Olbophthalmus Simon, 1904: 98 (type species Ol- bus personatus Simon, 1897, designated by Pe- trunkevitch, 1928: 173). RamõÂrez, 1995a: 381, 1997: 178. NEW SYNONYMY. Gayennella Berland, 1913: 102 (type species by monotypy Gayennella riveti Berland, 1913). NEW SYNONYMY.

SYNONYMY: The type species of Tetrom- ma, Olbophthalmus, and Gayennella are here considered typical members of Josa. Any- phaena pilosa and A. nicoleti are here considered junior synonyms of Josa lutea. NOTE: Simon (1880) described the genus Olbus for the poorly preserved type specimen of Olios sparassoides Nicolet, a corinnid (RamõÂrez et al., 2001). However, his subsequent description of Olbus (Simon, 1897a), and the specimens identi®ed by him all correspond to Josa species with a distinctly recurved posterior eye row. Simon only later (1904) examined fresh specimens of O. sparassoides, when he clari®ed the point, and proposed the genus Olbophthalmus in Any- phaenidae. 2003 RAMIÂREZ: SPIDER SUBFAMILY AMAUROBIOIDINAE 109

DIAGNOSIS: Easily recognized from other desiana Berland, 1913 (male and female syn- Amaurobioidinae by having a ventral apical types in MHNP, examined, new combina- palpal femoral apophysis (®g. 60E). Females tion), Gayenna simoni Berland, 1913 (male have copulatory ducts coiled along longitu- and female syntypes in MHNP, examined, dinal axes, and the epigynal median ®eld at new combination), Haptisus analis Simon, the same level or lower than the posteriorly 1897 (male and female syntypes in MHNP projecting lateral lobes. 11265, examined, new combination), Hapti- DESCRIPTION: Carapace narrowed in front, sus maurus Simon, 1897 (penultimate female posterior eye row variable, ocular area not holotype in MHNP 17554, examined, new projecting. Chelicerae unmodi®ed, slightly combination), Olbus gounellei Simon, 1897 smaller in males, with three teeth on pro- (male and female syntypes should be in margin, two on retromargin, occasionally MHNP 8166, not found, examined by Ko- four promarginal, three retromarginal. Ante- chalka [1980], new combination), Tomopis- rior legs with unmodi®ed spines, more spi- thes chazaliae Simon, 1897, new combina- nose in males. Male palp with ventral apical tion (three females syntypes in MHNP femoral apophysis, hook-shaped; tibia short, 18296, B.1811, examined by Kochalka RTA absent. Cymbium large. Tegulum [1980], belonging to two different species of placed basally and prolaterally in cymbium, Josa; the types were not found in subsequent median apophysis wide, apical, bi®d. Ante- years; the very super®cial description [Si- rior dorsal margin of tegulum with dorsal mon, 1897c] and the type locality [Colombia, lobe, sperm duct without anterior dorsal Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta] are compati- loop. Primary conductor fused to tegulum, ble with the genus). without canal. Secondary conductor extreme- NOMEN DUBIUM: Clubiona nigricans Nic- ly modi®ed, semicircular, not associated with olet, 1849 (male and female syntypes from embolus when unexpanded (®g. 54A, B). Chile, Valdivia, presumably in MHNP, not Paramedian apophysis with shallow cusps, found; transferred to Haptisus by Simon, fused to tegulum. Embolus long, hidden be- 1897a: 100). The reference to the elongate tween cymbium and bulb, with complex bas- abdomen (Nicolet, 1849: 447) suggests that al process (®g. 54B). Epigyne variable, me- this species might actually belong to Acan- dian ®eld mostly visible in posterior view thoceto, Aysenia,orAysenoides. (®g. 54C, D), copulatory openings in epigastric furrow. Lateral lobes with posterior de- Josa lutea (Keyserling), pressions, slightly projecting posteriorly, lim- new combination iting commonly narrow notch. Copulatory Figure 55 ducts long, coiled along longitudinal axes. DISTRIBUTION: South and Central America, Anyphaena citrina: L. Koch, 1866: 194, 199 with most species occurring in Andean cloud (many specimens from Colombia, Santa Fe de forests and paramos. BogotaÂ, in BMNH, examined, misidenti®cation). COMPOSITION: The genus is extremely di- Tetromma luteum Keyserling, 1878: 608 (female verse, with most species being still unde- holotype from Nueva Granada [Colombia], in scribed and undersampled in collections. The BMNH, examined by John Murphy, in litt.). morphology of the male copulatory bulb is Anyphaena pilosa Keyserling, 1880: 327 (male remarkably constant within several clusters and female syntypes, from Nueva Granada [Co- of species, making identi®cation problemat- lombia], in BMNH, examined). NEW SYNONYMY. ic. In addition to the species detailed below: Josa pilosa: Keyserling, 1891: 83. Simon, 1897a: Anyphaena keyserlingi L. Koch, 1866 (sev- 104. eral males, females, and immatures syntypes, Anyphaena nicoleti Simon, 1897a: 92 (name for from Colombia: Santa Fe de BogotaÂ, in the specimens misidenti®ed by L. Koch, 1866 as ``Anyphaena citrina Nicol.?''). BMNH, examined, new combination), Josa Haptisus nicoleti: Simon, 1897a: 92, 95, 100. Ber- bryantae (Caporiacco, 1955), Josa laeta land, 1913: 104. (O.P.-Cambridge, 1896), Olbophthalmus lo- Gayenna riveti Berland, 1913: 100 (female holo- jensis Berland, 1913 (new combination, see type from Ecuador, Borma, 1905, in MHNP, ex- Note under Josa personata), Gayenna an- amined). NEW SYNONYMY. 110 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY NO. 277

Fig. 54. Josa calilegua, n. sp. (Jujuy, Calilegua). A. Male copulatory bulb, ventral-apical view. B. Same, apical view. C. Epigyne, ventral view. D. Same, posterior view. (C2 ϭ secondary conductor; E ϭ embolus; MA ϭ median apophysis; PBE ϭ process on base of embolus.)

Tetromma lutea: Bonnet, 1959: 4364 (emendation Murphy and Norman Platnick, in litt.). It is of T. luteum Keyserling). a teratological female, with only three eyes SYNONYMY: The description by L. Koch (both AME and left ALE). The epigyne is (1866) is headed `Ànyphaena citrina Ni- normal, allowing acceptable identi®cation. col.?'', with a reference to Clubiona citrina The holotype of Gayenna riveti Berland also Nicolet (1849: 433). This is not the descrip- does not show differences in the epigyne. tion of a new species (Bonnet, 1957: 2098; DIAGNOSIS: Very similar to J. riveti in the contra Roewer, 1954: 540). Clubiona citrina epigyne, distinguished by the sinuous poste- Nicolet (see Nomen Dubium under Mona- rior borders of epigynal lateral lobes. pia) was transferred by Simon (1897a: 92) to FEMALE (BogotaÂ, MHNP 3510): Total Gayenna. Simon gave the name Anyphaena length 10.08. Carapace length 3.50, width nicoleti (1897a: 92) to the species that L. 2.83, wider on legs II±III. Length of tibia/ Koch identi®ed as `Ànyphaena citrina Ni- metatarsus: I, 2.25/2.75; II, 2.20/2.05; III, col.?'', and seven lines below named the 1.80/1.90; IV, 2.15/2.32. Chelicerae unmod- same species as Haptisus nicoleti. Hence, the i®ed, with two teeth on retromargin (®g. types of Anyphaena nicoleti Simon, 1897 are 55D). Spines: leg I, femur d 1±1±1, p 0-d1- the specimens identi®ed by L. Koch (1866) (1-d1) or 0-d1-d1; tibia v 2±2±2; metatarsus as `Ànyphaena citrina Nicol.?'' (BogotaÂ, v 2bas. II, femur ϭ I; tibia v 2±2±2, p 0±1; BMNH). I have seen drawings of the holo- metatarsus v 2bas, d p1bas. III, femur d 1± type of Tetromma luteum (thanks to John 1±1, p and r 0-d1-d1; patella rd1; tibia v 2± 2003 RAMIÂREZ: SPIDER SUBFAMILY AMAUROBIOIDINAE 111

Fig. 55. Josa lutea (Keyserling), female. A. Epigyne, ventral view (Colombia, BogotaÂ, MNHP 3510). B. Cleared epigyne, ventral view (Mt. Tungurahua or BanÄos [?], AMNH). C. Same, epigyne, posterior view. D. Mouth parts, ventral view (MHNP 3510). Scale bars ϭ A, B, 0.2 mm; C, D, 0.5 mm.

2±2 or p1±2±2, p and r 1-d1-1-0; metatarsus ducts long, coiled. Ducts of accessory bulbs v 2±0±2, p and r 1-d1±1, d 0-p1±2. IV, fe- long, converging. mur d 1±1±1, p 0-d1-d1, r d1ap; patella r d1; MALE: Unknown. tibia ϭ III; metatarsus v 2±2±2, p and r 1- NATURAL HISTORY: Unknown. d1±1, d 0-p1±2. Abdomen length 6.58, width DISTRIBUTION: Known only from BogotaÂ 4.67, spiracle±epigastrium 2.86, spiracle± and probably from Tungurahua, Ecuador. spinnerets 1.35. Color: carapace grayish with OTHER MATERIAL EXAMINED: COLOM- dark median longitudinal band, slightly dark- BIA: BogotaÂ, no date, no collector, 1& er on cephalic area, ocular area dark gray, (MHNP 3510). ECUADOR: Tungurahua: clypeus with white hairs. Legs gray with dor- (two labels) Mt. Tungurahua or BanÄos (?), sal dark longitudinal stripes as: I and II, tib- 1850 or 3800 m (?), 6.I.1938 or 1.XI.1937 iae d 3±1±1 short; metatarsi d 1±1, basal (?), W.M. Clarke-Macintyre, 1& (AMNH). long. III, IV tibiae d p2-r2-r1 short; metatarsi ϭ I. Abdomen yellowish with grayish dorsal Josa riveti (Berland), pattern, venter with grayish median longitu- new combination dinal band. Epigyne (®g. 55A±C): median Figure 56 ®eld wide, oval in posterior view. Lateral lobes approaching each other, limiting nar- Gayennella riveti Berland, 1913: 100 (female im- row notch between two rounded projections, mature holotype from Ecuador, Borma, El Pe- each with anterior depression. Copulatory lado, G. Rivet, 1905, in MHNP, examined). 112 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY NO. 277

NOTE: Berland (1913: 102) described an tween posterior projections, shallow depres- immature female, and he seemed clear in that sion anterior to each projection of lateral the specimen from El Pelado was the holo- lobes. Copulatory ducts very long, coiled. type (``Je creÂe un genre noveau pour une ar- Ducts of accessory bulbs long, converging. aigneÂe de El Pelado''). He mentioned also MALE (Zumbahua, MACN-Ar 9813): Total one female and an immature male from length 8.40. Carapace length 3.99, width Yana-Urcu (in MHNP, examined). Both vials 2.87. Length of tibia/metatarsus: I, 2.57/2.13; in MHNP are labeled ``Type du genre et de II, 2.50/2.07; III, 2.07/2.17; IV, 2.83/3.17. l'especie''. The present knowledge of the ge- Chelicerae narrower than those of female. nus does not permit the identi®cation of im- Sternum length 2.00, width 1.47. Spines as matures, so I provisionally distinguished the in female, except: leg I, femur r 0 or d1 or species based on the female from Yana-Urcu. 0-d1-d1; tibia v 2±2±2, p 1-d1-1-0, r 1-0-1- DIAGNOSIS: Very similar to J. lutea in the 0 or 1±0; metatarsus p 0 or d1. II, femur p epigyne, distinguished by the slightly curved, 0-d1-d1 or 0-d1±2, r d1 or 0-d1-d1; tibia v almost straight posterior borders of the epi- 2±2±2, p 1-d1-1-0, r 1-0-1-0; metatarsus p ϭ gynal lateral lobes. Males can be distin- I. Abdomen length 4.66, width 2.28, spira- guished from similar Josa species by the cle±epigastrium 1.63, spiracle±spinnerets small apical bifurcation of the conductor. 0.94. Color as in female, often darker, more FEMALE (Zumbahua, MACN-Ar 9813): heavily contrasting. Copulatory bulb (®g. Total length 12.40. Carapace length 5.05, 56A±E): median apophysis wide, with two width 3.46, wider between legs II and III. tips, apical tip with ventral canal. Secondary Length of tibia/metatarsus: I, 2.73/2.27; II, conductor bi®d just at apex. Paramedian 2.73/2.27; III, 2.27/2.53; IV, 3.30/3.78. Pal- apophysis heavily sclerotized, with one pal tarsus length 1.63. Chelicerae with two rounded cusp with sharp border, fused to te- teeth on retromargin (®g. 56F). Sternum (®g. gulum and primary conductor. Embolus very 56G) length 2.50, width 1.83. Spines: leg I, long, apex describing complete loop between femur d 1±1±1, p 2ap; tibia v 0±2±2 or p1± bulb and cymbium. 2±2 or 2±2±2; metatarsus v 2bas. II, femur VARIABILITY: Female spines: III, IV, meta- d 1±1±1, p d1ap; tibia v r1±2±2 or 2±2±2, p tarsus d 0-p1±2. Males from VolcaÂn Chiles 0 or 0±1; metatarsus v 2bas. III, femur d 1± have slightly different MA (compare ®g. 56D 1±1, p and r 0-d1-d1 or p d1-d1-d1; patella and E). d d1; tibia v 2±2±2 (the r1bas smaller), p and NATURAL HISTORY: Unknown. Some spec- r 1-d1-1-0, d r1bas; metatarsus v 2±2±2, p imens were collected under rocks in high- and r d1±1±1, d 0±2±2. IV, femur d 1±1±1, altitude grasslands. p 0-d1-d1, r d1ap; patella r d1; tibia and DISTRIBUTION: Highlands of Ecuador and metatarsus ϭ III. Dorsal long, thin, erect Bolivia. bristles on patellae (d 1±0±1) and tibiae (d OTHER MATERIAL EXAMINED: ECUADOR: r1±0±1). Abdomen length 7.95, width 4.50, Carchi: VolcaÂn Chiles, 0Њ47Ј40ЉN, spiracle±epigastrium 3.60, spiracle±spinner- 77Њ57Ј00ЉW, above Naranjal, paÂramo grass- ets 1.83. Color (from several specimens): land, 4050 m, sample 286 (pitfall), carapace grayish with darker sides, legs gray- 10.VIII.1997, N. Atkins, 1& (UPBS); sample ish, coxae pale, sternum grayish, paler at 285, 1( 1&; sample 284, 0Њ47Ј15ЉN, center, mouthparts dark. Abdomen with pat- 77Њ56Ј45ЉW, 2 (. Cotopaxi: 5 km E Zum- tern of grayish spots on paler background, bahua, W Latacunga, ca. 3500 m, dorsal pattern variable, often with anterior 18.IV.1982, A. Roig, 3& 2( 2 immatures dark bands on cardiac area, one anterior band (MACN-Ar 9813); Lacatunga to Quevedo, at each side, several chevrons extending to 3600 m, 15.VIII.1965, L. PenÄa, 1( (MCZ). spinnerets; venter variable from pale to dark, Pichincha: 10 km E Pifo, 30.VII.1978, A. may have diffuse median longitudinal dark Roig, 1( 4& 1 immature (MACN-Ar); 15 band. Epigyne (®g. 56H±J): median ®eld km E Pifo, grassland with cattle, under wide, sclerotized, trapezoidal in posterior stones, 3.V.1982, A. Roig, 2( 7& 4 imma- view, ventral angles rounded. Lateral lobes tures (MACN-Ar); 22 km E Pifo, 3.V.1982, close to each other, forming narrow notch be- under stones, A. Roig, 5& 1 immature 2003 RAMIÂREZ: SPIDER SUBFAMILY AMAUROBIOIDINAE 113

Fig. 56. Josa riveti (Berland). A. Male copulatory bulb, retrolateral-ventral view (Cotopaxi, Zum- bahua, MACN-Ar 9813). B. Same, partially expanded, retrolateral view. C. Same, embolus. D. Same, median apophysis, ventral-basal view. E. Median apophysis, ventral-basal view (Carchi, VolcaÂn Chiles). F. Female mouth parts, ventral view (syntype). G. Same, sternum and coxae. H. Cleared epigyne, ventral view (MACN-Ar 9813). I. Same, epigyne, ventral view. J. Same, posterior view. Scale bars ϭ A±E, J, 0.5 mm; F, G, 2.42 mm; H, 0.18 mm; I, J, 0.6 mm. (C1 ϭ primary conductor; C2 ϭ secondary conductor; MA ϭ median apophysis; PBE ϭ process on base of embolus; PMA ϭ paramedian apophysis; T ϭ tegulum.) 114 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY NO. 277

(MACN-Ar). BOLIVIA: La Paz: Botijlaca, r1. Metatarsi III, IV with apical bundle of 3600 m, 2.XI.1984, L.E. PenÄa, 1& (AMNH). white hairs on each side. Epigyne (®g. 57C± F) weakly sclerotized, spermathecae visible Josa personata (Simon), through cuticle; two posterior depressions, new combination oriented forward. Lateral lobes separate, lim- Figure 57 iting shallow notch at posterior border of epigyne. Median ®eld wide, oval in posterior Olbus personatus Simon, 1896b: 506 (female ho- view. Copulatory ducts very long, coiled. lotype from Ecuador Meridional, Amazula, Ducts of accessory bulbs long, converging. Gaujon coll., in MHNP 9776, examined), Lumen of spermatheca elongate, coiled along 1897a: 93, 102. Olbophthalmus personatus: Petrunkevitch, 1928: with coils of copulatory duct. Fertilization 173. Simon, 1904: 98. ducts long, also coiled. MALE: Unknown. NOTE: Olbophthalmus lojensis Berland VARIABILITY: Spines: I, femur p 0-1-d1-1 (1913: 104; one female and one male without or 0-1-d1-0. III, tibia p 0±1, r 0±1; metatar- palps syntypes, from Ecuador, Loja, 2200 m, sus p and r d1-1-0-1, d p1±2. in MHNP, examined) may be a junior syno- NATURAL HISTORY: Unknown. nym. Because I have seen other very similar OTHER MATERIAL EXAMINED: ECUADOR: species represented only by small samples, a Loja: Malacatos, 1900 m, 21±22.VIII.1977, synonymy is postponed until more conclu- L. PenÄa, 1& (AMNH). sive evidence is available. DIAGNOSIS: Resembles J. calilegua in hav- Josa calilegua, new species ing a pale body and recurved posterior eye Figures 54, 58 row, but distinguished by having two teeth on the cheliceral retromargin and simple TYPES: Female holotype and male paratype ridges on the epigynal lateral lobes. from Argentina, Jujuy province, Calilegua FEMALE (holotype): Total length 4.73. Car- Natl. Park, 11.3 km from Park entrance, ca. apace length 2.38, width 2.02, wider between 23Њ30ЈS, 64Њ50ЈW, 23±24.IX.1995, M. Ra- legs II and III. Posterior eye row recurved, mõÂrez, P. Goloboff, C. Szumik, deposited in AME larger than ALE (®g. 57A, B). Length MACN-Ar 9814. of tibia/metatarsus: I, 2.08/1.63; II, 2.06/ ETYMOLOGY: The speci®c name is a noun 1.83; III, 1.45/1.45; IV, 1.78/1.70. Chelicerae in apposition taken from the type locality. with two teeth on retromargin. Sternum DIAGNOSIS: Resembles J. personata in length 1.48, width 1.20. Spines: leg I, femur having a pale body and recurved posterior d 1±1±1, p 0±2-d1; tibia v 2±2±0; metatarsus eye row, but distinguished by having three v 2bas. II, femur d 1±1±1, p 0-d1-d1; tibia teeth on the cheliceral retromargin and four and metatarsus ϭ I. III, femur d 1±1±1, p 0- on the promargin, lacking lateral depressions d1-d1, r d1ap; patella 0; tibia v 2±2±2, r d1± anterior of the epigynal lateral lobes, and the 1 or d1±0, d r1bas; metatarsus v 2±0±2, p characteristic shape of the apex of conductor. and r d1±1, d 0±2. IV, femur d 1±1±1, p FEMALE (holotype): Total length 6.25. Pos- d1ap; patella 0; tibia v 2±2±2, p d1(small)- terior eye row recurved. Carapace length 1, r 1-d1-1-0, d r1bas; metatarsus v 2±0±2, 2.80, width 2.17, wider between legs II and p and r d1-1-0-1, d 1±2. Abdomen length III. Length of tibia/metatarsus: I, 1.70/1.57; 2.35, width 1.18, spiracle±epigastrium 1.35, II, 1.67/1.50; III, 1.50/1.47; IV, 1.90/2.03. spiracle±spinnerets 0.60. Color in alcohol: Palpal tarsus length 0.90. Chelicerae unmod- carapace and abdomen yellow, eyes bordered i®ed, with four teeth on promargin, three on black. Chelicerae with anterior face dark retromargin. Sternum length 1.87, width gray, sternum and mouthparts yellow. Legs 1.10. Spines (all tibiae d r1±0±1 bristles): leg yellow with dorsal longitudinal lines dark I, femur d 1±1±1, p 0-d1-1-1, r 0-d1-d1; tibia gray: patellae, d 2bas, short; tibiae, d p2bas v 2±2±2; metatarsus v 2bas. II, femur d 1± extending up to one-third or one-fourth of 1±1, p and r 0-d1-d1; tibia ϭ I (the v p1bas tibial length, d r2bas extending up to one- thinner; one additional spine close to the x- half of tibial length, d 2bas short, d 1, and d r1-x on left leg); metatarsus v 2bas. III, fe- 2003 RAMIÂREZ: SPIDER SUBFAMILY AMAUROBIOIDINAE 115

Fig. 57. Josa personata (Simon). A. Carapace (holotypus). B. Same, anterior view. C. Epigyne, ventral view (holotypus). D. Epigyne, posterior view (Loja, Malacatos). E. Cleared epigyne, vetral view (holotypus). F. Same, cleared, right side, dorsal view. Scale bars ϭ A, 1 mm; B, 0.5 mm; C±F, 0.1 mm. (FD ϭ fertilization duct.) mur ϭ II; tibia v 2±2±2, p 1-d1-1-0 or d1± ular area black, many white hairs on clypeus, 1, r 1-d1-1-0; metatarsus v 2±0±2, p and r margin of carapace, dorsum of coxae, and d1-1-0-1, d 0-p1±2. IV, femur d 1±1±1, p 0- sides of abdomen. Epigyne (®gs. 54C, D, d1-d1, r d1ap; tibia ϭ III; metatarsus v 2-p1± 58C, D): median ®eld wide, oval in posterior 2, p and r d1-1-0-1-0, d p1±2. Color: yellow- view, lateral lobes with oblique posterior ish white, legs darkening distally, abdomen borders, projecting over median ®eld, limit- with white guanine reticulum, less dense ing rectangular notch. Copulatory ducts long, along median lines of dorsum and venter. Oc- coiled, ducts of accessory bulb long, con- 116 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY NO. 277

Fig. 58. Josa calilegua,n.sp.A. Male copulatory bulb, ventral view (paratype). B. Same, apical view. C. Epigyne, ventral view (holotype). D. Same, cleared. Scale bars ϭ 0.2 mm. verging. Lumen of spermatheca irregular, spiracle±epigastrium 0.83, spiracle±spinner- partially coiled along with coils of copula- ets 0.57. Color as in female, but with small tory ducts. Fertilization ducts long. brownish violet spot above anal tubercle. MALE (paratype): Total length 4.90. Cara- Copulatory bulb (®gs. 54A, B, 58A, B): me- pace length 2.37, width 1.93. Length of tibia/ dian apophysis wide, apical tip narrow, basal metatarsus: I, 1.93/1.77; II, 1.90/1.83; III, tip represented only by ridge. Secondary 1.53/1.53; IV, 1.77/2.00. Chelicerae small, conductor bi®d apically, one tip blunt, anoth- vertical. Sternum length 1.30, width 0.93. er long, acute. Paramedian apophysis scler- Spines as in female, except: leg I, tibia v 2± otized, with short, bi®d cusp, fused to tegul- 2±2, p and r 1-d1-1-0, d r1±0±1; metatarsus um, partially separated from conductor base v 2±2±0, p and r d1. II, tibia and metatarsus by small membranous area. Embolus very ϭ I. III, tibia ϭ I. IV, tibia ϭ I. Abdomen long, apex describing complete loop between reduced by starving, length 2.50, width 1.10, bulb and cymbium. 2003 RAMIÂREZ: SPIDER SUBFAMILY AMAUROBIOIDINAE 117

NATURAL HISTORY: Most specimens were men length 3.06, width 1.78, spiracle±epi- collected by beating foliage. gastrium 1.04, spiracle±spinnerets 0.69. Col- DISTRIBUTION: Moderate altitude rainfo- or: pale yelow, carapace with pale brown dif- rests in Argentina, TucumaÂn and Jujuy prov- fuse lateral bands, ocular area black, clypeus inces. with white hairs. Chelicerae dark gray and OTHER MATERIAL EXAMINED: ARGENTI- black, sternum pale, labium dark brown. NA: Jujuy: Same data as types, 2( 4& 2 Abomen with dark brownish violet dorsal immatures (MACN-Ar). TucumaÂn: Horco pattern (®g. 59A), and three posterior black Molle, II.1965, A. Bachmann, 1& (MACN- marks, epigastrium with reddish spots at Ar); Cerro San Javier, 11.II.1951, Ross, 1& sides of epigyne, venter with brownish violet (CAS). band from epigastrium to spinnerets. Epigy- ne (®g. 59C±G) projecting posteriorly, epi- Josa nigrifrons (Simon), gastrium sclerotized in two patches lateral new combination and anterior of epigyne. Epigynal posterior Figures 59, 60 border formed by projecting lateral lobes, Haptisus nigrifrons Simon, 1896b: 505 (male lec- each with depressed area and notch in be- totype and 4 females paralectotypes here des- tween. Median ®eld and copulatory openings ignated, from Venezuela, Aragua, Colonia To- hidden in epigastric fold, visible only after var, in MHNP, examined), 1897a: 92, 100. dissection. Median ®eld ¯attened, sclero- Pelayo insignis Banks, 1909a: 199 (female lec- tized, with two lobes directed backward (®g. totype and male immature paralectotype here 59E±G). Copulatory ducts coiled, most an- designated, from Costa Rica, VolcaÂn PoaÂs, Al- terior loop with ample lumen (probably func- ajuela, J.F. TristaÂn coll., in MCZ, examined). tioning as reservoir), lumen of spermathecae NEW SYNONYMY. tortuous, ducts of accessory bulbs long, slen- Josa insignis: Brescovit, 1993: 129. der, converging. SYNONYMY: The paralectotypes of Hapti- MALE (lectotype): Total length 4.73. Car- sus nigrifrons were compared with the lec- apace length 2.28, width 1.84. Length of tib- totype of Pelayo insignis and with numerous ia/metatarsus: I, 1.55/1.35; II, 1.48/1.32; III, specimens from the same area; no relevant 1.12/1.10; IV, 1.50/1.55. Chelicerae slightly differences were found. narrower than those of female. Spines as in DIAGNOSIS: Easily distinguished from oth- female, except: leg I, femur p d1ap or 2ap, er Josa by the extreme development of the r 0-d1-d1; tibia p and r 1-d1-1-0; metatarsus secondary conductor and by the female epi- v 2±2±0. II, femur p and r 0-d1-d1; tibia p gyne projecting posteriorly, with anterior lat- and r 1-d1-1-0, v r1±2±2; metatarsus v 2±2± eral sclerotizations. 0,pd1,rd1or0.III, femur ϭ II; tibia v FEMALE (paralectotype): Total length 5.27. p1±2±2, r 1-d1-1-0, d r1±0±1; metatarsus d Carapace length 2.24, width 1.62, wider be- 0±2±2. IV, femur ϭ II; tibia ϭ III; metatar- tween legs II and III. Anterior eye row pro- sus v 2-p1±2, d 0±2±2. Abdomen length curved, AME slightly smaller than ALE, 2.45, width 1.43, spiracle±epigastrium 0.86, posterior eye row slightly recurved. Length spiracle±spinnerets 0.61. Color: similar to fe- of tibia/metatarsus: I, 1.10/0.98; II, 1.08/ male, lateral band on carapace sharper, band 0.98; III, 0.88/0.92; IV, 1.22/1.28. Chelicerae on venter narrower, extending anterior of spi- with two teeth on retromargin. Spines: leg I, racle to spinnerets. Palp (®g. 60): median femur d 1±1±1, p 2ap; tibia v 2±2±2; meta- apophysis large, concave. Secondary con- tarsus v 2bas. II, femur d 1±1±1, p 2ap, r ductor very complex, one acute tip bearing d1ap; tibia v r1-r1±2; metatarsus v 2bas. III, canal, other tip bi®d, much more developed, femur d 1±1±1, p 0-d1-d1, r d1ap; patella r plus additional cusp on base. Paramedian d1; tibia v p1-p1±2, p 1-d1-1-0, r d1±1, d apophysis absent, apparently reduced to shal- r1±1 (bristles); metatarsus v 2±0±2, p d1±1± low ridge parallel to tegular margin. Embolus 1, r 0±1±1, d 0-p1±2. IV, femur d 1±1±1, p very long, apex describing complete loop be- and r d1ap; patella r d1; tibia v p1±2±2, p tween bulb and cymbium. and r 1-d1-1-0, d r1±1 (bristles); metatarsus VARIABILITY: Genitalia quite variable. v 2±0±2, p and r d1±1±1, d 0-p1-r1. Abdo- Some females with lobes of epigynal median 118 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY NO. 277

Fig. 59. Josa nigrifrons (Simon). A. Female (paralectotype). B. Male (lectotype). C. Epigyne, ventral view (paralectotype). D. Cleared epigyne, dorsal view (La Paz, Unduavi to Coroico). E±G. Epigyne, dorsal view. E. Loja, Malacatos. F. Unduavi to Coroico. G. PanamaÂ, El VolcaÂn. Scale bars ϭ A, B, 2 mm; C, 0.5 mm; D±G, 0.2 mm.

®eld hardly visible in ventral view (®g. 59E, DISTRIBUTION: Andean rainforests from G). Males with secondary conductor also Costa Rica to Bolivia. variable in details. Some specimens with lon- OTHER MATERIAL EXAMINED: PANAMA: gitudinal black lines on legs, from patella to El VolcaÂn, 12.VIII.1950, A.M. Chickering, metatarsus, similar to those of J. personata. 3( 5& 3 immatures (MCZ); 9±14.VIII.1950, Abdomen may have short dorsal band, an- A.M. Chickering, 14 immatures, 9& 8( 1 terior of chevrons. Abdominal ventral band immature (MCZ), 10.VIII.1950, A.M. Chick- varying in length and width. Female spines: ering, 1& (MCZ). ECUADOR: Loja: Ma- III, tibia v p1±2±2; metatarsus p and r d1± lacatos, 1900 m, 21±22.VIII.1977, L. PenÄa, 1±1, d 0±2±2. IV, metatarsus v 2±2±2, p and 1( 3& 9 immatures (AMNH). Prov. Tun- r d1±1±1, d 0±2±2. Male spines: III, IV, gurahua: BanÄos, 2200 m, 29.IV.1939, W. metatarsus ϭ female. Clarke-Macyntre, 1( (MCZ); Tungurahua, NATURAL HISTORY: Unknown. 2600 m, 6.V.1939, W.M. Clarke-Macintyre, 2003 RAMIÂREZ: SPIDER SUBFAMILY AMAUROBIOIDINAE 119

Fig. 60. Josa nigrifrons (Simon), male palp. A. Ventral view (lectotype). B. Copulatory bulb, expanded (PanamaÂ, El VolcaÂn, 12.VIII.1950). C. Copulatory bulb, apical view (Loja, Malacatos). D. Palp, prolateral view (lectotype). E. Same, retrolateral view. Scale bars ϭ A, 0.2 mm; B±E, 0.5 mm. (C1 ϭ primary conductor; C2 ϭ secondary conductor; DH ϭ distal hematodocha; E ϭ embolus; MA ϭ median apophysis; PBE ϭ process on base of embolus; T ϭ tegulum.) 120 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY NO. 277

TABLE 18 ulatory ducts, and a primary conductor being Synapomorphies of Gayennini and Internal Clades vestigial or absent. DESCRIPTION: Posterior eye row procurved or straight. Chelicerae usually with two teeth on retromargin. Male palp without RTA. Cymbial conductor narrow (®g. 61). Primary conductor reduced to small sclerite, hidden between distal sclerites or absent. Secondary conductor well developed, canal of variable shape (absent in some groups). Median apophysis slender, tip hooked. Paramedian apophysis with distinct, elongate cusp. Em- bolus with short, simple basal process, formed by extension of narrow sclerotized stripe, partially bordered by membranous areas. Epigyne with anterior pouch on median ®eld, lateral lobes usually separate but contiguous or fused to each other in some groups. Spermathecae spherical, outline and lumen well differentiated from those of copulatory ducts. DISTRIBUTION: Mainly South America, but Arachosia extending also to Central and North America. Sanogasta maculatipes probably introduced to Eastern Island. COMPOSITION: Eleven genera, two of them newly proposed here: Arachosia O.P.-Cam- bridge, Araiya, n. gen., Gayenna Nicolet, Gayennoides, n. gen., Monapia Simon, Ox- ysoma Nicolet, Phidyle Simon (here removed from the synonymy of Oxysoma), Philisca Simon, Sanogasta Mello-LeitaÄo, Tasata Si- mon, and Tomopisthes Simon. NOMINA DUBIA: The following species belong to Gayennini, but cannot be assigned with certainty to a genus: Clubiona albiventris Nicolet, 1849 (immature presumably holotype in MHNP 4225, examined); Clubiona gibbosa Nicolet, 1849 (two immature syn- 1( (AMNH). BOLIVIA: La Paz: La Paz, types in MHNP 4233, examined); Clubiona Unduavi to Coroico, yungas, 2500±3200 m, lepida Nicolet, 1849 (small immature pre- 18±22.XI.1984, L. PenÄa, 1& (AMNH). sumably holotype in MHNP 4228, examined); Clubiona puella Nicolet, 1849 (im- TRIBE GAYENNINI, NEW RANK mature presumably holotype in MHNP 4229, Table 18 examined); Clubiona pulchella Nicolet, 1849 TYPE GENUS: Gayenna Nicolet, 1849. (two immatures syntypes in MHNP 4236, NOTE: Gayennini is equivalent to the examined). ``Gayenna-Oxysoma group'' of Kochalka (1980: 36) and RamõÂrez (1995b: 72). GAYENNA NICOLET DIAGNOSIS: Distinguished from Amauro- Table 19 bioidini and Josa by having an anterior epi- Gayenna Nicolet, 1849: 450 (type species by gynal pouch, spherical spermathecae well monotypy Gayenna americana Nicolet, 1849). differentiated from the relatively slender cop- Simon, 1884 and 1887: E24, E26, 1897a: 91, 2003 RAMIÂREZ: SPIDER SUBFAMILY AMAUROBIOIDINAE 121

TABLE 19 COMPOSITION: Only the type species. Autapomorphies of Gayenna americana TYPES NOT EXAMINED: Gayenna brasilien- sis Roewer, 1951 (replacement name for Gayenna alticola Mello-LeitaÄo, 1926, perhaps in MNRJ, not found). Gayenna chry- sophyla Mello-LeitaÄo, 1926 (male and female syntypes not examined, perhaps in MNRJ, not found): a schematic illustration of the epigyne (Mello-LeitaÄo, 1926: ®g. 4) suggests that if may belong in Sanogasta or Arachosia. Gayenna ignava Banks, 1898 (type originally in CAS, lost, C. Griswold, personal commun.; most probably Any- phaeninae) and Gayenna orizaba Banks, 1898 (same as G. ignava). 94, 96, 98±99. Keyserling, 1891: 83, 137. F.O.P.-Cambridge, 1900: 94, 107. Tullgren, 1901: 230, 1902: 58. Banks, 1905: 307, 1907: Gayenna americana Nicolet 723 (Gavenna lapsus). Merian, 1913: 76. Mel- Figures 12, 13E±G, 16, 17, 62, 63, 68A±C lo-LeitaÄo, 1925: 456. Kochalka, 1980: 98±100. Gayenna americana Nicolet, 1849: 450. RamõÂrez RamõÂrez, 1995a: 1, 1997: 177. RamõÂrez and Ko- and Kochalka, 1993: 164. RamõÂrez, 1995a: 366, chalka, 1993: 164. 1997: 177. Mezenia Simon, 1897a: 92, 96, 98, 101. Tullgren, Mezenia dorsalis Simon, 1897a: 101, 1904: 103; 1902: 67. Bonnet, 1957: 2828. Tullgren, 1902: 103; Merian, 1913: 13. Mezenina Strand, 1932: 141 (new name for Mez- Mezenina dorsalis: Strand, 1932:141. enia Simon, 1897, preoccupied by Stuckenberg, 1895). Synonymized by RamõÂrez and Kochalka, DIAGNOSIS: See generic diagnosis. 1993: 164. DESCRIPTION: See RamõÂrez and Kochalka DIAGNOSIS: The single known species is (1993: 164) and generic description. easily distinguished from all other Amauro- VARIABILITY: Female spines: IV, tibia v p1- bioidinae by having a characteristic abdom- p1±2 or p1±2±2; metatarsus v 2-p1±2 or 2± inal pattern (®g. 62A) and by the anterior 2±2, p d1±1±1 or 0-d1±1, r d1±1±1. Male median eyes being much larger than the lat- spines: III, tibia v p1±2±2. eral ones. DISTRIBUTION: Forests in southern Argen- DESCRIPTION: See RamõÂrez and Kochalka tina and Chile. (1993: 164). Additional data: posterior eye NEW RECORDS: ARGENTINA: NeuqueÂn: row procurved. Chelicerae with three teeth Puerto Blest, 7±20.I.2000, L. Lopardo and A. on promargin, two on retromargin. Male palp Quaglino, 15 immatures (MACN-Ar). with short tibia. Copulatory bulb (®g. 63): CHILE: RegioÂn IV (Coquimbo): Choapa: embolus with basal process ¯attened, asso- Los Vilos, Cariloleu, 11.X.1994, L. PenÄa, 1( ciated with distal membranous area. Para- (AMNH). RegioÂn VII (Maule): Talca: Alto median apophysis thick, apex bi®d, with rede Vilches, 17±24.X.1964, L. PenÄa, 3( 3 im- trolateral, short, curved cusp, small pointed matures (MCZ); elev. 1180 m, 35Њ36ЈS, prolateral cusp. Secondary conductor striated 71Њ04ЈW, 14±15.XI.1993, N. Platnick, K. Ca- transversely-obliquely, well separated from tley, M. RamõÂrez, T. Allen, 5( 2& (AMNH), anterior margin of tegulum by membranous 3( (MACN-Ar), 2( (MHNS); Parque Gil de area; retrolateral portion with basal prong; tip Vilches, 7±8.II.1992, M. RamõÂrez, N. Plat- of prolateral portion elongate, acute; canal nick, P. Goloboff, 1& (AMNH). Cauquenes: deep. Primary conductor thick, blunt, heavily Tregualemu, 520 m, 6±7.XI.1993, L. PenÄa sclerotized. Epigyne with lateral lobes close and A. Ugarte, 1& (AMNH). Linares: Bul- to each other, median ®eld very narrow, sep- lileo, Parral, 5±8.XII.1990, L. PenÄa, 1( arated from lateral lobes by shallow sutures. (AMNH); Fundo Malcho, Andes en Parral, Lateral lobes elevated at sides of median 11±20.XI.1964, L. PenÄa, 7( 5& 3 immatures pouch. Copulatory ducts long. (MCZ), 10±11.XI.1993, L. PenÄa, 1( 122 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY NO. 277

Fig. 61. Tip of cymbium of Gayennini, showing cymbial conductor, ventral view. A. Arachosia praesignis (Keyserling) (Buenos Aires, Hudson). B. Sanogasta maculatipes (Keyserling) (Buenos Aires, Atucha). C. Sanogasta maculosa (Nicolet) (Chubut, Lago Futalaufquen). D. Sanogasta backhauseni (Simon) (Santa Cruz, Calafate). E. Sanogasta x-signata (Keyserling) (Santa Fe, Las Gamas). F. Oxysoma punctatum Nicolet (Llanquihue, Alerce Andino). G. Tasata parcepunctata Simon (Buenos Aires, MartõÂn GarcõÂa). H. Philisca huapi, n. sp. (NeuqueÂn, Ortiz Basualdo). 2003 RAMIÂREZ: SPIDER SUBFAMILY AMAUROBIOIDINAE 123

RamõÂrez, N. Platnick, P. Goloboff, 1& (MACN-Ar). Arauco: 2 km S Cruce Camino ColicoÂ Norte, 20.X.1996, T. Cekalovic, 1( (AMNH); 10 km N Curanilahue, 21.XI.1992, T. Cekalovic, 1& (AMNH); Isla Mocha, Quebrada La Hacienda, Sendero TravesõÂa, 3.5 km faro Torrecillas, 16.I.1995, T. and S. Cekalovic, 1& (AMNH). RegioÂn IX: Mal- leco: Monumento Natural Contulmo, 12.I.1989, M. RamõÂrez, 5#h, 1( (MACN-Ar, photo MJR 42, 43 R2), 19±21.XII.1998, M. RamõÂrez, L. Compagnucci, C. Grismado, L. Lopardo, 1& (MHNS); Pata de Gallina, S of Contulmo, 5.I.2001, T. Cekalovic, 1& (AMNH). CautõÂn: Monte Verde, Cavahue, 31.I.1993, L. PenÄa, 1& (AMNH); Conguillio Natl. Park, 23.II.1992, M. RamõÂrez, N. Plat- nick, P. Goloboff, 1& (AMNH); 14 km N Villarrica, elev. 250 m, 39Њ10ЈS, 72Њ12ЈW, 20.XI.1993, N. Platnick, K. Catley, M. Ra- mõÂrez, T. Allen, 1& (AMNH). RegioÂn X (Los Lagos): Valdivia: Las Lajas, W La UnioÂn, 19±20.XI.1990, L. PenÄa, 2( 1& (AMNH); Parque Oncol, road intersection from Renoval Canelos to Los Tepuales, 12.II.2001, T. Cekalovic, 1& (AMNH). Osorno: Puyehue Natl. Park, 10.III.1965, H. Levi, 3 immatures (MCZ); Termas de Puye- hue, 14.III.1965, H. Levi, 4 immatures (MCZ); 12 km SE Aguas Calientes, P. N. Puyehue, elev. 700 m, 21.XI.1993, N. Plat- nick, K. Catley, M, RamõÂrez, T. Allen, 1( 1& (AMNH), 3( (MACN-Ar); Derrumbes road, Aguas Calientes, P. N. Puyehue, elev. 480 m, 40Њ44ЈS, 72Њ18ЈW, 22.XI.1993, N, Fig. 62. Gayenna americana (Nicolet). A. Platnick, K. Catley, M. RamõÂrez, T. Allen, Male (Osorno, Puyehue, photo MJR 1415). B. Fe- 1( (MHNS, photo MJR 1415); Aguas Cal- male retreat (ChiloeÂ, Chepu, photo MJR 463). ientes, 13±17.XII.1998, M. RamõÂrez, L. Compagnucci, C. Grismado, L. Lopardo, 4( (AMNH). RegioÂn VIII (BiobõÂo): NÄ uble: Las 4& 9 immatures (MACN-Ar), 2( 3& Trancas, 1±10.XII.65, L. PenÄa, 4( 1 imma- (MHNS); Bosque del VolcaÂn Osorno, 6 km ture (MCZ); Punta El Zorro, 20.XII.1992, T. N Ensenada, 250 m, 17.III.1965, H. Levi, 2 Cekalovic, 1( (AMNH). ConcepcioÂn: Cerro immatures (MCZ, photographed). Llanqui- Caracol, ConcepcioÂn, elev. 200 m, 36Њ51ЈS, hue: Chamisa, 13.XII.1968, L. PenÄa, 1& 73Њ02ЈW, 17.XI.1993, N. Platnick, K. Catley, (MCZ); Correntoso, XII.1968, L. PenÄa, 1& M. RamõÂrez, T. Allen, 1& (AMNH); Estero (MCZ); El Pangal, Correntoso, 15.XII.1958, NongueÂn, 10.II.1996, 1(, 5.X.1996, 1( 1&, L. PenÄa, 1& (MCZ); Alerce Andino Natl. T. Cekalovic (AMNH); Fundo El Manzano, Park, elev. 100 m, 41Њ35ЈS, 72Њ41ЈW, 7.XI.1992, 2( 2&, 8.XI.1992, 1(, T. Ceka- 23.XI.1993, N. Platnick, K. Catley, M. Ra- lovic (AMNH); Periquillo, 22.XI.1992, 1( mõÂrez, T. Allen, 1( (AMNH), 1( (MACN- 2& 2 immatures, 7.X.1994, 1&, 6.XI.1994, Ar). ChiloeÂ: Isla de ChiloeÂ, Chepu, 1&, T. Cekalovic (AMNH). BiobõÂo: Alto Ca- 21.II.1992, M. RamõÂrez, P. Goloboff, N. Plat- ledonia, 42 km SE Mulchen, 14.II.1992, M. nick, 3& (MACN-Ar), Puente La Caldera, 124 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY NO. 277

Fig. 63. Gayenna americana (Nicolet), male copulatory bulb. A. Ventral view (Osorno, Antillanca). B. Same, retrolateral view. C. Ventral view, partially expanded, embolus removed (NeuqueÂn, PucaraÂ, II.1974). D. Apical view (Malleco, Contulmo, 12.I.1989). Scale bars ϭ 0.2 mm. (C1 ϭ primary conductor; C2 ϭ secondary conductor; MA ϭ median apophysis; PMA ϭ paramedian apophysis.) 2003 RAMIÂREZ: SPIDER SUBFAMILY AMAUROBIOIDINAE 125

TABLE 20 apophysis. Primary conductor super®cial. Synapomorphies of Gayennoides and Terminals Epigyne with lateral lobes separate, median ®eld elevated, with ample anterior pouch. Copulatory ducts heavily sclerotized, relatively thick. DISTRIBUTION: Central Chile. COMPOSITION: Two species newly described below.

Gayennoides molles, new species Figures 64B, 65

TYPES: Female holotype and male paratype from Chile, RegioÂn V, Petorca province, Los Molles, 2 m, under succulent rock cover 6.II.1994, T. Cekalovic, 1& (AMNH); Isla 14 S, 71 30 W, 9.I.1985, Quinchao, Quetro, 19.II.1997, T. Cekalovic, along coast, ca. 32Њ Ј Њ Ј N. Platnick, O. Francke, deposited in 1& (AMNH). AMNH. ETYMOLOGY: The speci®c name is a noun GAYENNOIDES, NEW GENUS in apposition taken from the type locality. Table 20 DIAGNOSIS: Similar to G. losvilos, but dis- TYPE SPECIES: Gayennoides molles, new tinguished by having only two teeth on the species. cheliceral retromargin, and a larger, rectan- ETYMOLOGY: The generic name is a deriv- gular epigynal median ®eld. ative of the close relative Gayenna; gender FEMALE (holotype): Total length 10.65. is masculine. Carapace length 4.05, width 2.93, wider on DIAGNOSIS: Males of Gayennoides resem- legs II±III. Length of tibia/metatarsus: I, ble those of Gayenna, Sanogasta, and Ara- 2.80/2.40; II, 2.63/2.33; III, 2.10/2.27; IV, chosia in having a long, deep canal on the 2.97/3.46. Palpal tarsus length 1.25. Chelic- secondary conductor, arising under the para- erae unmodi®ed, with two teeth on retromar- median apophysis, but the genus can be dis- gin. Sternum length 2.10, width 1.60. Spines: tinguished by having a basal notch on the leg I, femur d 1±1±1, p 2ap; tibia v 2±2±2; retrolateral margin of cymbium (®gs. 65E, metatarsus v 2bas. II, femur d 1±1±1, p 0- 66D). d1-d1; tibia v r1±2±2, p 0±1; metatarsus v DESCRIPTION: Carapace narrowed in front, 2bas. III, femur d 1±1±1, p and r 0-d1-d1; posterior eye row slightly procurved, ocular patella r 1; tibia v p1-p1±2, p 1-d1-1-0, r d1± area not projecting. Chelicerae unmodi®ed, 1, d r1bas; metatarsus v 2±2±2, p and r d1± slightly longer in males, with three teeth on 1±1, d 0-p1±2. IV, femur d 1±1±1, p 0-d1- promargin, two or three on retromargin. An- d1, r d1ap; patella r 1; tibia v p1±2±2, p and terior leg spines unmodi®ed. Male palp with r 1-d1-1-0, d r1bas; metatarsus ϭ III. Ab- elongate tibia. Cymbium with basal notch on domen length 5.72, width 3.05, spiracle±epi- retrolateral margin. Anterior margin of te- gastrium 2.57, spiracle±spinnerets 0.77. Col- gulum compressed over secondary conduc- or (®g. 65A): carapace reddish brown, with tor. Embolus with basal process ¯attened, lateral dark stripes. Chelicerae reddish separated by ample ventral membranous brown. Legs pale grayish, with very dark area. Paramedian apophysis complex, heavi- dots at dorsal and lateral spine bases, some ly sclerotized, with one retrolateral cusp, ad- spots on patellae and tibiae. Sternum grayish, ditional prolateral cusp or ridges. Secondary with tenuous dark spots in front of coxae I± conductor large, striated transversely- III, median dark spot. Abdomen yellow with obliquely, not fused to anterior margin of te- dark spots, anterior half of cardiac area gray, gulum; retrolateral portion with basal prong, two large spots at insertions of posterior dor- apex of prolateral portion prominent, acute; soventral muscles, several median spots ex- canal very deep, arising under paramedian tending extending to anal tubercle. Venter 126 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY NO. 277

Fig. 64. Gayennoides spp. A. G. losvilos, sp. n., female (Elqui, Cruz Grande, photo MJR 1330). B. G. molles, sp. n., male (Petorca, Los Molles, photo MJR 1331). pale with a few dark dots. Epigyne (®g. 65F, rain, 1& (AMNH); 6 km E Paposo, 480 m, G): median ®eld rectangular. Copulatory 12.X.1992, N. Platnick, P. Goloboff, K. Ca- ducts joining at posterior margin. tley, 2( 13& (AMNH), 520 m, 25Њ01ЈS, MALE (paratype): Total length 7.60. Cara- 70Њ27ЈW, N. Platnick, K. Catley, R. Calde- pace length 3.75, width 2.80. Length of tibia/ roÂn, R.T. Allen, 1& (AMNH); Paposo, 54 km metatarsus: I, 3.85/3.35; II, 3.13/2.90; III, N Taltal, II.1957, W. Toodt, 1& (MHNS 2.30/2.50; IV, 3.17/3.53. Sternum length 532); Cerro Moreno, 900 m, 8.IV.1992, H. 2.00, width 1.57. Chelicerae longer than Larrain, 1& (AMNH); Taltal, La Quinta those of female, median promarginal tooth (bajo piedras), 5±7.X.1983, M. Elgueta, 1& quite larger, closer to apical tooth. Spines as (MHNS 766). RegioÂn III (Atacama): ChanÄ- in female, except: leg II, metatarsus p 1±0. aral: N ChanÄaral, 10.X.1992, L. PenÄa, 2( 1 III, tibia v p1±2±2 or p1-p1±2. Abdomen immature (AMNH); Isla de ChanÄaral, ca. 4 length 4.40, width 2.00, spiracle±epigastrium km from coast, 30.X.1980, L. PenÄa, 1( 1.57, spiracle±spinnerets 0.60. Color as in fe- (AMNH); Pan de AzuÂcar, 10±12.X.1992, L. male (®g. 64B). Palp (®g. 65B±E): tibia long, PenÄa, 1& (AMNH), 12.X.1992, L. PenÄa, 2( width/length 0.55, cymbium with conspicu- 1& 1 immature (AMNH). CopiapoÂ: Copia- ous notch at retrolateral basal margin. Cop- poÂ, 6.V.1964, G. Mann F., 1& (MHNS); ulatory bulb: paramedian apophysis with Puerto Viejo, 15±16.X.1992, L. PenÄa, 1( 2& blunt cusp, two ridges at sides. 4 immatures (AMNH), 17.IV.1980, L. PenÄa, NATURAL HISTORY: Many specimens col- 1& (AMNH); Puerto Viejo, S La Caldera, lected under the Crassulaceae lining stones 15±16.X.1992, L. PenÄa, 3( 1& 2 immatures near seashore. (AMNH); E of Puerto Viejo, 9±10.X.1980, DISTRIBUTION: Chilean coast, from Anto- L. PenÄa, 1& 2 immatures (AMNH). RegioÂn fagasta to Quillota provinces. Also collected IV (Coquimbo): Elqui: Choros Bajos, in two noncoastal localities, Cuesta La Dor- 21.X.1992, L. PenÄa, 1& (AMNH); 6 km S mida and Cuesta El MeloÂn, in Region V. This Cruz Grande, 20 m, 7.X.1992, N. Platnick, apparently disjunct distribution is similar to P. Goloboff, K. Catley, 7& (AMNH); that of Acanthoceto ladormida. 6.X.1992, N. Platnick, P. Goloboff, K. Ca- OTHER MATERIAL EXAMINED: CHILE: Re- tley, 5& (AMNH); 9 km S Cruz Grande, gioÂn II (Antofagasta): Antofagasta: Caleta beach, 5 m, 11.XI.1993, 29Њ29ЈS, 71Њ19ЈW, Hueso, W of Taltal, 28.I.1941, Junius Bird, N. Platnick, K. Catley, M. RamõÂrez, T. Allen, 1& 1 immature (AMNH); 4 km N Paposo, 1( 1 immature (AMNH), 1( 1 immature 20±50 m, 11.X.1992, N. Platnick, P. Golo- (MACN-Ar); 16 km S Cruz Grande, 140 m, boff, K. Catley, 9& 2 immatures (AMNH); 7.X.1992, N. Platnick, P. Goloboff, K. Ca- Cerro Moreno, 900 m, 18.IV.1992, H. Lar- tley, 3& (AMNH); Puerto Pichidangui, Isla 2003 RAMIÂREZ: SPIDER SUBFAMILY AMAUROBIOIDINAE 127

Fig. 65. Gayennoides molles, n. sp., female holotype, male paratype. A. Male. B. Male copulatory bulb, ventral view. C. Same, retrolateral view. D. Same, apical view. E. Male palp, retrolateral view. F. Cleared epigyne, ventral view. G. Epigyne, ventral view. Scale bars ϭ A, 1 mm; B±G, 0.2 mm. 128 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY NO. 277 de los Locos, 19.VII.1961, R. Donoso, A.F. loboff, K, Catley, 1( 4& (AMNH); Cuesta Archer, 1& (AMNH); La Serena, 150 m, El MeloÂn, 430 m, 8.XI.1993, 32Њ37ЈS, coastal scrub matorral, 4.XI.1981, N. Plat- 71Њ14ЈW, N. Platnick, K. Catley, M. RamõÂrez, nick, T. Schuh, 1& (AMNH); 19 km N La T. Allen, 1( (AMNH). Quillota: Cuesta La Serena, 150 m, coastal scrub matorral, Dormida (east side), 33Њ04ЈS, 71Њ02ЈW, 750± 1.XI.1980, N. Platnick, T. Schuh, 1& 1000 m, 20.IX.1966, E.I. Schlinger, 1( 2& (AMNH). LimarõÂ: Fray Jorge Natl. Park, (CAS). No Locality: Loc. 280 (presumably 400 m, 3.X.1992, N. Platnick, P. Goloboff, from Chile), L. PenÄa, 1& (IRSN IG 19736). K. Catley, 1& (AMNH); Termas de Socos, 300 m, 2.X.1992, N. Platnick, P. Goloboff, Gayennoides losvilos, new species K. Catley, 1& (AMNH). Choapa: Huente- Figures 64A, 66 lauqueÂn, coastal town, 27.XII.1980, L. PenÄa, 1( 1& (AMNH), 3.X.1990, L. PenÄa, 1& TYPES: Female holotype from Chile, Re- (AMNH); 20 km N La Serena (Rt. 5 km gioÂn IV, Choapa province, 5 km N Los Vilos, 491), 120 m, 7.X.1992, N. Platnick, P. Go- 3 m, under succulent rock cover along cove, loboff, K. Catley, 2( 4& (AMNH); Los Vi- ca. 31Њ55ЈS, 71Њ31ЈW, 5.I.1985, N. Platnick, los, 25.IX.1966, E.I. Schlinger, 1( (CAS); 5 O. Francke, deposited in AMNH. km N Los Vilos, 3 m, under succulent rock ETYMOLOGY: The speci®c name is a noun cover along cove, 5.I.1985, N. Platnick, O. in apposition taken from the type locality. Francke, 3& 5 immatures (AMNH); 19 km DIAGNOSIS: Similar to G. molles, but dis- N Los Vilos, Rt. 5, km 244, 5 m, 9.XI.1993, tinguished by having three teeth on the che- 31Њ45ЈS, 71Њ31ЈW, N. Platnick, K. Catley, M. liceral retromargin, the male palpal cymbium RamõÂrez, T. Allen, 1( 1& (AMNH); Isla de with a marked retrolateral notch, and a small, Los Locos, Pichidangui, 29.IV.1961, R. Don- procurved epigynal median ®eld. oso, 1& 1 immature (AMNH). Coquimbo: FEMALE (holotype): Total length 13.30. Caleta Oscuro, 31Њ26ЈS, 71Њ37ЈW, Carapace length 5.72, width 4.00, wider on 23.IX.1966, E.I. Schlinger, 1( 8& 1 imma- legs II±III. Length of tibia/metatarsus: I, ture (CAS), 2.X.1983, E. Maury, 3& 3.72/3.13; II, 3.46/3.00; III, 2.77/2.90; IV, (MACN-Ar); 5 km S Coquimbo, 30 m, 3.86/4.40. Palpal tarsus length 1.67. Chelic- coastal scrub matorral, 31.X.1981, N. Plat- erae unmodi®ed, with three teeth on retro- nick, T. Schuh, 1( 1 immature (AMNH); margin. Sternum length 2.93, width 2.07. Corral de Julio, Quebrada La Madera, Spines: leg I, femur d 1±1±1, p 2ap; tibia v 3.X.1972, N. Figueroa, 1& (UC); La Herrad- p1±2±2; metatarsus v 2bas. II, femur d 1±1± ura, 80 m, 3.X.1992, N. Platnick, P. Golo- 1, p 0-d1-d1, r d1; tibia v r1±2±2, p 0±1; boff, K. Catley, 1& (AMNH). RegioÂn V metatarsus v 2bas. III, femur d 1±1±1, p and (ValparaõÂso): Petorca: Los Molles, r 0-d1-d1; patella r 1; tibia v p1±2±2, p 1- 3.VII.1975, R. PeÂrez, 1( (UC); Los Molles, d1-1-0, r d1±1, d r1bas; metatarsus v 2±2±2, Rt. 5, km 188, elev. 10 m, 9.XI.1993, p and r d1±1±1, d 0-p1±2. IV, femur d 1±1± 32Њ14ЈS, 71Њ30ЈW, N. Platnick, K. Catley, M. 1, p 0-d1-d1, r d1ap; patella r 1; tibia v p1± RamõÂrez, T. Allen, 1( 2& (AMNH), 2( 1& 2±2, p and r 1-d1-1-0, d r1bas; metatarsus ϭ 1 immature (MACN-Ar), 1( 1& (MHNS, III. Abdomen length 7.70, width 4.40, spi- photos MJR 1331±1332), 2 m, under succu- racle±epigastrium 3.70, spiracle±spinnerets lent rock cover along coast, 9.I.1985, N. Plat- 1.45. Color (®g. 64A): carapace brown, red- nick, O. Francke, 5& 10 immatures dish to cephalic area, with lateral diffuse dark (AMNH); 13 km S Los Molles, 32Њ12ЈS, bands. Chelicerae reddish brown. Legs pale 71Њ27ЈW, beach dunes, 22.IX.1966, E.I. grayish with dark dots at dorsal and lateral Schlinger, 4& 2 immatures, 1& (CAS); Que- spine bases, some spots on patellae and tib- brada del Chivato, 1 km S Los Molles, 10 iae. Sternum grayish, slightly darker on mar- m, 2.X.1992, N. Platnick, P. Goloboff, K. Ca- gins. Abdomen pale gray with dark spots, an- tley, 5& 3 immatures (AMNH), 30.X.1988, terior third of cardiac area gray, posterior P. Goloboff, E. Maury, C. Szumik, 1& 2 im- third pale, rest of dorsum with diffuse pattern matures (MACN-Ar); Quebrada HuaqueÂn, of dark spots. Venter pale with small spots, Pichicuy, 10 m, 2.X.1992, N. Platnick, P. Go- more concentrated on median stripe. Epigyne 2003 RAMIÂREZ: SPIDER SUBFAMILY AMAUROBIOIDINAE 129

Fig. 66. Gayennoides losvilos, n. sp., male from Carrizal Bajo, Huasco, female holotype. A. Male copulatory bulb, ventral view. B. Same, retrolateral view. C. Detail of embolus, ventral-apical view. D. Male palp, retrolateral view. E. Median and paramedian apophyses, retrolateral view. F. Epigyne, ventral view. G. Same, cleared. Scale bars ϭ A, B, F, G, 0.25 mm; C, E, 0.2 mm; D, 0.5 mm. (MA ϭ median apophysis; PBE ϭ process on base of embolus; PMA ϭ paramedian apophysis; T ϭ tegulum.)

(®g. 66F, G): median ®eld elevated, small, MALE (Carrizal Bajo, not type): Total short, with ample anterior pouch of hemi- length 11.15. Carapace length 4.50, width spheric lumen; two diverging ridges anterior 3.50. Length of tibia/metatarsus: I, 4.52/4.00; of and at sides of anterior pouch. Copulatory II, 3.86/3.30; III, 2.83/3.00; IV, regenerated. ducts short. Chelicerae longer than those of female, me- 130 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY NO. 277 dian promarginal tooth quite larger, closer to TABLE 21 apical tooth. Sternum length 2.87, width Synapomorphies of Arachosia 1.83. Spines as in female, except: leg II, fe- and Internal Clades mur p 0-p1±2; tibia v 0±2±2. III, tibia v p1- p1±2 or p1±2±2. IV, right absent, left regenerated, with abnormal spines. Abdomen length 6.12, width 3.33, spiracle±epigastrium 2.90, spiracle±spinnerets 1.07. Color as in female. Palp (®g. 66A±E): tibia long, width/ length 0.48, cymbium with conspicuous notch at retrolateral basal margin, slightly advanced compared to that of G. molles. Cop- ulatory bulb: embolus with basal process conspicuous (®g. 66C). Paramedian apophysis with retrolateral cusp squared, prolateral cusp with ventral peak. Primary conductor low, triangular. NATURAL HISTORY: Collected near seashore, under the Crassulaceae lining stones. DISTRIBUTION: Known only from seashore of Chile, in Huasco, Choapa, and Elqui provinces. OTHER MATERIAL EXAMINED: CHILE: Re- gioÂn III (Atacama): Huasco: N of Carrizal Bajo, 22.X.1980, L. PenÄa, 1( (AMNH). Re- gioÂn IV (Coquimbo): Elqui: 6 km S Cruz Grande, 20 m, beach, 5 m, 11.XI.1993, Gayennina Gertsch, 1935: 21 (type species by 29Њ29ЈS, 71Њ19ЈW, N. Platnick, K. Catley, M. monotypy Gayennina britcheri Gertsch, 1935). RamõÂrez, T. Allen, 1& (AMNH, photos MJR NEW SYNONYMY. 1329±1330); 5 km N Los Vilos, 3 m, under SYNONYMY: The type species of Samuza succulent rock cover along cove, 5.I.1985, N. and Abuzaida are here considered typical Platnick, O. Francke, 3& 1 immature members of Arachosia. Gayennina britcheri (AMNH); 20 km N La Serena (Rt. 5 km is a junior synonym of Oxysoma cubana, 491), 120 m, 7.X.1992, N. Platnick, P. Go- also transferred to Arachosia here. Arachosia loboff, K. Catley, 2& (AMNH). corresponds well with the idea that previous authors had of Oxysoma (Simon, 1897a; ARACHOSIA O.P.-CAMBRIDGE Mello-LeitaÄo, 1922; Barnes, 1953; Platnick, Table 21 1974). Arachosia O.P.-Cambridge, 1882: 425 (type spe- NOTE: Mello-LeitaÄo (1915) seemed to cies by monotypy Arachosia anyphaenoides have committed a lapsus by creating the ge- O.P.-Cambridge, 1882). Keyserling, 1891: 83, nus Eusamuza for Samuza praesignis Key- 126. Simon, 1897a: 92, 94, 96, 98, 100. F.O.P.- serling. Cambridge, 1900: 93. Mello-LeitaÄo, 1922: 22. DIAGNOSIS: Easily distinguished from oth- RamõÂrez, 1995a: 381, 1997: 178. er Amaurobioidinae by having thick, erect Samuza Keyserling, 1891: 83, 134 (type species setae on the anterior lateral spinneret bases Samuza praesignis Keyserling, 1891, designat- (compare ®g. 68A±F) and a tracheal spiracle ed by Petrunkevitch, 1928: 174). NEW SYNONY- relatively advanced. Only some Philisca MY. have similar setae on the spinnerets, but they Abuzaida Keyserling, 1891: 83, 132 (type species Abuzaida striata Keyserling, 1891, designated have a normal, deep anterior epigynal pouch by Simon, 1897a: 104). NEW SYNONYMY. (®g. 94E) instead of the transverse, more su- Eusamuza Mello-LeitaÄo, 1915: 144 (type species per®cial pouch found in Arachosia (®g. 75C, by original designation Samuza praesignis Key- D). serling, 1891). DESCRIPTION: Generally with ¯attened 2003 RAMIÂREZ: SPIDER SUBFAMILY AMAUROBIOIDINAE 131 body, partially covered by whitish hairs (®g. should be 41, examined), Arachosia minensis 67). Legs well scopulate, even on posterior (Mello-LeitaÄo, 1926), Arachosia puta O.P.- tibiae. Carapace narrowed in front, posterior Cambridge, 1892 (female holotype in eye row strongly procurved. Males with BMNH 1901.3.3.325, examined), Gayenna smaller chelicerae, carapace narrower in bonneti Mello-LeitaÄo, 1947 (female holotype front, wider behind, legs more spinose. Che- in MNRJ, examined, new combination), licerae with three teeth on promargin, gen- Gayenna duplovittata Mello-LeitaÄo, 1942 erally two, occasionally three, on retromar- (male immature holotype in MLP 15580, ex- gin. Tracheal spiracle around midpoint be- amined, new combination), Gayenna proseni tween spinnerets and epigastric furrow, may Mello-LeitaÄo, 1944 (female probably holo- be slightly advanced from midpoint, mostly type in MLP 15115, and female probably in males. Base of anterior lateral spinnerets paratype in MNJR, examined, new combi- with thick erect setae. Male palp with short nation), Oxysoma bifasciatum Mello-LeitaÄo, tibia, large cymbium. Embolus thin, basal 1922 (male holotype in MNRJ 662, exam- process ¯attened, weakly sclerotized, asso- ined, new combination), Oxysoma dubium ciated membranous area folded. Paramedian Berland, 1913 (three penultimate syntypes apophysis simple, with small tip close to me- [one male, two females], in MHNP, exam- dian apophysis (®g. 70). Secondary conduc- ined, new combination), Oxysoma polytri- tor large, fused to anterior dorsal margin of chium Mello-LeitaÄo, 1922 (penultimate fe- tegulum, with deep canal arising at base of male holotype, pharate, in MZUSP 541 ex paramedian apophysis. Primary conductor 721, examined, new combination). Many absent or reduced. Epigyne with anterior probable undescribed species similar to A. pouch transverse, M- or inverted U-shaped bergi or A. cubana, some may be intraspe- (®g. 69), with shallow or double lumen. Me- ci®c variants instead. dian ®eld weakly sclerotized behind anterior TYPE NOT EXAMINED: Arachosia sulfurea pouch. Insertions of epigastric muscles de- Mello-LeitaÄo, 1922 (presumably in MNRJ, pressed. Copulatory openings in deep de- not found). pressions, close to epigastric furrow. Copu- latory ducts long, slender, ducts of accessory Arachosia anyphaenoides O.P.-Cambridge bulbs long. Arachosia anyphaenoides O.P.-Cambridge, 1882: NOTE: Mello-LeitaÄo (1922: 18±19) noted 426 (female holotype from Brazil, Amazonas, the thick, erect setae on the anterior lateral Prof. Trail coll., probably in BMNH, not spinnerets of Oxysoma polytrichium, but be- found). Simon, 1897a: 101. Mello-LeitaÄo, 1922: lieved these to be a diagnostic character of 22. this species only, hence its name. NOTE: I could not examine the type, but ISTRIBUTION: South and Central America, D from the illustrations in the original descrip- and Southwestern U.S. tion it is clear that this species is closely re- COMPOSITION: In addition to the species de- lated to (and perhaps a senior synonym of) tailed below: Anyphaena oblonga Keyser- A. honesta Keyserling. ling, 1878 (female holotype from Mexico, Veracruz, in BMNH 1890.7.1.617, exam- Arachosia praesignis (Keyserling), ined, new combination; see also Note under new combination Arachosia cubana), Arachosia albiventris Figures 61A, 67A, 69B, 71, 72 Mello-LeitaÄo, 1922 (7 females and 8 immatures, probably syntypes, of two different Ar- Samuza praesignis Keyserling, 1891: 135 (female achosia species, in MNRJ 674, examined), holotype from Brazil, state of Rio Grande do Arachosia arachosia Mello-LeitaÄo, 1922 Sul, no speci®c locality, V. Ihering coll., in (male probably holotype, in MNRJ 675, BMNH, examined). Gayenna praesignis: Petrunkevitch, 1911: 485. should be 390, examined), Arachosia frei- Mello-LeitaÄo, 1925: 457. Di Caporiacco, 1948: burgensis Keyserling, 1891 (male holotype 678. in BMNH 1890.7.1.406, examined), Aracho- Eusamuza praesignis Mello-LeitaÄo, 1915: 144 sia mezenioides Mello-LeitaÄo, 1922 (two fe- (see Note under Arachosia). males, probably syntypes, in MNRJ 677, Tomopisthes tripunctatus Mello-LeitaÄo, 1945: 265 132 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY NO. 277

Fig. 67. A. Arachosia praesignis (Keyserling), female (Buenos Aires, Capital, photo MJR 354). B. Arachosia bergi (Simon), male from Hudson (photo MJR 257).

(female holotype from Argentina, Corrientes d1)ap; patella r d1; tibia v p1±2±2, p 1-d1± province, Manantiales, no date, ApoÂstol, MLP 1, r d1±1, d r1±1; metatarsus v 2±0±2, p and 16595, examined). NEW SYNONYMY. r d1-d1±1, d 0-p1±2. IV, femur d 1±1±1, p SYNONYMY: The holotypes of the species (1-d1)ap, r d1ap; patella r d1; tibia v p1±2± synonymyzed were compared; no relevant 2, p and r 1-d1±1, d r1±1; metatarsus v 2± differences were found. 2±2 or 2-r1±2, p and r d1-d1±1, d 0-p1±2. DIAGNOSIS: Distinguished from other Ara- Abdomen length 4.12, width 2.43. Spiracle± chosia by the absence of a prolateral projec- epigastrium 1.50, spiracle±spinnerets 1.27. tion on the male secondary conductor (®g. Color: type faded, anterior part of dorsal ab- 71A), the narrow anterior epigynal pouch, dominal stripe remains. In fresh specimens and the characteristic course of the female (®g. 67A), pattern similar to that of male, but copulatory ducts (®g. 71C). paler: lateral stripes on carapace narrow, on FEMALE (holotype): Total length 6.65. Car- abdomen discontinuous; venter pale. Entire apace length 2.67, width 2.00. Chelicerae abdomen with white guanine reticulum. Legs with two teeth on retromargin. Length of tib- yellow with brownish violet dots. Epigyne ia/metatarsus: I, 1.30/1.17; II, 1.28/1.18; III, (®gs. 69B, 71C): anterior pouch transverse, 1.07/1.08; IV, 1.52/1.67. Spines: leg I, femur inverted U-shaped, with double lumen. Cop- d 1±1±1, p 0-d1-(1d1), r 0-d1-d1; tibia v 2± ulatory ducts long, thin, ducts of accessory 2±2, d r1±1 bristles; metatarsus v 2bas. II, bulbs long, parallel. femur ϭ I; tibia v 2±2±2, p 0±1, d r1±1 bris- MALE (Pelotas): Total length 2.70. Cara- tles; metatarsus ϭ I. III, femur ϭ I or p (2- pace wide, globose, with thoracic groove de- 2003 RAMIÂREZ: SPIDER SUBFAMILY AMAUROBIOIDINAE 133

Fig. 68. Setae on ventral face of female anterior lateral spinnerets. A±C. Gayenna americana Nicolet (Malleco, Contulmo). D±F. Arachosia bergi (Simon) (Buenos Aires, Hudson, 13.XI.1988). pressed, length 2.80, width 2.33. Length of ϭ I, but v p1±2±2; metatarsus v 2±2±2. IV, tibia/metatarsus: I, 2.17/1.93; II, 2.03/1.83; femur ϭ I; tibia and metatarsus ϭ III. Ab- III, 1.60/1.47; IV, 2.03/2.13. Chelicerae domen length 3.00, width 1.73, spiracle±epi- small, narrow. Sternum length 1.38, width gastrium 1.27, spiracle±spinnerets 0.77. Col- 1.08. Spines as in female, except: leg I, tibia or: carapace brown with three dark brown p and r 1-d1-1-0, d r1-0-1-0; metatarsus p longitudinal stripes, one median, one on each and r (d1±1)bas, d 0-p1-0-2. II ϭ I. III, tibia margin, ocular area black, with median lon- 134 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY NO. 277

Fig. 69. Arachosia spp., epigyne. A. A. bergi (Simon) (Buenos Aires, Hudson, 13.XI.1988). B. A. praesignis: arrow points to insertions of epigastric muscles (Keyserling) (Buenos Aires, Necochea). gitudinal brown spot. Clipeum with two dark tern on sides, cardiac area, dorsoventral mus- stripes diverging toward chelicerae, and cle insertions, plus several chevrons on pos- white triangle in between. Legs grayish with terior half, ending in spot above anal tuber- dark brown longitudinal lines, spots. Chelic- cle. Venter pale, with diffuse dark band from erae with anterior internal dark spot, extend- spiracle to spinnerets. Palp (®gs. 71A, B, 72): ing up to two-thirds of their length. Coxae, tibia short, as long as wide, cymbium glo- endites, and sternum yellow, labium brown. bose. Embolus thin, basal process ¯attened, Abdomen yellow, with brownish violet pat- weakly sclerotized, associated membranous area extended, folded. Paramedian apophysis simple, straight, parallel to median apophysis. Primary conductor absent. Secondary conductor large, striated obliquely, fused to anterior margin of tegulum; canal conspicuous, arising at base of paramedian apophysis. VARIABILITY: Males can be much darker than females, with entire dorsal and ventral median abdominal bands, and the sternum with dark margins. One specimen from Buen- os Aires is completely brownish violet, with two small white spots at sides of the ocular area, white endites, and yellow pulmonary plates. Spines: tibiae III, IV, v 2±2±2. NATURAL HISTORY: This species builds retreats on foliage, occasionally also under bark. DISTRIBUTION: Southeastern Brazil and northeastern Argentina (in Misiones, Chaco, Corrientes, Entre RõÂos, and Buenos Aires provinces). Fig. 70. Arachosia bergi (Simon), male cop- OTHER MATERIAL EXAMINED: BRASIL: ulatory bulb, apical view: arrow points to prolateral process on secondary conductor (Buenos Ai- Rio de Janeiro: Nova IguacËu, no date, res, Hudson, 13.XI.1988). (E ϭ embolus; MA ϭ Blanc, 4& (MNRJ). Rio Grande do Sul: median apophysis; PMA ϭ paramedian apophy- Cachoeira do Sul, Alto dos Casemiros, sis.) 26.IX.1992, R. Buss, 1& 1 immature (MCTP 2003 RAMIÂREZ: SPIDER SUBFAMILY AMAUROBIOIDINAE 135

Fig. 71. Arachosia praesignis (Keyserling). A. Male palp, ventral view (Entre RõÂos, El Palmar). B. Same, retrolateral view. C. Epigyne, ventral view (holotype). Scale bars ϭ A, B, 0.25 mm; C, 0.2 mm.

3369); Cachoeira do Sul, Cordilheira, Rambo, 1( 12 immatures (MNRJ 41661). 27.VIII.1992, 2( (MCTP 3366), 27.X.1992, ARGENTINA: Misiones: Loreto, no date, 1& penultimate (MCTP 3358), 1( 1& A.A. Ogloblin, 1( (MACN-Ar); IguazuÂ (MCTP 3364), R.G. Buss; Erval Grande, Natl. Park, Cataratas, XI.1989, M. RamõÂrez, I.1994, A. Braul, 1& (MCTP 4484); Pelotas, 1( 1& (MACN-Ar); Puerto Rico, XII.1943, XII.1960, C. Biezanko, 3( 3& 1 immature J.M. Viana, 1 immature (MACN-Ar); Refu- (AMNH); no speci®c locality or date, B. gio PinÄalito, XI.1954, R. Schiapelli and M.E. Galiano, 1& (MACN-Ar); RõÂo UruguaõÂ, km 30, W. Partridge, 1( (MACN-Ar); Ruta Nac. 11 and Arroyo GaruhapeÂ, VII.1980, P. Go- loboff, 1& (MACN-Ar); San Ignacio, 1.IX.1963, M.E. Galiano, 1 immature (MACN-Ar); San Javier, XII.1948, M. Bira- beÂn, 2( 3& (MLP); Santa MarõÂa, IX.1956, J.M. Viana, 2& (MACN-Ar); XII.1947, J.M. Viana, 2( (MACN-Ar 2554). Chaco: Resis- tencia, X.1943, Freiberg, 1& (MACN-Ar). Catamarca: Estancia El Chorro, 20± 31.I.1953, W. Partridge and NuÂnÄez, 1& (MACN-Ar), 1±15.II.1953, W. Partridge and NuÂnÄez, 1& (MACN-Ar). Corrientes: Paso de la Patria, 29.VIII.1963, M.E. Galiano, 1& (MACN-Ar); Santiago Alcorta, VI.1943, M. BirabeÂn, 1& (MACN-Ar). Entre RõÂos: Con- cordia, no date, Hayward, 1& (MACN-Ar); El Palmar Natl. Park, 14.X.1984, M. RamõÂ- rez, 2( 1& penultimate (MACN-Ar); Villa- Fig. 72. Arachosia praesignis (Keyserling), guay, XI.1988, M.E. Galiano, 1& (MACN- male copulatory bulb, apical view (Buenos Aires, Ar); no speci®c locality, 1942, Haedo, 1& Hudson, 12.IX.1984). Scale bar ϭ 0.2 mm. (MACN-Ar). Buenos Aires: Atucha, 136 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY NO. 277

27.VII.1985, P. Goloboff, M. RamõÂrez, 1( 1 Isidro, Punta Chica, 5.XI.1941, A. Prosen, immature (MACN-Ar); Boulogne, X.1938, 2& (MLP); Sierra de la Ventana, Cerro Ne- A. Prosen, 1& (MLP); Capital Federal, gro, 12.IV.1974, Cesari, 1 immature Ciudad de Buenos Aires, IV.1940, F. MonroÂs, (MACN-Ar); Tandil, 1939, S. Holmberg, 2& 1& (MACN-Ar); X.1940, H. Gavio, 1 im- (MACN-Ar 2614); Tigre, I.1938, J.M. Viana, mature (MACN-Ar); I.1952, G. Casal, 4& 1& (MACN-Ar 301). (MACN-Ar), 1.IV.1983, E. Maury, 1& (MACN-Ar), 19.IX.1990, M. RamõÂrez, 1& Arachosia striata (Keyserling), (MACN-Ar, photo MJR 353±357), new combination 15.VIII.1998, M. RamõÂrez, 1( (MACN-Ar); Figure 73 winter 1979, P. Goloboff, 1& (MACN-Ar); Abuzaida striata Keyserling, 1891: 133 (female Caseros, X.1947, no collector, 1& (MACN- lectotype here designated from Brazil, state of Ar 196); Castelli, X.1960, J.M. Viana, 1& Rio de Janeiro, Nova Friburgo, in BMNH, ex- penultimate (MACN-Ar); Delta, Arroyo Car- amined; the immature paralectotype mentioned ancho, 30.XII.1951, A. Bachmann, 1& by Keyserling was not found). Simon, 1897a: (MACN-Ar); Delta del ParanaÂ, 20.XI.1940, 104. J.B. Daguerre, De Carlo, 1& (MACN-Ar Gayenna striata: Mello-LeitaÄo, 1925: 457. 32904); VII.1940, F. MonroÂs, 1& (MACN- DIAGNOSIS: Resembles A. bergi in having Ar); Delta, ParanaÂ de Las Palmas, III.1942, the epigynal median ®eld relatively small H. Hepper, 1 immature (MACN-Ar); Esco- and short, but can be distinguished by having bar, V.1938, A. Prosen, 1( (MLP); EstacioÂn the shorter copulatory ducts. San Alfonso, Pieres, II.1973, Bejarano, 1& FEMALE (lectotype): Total length 5.30. Car- (MACN-Ar); Florencio Varela, F.C.S., apace length 2.17, width 1.60. Length of tib- XII.1939, F. MonroÂs, 1( 1& 1 immature ia/metatarsus: I, 1.12/0.97; II, 1.17/1.00; III, (MACN-Ar); Hudson, 2.X.1984, M. RamõÂ- 1.05/1.05; IV, 1.37/1.63. Chelicerae with rez, 1( (MACN-Ar); Ing. Maschwitz, three teeth on retromargin. Spines: leg I, fe- XI.1941, A. Prosen, 1& (MLP); Isla MartõÂn mur d 1±1±1, p 0-d1±2, r 0-d1-d1; tibia v 2± GarcõÂa, I.1938, J.M. Viana, 1& (MACN-Ar 2±2; metatarsus v 2bas. II ϭ I. III, femur ϭ 326); IV.1938, J.M. Viana, 1 immature I; patella r d1; tibia v p1±2±2, p 1-d1±1, r (MACN-Ar 404), 1940, J.M. Viana, 1& d1±1, d r1±1; metatarsus v 2±0±2, d 0-p1±2, (MACN-Ar); 25.V.1990, M. RamõÂrez, 8 im- p and r d1±1±1. IV, femur ϭ I; patella r d1; matures (MACN-Ar); La Plata, 22.XII.1978, tibia ϭ III; metatarsus v 2-p1±2, d 0-p1±2, p P. Goloboff, 1( (MACN-Ar); no date, Bira- and r d1±1±1. Abdomen length 2.83, width beÂn, 1& (MACN-Ar); Los Talas, XII.1985, 1.67. Spiracle±epigastrium 1.10, spiracle± Scioscia, 1( (MACN-Ar); Mar del Plata, spinnerets 0.80. Color (lectotype faded; from 4.XI.1988, J. Farina, 2& 1 immature MCTP 0481): yellowish brown, with median (MMLS); Necochea, V.1975, Balech, 1& dorsal brown band on carapace and abdo- (MACN-Ar); Reserva Otamendi, men, ocular area darker. Chelicerae brown, 10.VI.1997, M. RamõÂrez, L. Compagnucci, with darker anterior distal area. Sternum with C. Grismado, F. Uehara, 1( penultimate three dark patches in front of coxae I±III. (MACN-Ar); ParanaÂ de Las Palmas, Legs yellow with brown dots, mostly on 17.IX.1963, M.E. Galiano, 1( (MACN-Ar), femora and tibiae. Abdomen with brown A. Bachmann, 1 immature (MACN-Ar); ventral longitudinal band, brown dots on Punta Lara, Ensenada, III.1943, A. Moreno, sides. Epigyne (®g. 73): anterior pouch trans- 1& (MLP), 19.III.1943, 4& (MLP), 1.I.1947, verse, shallow. Copulatory ducts relatively W. Partridge, 1( (MACN-Ar), 16.XI.1947, short, ducts of accessory bulbs long, arched. no collector, 2& (MACN-Ar 198); III.1961, MALE: Unknown. M.E. Galiano, 1& (MACN-Ar); 28.VII.1979, NATURAL HISTORY: Unknown. P. Goloboff, 1& (MACN-Ar); 28.XI.1985, DISTRIBUTION: Only known from the type M.E. Galiano, C. Scioscia, 1( (MACN-Ar), locality. 18.IX.1986, M. RamõÂrez, 1& penultimate OTHER MATERIAL EXAMINED: BRASIL: (MACN-Ar); San Fernando, no date, J.B. Rio Grande do Sul: BarracaÄo, 20.I.1989, F. Daguerre, 1& 1 immature (MACN-Ar); San Franco, 1& (MCTP 0481). 2003 RAMIÂREZ: SPIDER SUBFAMILY AMAUROBIOIDINAE 137

Fig. 73. Arachosia striata (Keyserling). A. Epigyne, ventral view (holotype). B. Same, cleared (Rio Grande do Sul, BarracaÄo). Scale bars ϭ 0.2 mm.

RELATIONSHIPS: This species was not in- lateral projection on the secondary conduc- cluded in the analysis, because males are un- tor. known, and for the remaining characters it is FEMALE (MNRJ 42237): Total length 8.25. practically identical to the other representa- Carapace length 3.23, width 2.57. Chelicerae tives of the genus. The relatively short cop- with three teeth on retromargin (®g. 74E). ulatory ducts (not scored in this analysis) Length of tibia/metatarsus: I, 1.83/1.57; II, suggest a basal position relative to other Ar- 1.86/1.63; III, 1.63/1.60; IV, 2.30/2.43. Pal- achosia. pal tarsus length 1.03. Sternum length 1.67, width 1.27. Spines: leg I, femur d 1±1±1, p Arachosia honesta Keyserling 0-p1±2, r 0-p1-p1; tibia v 2±2±2; metatarsus Figure 74 v 2bas. II, femur ϭ I; tibia v 2±2±2, p 1-0- Arachosia honesta Keyserling, 1891: 127 (female 1-0; metatarsusv2bas,p1or0.III, femur holotype from Brazil, state of Rio Grande do ϭ I; patella r d1; tibia v 2±2±2, p and r 1- Sul, no speci®c locality, in BMNH, examined). d1±1, d r1±1±0; metatarsus v 2±0±2 (right Mello-LeitaÄo, 1922: 22. 2±0±1), p and r d1-1-0-1, d p1±2. IV, femur Oxysoma ramboi Mello-LeitaÄo, 1943c: 238 (fe- ϭ I; patella r d1; tibia ϭ III; metatarsus v 2± male presumably type, from Brazil, Rio Grande 2±2, p and r d1-1-0-1, d p1±2. Abdomen do Sul, B. Rambo coll., in MNRJ 42237, ex- length 4.92, width 2.79. Spiracle±epigastri- amined). NEW SYNONYMY. um 1.33, spiracle±spinnerets 1.73. Color SYNONYMY: According to the original de- (slightly faded): pale brown, carapace and scription, the holotype of Oxysoma ramboi abdomen with dorsal median dark band, mar- should be 41379. In any case, the illustration gins of carapace with dark line. Sternum with of the epigyne (Mello-LeitaÄo, 1943c: ®g. 64) margins dark. Femora with dark dots. Some allows reliable identi®cation. No relevant specimens darker, with dark brown areas at differences were found between the pre- sides of abdomen, median dark band from sumed type of Oxysoma ramboi and the ho- spiracle (or epigastrium) to spinnerets. Epi- lotype of Arachosia honesta. gyne (®g. 74F): median ®eld hourglass- DIAGNOSIS: Distinguished from other Ara- shaped, anterior half larger, wider; anterior chosia by having a large, triangular epigynal pouch wide, transverse, forming cavities at median ®eld and a characteristic course of lateral ends. Epigastric muscle insertions the copulatory ducts. Males have genitalia deeply depressed. Copulatory ducts long, very similar to that of A. bergi, but differ by thin, ducts of accessory bulbs long, parallel. having the AME larger than the ALE, and a MALE (IguazuÂ, MACN-Ar 9823): Total larger paramedian apophysis. Also distin- length 6.90. Carapace globose, thoracic guished from A. praesignis by having a pro- groove on depressed area, length 3.27, width 138 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY NO. 277

Fig. 74. Arachosia honesta Keyserling, male from IguazuÂ, Misiones (MACN-Ar 9823), female presumably type of Oxysoma ramboi Mello-LeitaÄo (MNRJ 42237). A. Male. B. Male copulatory bulb, ventral view. C. Same, retrolateral view. D. Detail of secondary conductor, apical view. E. Female chelicerae, ventral view. F. Epigyne, ventral view. Scale bars ϭ A, 1 mm; B, C, F, 0.25 mm; D, 0.2 mm; E, 0.5 mm. 2003 RAMIÂREZ: SPIDER SUBFAMILY AMAUROBIOIDINAE 139

2.70. Length of tibia/metatarsus: I, 2.30/2.07; bart, 1& 2 immatures (MZUSP 7094); Pir- II, 2.30/2.03; III, missing; IV, 2.43/2.60. assununga, Emas, 2.X.1948, O. Schubart, 2& Chelicerae slightly narrower than those of fe- (MZUSP DZ7594), 15.II.1949, O. Schubart, male. Sternum length 1.63, width 1.27. 1& 2( (MZUSP DZ7595); Onda Verde, Fa- Spines as in female, except: leg I, femur d zenda SaÄo JoaÄo, I.1946, E. Leme, 1& 1±1±1, p 0-d1±2, r 0-d1-d1; patella r d1, d (MZUSP 14053). Rio Grande do Sul: Pin- 1±0±1; tibia v 2±2±2, p and r 1-d1-1-0, d r1- hal, 40 X Ar, I.1949, A. Maller, 1( 0-1-0; metatarsus v 2bas, p and r d1±1±0, d (AMNH). ARGENTINA: Misiones: IguazuÂ 0-p1±2. II, femur ϭ I or r 0-d1±2; patella, Natl. Park, XI.1948, M. BirabeÂn, 1& tibia and metatarsus ϭ I. III absent. IV, fe- (MACN-Ar), X.1985, P. Goloboff, 1& mur, patella, and tibia ϭ I; metatarsus v 2± (MACN-Ar), Cataratas, 30.VIII.1986, M. 2±2, p and r d1±1±1, d 0-p1±2. Abdomen RamõÂrez, 1( (MACN-Ar 9823). Mistaken length 3.59, width 2.13, spiracle±epigastrium Locality: RõÂo Negro, El BolsoÂn, 1965±1966, 0.87, spiracle±spinnerets 1.33. Color: cara- A. KovaÂcs, 1( (AMNH), probably from Ar- pace brown with dark brown stripes (®g. gentina, Misiones province (see Platnick and 74A). Legs grayish, almost totally covered Ewing, 1995: 7). by brownish violet pattern. Abdomen brownish violet, dorsum yellow with median band Arachosia bergi (Simon), brownish violet. Palps pale gray from femur new combination to tibia, endites, labium, and sternum brown- Figures 67B, 68D±F, 69A, 70, 75 ish violet, sternum with median cream patch. Chelicerae dark, with oblique dark band and Phidyle bergi Simon, 1880: 345 (four males and pale apical internal area. Palp (®g. 74B±D): three females probably syntypes, labeled ``mis- tibia short, width/length 0.88, cymbium glo- sion B. Aires, Paraguay'', in MHNP 4013, examined). bose. Embolus thin, basal process ¯attened, Oxysoma bergi: Simon, 1897a: 100. Berland, weakly sclerotized, associated membranous 1913: 103. area ample, folded. Median apophysis short. Paramedian apophysis very short, apex close NOTE: According to the original publica- to tip of median apophysis. Secondary con- tion (Simon, 1880: 346), the type series ductor large, striated obliquely, fused to an- comes from ``territorio des Missions (coll. E. terior margin of tegulum, with conspicuous Simon, recËu du Dr C. Berg)'' and should in- canal, arising at base of paramedian apoph- clude at least one adult male and one pen- ysis; prolateral portion with conspicuous ®n- ultimate female (``epigyne non developeÂe''), ger-shaped apophysis (®g. 74D). Primary which disagrees with the three vials found in conductor absent. MHNP (4013 referred before; 22736 from La VARIABILITY: May have three or two teeth Plata, Silvestri coll., one male; 21201 from on cheliceral retromargin (only one female Buenos Aires, one female, and one female of from SaÄo Paulo MZUSP 10167 with four). A. cf. cubana). The identity of the types is Some males with longer median and para- hence problematic. I decided to identify pro- median apophysis, prolateral projection on visionally as syntypes the sample in MHNP conductor. 4013, which better agree with the type lo- NATURAL HISTORY: This species builds re- cality as was published. It is not clear, how- treats on foliage. ever, that the forms identi®ed here as A. bergi DISTRIBUTION: South and southeastern Bra- are different from A. cubana, because there zil, states of Rio de Janeiro, SaÄo Paulo, and are many specimens with variants of epigyn- Rio Grande do Sul (probably also in ParanaÂ al shapes, including intermediates. Wide var- and Santa Catarina), Mato Grosso, and north- iability is also found in specimens from a eastern Argentina, in Misiones province. single locality. Variability in the male copu- OTHER MATERIAL EXAMINED: BRASIL: latory bulb seems to be even more problem- Mato Grosso: Utiariti, VII.1961, Lenko, 1& atic. Only those specimens most similar to (MZUSP DZ3551). SaÄo Paulo: Cocaia, ®gure 75 are listed below. 25.XII.1949, H. Urban, 1& (MZUSP 10167); DIAGNOSIS: Provisionally distinguished Pirassununga, BaguacËuÂ, 28.V.1949, O. Schu- from the very similar A. cubana by having a 140 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY NO. 277 narrower epigynal median ®eld, and thinner, apophysis very short, base ¯attened, close to shorter paramedian apophysis. A. striata is median apophysis. Primary conductor trian- similar in having a similarly shaped median gular, ¯attened, arising from same sclerotized epigynal ®eld but differs by the course of piece as paramedian apophysis. Secondary copulatory ducts. conductor large, fused to anterior margin of FEMALE (MHNP 4013): Carapace length tegulum, with conspicuous canal arising 3.60, width 2.83. Ocular diameters: AME close to base of paramedian apophysis; pro- 0.13, ALE 0.19, PME 0.15, PLE 0.15. Che- lateral portion with conspicuous ®nger- licerae with two teeth on retromargin. Length shaped apophysis. of tibia/metatarsus: I, 2.37/2.07; II, 2.17/ VARIABILITY: Some females have only 1.97; III, 1.80/1.77; IV, 3.00/3.00. Spines: leg faint sutures between median ®eld and lateral I, femur d 1±1±1, p 2ap, r 0-d1-d1 or d1; lobes, and shallow anterior pouch. The dorsal tibia v 2±2±2, p 1-d1±1; metatarsus v 2bas. band may be solid or double. The posterior II, femur d 1±1±1, p d2ap, r 0-d1-d1; tibia half of abdomen may become gradually ϭ I; metatarsus ϭ I. III, femur ϭ II; patella brown uniform. Some specimens from SaÄo r d1; tibia v p1±2±2 or 2±2±2, p and r 1-d1± Paulo, Botucatu, have median band weakly 1, d r1-(1 bristle); metatarsus v 2±0±2, p and marked. The venter may have a diffuse band. r d1-1-0-1, d 0-p1±2. IV, femur d 1±1±1, p NATURAL HISTORY: Very common in grass- 0-d1-d2 or d2ap, r d1ap; patella r d1; tibia ϭ lands and periodically ¯ooded areas. Females III; metatarsus v 2±2±2 p and r p1-1-0-1, d make retreats on ``serrucheta'' (Eryngium 0-p1±2. Metatarsus III with scopula. Abdo- spp.), the large pampa grass (``cortadera'', men length 6.40, width 2.43. Anterior spin- Cortaderia selloana), or between the leaf ba- nerets with thick setae. Spiracle±epigastrium ses of regular grasses. Occasionally they try 2.07, spiracle±spinnerets 2.40. Color as in to escape collection by diving into the water male. Epigyne (®gs. 69A, 75C, D): anterior accumulated between Eringyum leaves. They pouch transverse, wide, M-shaped. Copula- are exasperatingly fast. tory ducts long, ducts of accessory bulbs DISTRIBUTION: Southeastern Brazil (states long, sinuous. of SaÄo Paulo and Rio Grande do Sul, prob- MALE (MHNP 4013): Carapace length ably also in ParanaÂ and Santa Catarina), Uru- 3.80, width 2.97. Ocular diameters: AME guay, and Northeastern Argentina, extending 0.14, ALE 0.19, PME 0.15, PLE 0.15. Che- up to Buenos Aires province. Sympatric with licerae slightly smaller than those of female. Arachosia cubana (or similar forms). Length of tibia/metatarsus: I. 3.17/3.10; II, OTHER MATERIAL EXAMINED: BRASIL: 2.83/2.77; III, 2.27/2.10; IV, 3.33/3.40. SaÄo Paulo: Botucatu, Distrito Vitoriana, Fa- Spines as in female, except: leg I, femur r 0- zenda Goldfarm C., 5.XI.1987b, I. Rinaldi d1-d1; tibia d r1±1; metatarsus p and r d1-1- and L. Forti, 1& (UNESP); Botucatu, Usina 0-0, d p1±0. II, tibia and metatarsus ϭ I. III, SaÄo Manoel, 10.XII.1986, 1(, 4.VIII.1987b, patella d 1±0±1; tibia ϭ I. IV, femur p d2ap; 1(, 5.XI.1987b, 1(, 6.XI.1986b, 2( 1&,I. patella d 1±0±1; tibia ϭ I. Metatarsus III Rinaldi and L. Forti (UNESP); Botucatu, Fa- with scopula. Abdomen length 5.00, width zenda Nossa Senhora da ConceicËaÄo, ``parte 1.50. Anterior spinnerets with thick setae. aeÂrea de Saccharum of®cinarum'', Spiracle±epigastrium 1.50, spiracle±spinner- 23.IX.1998, L.I. Rinaldi, B. Mendez do P, 1( ets 1.87. Color (®g. 67B): pale brown, legs 1& (UNESP); Botucatu, SõÂtio Novelli, darkening distally, with small darker spots. 9.IX.1987b, 1(, 8.VI.1988b, 2&, I. Rinaldi Dorsal darker band diffuse on carapace, fad- and L. Forti (UNESP); Botucatu, ing on abdomen. Three small brown spots 23.IX.1998, I. Rinaldi, 1( 1& (UNESP). Rio between median band and margins of cara- Grande do Sul: Pelotas, 27.III.1956, C. Bie- pace. Abdomen with dark posterior dots, zanko, 1& (AMNH). URUGUAY: Depar- venter and sternum pale. Palp (®gs. 75A, B, tamento Rocha: Laguna de Castillos, 70): tibia short, width/length 0.81, cymbium 19.V.1993, M. RamõÂrez and F. PeÂrez-Miles, globose. Embolus thin, basal process ¯at- 1& (MACN-Ar). ARGENTINA: Formosa: tened, weakly sclerotized, associated mem- Pilcomayo Natl. Park, Laguna Blanca, branous area ample, folded. Paramedian XI.1990, M. RamõÂrez, 1& (MACN-Ar); 2003 RAMIÂREZ: SPIDER SUBFAMILY AMAUROBIOIDINAE 141

Fig. 75. Arachosia bergi (Simon). A. Male palp, ventral view (Buenos Aires, Atucha, IV.1982). B. Same, retrolateral view. C. Epigyne, ventral view (probably syntype, MHNP 4013). D. Same, cleared. Scale bars ϭ A±C, 0.25 mm; D, 0.2 mm.

Puerto Pilcomayo, V.1943, Fourcade (?), 1& roÂs, 1( (MACN-Ar); ParanaÂ de Las Palmas, (MLP). Corrientes: Arroyo MandisovõÂ 19.XII.1963, A. Bachmann, 1& (MACN-Ar); Grande and Ruta Nac. 14, 15.VII.1985, M. Delta, RõÂo Esperita, X.19?? (illegible), F. RamõÂrez, 2( (MACN-Ar). TucumaÂn: ruta MonroÂs, 1& (MACN-Ar); Delta, RõÂo LujaÂn, 307, 10 km NW El Indio, 24.XI.1994, M. 9.VI.1941, F. MonroÂs, 1( (MACN-Ar); Del- RamõÂrez and P. Goloboff, 1& (MACN-Ar). ta, Tigre, RõÂo LujaÂn and Arroyo GuayracaÂ, Entre RõÂos: Arroyo Brazo Largo, VI.1982, M. RamõÂrez, 1( 1& (MACN-Ar); 16.XI.1979, P. Goloboff, 1( (MACN-Ar). Dique LujaÂn, VI.1938, F. MonroÂs, 1( Buenos Aires: Allen, VIII.1945, Cuccioli, (MACN-Ar); Escobar, 23.VII.1984, M. Ra- 1& (MACN-Ar); Atucha, IV.1982, P. Golo- mõÂrez, 1& (MACN-Ar); Estancia El Tonele- boff, M. RamõÂrez, 1( (MACN-Ar); ro, Pdo. Gral. Lavalle, cerca canal 2, 15± 23.VI.1985, P. Goloboff and M. RamõÂrez, 2( 21.XII.1951, J. Cranwell, 1& (MACN-Ar); (MACN-Ar), 15.IX.1990, M. RamõÂrez, 1& Hudson, VIII.1982, P. Goloboff, M. RamõÂrez, (MACN-Ar); Delta, no date, no collector, 1& 1( 1& (MACN-Ar); IV.1984, M. RamõÂrez, (MACN-Ar 36228); Delta, Abra Vieja, 1( (MACN-Ar); 2.IX.1984, M. RamõÂrez, 1& V.1944, F. MonroÂs, 3& (MACN-Ar); Delta, (MACN-Ar), 13.XI.1988, M. RamõÂrez, 1( Arroyo Carancho, on Eryngium pandanifol- (MACN-Ar, photos MJR 257, 258), 1& ium, 30.XII.1951, A. Bachmann, 1( (MACN-Ar, photos MJR 259, 260), 1& (MACN-Ar); Delta, Arroyo Carreras, (MACN-Ar); Isla Talavera, Las Palmas, VIII.1941, F. MonroÂs, 6( 5& (MACN-Ar FCGM, 2.XI.1980, P. Goloboff, A. Zanetic, 908); Delta, Canal Arias, VI.1941, F. Mon- 1& (MACN-Ar); Magdalena, no date, P. Go- 142 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY NO. 277 loboff, M. RamõÂrez, 1& (MACN-Ar), SANOGASTA MELLO-LEITAÄ O 20.V.1989, M. RamõÂrez, 1& (MACN-Ar, Table 22 photo MJR 287); Otamendi, 5.IX.1980, A. Zanetic, P. Goloboff, 1& (MACN-Ar); Re- Sanogasta Mello-LeitaÄo, 1941a: 177 (type species by original designation Sanogasta intermedia serva Otamendi, 10.VI.1997, M. RamõÂrez, L. Mello-LeitaÄo, 1941). Transferred from the Cor- Compagnucci, C. Grismado, F. Uehara, 1( innidae by RamõÂrez, 1995a: 381, 1997: 178. (MACN-Ar); ParanaÂ de Las Palmas, 7.IV.1963, M.E. Galiano, 1& (MACN-Ar), NOTE: Sanogasta corresponds broadly Punta Lara, Ensenada, 2.VIII.1931, J.B. Da- with the concept that Simon and Tullgren had guerre, 1( (MACN-Ar 27594); 4.XII.1981, of Gayenna and Tomopisthes (RamõÂrez and F. Miranda, M. RamõÂrez, 5& (MACN-Ar); Kochalka, 1993). In this analysis Sanogasta 6.III.1982, F. Miranda, M. RamõÂrez, 1( 1& is paraphyletic in terms of Arachosia, be- (MACN-Ar); RõÂo LujaÂn, estacioÂn F.C.G.M., cause of the placement of S. pehuenche. Be- marsh with ``espadanÄa'', 5.X.1993, M. Ra- cause there are many additional species of mõÂrez and A. PeÂrez, 1& (MACN-Ar); San Sanogasta and Arachosia not included here, Isidro, VI.1962, A. MartõÂnez, 1& (MACN- it seems premature to create a new genus Ar); San Pedro, 2.XI.1991, M. RamõÂrez, 2& only for S. pehuenche, which is instead pro- (MACN-Ar); Tigre, IX.1945, J.M. Viana, 1( visionally placed in Sanogasta. (MACN-Ar); VI.1955, J.M. Viana, 1& DIAGNOSIS: Sanogasta resembles Aracho- (MACN-Ar). sia in having a slender paramedian apophysis associated with the median apophysis (®gs. Arachosia cubana (Banks), 78C, 82A), but it can be distinguished by new combination lacking thick setae on the anterior lateral spinnerets. Oxysoma cubana Banks, 1909b: 157 (male holo- DESCRIPTION: Carapace narrowed in front, type from Cuba, La Habana, in MCZ, exam- posterior eye row slightly procurved or ined). Bryant, 1940: 435. Kaston, 1948: 405. straight. Chelicerae with three teeth on pro- Buchkovich, 1995: 13. Platnick, 1974: 260. Ox- margin (except S. x-signata, with four), two ysoma cubanum: Platnick, 1993: 596 (emen- on retromargin. Males usually with smaller dation of O. cubana Banks). Gayennina britcheri Gertsch, 1935: 21 (female chelicerae, carapace narrower in front and holotype from Woods Hole, Massachusetts, in wider behind. Tracheal spiracle closer to AMNH, examined). Kaston, 1948: 405. Syn- spinnerets than to epigastrium. Male copu- onymized by Barnes, 1953: 18. latory organ with thin embolus bearing small, acute basal process. Median apophysis NOTE: The North American specimens in small, slender, associated with paramedian, AMNH are very similar to Arachosia bergi very short in S. maculatipes and closest rel- as provisionally identi®ed here, differing by atives (clade 167). Paramedian apophysis the wide, V-shaped epigynal median ®eld, with membranous area dividing part or all of and by the larger paramedian apophysis and its base, tip slender. Primary conductor ab- prolateral projection on the secondary con- sent. Secondary conductor not fused to an- ductor (Platnick, 1974: ®gs. 105±109). How- terior dorsal margin of tegulum, with deep, ever, there are many intermediate or slightly long canal arising at base of paramedian different forms, some of them sympatric. In apophysis (except S. pehuenche and S. ap- South America, specimens similar to the Cu- proximata, with canal reduced and secondary ban and North American forms were found conductor fused to tegulum); retrolateral por- in Venezuela, Ecuador, and Peru, and in Ar- tion with basal prong of variable shape. Epi- gentina, from Salta and TucumaÂn provinces, gyne with insertions of epigastric muscles to NeuqueÂn and the coast of Chubut. Any- depressed (except S. pehuenche, S. x-signata, phaena oblonga Keyserling, 1878 has an epi- and S. tenuis). Copulatory openings in deep gyne very similar to that of North American depressions on epigastric fold, ducts of ac- Oxysoma cubana, and hence that name may cessory bulbs very short. turn out to be a senior synonym. DISTRIBUTION: South America. DESCRIPTION: See Platnick (1974). COMPOSITION: In addition to the species de- 2003 RAMIÂREZ: SPIDER SUBFAMILY AMAUROBIOIDINAE 143

TABLE 22 Synapomorphies of Sanogasta and Internal Clades 144 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY NO. 277

tailed below: Gayenna bonariensis Mello- NOTES: The immature specimen of Josa LeitaÄo, 1940 (female holotype in MLP sp. along with the type of A. maculatipes 14400, examined, new combination); Gay- most probably come from another locality, enna paucilineata Mello-LeitaÄo, 1945 (male because there are no records of similar Josa immature holotype in MLP 16.590, exam- species from Uruguay or nearby localities. ined, new combination); Gayenna ru®thorax The limits between S. maculatipes and S. al- Tullgren, 1902 (male holotype in NRS, ex- ticola are problematic and are only provi- amined, new combination). Several probable sionally accounted here. I have seen several undescribed species very similar to S. ma- intermediate forms of male and female gen- culosa, S. maculatipes, S. minuta, and S. italia, as well as diverging forms, differing backhauseni, some of which may be intra- slightly from both species as limited here. speci®c variants instead. The problem of intermediates is less acute NOMINA DUBIA: Anyphaena pampa, Holm- for S. mandibularis, but should be also con- berg 1881: 145 (female holotype from Ar- sidered in a future revision. gentina, Buenos Aires province, near Sierra DIAGNOSIS: Provisionally distinguished de La Ventana, lost). The body pattern and from the very similar S. alticola by having a the simple sketch of the epigyne illustrated less advanced epigynal anterior pouch. Typ- by Holmberg (1881: ®g. 7a, b) are reminis- ical males also have a shorter paramedian cent of Monapia ®erro or M. carolina, but apophysis. the three pairs of ventral spines on tibia I FEMALE (Montevideo, Arroyo Carrasco): differ from the four to six pairs found in Total length 6.00. Carapace length 2.30, those species. Clubiona gemella Nicolet, width 1.73, wider on legs II±III. Length of 1849 (several immatures syntypes from tibia/metatarsus: I, 1.50/1.33; II, 1.50/1.33; Chile, no speci®c locality, in MHNP 4238, III, 1.23/1.33; IV, 1.70/1.97. Palpal tarsus examined, similar to Sanogasta maculosa). length 0.73. Chelicerae with two teeth on retromargin. Sternum length 1.20, width 0.97. Sanogasta maculatipes (Keyserling), Spines: leg I, femur d 1±1±1, 2ap; tibia v 2± new combination 2±2; metatarsus v 2bas. II, femur d 1±1±1, p Figures 61B, 76A, 77E, 78A, B, D, E, 79A, 80A±C, d1ap; tibia v r1±2±2 or 2±2±2, p 0±1; meta- 81D, E tarsus v 2bas, p 1±0. III, femur d 1±1±1, p Anyphaena maculatipes Keyserling, 1878: 603 and r d1ap; patella r d1; tibia v p1±2±2, p 1- (female holotype from Uruguay, in BMNH, ex- 0-1-0 or 0-d1-1-0, r d1±1 or 0±1, d r1±0-(1 amined; also an immature Josa in the same vial, bristle)-0; metatarsus v 2-p1±2 or 2±0±2, p see Note below). and r d1±1±1, d 0-p1±2. IV, femur, patella Anyphaena argentina Holmberg, 1881: 141 (no ϭ III; tibia v p1±2±2, p and r 1-d1-1-0, d r1± type designated, described from two females 0-(1 bristle)-0; metatarsus v 2±2±2, p and r and one immature female from Buenos Aires, d1±1±1, d 0-p1±2. Abdomen length 3.15, Sierra de la Ventana and Rio Colorado, all lost). width 1.60, spiracle±epigastrium 1.03, spi- Synonymized by Mello-LeitaÄo, 1933: 55. racle±spinnerets 0.77. Color: pale grayish, Gayenna maculatipes: Keyserling, 1891: 141. with grayish brown dorsal pattern. Sternum F.O.P.-Cambridge, 1899: 18. Tullgren, 1905: 44. Mello-LeitaÄo, 1925: 456. Berland, 1934: 168. with gray spot in front of coxae I±III, small Gayenna argentina: Simon, 1897a: 91. posterior spot. Epigyne (®gs. 78D, E, 80A± Sanogasta intermedia Mello-LeitaÄo, 1941a: 177 C): opening of anterior pouch facing back- (female holotype from Argentina, La Rioja ward. province, SanÄogasta, II.1939, M. BirabeÂn, in MALE (Montevideo, Arroyo Carrasco): To- MLP 14948, examined; a female without local- tal length 5.30. Carapace length 2.40, width ity, in collection BirabeÂn, labeled ``Sanogasta 1.83. Length of tibia/metatarsus: I, 2.67/2.60; intermedia/Tipi'' in MLP, examined, may be a II, 2.50/2.67; III, 1.83/1.87; IV, 2.27/2.63. paratype). RamõÂrez, 1995a: 366. NEW SYNONY- Chelicerae slightly smaller than those of fe- MY. male. Sternum length 1.30, width 1.10. SYNONYMY: The holotypes of the species Spines as in female, except: leg I, tibia p 1- here synonymized were compared; no rele- 0-1-0 or 0. II, femur p 0-d1-d1; tibia v 2±2± vant differences were found. 2, p 1-0-1-0. III, femur p 0-d1-d1; tibia v 2± 2003 RAMIÂREZ: SPIDER SUBFAMILY AMAUROBIOIDINAE 145

Fig. 76. Sanogasta spp. A. S. maculatipes (Keyserling), male (Buenos Aires, Hudson, photo MJR 263). B±D, Sanogasta maculosa (Nicolet). B. Female (Choapa, Pichidangui, photo MJR 1256). C. Female (Talca, Vilches, photo MJR 770). D. Male (Talca, Vilches, photo MJR 7). E. Sanogasta puma, sp. n., female (Entre RõÂos, Rosario del Tala, photo MJR 62). F. Sanogasta tenuis, sp. n., female holotype (photo MJR 1246).

2±2, p and r 1-d1-1-0; metatarsus v 2±0±2. 78A). Median apophysis vestigial, short. IV, tibia ϭ III. Abdomen length 3.00, width Paramedian apophysis long, thin, base mem- 1.90, spiracle±epigastrium 1.03, spiracle± branous. Secondary conductor large, not spinnerets 0.83. Color as in female (®gs. fused to anterior margin of tegulum (®g. 76A, 77E). Palp (®gs. 78A, B, 81D, E): tibia 78B), with conspicuous canal arising at base width/length 0.56, cymbium relatively large. of paramedian apophysis; retrolateral portion Embolus thin, basal process small, acute (®g. with basal triangular prong. Anterior margin 146 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY NO. 277

Fig. 77. Sanogasta spp. A±D. Sanogasta maculosa (Nicolet). A. Female (Tierra del Fuego, Nueva Her- berton). B. Holotype of Tomopisthes taeniatus. C. Lectotype of Tomopisthes injucundus. D. Male (Lago Futalaufquen, II.1985). E. Sanogasta maculatipes (Keyserling), male (Castillos, Arroyo SarandõÂ del Consejo). F, G. Sanogasta backhauseni (Simon). F. Female holotype. G. Male allotype. Scale bars ϭ 1 mm. 2003 RAMIÂREZ: SPIDER SUBFAMILY AMAUROBIOIDINAE 147

Fig. 78. Sanogasta spp. A, B. S. maculatipes (Keyserling), male copulatory bulb (Buenos Aires, Atucha). A. Ventral view. B. Apical view. C. S. mandibularis, n. sp., median and paramedian apophyses, retrolateral view. D, E. S. maculatipes, epigyne (Buenos Aires, Punta Lara). D. Ventral view. E. Cop- ulatory openings in posterior view. F, G. S. mandibularis, n. sp., epigyne. F. Ventral view. G. Posterior view. (C2 ϭ secondary conductor; E ϭ embolus; MA ϭ median apophysis; PBE ϭ process on base of embolus; PMA ϭ paramedian apophysis; T ϭ tegulum.)

of tegulum compressed over base of second- primordium in penultimate females (®g. ary conductor. 79A) has traces of anterior pouch, of depres- DEVELOPMENT: The development of the sions of copulatory openings, and (presum- epigyne is similar to that of other Amauro- ably) of spermathecae. bioidinae (see Tomopisthes horrendus). The NATURAL HISTORY: This species builds re- 148 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY NO. 277

Fig. 79. Primordium of epigyne of penultimate females, Sanogasta spp. A. S. maculatipes (Keyser- ling), ventral-posterior view. B. S. maculosa (Nicolet), posterior view (Chubut, NÄ orquinco).

treats on foliage, grasses, and occasionally 4100±4200 m, 10.X.1953, Forster and on ``serruchetas'' (Eryngium spp.) and under Schlinger, 3& (AMNH). La Paz: carretera bark. La Paz-Sorata, 1400 m, 25.IV.1972, Bordon, DISTRIBUTION: Peru, northern Chile, Boliv- 1& (MACN-Ar); La Cumbre, 4800 m, ia, southern Brazil, Uruguay, and Argentina. 20.IX.1988, V. and B. Roth, 1& (CAS); La Also found in Eastern Island (Baert et al., Paz, suelo, 4550 m, VIII.1993, A. Brescovit, 1997), where it was most probably intro- 3& (MACN-Ar, thanks to A. Brescovit); 65 duced by human activity. km NE La Paz, Altiplano, nr. Juana de PotosõÂ VARIABILITY: Specimens with four teeth on Mt., 14,500 ft, under ¯at rock, 10.II.1959, R. cheliceral promargin, or three on retromar- Walsh, 2& (AMNH); Tiahuanaco, 10± gin, are extremely rare. Most females lack 13.VI.1960, B. Malkin, 2& (AMNH). Local- the prolateral spine on metatarsus II. ity Not Found: Chacaltaya, 4700 m, from OTHER MATERIAL EXAMINED: PERU: Apu- small ®eld, 24±25.IV.1954, Forster and rimac: 37 km S Andahuaylas, 6.III.1951, Schlinger, 1& (AMNH). BRASIL: Santa Ross and Michelbacher, 1( 4& (CAS); 47 Catarina: Curitibanos, Est. Campos Novos, km N Andahuaylas, 7.III.1951, Ross and 12.V.1967, P. Biasi, 1& (MZUSP 7032). Rio Michelbacher, 2& (CAS). Arequipa: 100 km Grande do Sul: Santa VitoÂria do Palmar, Es- NE Arequipa, 4500 m, 14.X.1983, E. Maury, tacËaÄo EcoloÂgica do Taim, 12.IX.1991, A. 4& (MACN-Ar), A. Roig, 1& (MACN-Ar); Lise, 1( 1& (MCTP 0993). URUGUAY: 150 km W Arequipa, 14.X.1983, A. Roig, Departamento Minas: Lavalleja, Cerro Pen- 7& (MACN-Ar); 170 km NE Arequipa, 4300 itente, under stones, 10.XII.1967, P.R. San m, 15.X.1983, E. Maury, 4& (MACN-Ar); MartõÂn, 1& (MCZ). Departamento Rocha: San Ignacio, Cailloma, 1.IX.1939, K. Arroyo SarandõÂ del Consejo, ruta 9 km 251, Schmidt, 1( 1& (AMNH). Puno: 15 km W 18.V.1993, M. RamõÂrez and F. PeÂrez Miles, ManÄazo, 4100 m, 15.X.1983, A. Roig, 1& 2( (MACN-Ar); Laguna de Castillos, (MACN-Ar). Localities Not Found: Maso- 19.V.1993, M. RamõÂrez and F. PeÂrez-Miles, cruz, 3800 m, 17.XII.1955, L. PenÄa, 6& 1& (MACN-Ar). Departamento Maldona- (IRSN IG 20275); PeruÂ, no speci®c locality, do: Punta Ballenas, 29±30.VIII.1980, P. Go- L. PenÄa, 2& (IG 20651). BOLIVIA: Cocha- loboff, 1& (MACN-Ar). Departamento bamba: Colomi, 21.X.1983, E. Maury, 1& Montevideo: Montevideo, calle Durazno y (MACN-Ar); E of Cumbre Pass, Coroico Acevedo, VI.1964, R. Capocasale and L. Road, 17.VII.1960, B. Malkin, 1& (AMNH); Bruno, 1( 1& (CAS); Montevideo, Arroyo road to Illimani, 3700±4000 m, 25.XII.1975, Carrasco, 20.VIII.1961, R. Capocasale and L. PenÄa (AMNH); Tunari, nr. 1 and 2, lake, L. Bruno, 1( 6& (CAS); Montevideo, no 2003 RAMIÂREZ: SPIDER SUBFAMILY AMAUROBIOIDINAE 149

Fig. 80. Epigyne and spermathecae of Sanogasta spp. A±C. Sanogasta maculatipes (Keyserling). A. Ventral view (Buenos Aires, San Isidro). B. Ventral view (Uruguay, Castillos). C. Same, cleared. D, E. S. alticola (Simon). D. Ventral view (Bolivia, La Paz). E. Same, cleared. F, G. S. mandibularis,n. sp. (paratype). F. Ventral view. G. Cleared, dorsal view. Scale bars ϭ 0.2 mm.

date, no collector, 1& (MNRJ 14129). AR- Viana, 4& (MACN-Ar 2943); I.1946, GENTINA: Jujuy: Cachinoca, I.1966, E. Schaeffer, 2& (MLP); El Rodeo, I.1957, Maury, 2& (MACN-Ar 1034); Humahuaca, M.E. Galiano, 1& (MACN-Ar), 11.XII.1951, 20±21.I.1985, E. Maury, 1( (MACN-Ar); 1& (MLP); Est. Grande, II.1946, M. Vignal- Fraile Pintado, X.1967, E. Maury, 2& li, 1& (MLP); Quebrada La CeÂbila, (MACN-Ar 6033); Laguna de Yala, I.1966, 21.X.1963, M.E. Galiano, 1( (MACN-Ar); E. Maury, 1& (MACN-Ar); Mina El Aguilar, Santa MarõÂa, 18.XII.1994, C. Grismado, 1( Tres Cruces, 16.I.1942, M. BirabeÂn and 1& (MACN-Ar). La Rioja: Ascha, Amino- Scott, 1& (MLP); Tilcara, II.1981, P. Golo- gasta, 1947, CaÂceres Freyre, 1& (MACN- boff, 1( (MACN-Ar). Salta: Iruya, Ar); B. Famatina, Chilecito, II.1953, M.E. 29.XI.1981, E. Maury, 1& (MACN-Ar); La- Galiano, 1& (MACN-Ar). Santiago del Es- guna Brealito, 15 km W SeclantaÂs, 29.I.1981, tero: Capital, 4.VI.1963, Havrylenko, 1& E. Maury, 1& (MACN-Ar); Rosario de la (MACN-Ar); Colonia Dora, VIII.1940, 1& Frontera, X.1986, O. Donado, 1( (MACN- (MACN-Ar 1769). CoÂrdoba: ArguÈello, Ar); San Bernardo, San Lorenzo, 25± XII.1945, J.A. de Carlo, 1( (MACN-Ar 31.V.1933, J.B. Daguerre, 3& (MACN-Ar). 1947), 1& (MACN-Ar 1948); Calamuchita, Misiones: FracraÂn, 23.XI.1948, M. BirabeÂn, Sierras Grandes, X.1970, J.M. Viana, 1& 1& (MLP); Santa MarõÂa, XII.1947, J.M. Vi- (MACN-Ar); CosquõÂn, 31.X.1898, ЉNo. fras- ana, 1( (MACN-Ar). TucumaÂn: ruta 40 km co 4513'', no collector, 1( (MACN-Ar); De- 999, Quilmes, 9.I.1995, P.A. Goloboff, 1( partamento San Javier, II.1943, H. Gario and (IML). Catamarca: Capital, VII.1949, J.M. R. Maniglia, 1& (MACN-Ar); La Falda, un- 150 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY NO. 277

Fig. 81. A±C. Sanogasta alticola (Simon). A. Male palp, retrolateral view (La Paz). B. Copulatory bulb, retrolateral view (PeruÂ, Cuzco). C. Secondary conductor and embolus, ventral view (Bolovia, La Paz). D, E. Sanogasta maculatipes (Keyserling) (Castillos, Arroyo SarandõÂ del Consejo). D. Copulatory bulb, retrolateral view. E. Ventral view of palp. F, G. Sanogasta mandibularis,n.sp.F. Copulatory bulb, retrolateral view (Buenos Aires, San Pedro). G. Chelicerae, ventral view (paratype). Scale bars ϭ 0.2 mm. 2003 RAMIÂREZ: SPIDER SUBFAMILY AMAUROBIOIDINAE 151 der stones, 23.VIII.1922, A. Frers, 1( Ar); Tandil, excursion J.M. Viana, 2& (MACN-Ar). San Juan: Paso Agua Negra, (MACN-Ar). NeuqueÂn: Laguna Blanca Natl. ca. 3500 m, 1±2.I.1982, A. Roig, 2( 2& Park, I.1975, E. Maury, 1& (MACN-Ar); (MACN-Ar). San Luis: Carolina, IX.1970, Piedra Pintada, II.1941, R. Maldonado, 1& J.M. Viana and Williner, 1( 2& (MACN- (MLP); RõÂo Limay, Arroyito (12), Ar); Cacheuta, X.1965, E. Maury, 1& 16.XII.1978, MisioÂn CientõÂ®ca Danesa, 1& (MACN-Ar); Papagallos, 9.XI.1982, E. (ZMK); San MartõÂn de los Andes, 3± Maury, 1( 1& (MACN-Ar). Santa Fe: Co- 6.I.1964, no collector, 1& (MACN-Ar); Sen- lonia Macias, Departamento Garay, XI.1942, illosa, I±II.1973, O. de Ferrariis, 1& J.M. Viana, 1& (MACN-Ar 1400); El Toba, (MACN-Ar). RõÂo Negro: San Carlos de Bar- X.1967, M.E. Galiano, 1& (MACN-Ar). En- iloche, II.1954, M.E. Galiano, 1& (MACN- tre RõÂos: El Palmar Natl. Park, XI.1988, Ar), 1( (MACN-Ar 5413); Coronel GoÂmez, M.E. Galiano, 1& (MACN-Ar); Ibicuicito, IV.1948, A. Ibarra Grasso, 1( (MACN-Ar); 1938, F. Castillo, 3& (MACN-Ar); Rosario Gral. Roca, I.1962, A. Bachmann, 1( del Tala, 20.XI.1988, M. RamõÂrez, 1& (MACN-Ar); X.1963, A. Bachmann, 1& (MACN-Ar). Buenos Aires: Atucha, (MACN-Ar). Chubut: El Hoyo, 1.I.1962, A. 27.VII.1985, P. Goloboff, M. RamõÂrez, 3( KovaÂcs, 1& (AMNH); EpuyeÂn, 42Њ15ЈS, (MACN-Ar), 10.V.1987, M. RamõÂrez, 1( 71Њ23ЈW, A. KovaÂcs, 1( 1& (AMNH); Lan- (MACN-Ar); 8.IX.1989, M. RamõÂrez, 1& guineo, Estancia Manantiales, 6±10.XI.1985, (MACN-Ar); BahõÂa Blanca, II.1942, S. Mon- L. PenÄa, 1& (AMNH); Los Cipreses, roÂs, 1& (MACN-Ar 1173); Boulogne, XI.1982, M. RamõÂrez, 1& (MACN-Ar); Lago X.1938, A. Prosen, 2( 13& (MLP); many Puelo Natl. Park, 10.XI.1969, A. KovaÂcs, 1( specimens from around Buenos Aires city, in (AMNH); Viedma, 16.II.1948, M. BirabeÂn, MACN-Ar; Capilla del SenÄor, 23.I.1942, A. 2( 3& (MLP). Santa Cruz: Calafate, Prosen, 1& (MLP); Castelli, X.1960, J.M. II.1963, E. Maury, 1& (MACN-Ar); Los Viana, 1 1 (MACN-Ar 5155); Chasco- ( & Cerros, Tres Lagos, IV.1949, Waring, 1&,1( muÂs, 16.XII.1984, M. RamõÂrez and C. Scios- 2& (MLP); 9.III.1948, M. BirabeÂn, 5( 2& cia, 3( 7& (MACN-Ar), 19.X.1947, N91a, (MLP). CHILE: RegioÂn I (TarapacaÂ): Tar- no collector, 2( 2&,2& penultimates apacaÂ: ChaquinÄa, 3700±4000 m, L. PenÄa, (MACN-Ar); Escobar, 1938, A. Prosen, 2( 10& (IRSN IG19736). RegioÂn II (Antofa- 5& (MLP); Estancia El Tonelero, Pdo. Gral. gasta): El Loa: Calama, RõÂo Loa, La Cas- Lavalle, cerca canal 2, 15±21.XII.1951, J. Cranwell, 1& (MACN-Ar); Ing. Maschwitz, cada, 10.I.1984, G. Arriagada, 1& (MHNS XI.1941, A. Prosen, 1& (MLP); Isla MartõÂn 910); Calama, Vegas del RõÂo Loa, Fundo GarcõÂa, 25.V.1990, M. RamõÂrez, 1( 1& Soto, 10.VIII.1972, no collector, 4( 12& (MACN-Ar); La Plata, 1942, 1( 5& (MLP); (UC); CautõÂn, N San Pedro de Atacama, 15 km W LoberõÂa, 4.IX.1972, 1( (MACN- 3300 m, 23±31.VIII.1982, L. PenÄa, 2& Ar); Los MeÂdanos, energõÂa, 8.IV.65, J.M. (AMNH); San Pedro de Atacama, 23.VIII± Gallardo and E. Maury, 5( 1& (MACN-Ar); 6.IX.1982, L. PenÄa, 3& (AMNH). EASTER Magdalena, 13±14.VIII.1983, P. Goloboff ISLAND: Specimens reported by Baert et al. and M. RamõÂrez, 1& (MACN-Ar); Mar del (1997) were identi®ed by myself from draw- Plata, 20.II.1985, M. RamõÂrez, 1& (MACN- ings (Pekka Lehtinen, in litt.). Ar); ParanaÂ de Las Palmas, 17.IX.1963, M.E. NOTE: F.O.P.-Cambridge recorded this spe- Galiano, 1( (MACN-Ar); Punta Lara, En- cies from the Juan FernaÂndez Islands (1(, senada, 28.XI.1985, M.E. Galiano, C. Scios- 1& immature, Dr. Plate coll., not seen), incia, 3& (MACN-Ar); III.1943, A. Moreno, dicating that he could not ®nd any difference 3( 4& (MLP), 15.XII.1943, 2& (MLP); with the type of Gayenna maculatipes, ex- QuequeÂn, II.1960, M. BirabeÂn, 2& (MACN- cept that the specimens from the Juan Fer- Ar); San Isidro, Punta Chica, 5.XI.1941, A. naÂndez are larger. This identi®cation is not Prosen, 4& (MLP); Sierra de la Ventana, very reliable, though. The type of G. macu- Prov. Park E. Tornquist, Cerro Negro, latipes is a female, and in those islands S. 12.IV.1974, Cesari, 7( 4& (MACN-Ar), 18± maculosa is commonly found, a species very 20.IX.1982, M. RamõÂrez, 3( 1& (MACN- similar to S. maculatipes, which is larger on 152 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY NO. 277 the Juan FernaÂndez Islands than on the main- tarsus v 2-p1±2. IV, tibia ϭ III. Abdomen land. length 3.30, width 2.00, spiracle±epigastrium 1.37, spiracle±spinnerets 0.83. Color as in fe- Sanogasta alticola (Simon), male. Palp (®g. 81A±C): very similar to that new combination of S. maculatipes, often with longer para- Figures 80D, E, 81A±C median apophysis. Tibia long, width/length Gayenna alticola Simon, 1896c: 400 (female lec- 0.42, cymbium large. Secondary conductor totype from Bolivia, La Paz, Garlepp coll., and partially fused to anterior margin of tegulum; male paralectotype [Meriola cetiformis, mis- retrolateral portion with basal rounded pro- identi®cation], designated by Platnick and Ew- jection. ing, 1995: 15; in MHNP 17942, examined), VARIABILITY: Some females lack the pro- 1897a: 91, 99. lateral spine on metatarsus II. Spines: meta- Gayenna monticola Chamberlin, 1916: 267 (fe- tarsus III, v 2±2±2. Male, spines: III, tibia v male holotype from Peru, Cuzco, 11,500 ft, July 1911, Yale Peruvian Expedition, under stones, 2±2±2. in MCZ 256, examined). NEW SYNONYMY. NATURAL HISTORY: Unknown. DISTRIBUTION: Puna highlands in Peru, Bo- NOTE: The distinction between this species livia, and Argentina. and S. maculatipes is problematic (see note OTHER MATERIAL EXAMINED: PERU: Cuz- under S. maculatipes). co: Cuzco, VIII, no date, Wunderlich, 3( 2& DIAGNOSIS: Provisionally distinguished (AMNH), 7±8.VI.1964, B. Malkin, 2& from the very similar S. maculatipes by hav- (AMNH); Urubamba, under stone, I. 1965, F. ing the epigynal anterior pouch more ad- Carrasco, 1& (MCZ). Huancavelica: Huan- vanced (®g. 80D). Typical males also have a cavelica, 10.VIII.19??, 1& (sitio 30, IRSN longer paramedian apophysis (®g. 81B). IG 25518); nr. NinÄobamba, 3500 m, 2& (sitio FEMALE (lectotype): Total length 6.30. Car- 36, IRSN IG 25518). Puno: 20 mi N Desa- apace length 2.52, width 1.78, wider on legs guadero, 27.II.1951, 1&, 28.II.1951, 1(, II±III. Length of tibia/metatarsus: I, 1.49/ Ross and Michelbacher (CAS). PeruÂ, no spe- 1.34; II, 1.49/1.32; III, 1.25/1.30; IV, 1.62/ ci®c locality, 42, 1& (IRSN IG 25518). BO- 2.18. Chelicerae unmodi®ed, with two teeth LIVIA: Cochabamba: 30 mi N PotosõÂ, on retromargin. Spines: leg I, femur d 1±1± 22.II.1951, Ross and Michelbacher, 1( 1& 1, p 2ap; tibia v 2±2-p1 (most females with (CAS). La Paz: Apacheta, Cuyu-Cuyu, E Ti- v 2±2±2); metatarsus v 2bas. II, femur d 1± 1±1, p d1ap; tibia v r1±2±2, p 0±1; metatar- ahuanaco, 4100 m, L. PenÄa, 2& (AMNH); sus v 2bas, p 1±0. III, femur d 1±1±1, p 0- Huatajata nr. Lake Titicaca, 6.I.1954, Schlin- d1-d1, r d1ap; patella rd1; tibia v p1±2±2, p ger and Forster, 1& (AMNH); hill beyond 1-d1-1-0, r d1±1, d r1bas; metatarsus v 2-p1± Huatajata, Lake Titicaca area, 10±15.I.1954, 2, p and r d1±1±1, d 0-p1±2. IV, femur d 1± Forster and Schlinger, 1& (AMNH); La Paz, 1±1, p and r d1ap; patella dr1; tibia v p1±2± III±IV.1959, R. Walsh, 2( 1& (AMNH); 2, p and r 1-d1-1-0, d r1bas; metatarsus v 2± house and garden, IV.1959, R. Walsh, 1( 2±2, p and r d1±1±1, d 0-p1±2. Abdomen (AMNH); La Paz, Avenida Sport Club, length 4.00, width 1.10. Color: pale grayish 4.I.1959, A. Nadler, 2& (AMNH). Locality with gray pattern, as in S. maculatipes. Epi- Not Found: Songo Valley, Cuticucho, 3800 gyne (®g. 80D, E): very similar to that of S. m, 30.I.1954, Forster and Schlinger, 1( maculatipes, anterior pouch more advanced. (AMNH). ARGENTINA: Jujuy: Abra MALE (La Paz, III±IV.1959): Total length Pampa, III.1966, E. Maury, 5& 1 immature 6.12. Carapace length 2.53, width 2.00. (MACN-Ar); Laguna de Yala, X.1967, E. Length of tibia/metatarsus: I, 2.60/2.63; II, Maury, 1& (MACN-Ar); 30.XI.1981, E. 2.30/2.30; III, 1.73/1.90; IV, 2.23/2.50. Che- Maury, 1& (MACN-Ar); V.1983, P. Golo- licerae slightly smaller than those of female. boff, 1& (MACN-Ar). TucumaÂn: TafõÂ del Sternum length 1.43, width 1.10. Spines as Valle, 28±30.XII.1994, P. Goloboff, 1( 1& in female, except: leg I, tibia p 1-0-1-0; (MACN-Ar); 27.X.1947, Gobbach, 2& metatarsus p 1±0. II, femur r 0; tibia ϭ Ior (MLP). La Rioja: Alto Carrizal, II.1956, p 1-d1-1-0. III, tibia p and r 1-d1-1-0; meta- M.E. Galiano, 11& (MACN-Ar). 2003 RAMIÂREZ: SPIDER SUBFAMILY AMAUROBIOIDINAE 153

Sanogasta mandibularis, new species with four teeth on promargin, three on retro- Figures 78C, F, G, 80F, G, 81F, G margin; middle part of fang thickened. Spines as in female, except: leg II, femur p TYPES: Female holotype 9824 from Argen- and r d1ap; tibia v r1±2±2 or 2±2±2 (the tina, Buenos Aires province, Los Talas, p1bas very small), p 0±1 or 0. III, tibia v reared in captivity, born from female para- p1±2±2; metatarsus v 2-p1±2 or 2±2±2. IV, type 9826, ca. 34Њ51ЈS, 57Њ55ЈW, XII.1985, tibia ϭ III. Sternum length 2.67, width 2.33. C. Scioscia; male paratype 9825 from Buen- Abdomen length 2.80, width 1.90, spiracle± os Aires, Partido de Ensenada, Punta Lara, epigastrium 0.93, spiracle±spinnerets 0.87. 26.II.1967, M.E. Galiano, deposited in Color as in female, with some diffuse dots in MACN-Ar. median line on venter. Palp (®g. 81F): very ETYMOLOGY: The speci®c name refers to similar to that of S. maculatipes. Tibia width/ the relatively large chelicerae. length 0.76. Median apophysis vestigial, con- DIAGNOSIS: Resembles S. maculatipes and ical, paramedian wide, sinuous. Secondary S. alticola in having very similar genitalia, conductor not fused to anterior margin of te- but typical specimens can be distinguished gulum, retrolateral portion with basal round- by having three teeth on the cheliceral retro- ed projection. margin and four on the promargin. Speci- VARIABILITY: A female from Punta Lara mens usually have a larger epigynal anterior has three teeth on promargin, two on retro- pouch, situated close to the epigastric furrow, margin. and strong male chelicerae (see Note under NATURAL HISTORY: Unknown. All speci- S. maculatipes). mens were collected on or close to ¯ooded FEMALE (holotype): Total length 6.00. Car- areas. apace length 2.23, width 1.67, wider on legs DISTRIBUTION: Northeastern Argentina and II±III. Length of tibia/metatarsus: I, 1.37/ Paraguay. 1.30; II, 1.33/1.27; III, 1.07/1.17; IV, 1.50/ OTHER MATERIAL EXAMINED: PARA- 1.83. Palpal tarsus length 0.72. Chelicerae GUAY: Central: AsuncioÂn, 11.VI.1988, V. strong, with four teeth on promargin, three and B. Roth, 1 vial (number of specimens on retromargin, apical one slightly smaller. not recorded) (CAS). ARGENTINA: For- Sternum length 1.17, width 0.92. Spines: leg mosa: Capital, IV.1958, Ogueta, 1& I, femur d 1±1±1, p (1-d1)ap; tibia v 2±2±2; (MACN-Ar). Corrientes: ApipeÂ, XII.1945, metatarsus v 2bas. II, femur d 1±1±1, p d1ap; W. Hanke, 1& 1 immature (MACN-Ar tibia v r1±2±2, p 0±1; metatarsus v 2bas, p 1765); Santiago Alcorta, VI.1943, M. Bira- 1±0. III, femur d 1±1±1, p and r d1ap; patella beÂn, 1& (MACN-Ar). Santa Fe: Alejandra, r d1; tibia v p1-p1±2, p and r d1±1, d r1bas; II.1964, M.E. Galiano, 1( 1& (MACN-Ar). metatarsus v 2-p1±2, p and r d1±1±1, d 0- Entre RõÂos: GualeguaychuÂ, IV.1943, F. Mon- p1±2. IV, femur ϭ III; patella r d1; tibia v roÂs, 1( (MACN-Ar); El Palmar Natl. Park, p1±2±2, p 1-d1-1-0, r d1±1, d r1bas; meta- IV.1981, P. Goloboff, 1( (MACN-Ar); Salto tarsus v 2±2±2, p and r d1±1±1, d 0-p1±2. Grande, III.1964, M.E. Galiano, 1& All tibiae with d r1-0-1-0 bristles, except III (MACN-Ar). Buenos Aires: Capital Federal, and IV, where basal bristles replaced by BanÄados de Palermo, 31.V.1916, A.G. Frers, spines. Abdomen length 3.70, width 2.33, 1( (MACN-Ar); Saavedra, XII.1935, Castil- spiracle±epigastrium 1.40, spiracle±spinner- lo, 1& (MACN-Ar); Glew, no date, Carpin- ets 1.00. Color: yellowish cream with grayish tero, 1& (MACN-Ar); Isla Maciel, I.1948, spots. Sternum and venter pale. Epigyne Partridge, 3& (MACN-Ar): Isla MartõÂn (®gs. 78F, G, 80F, G): similar to that of S. GarcõÂa, II.1933, J.B. Daguerre, PeÂrez-Mo- maculatipes, anterior pouch larger, closer to reau, 1( 2& 1 immature (MACN-Ar 34338), epigastric furrow. IV.1938, J.M. Viana, 1& (MACN-Ar 421); MALE (paratype): Total length 5.54. Cara- Punta Lara, Ensenada, III.1943, A. Moreno, pace length 2.67, width 1.97. Length of tibia/ 1( (MLP), 18.IX.1985, M. RamõÂrez, 1& metatarsus: I, 3.37/3.37; II, 2.67/2.70; III, (MACN-Ar); San Pedro, 2.XI.1991, M. Ra- 1.70/1.90; IV, 2.23/2.73. Chelicerae (®g. mõÂrez, 1( 1& (MACN-Ar); San Isidro, Re- 81G) strong, longer than those of female, serva Ribera Norte, 16.II.1999, M. Pandol®, 154 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY NO. 277

1( (MACN-Ar), 12.VIII.1999, M. Pandol®, and female syntypes and 19 female paratypes 1& (MACN-Ar). from the Juan FernaÂndez Islands, Mas a Tierra, in NRS, examined). NEW SYNONYMY. Sanogasta maculosa (Nicolet), Monapia andina: Gerschman and Schiapelli, 1970: 131 (misidenti®cation, male allotype sub- new combination sequently designated, in MACN-Ar 6269, ex- Figures 14B±D, 61C, 76B±D, 77A±D, 79B, 82, 83 amined). Clubiona maculosa Nicolet, 1849: 423 (female SYNONYMY: The primary types of all spe- lectotype and three immature paralectotypes here designated, from Chile, in MHNP 4234, cies synonymized were compared, together examined). Simon, 1864: 132. with extensive samples from the same areas. Clubiona sternalis Nicolet, 1849: 424 (female lec- The slight differences in epigyne (see Vari- totype and three immature paralectotypes here ability below) were not found to be correlat- designated, from Chile, in MHNP 4237, ex- ed with any differences in the male palp, amined). Simon, 1864: 132, 1887: E4. NEW SYN- which is remarkably uniform. The specimens ONYMY. from the Juan FernaÂndez Islands (and some Gayenna stellata: Simon, 1884: 131 (only male from Central Chile as well) are larger, but paralectotype, from Chile, Cabo de Hornos, in their genitalia are otherwise indistinguishable MHNP, examined). from those of other specimens of typical size. Tomopisthes taeniatus Simon, 1886: 571 (female holotype from Argentina, Santa Cruz province, There are many intermediate forms in epi- Patagonia, in MHNP 7729, examined), 1897a: gyne conformation and body size; these dif- 91, 1902: 31, 1903b: 312, 1903d: 6, 1905b: 12. ferences are here regarded as intraspeci®c NEW SYNONYMY. variability. Gayenna maculosa: Simon, 1887: E4. Mello-Lei- NOTE: There are many vials in NRS iden- taÄo, 1936: 119. ti®ed by Tullgren as Gayenna af®nis. I con- Anyphaena ignota Keyserling, 1891 (male holo- sidered syntypes only those whose locality is type from ``Possessions Bay, Straits of Magel- listed in the original description. lan'', in MCZ, examined). NEW SYNONYMY. DIAGNOSIS: Typical specimens can be dis- Gayenna af®nis Tullgren, 1901: 241, 259 (male tinguished by having the epigynal anterior lectotype, two male and one female paralectotypes from Chile, Punta Arenas, 27.XI.1895, O. pouch close to the epigastric furrow, with the NordenskjoÈld coll., female paralectotype from opening facing backward; some specimens Puerto Herberton, 14.II.1896, here designated, have a small pit in place of the pouch. Males in NRS, examined), 1902: 59. NEW SYNONYMY. are recognized by the shape of the parame- Gayenna dubia Tullgren, 1901: 243 (female lec- dian apophysis, with a thin, curved apex. totype from Chile, Punta Arenas, 29.XI.1895, FEMALE (spines from paralectotype of and two females paralectotypes, from Ultima Gayenna af®nis, other data from Chubut, Esperanza, 2.IV.1896, O. NordenskjoÈld coll., Lago MeneÂndez): Total length 7.45. Cara- here designated, in NRS, examined). NEW SYN- pace length 2.73, width 1.93, wider on legs ONYMY. II±III. Length of tibia/metatarsus: I, 1.52/ Tomopisthes conspersus Simon, 1902: 33 (female holotype from Chile, Punta Arenas, in MHNP 1.20; II, 1.32/1.20; III, 1.13/1.25; IV, 1.55/ 21816, examined). NEW SYNONYMY. 0.95. Palpal tarsus length 0.82. Chelicerae Gayenna conspersa: Merian, 1913: 13. unmodi®ed, with two teeth on retromargin. Tomopisthes injucundus Simon, 1902: 33 (female Sternum length 1.52, width 1.07. Spines: leg lectotype, three female and one male paralec- I, femur d 1±1±1, p (1-d1)ap, r d1ap; tibia v totypes here designated, from Tierra del Fuego, 2±2±2; metatarsus v 2bas. II, femur d 1±1± MHNP 21782, examined; the male paralecto- 1, p 0-d1-(1-d1), r 0-d1-d1; tibia v r1±2±2; type belongs to a different, presumably unde- metatarsus v 2bas. III, femur d 1±1±1, p and scribed Sanogasta species), 1903b: 312. NEW r 0-d1-d1; patella r d1; tibia v p1-p1±2, p and SYNONYMY. r 1-d1-1-0 or r 1-d1-1-0, d r1bas; metatarsus Tomopisthes modestus Simon, 1902: 35 (female holotype from Chile, Punta Arenas, IX.1892, v 2±0±2, p and r d1-1-0-1, d 0-p1±2. IV, Michaelson coll., in MHNP, examined). NEW femur d 1±1±1, p 0-d1-d1, r d1ap; patella r SYNONYMY. d1; tibia v p1±2±2, p and r 1-d1-1-0, d r1bas; Gayenna modesta: Merian, 1913: 13. metatarsus v 2±2±2, p and r d1-1-0-1, d 0- Gayenna skottsbergi Berland, 1924: 434 (male p1±2. Abdomen length 4.52, width 2.83, spi- 2003 RAMIÂREZ: SPIDER SUBFAMILY AMAUROBIOIDINAE 155

Fig. 82. Sanogasta maculosa (Nicolet). A. Male copulatory bulb, retrolateral view. B. Same, ventral view. C. Same, apical view (Chubut, Lago Futalaufquen). D. Epigyne, posterior view (Chubut, Lago Verde). (C2 ϭ secondary conductor; E ϭ embolus; MA ϭ median apophysis; PMA ϭ paramedian apophysis.) racle±epigastrium 2.30, spiracle±spinnerets ed than that of female. Length of tibia/meta- 0.83. Color (cf. ®gs. 76B, 77B): carapace tarsus: I, 2.30/2.17; II, 2.20/2.10; III, 1.77/ grayish, margins dark. Legs pale gray with 1.83; IV, 2.17/2.60. Chelicerae quite smaller grayish spots, coxae pale. Endites and labium than those of female. Sternum length 1.40, grayish, sternum pale with darker sides. Ab- width 1.08. Spines as in female, except: leg domen grayish, darker to posterior end, dor- I, femur r 0-d1-d1; tibia p and r 1-d1-1-0; sal pattern on cream background, cardiac metatarsus p d1-1-0-0, r 1. II, femur p and r area dark, venter pale with small dark dots, 0-d1-d1; tibia and metatarsus ϭ I. III, tibia forming median band. Epigyne (®gs. 82D, v 2±2±2. IV, femur r d d1ap or 0-d1-d1; tibia 83D±K): anterior pouch small, close to epi- ϭ III. Abdomen length 3.45, width 1.97, spi- gastric furrow, opening facing backward. racle±epigastrium 1.53, spiracle±spinnerets Copulatory openings in deep depressions, in 0.77. Color (cf. ®g. 76D): as in female, but epigastric furrow, hidden by membrane (®g. carapace with long dark patches on median 82D). Ducts of accessory bulbs short, ven- band, plus four radial lines from thoracic tral. groove to palps and hindlegs. Sternum with MALE (spines from lectotype of Gayenna small dark spots in front of coxae I±III. Palp af®nis, other data from Chubut, RõÂo Arraya- (®gs. 82A±C, 83A±C): tibia short, width/ nes): Total length 6.12. Carapace length 2.77, length 0.92, cymbium relatively large. Em- width 2.20, relatively wider and more round- bolus thin, basal process small, acute. Me- 156 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY NO. 277

Fig. 83. Sanogasta maculosa (Nicolet). A. Male palp, prolateral view (syntype of Gayenna skottsbergi). B. Same, ventral view. C. Same, retrolateral view. D. Epigyne, ventral view (lectoype of Clubiona maculosa). E. Epigyne, ventral view (holotype of Tomopisthes taeniatus). F. Id. (CautõÂn, Fundo la Selva). G. Id. (lectotype Tomopisthes injucundus). H. Id. (lectotype of Gayenna dubia). I. Same, cleared. J. Id. (Chubut, EpuyeÂn). K. Id. (Chubut, El Hoyo). Scale bars ϭ 0.2 mm. 2003 RAMIÂREZ: SPIDER SUBFAMILY AMAUROBIOIDINAE 157 dian apophysis very thin, closely associated 30.XI.1989, S. Marshall, 3( 3& (AMNH); with paramedian (®g. 82A). Apex of para- dung trap, 1& (AMNH); ®t nr. pond, 23.XI± median apophysis short, thin, sinuous. Pri- 1.XII.1989, S. Marshall, 3( 4& (AMNH); mary conductor apparently absent, only low Lago Lolog, 4 km N San MartõÂn de los An- mound in that place. Secondary conductor des, FIT, Nothofagus forest, ca. 950 m, Gen- not fused to anterior margin of tegulum, ca- tili property, 23.XI±1.XII.1989, S.A. Mar- nal conspicuous, arising at base of parame- shall, 6( 3& (AMNH); 8 km N San MartõÂn dian apophysis (®g. 82B); retrolateral portion de los Andes, 1000 m, Malaise trap, 16± with internal conical projection, and external 22.XI.1997, C. and M. Vardy, 6( 10& ridge. Anterior margin of tegulum com- (BMNH/MACN-Ar); Lago Tromen, Rodeo pressed over base of secondary conductor. Grande, 900 m, 30.XI.1978, MisioÂn CientõÂ- VARIABILITY: Size is also very variable: the ®ca Danesa, 2( (ZMK); mouth of RõÂo Blan- specimens from the Juan FernaÂndez Islands co in Lago Huechulaufquen, 6.I.1985, under are especially large. Body color and pattern bark, M.J. RamõÂrez, 3& (MACN-Ar); San is very variable (®gs. 76B±D, 77A±D). Fe- MartõÂn de los Andes, 40Њ10ЈS, 71Њ21ЈW, 20± male spines: femur I ϭ II. Male spines: meta- 21.XI.1988, V. and B. Roth, 1( (CAS), 1000 tarsi I, p 1±0, r 0; II, r 0; III; v 2-p1±2. Epi- m, XI±XII.1985, Gentili, 32( 19& (MACN- gyne quite variable in details, some extreme Ar); 640 m, 2.XI.1981, 1&,5(, Nielsen and forms illustrated in ®gure 83D±I. Karsholt (ZMK); San MartõÂn de los Andes, NATURAL HISTORY: This species builds re- Cerro Chapelco, 1400±1600 m, 2± treats on foliage, under bark, and occasion- 19.XII.1981, 3( 3&, 12±23.XII.1981, 16(, ally under stones. 1&,17(, Nielsen and Karsholt (ZMK); DISTRIBUTION: All austral forests of Chile I.1961, M. Galiano, 1& (MACN-Ar 5294); and Argentina, including semiarid and litto- QuilleÂn, I.1986, DupreÂs, 1& (MACN-Ar); ral areas. In Chile, from Parinacota Province, Termas de Epulaufquen, 9.I.1986, M. RamõÂ- in Argentina from NeuqueÂn, to Tierra del rez, 1( (MACN-Ar); Nahuel Huapi Natl. Fuego. Park: Isla Victoria, IV.1945, Havrylenko, 1( OTHER MATERIAL EXAMINED: ARGENTI- 2& (MLP); XII.1959, I. de Or®la, 1& pen- NA: NeuqueÂn: ColloÂn CuraÂ, 750 m, ultimate (MACN-Ar); 41ЊS, 71ЊW, 1.V.1965, 19.IX.1981, Nielsen and Karsholt, 3& A. KovaÂcs, 2& (AMNH); Isla Victoria, (ZMK); Estancia San RamoÂn, RincoÂn Chico, 28.III.1961, A. KovaÂcs, 1( 1& (AMNH). RõÂo Limay, X±XII.1962, 3( 7& 1& penul- RõÂo Negro: San Carlos de Bariloche, timate, I.1962, 2&,1&, JunõÂn de los Andes, II.1954, M.E. Galiano, 2( 8& (MACN-Ar), II.1968, E. Maury and N. MuÈller, 1& 1& 18.VIII.1961, A. KovaÂcs, 2& (AMNH), penultimate (MACN-Ar); LanõÂn Natl. Park: 1964, MonroÂs, 1& 3 immatures (MACN-Ar); Lago Hermoso, 15.I.1985, M. RamõÂrez, 1&, 11 km W San Carlos de Bariloche, Cerro 1& (MACN-Ar); Lago Moquehue, Otto, 14.I.1972, L. Herman, 1& (AMNH); 10.I.1985, E. Maury, 3& (MACN-Ar); Lago Colonia Suiza, 800 m, 19.IX.1981, 5&, LaÂcar, X.1955, A. Giai, 3&,1(,1& 10.X.1981, 1&,8( 1&, 1±7.XI.1981, 4(, (MACN-Ar); 5 km E Hua Hum, 640 m, 1(, 12±20.XI.1981, 2(, 7.XII.1981, 1(, 5.XI.1981, 1&, 16.XI.1981, 1(, Nielsen and 21±22.XII.1981, 1(, Nielsen and Karsholt Karsholt (ZMK); PucaraÂ, 5±16.II.1956, A. (ZMK); 810 m, 22.XI.1978, MisioÂn CientõÂ- Ogloblin and Sra., 2& (MLP), 1.II.1971, ®ca Danesa, 1& (ZMK); Pampa del Toro, Schajovskoy, 1& (MACN-Ar); XI.1971, L. 900 m, 9±10.XI.1981, 1(,1(, 900 m, 22± Yinoff, 1( (MACN-Ar); XII.1973, S. Scha- 23.XI.1981, 5(, Nielsen and Karsholt jovskoy, 1& (MACN-Ar); 750 m, (ZMK); El BolsoÂn, 24.XI.1962, M. BirabeÂn, 25.XI.1978, 1(,1(,1(, 750 m, 1.XII.1978, 6&,1( (MACN-Ar); II.1963, BirabeÂn, 2& 1(, 750 m, 3.XII.1978, 1(, MisioÂn CientõÂ- (MACN-Ar); X.1963, BirabeÂn, 1& (MACN- ®ca Danesa (ZMK); Lago Lolog, Gentili Ar), 15.I.1961, 1&, 13.III.1961, 3&, Cabin, above town, pan and FIT, forest and 4.IX.1961, 1&, 27.IX.1961, 1&, 10.X.1961, meadow, 18±21.XI.1989, S. Marshal, 1( 1& 1&, 28.X.1961, 1&, 28.X.1961, 1&, (AMNH); Lago Lolog, nr. San MartõÂn de los 7.X.1962, 1&, 31.X.1966, 1(, no date, 2&, Andes, pans nr. stream, ca. 900 m, 23± A. KovaÂcs (AMNH); 24.XI.1962, 1( 2&, 158 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY NO. 277

25.II.1963, 1&, M. BirabeÂn (MLP); Paso 1& (MACN-Ar); Lago Argentino, III.1900, Flores, 3.X.1965, A. KovaÂcs, 1& (AMNH); ExcursioÂn Silvestri, 1( (MACN-Ar); Lago RõÂo Azul, 15.X.1961, 1&, A. KovaÂcs Belgrano, 15.II.1973, 1&, 21.II.1973, M. (AMNH); NÄ orquinco, 11.X.1961, 1(, Rumboll, 2& (MACN-Ar); Lago FrõÂas, no 27.VIII.1962, 1&,5& 3(, 20.VI.1966, 1&, date, E. Maury, 1& (MACN-Ar); Lago Mus- 3.VII.1966, 1( 2&, A. KovaÂcs (AMNH); ters, SW margin, 20.I.1977, E. Maury and Nahuel Huapi Natl. Park: 880 m, 11.I.1986, Patrick, 1& (MACN-Ar); Lago San MartõÂn, N. Platnick, P. Goloboff and R. Schuh, 1& X.1939, S. Radone, 1& (MACN-Ar 599); (AMNH). Chubut: Cushamen, 14.IX.1966, Los Cerros, Tres Lagos, IV.1949, Waring, 2( A KovaÂcs, 2&,1( (AMNH); Cholila, 3&,4( 4&,9( 9&,2( 2& (MLP); Morro 25.VIII.1962, A. KovaÂcs, 1( 1& (AMNH); Chico, RõÂo Turbio, 28.I.1976, M. Rumboll, El Hoyo, 30.IX.1961, 1&, 2.X.1962, 3( 4&, 2& (MACN-Ar); Los Glaciares Natl. Park, 26.V.62, 7&, VII.1962, 1&, VIII.1962, 3&, 11.II.1973, M. Rumboll, 1( (MACN-Ar), A. KovaÂcs (AMNH); El MaiteÂn, IX.1961, A. 18.I.1980, P. Goloboff, 1( 5&,1& (MACN- KovaÂcs, 1& (MLP); 20.VI.1962, 1(, Ar); Los Glaciares Natl. Park, Estancia La 13.IX.1962, 1&, A. KovaÂcs (AMNH); Epu- Oriental, 14.II.1973, M. Rumboll, 1& yeÂn, 2.VII.1962, 1&, 12.VI.1962, 17&, (MACN-Ar); Los Glaciares Natl. Park, Pen- 2.VIII.1962, 4(, 18.XI.1962, 42Њ15ЈS, Ânsulaõ Magallanes, in front of Glaciar Mo- 71Њ23ЈW, 2 (,1( 1&, 5.VIII.1966, 1&,A. reno, II.1977, D. Pepe and M. Rumboll, 1&, KovaÂcs (AMNH), 18.XI.1962, M. BirabeÂn, 1( (MACN-Ar); Puerto Coyle, 10 m, 1( 1& (MLP); Esquel, road to La Hoya, 26.XI.1966, M. Irwin and E. Schlinger, 1& 42Њ54ЈS, 71Њ19ЈW, 16.XI.1988, V.D. Roth, (CAS); Puerto Deseado, on house wall, 6& (CAS); 17 km E Esquel, on Rt. 40, mud- IV.1963, Pujals, 1( (MACN-Ar); II.1961, dy shore of pond with scattered vegetation, Pallares and Zapata, 2( (MACN-Ar); 22.I.1986, R. Schuh and N. Platnick, 1& X.1964, Pallares, 1& (MACN-Ar); II.1966, (AMNH); 35 km E Esquel, 720 m, Pallares, 1& (MACN-Ar); XII.1971, A. 18.IX.1966, E. Schlinger and M. Irwin, 1& Gosztonyi, 1& (MACN-Ar); RõÂo Seco and (CAS); Poto Cahuel, 8.X.1966, A. KovaÂcs, Ruta 3, X.1973, M. Rumboll, 1( (MACN- 1& (AMNH); Languineo, Estancia Manan- Ar); San JuliaÂn, XI.1973, M. Rumboll, 1& tiales, 6±10.XI.1985, L. PenÄa, 1& (AMNH); (MACN-Ar); Ventisquero Moreno, 18± Los Cipreses, XI.1982, M. RamõÂrez, 2(,1&, 24.I.1971, J. Vellard, 2& (MACN-Ar). Ti- 1( (MACN-Ar); Lago Puelo Natl. Park, 220 erra del Fuego: BahõÂa Thetis, hanging from m, 18.XI.1978, MisioÂn CientõÂ®ca Danesa, roof, no date, Gosztonyi, 1& (MACN-Ar); 1( (ZMK); 250 m, 22±23.X.1981, Nielsen Estancia Herberton, 25.I.1979, MisioÂn Cien- and Karsholt, 1( (ZMK); Los Alerces Natl. tõÂ®ca Danesa, 1& (ZMK); Lago Fagnano, Park: Lago Escondido, 19.XI.1981, A. KoÂ- Kaiken, 100 m, 18±19.I.1979, 1&,1(, vacs, 3& (AMNH); Lago Futalaufquen, 21.I.1979, 1&, Laguna Negra, XII.1989, A. II.1985, 1( 6& 4& penultimates, II.1986, GonzaÂlez, 1& (MLP); Nueva Herberton, 2( 3&, 9.II.1986, 3& M. RamõÂrez (MACN- 16.II.1965, M. BirabeÂn, 4& (MLP); RõÂo Ar); I.1990, M. RamõÂrez, 1& (MACN-Ar); Ewan, I.1975, M. Rumboll, 1& (MACN-Ar); Lago MeneÂndez, I.1990, M. RamõÂrez, 1& RõÂo Grande, XI.1973, M. Rumboll, 1& (MACN-Ar); Lago Verde, II.1986, 1(, (MACN-Ar); Ushuaia, 1±14.XII.1932, Cas- I.1990, 1&,RõÂo Arrayanes, I.1990, 1(,W tellanos and Gomez, 1( 2& (MACN-Ar); margin, II.1986, 3&, M. RamõÂrez (MACN- I.1960, A. Bachmann, 1& (MACN-Ar); 8± Ar); RõÂo Turbio, 11.VI.1961, 4&, no date, 26.II.1961, B. Malkin, 1&,1& (AMNH); 1&, A. KovaÂcs (AMNH); I.1976, M. Rum- XII.1989, A. GonzaÂlez, 1& (MLP); Monte boll, 1& (MACN-Ar); 19.5 km W Shaman, Olivia, XII.1989, A. GonzaÂlez, 1&,1&,2& 650 m, 19.XI.1966, E. Schlinger and M. Ir- (MLP); Nueva Herberton, 16.II.1965, M. win, 1( (CAS); Tecka, Corcovado, 750 m, BirabeÂn, 4& (MLP); RõÂo Ewan and Ruta 3, 17.II.1979, MisioÂn CientõÂ®ca Danesa, 1& I.1975, M. Rumboll, 1& (MACN-Ar 6802); (ZMK). Santa Cruz: Calafate, II.1963, E. Ushuaia, II.1951, J. Boero, 1( (MLP); Us- Maury, 1&,1( (MACN-Ar); Estancia CoÂn- huaia, no date, A. del Pino, 2& (MACN-Ar dor, RõÂo Gallegos, 28.IV.1974, M. Rumboll, 29952). CHILE: RegioÂn I (TarapacaÂ): 2003 RAMIÂREZ: SPIDER SUBFAMILY AMAUROBIOIDINAE 159

Parinacota: Parinacota, 2 km S Zapahuira, 1& 1& (AMNH). Quillota: Cuesta El Mel- 3400 m, 18Њ20ЈS, 69Њ34ЈW, 3400 m, oÂn, nr. La Calera, 15.XI.1985, L. PenÄa, 1& 3.II.1994, N. Platnick, K. Catley, R. Calde- (AMNH); Cuesta La Dormida, N Tiltil, 800± roÂn, R. Allen, 1( 1& penultimate (AMNH). 1300 m, 13±18.XI.1982, L. PenÄa, 1( 2& RegioÂn III (Atacama): Huasco: El TraÂnsito (AMNH); 610 m, under rocks, 11.I.1985, N. to Pinte, 1100±1600 m, 25±27.X.1980, L. Platnick and O. Francke, 1& (AMNH); Pal- PenÄa, 1& (AMNH); Huasco beach, elev. 5 mas de Ocoa, La Campana Natl. Park, un- m, 8.X.1992, N. Platnick, P. Goloboff, K. Ca- burned site, 23.VIII.1985, pitfall 1, R. Cald- tley, 1& (AMNH). RegioÂn IV (Coquimbo): eroÂn G., 1& (AMNH); Quillota, I.1979, A. 8.X.1992, N. Platnick, P. Goloboff, K. Ca- Tobar, 1& (AMNH). ValparaõÂso: ArchipieÂ- tley, 1( (AMNH). Elqui: Choros Bajos, lago Juan FernaÂndez, Mas a Fuera (Isla Ale- 21.X.1992, L. PenÄa (AMNH); 200 m, jandro Selkirk): 30.I.1935, no collector, 1& 11.XI.1993, 29Њ33ЈS, 71Њ19ЈW, N. Platnick, (AMNH); XII.1965, O. Solbrig, 1& (MCZ), K. Catley, M. RamõÂrez, T. Allen, 1( 19.I±21.II.1955, G. Kuschel, 2& (MLP); Pla- (AMNH), 16 km S Cruz Grande, 140 m, no de Chosa, 800±1000 m, 29.III.1962, 1&, 7.X.1992, N. Platnick, P. Goloboff, K. Ca- 1( 1&, Quebrada Casa, 13±31.III.1962, 1( tley, 3& (AMNH); Diaguitas, 18.XI.1963, 4&,1&, Quebrada Pangal, Monte Oscuro, Gleisner, 1( (UC); El Pangue, 20 km S Vi- 100 m, 9.III.1962, 1&, Quebrada Vaca, cunÄa, elev. 1500 m, 4.X.1992, N. Platnick, P. 22.III.1962, 1( 3&, B. Malkin (AMNH). Goloboff, K. Catley, 3& (AMNH); La Ser- Mas a Tierra (Isla Robinson Crusoe): El Ca- ena, III.1947, L.E. PenÄa, 1& (IG 19736 mote, 600±650 m, 25.IV.1962, 1&,1&, 600 IRSN); 79 km N La Serena, Rt. 5, km 553, m, 19.IV.1962, 1&, GalpoÂn, Valle Villagra, elev. 300 m, 15.X.1992, N. Platnick, P. Go- 23±24.IV.1962, 4&, Portezuelo, 500 m, loboff, K. Catley, 3&,1& (AMNH); Quila- 7.IV.1962, 1(, Portezuelo trail, 7.IV.1962, can, 16 km E La Serena, 2.X.1961, R. Wag- 1&, Quebrada Damajuana, 5.IV.1962, 1&, enknecht, 1( (AMNH); 10 mi W VicunÄa, Valle Anson, Plazoleta del Yunque, 200±250 ``larva ex Puya Castamidae moth'', m, camote side, 1±28.IV.1962, 1( 6&,1( 3.XII.1950, no collector, 1& (CAS). LimarõÂ: 9&, Valle Villagra, Portezuelo trail, 400±450 100±500 m, 21.X.1966, E. Schlinger, M. Ir- m, 19.IV.1962, 1&, B. Malkin (AMNH), wet win, 1( (CAS); Fray Jorge, Pachingo, areas near Plazoleta, pans, 24±28.I.1992, S. 30Њ27ЈS, 71Њ32ЈW, 29.XII.1966, E. Schlinger Marshall, 1& (AMNH); Plazoleta, Malaise and M. Irwin, 1( (CAS). Choapa: El Bato trap, 24±29.I.1992, S. Marshall, 1& (farm in mountains), E Illapel, 10.X.1985, L. (AMNH); Plazoleta El Yunque, 26.I.1992, PenÄa, 2& (AMNH); CeÂspedes, Illapel, 1100 2&, 28.I.1992, 1&, S. and C. Marshall m, 13±14.X.1990, L. PenÄa, 3( 1& (AMNH); (AMNH); pans in wet area, 23±29.I.1992, S. NÄ agueÂ, 10 km N Los Vilos, Rt. 5, km 236, Marshall, 4& (AMNH); pans nr. Plazoleta elev. 40 m, 31Њ50ЈS, 71Њ31ЈW, 13.XI.1993, campsite, 23±29.I.1992, S. Marshall, 4& N. Platnick, K. Catley, M. RamõÂrez, T. Allen, (AMNH); slopes of El Yunque, fern covered, 1( (AMNH), Hacienda Illapel, 600±900 m, pan traps, 28.I.1992, S. and C. Marshall, 1( 31Њ36ЈS, 71Њ07ЈW, 19.X.1966, M. Irwin, E. (AMNH). Cerro Alegre, 12.IV.1971, Lineros, Schlinger and L. PenÄa, 2&,1( (CAS); 2 km (UC); Cerro Las Vizcachas, 1800±2200 m, S Pichidangui, Rt. 5, km 193, elev. 40 m, 1±12.XII.1982, L. PenÄa, 2( 5& (AMNH); 35 32Њ10ЈS, 71Њ31ЈW, 9.XI.1993, N. Platnick, K. km SE Lago PenÄuelas, 350 m, mauco Quin- Catley, M. RamõÂrez, T. Allen, 1& (AMNH), tero, II.1979, A. Tobar, 1& (AMNH); thorn 1& (MACN-Ar, photos MJR 1274±1277); forest, mesquite ¯ower sweep, 4.XII.1984, S. Quebrada Los Vilos, 6.XI.1988, P. Goloboff and J. Peck, 1& (AMNH); RõÂo Marga Marga, and E. Maury, 1& (MACN-Ar). RegioÂn V Los Perales, 33Њ09ЈS, 71Њ19W, 330 m, (ValparaõÂso): Petorca: Quebrada HuaqueÂn, 13.X.1966, E. Schlinger, M. Irwin, 1( Pichicuy, 6±7.I.1984, P. Goloboff, 1& (CAS); ValparaõÂso, II.1954, E. Reed, 1&,1( (MACN-Ar); Cuesta El MeloÂn (Metropoli- (AMNH); XII.1968, H. Sielfeld, 1& (UC); tana), 10±12.X.1986, L. PenÄa, 1( (AMNH); VinÄa del Mar, VIII.1978, A. Tobar, 1& 430 m, 8.XI.1993, 32Њ37ЈS, 71Њ14ЈW, N . (AMNH). San Felipe de Aconcagua: Guar- Platnick, K. Catley, M. RamõÂrez, T. Allen, dia Vieja, 4.II.1951, Ross and Michelbacher, 160 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY NO. 277

2& (AMNH); Jahuel (120), no date, L. PenÄa, 19736); hotel room, 18.I.1985, N. Platnick 1& (IRSN IG 19736); Llay-Llay, 4.II.1951, and O. Francke, 1( (AMNH); 16.5 km E Ross and Michelbacher, 1& (CAS); Los An- Linares, 8.II.1992, M. RamõÂrez, N. Platnick, des, 30.IX.1983, E. Maury, 1& (MACN-Ar). P. Goloboff, 1& (AMNH). RegioÂn VIII RegioÂn Metropolitana (Santiago): Santia- (BiobõÂo): NÄ uble: Atacalco, just SW Recinto, go: Aculeo, Cerro San CristoÂbal, nr. Santiga ChillaÂn area, 17.III.1983, L. PenÄa, 1& City, 500±800 m, 30.XI.1982, L. PenÄa, 4&; (AMNH); ChillaÂn, 31.XII.1975, 2&, Aculeo, Las Canchas, 8±11.XII.1983, L. Ir- 2.I.1976, 17( 18&, G. Moreno, 2& razaval, 1&,1& (AMNH); BanÄos de Mo- (AMNH), 6( 3& (MCZ); ChillaÂn, Cuesta de rales, 3.XI.1995, no collector, 10& (AMNH); Quilmo, 13.XI.1976, G. Moreno, 3& El Canelo, XII.1958, M. Toro, 1& (MACN- (AMNH); Cobquecura, 8±9.XI.1993, L. Ar); 800±1000 m, 1980, L. PenÄa, 1& PenÄa, 2& (AMNH); Las Cabras, Cordillera (AMNH); El Convento, 18.IX.1966, de ChillaÂn, 8±15.II.1958, L. PenÄa, 1& (IRSN 33Њ48ЈS, 71Њ43ЈW, L. PenÄa, 1& (CAS); El IG 19736); Las Trancas, 1±10.XII.1965, L. Portezuelo, nr. Colina, 500 m, IX±X.1983, L. PenÄa, 1&,3( (MCZ); E ChillaÂn, 29± PenÄa, 2( 1& (AMNH); 16 km N La Colina, 30.XI.1990, L. PenÄa, 1& (AMNH); Las Tran- 30.IX.1992, P. Goloboff, 1( (AMNH); Lo cas, E Recinto, 1100 m, II.1987, L. PenÄa, CanÄas, 29.XI.1982, L.E. PenÄa, 1( (AMNH); 16& (AMNH); Los Lleuques, 5± 2 km E Embalse El Yeso, 2800 m, 1.III.1974, 20.XII.1985, L. UmanÄa (AMNH); 4 km E no collector, 3& (UC); Melipilla, La Viluma, road to Pinto, 4.I.1976, B. Moreno, 1( 1& 13±14.V.1980, L. PenÄa, 2( (AMNH); ¯at (AMNH); 1000 m, 1±3.X.1983, L. PenÄa, 1& road before Cuesta Barriga, lado E, (AMNH); 40 km E San Carlos, 24.XII.1950, 25.I.1971, R. CalderoÂn, 1& (UC); Melipilla, Ross and Michelbacher, 1( (CAS). Concep- San Manuel, 13±14.V.1980, L. PenÄa, 1( cioÂn: Bajada Chivilingo, 15.XI.1992, T. Cek- (AMNH); Pirque, 30.XI.1982, 1(, alovic, 1& (AMNH); Caleta Chome, 20.XI.1982, 1&, L. PenÄa (AMNH); Quebra- 10.I.1997, T. Cekalovic, 2& (AMNH); Estero da La Plata, near MaipuÂ, 510 m, 33Њ30ЈS, NongueÂn, 11.XI.1996, 2&,2&, 13.I.1997, 70Њ55ЈW, Malaise, 26.I.1966, 1(,3± 1&, T. Cekalovic (AMNH); Fundo El Man- 4.X.1966, 1&, M. Irwin (CAS); Rapel, Es- zano, 7.XII.1996, T. Cekalovic, 1& tacioÂn HidrobioloÂgica, IV.1977, 1( (MHNS (AMNH); Fundo El Venado, 6.I.1996, T. 670); Valle del RõÂo Mapocho between El Ar- Cekalovic, 1& (AMNH); Hualqui, rayaÂn and Farellones (Barber traps), 11.VIII.1996, T. Cekalovic, 1& (AMNH); 15.X.1958±8.VI.1960, W. Noodt, 1&,1&, Laguna San Pedro, 23.XI.1994, T. Cekalovic, 1( (MHNS). Cordillera: RõÂo Clarillo Natl. 1& (AMNH); Laraquete, 8.XII.1988, T. Cek- Res., 940 m, 26.XI.1993, 33Њ44ЈS, 70Њ28ЈW, alovic, 1& (AMNH); Lomas Colorada, N. Platnick, K. Catley, M. RamõÂrez, T. Allen, 24.XI.1996, T. Cekalovic, 2&,1( (AMNH); 1( (AMNH). RegioÂn VII (Maule): CuricoÂ: Penco, 23.III.1980, T. Cekalovic, 1& Las Tablas, E CuricoÂ, II.1985, L. PenÄa, 3& (AMNH); Periquillo, 3.XI.1996, 4&, (AMNH); RõÂo Teno, 25±28.XI.1981, L.E. 21.XII.1996, 1&, 29.XII.2000, 2&,10&,T. PenÄa, 5( 1& (AMNH). Talca: Alto de Cekalovic (AMNH). Arauco: 2kmS5km Vilches, 17±24.X.1964, L. PenÄa, 1& (MCZ), N Curanilahue, 20.X.1996, T. Cekalovic, 1& 1.XI.1971, R. CalderoÂn, 1&,2& (UC); Gil (AMNH); Cruce Camino ColicoÂ Norte, de Vilches, 7.I.1989, M. RamõÂrez, 1(,1& 20.X.1996, T. Cekalovic, 1& (AMNH). Bio- (MACN-Ar, photos MJR 5±7), 1200 m, 7± bõÂo: 2.5 km E El Abanico, 760±975 m, 8.II.1992, M. RamõÂrez, N. Platnick, P. Go- scrubby mountainside, under rocks, 20± loboff, 1& (MACN-Ar, photos MJR 768± 21.XI.1981, N. Platnick and R. Schuh, 2& 771); 5 km W Laguna del Maule, (AMNH); Caledonia, E Mulchen, 700±900 27.XI.1970, R. CalderoÂn, 1& (UC); 10 km m, 6±15.II.1981, L. PenÄa, 1& (AMNH); Laguna del Maule, 22.XII.1970, R. Calde- Guallali, Lag. El Barco, 1200 m, 21± roÂn, 2&,1& (UC). Cauquenes: 25 km ESE 28.II.1981, L. PenÄa, 3& (AMNH); W Ralco, Cauquenes, 25.II.1992, M. RamõÂrez, N. Plat- Santa BaÂrbara, 400 m, 22±23.XI.1994, L. nick, P. Goloboff, 3& (AMNH). Linares: PenÄa, 2& (AMNH); 5 km W Tucapel, Linares, I.1947, L.E. PenÄa, 2& (IRSN IG 28.XII.1950, Ross and Michelbacher, 4& 2003 RAMIÂREZ: SPIDER SUBFAMILY AMAUROBIOIDINAE 161

(CAS). RegioÂn IX (AraucanõÂa): Malleco: (ZMK); XI±XII.1982, E. Krahmer, 1& 40 km W Angol, Nahuelbuta Natl. Park, (MHNS 700); 30 km S Valdivia, Ross and FITS, 1200±1500 m, Nothofagus/Araucaria Michelbacher, 1& (CAS). Osorno: 2kmE forest, 9.XII.1984±17.II.1985, S. and J. Peck, Puente RõÂo Golgol, 14.II.1992, T. Cekalovic, 1( (AMNH); Cordillera de Las RaõÂces, 2& (AMNH); Puyehue Natl. Park: Aguas 1600±1800 m, 13±18.II.1980, L. PenÄa, 1( Calientes, 500 m, 2±5.V.1988, L. PenÄa, 1& 1& 3& penultimates (AMNH); El Manzano (AMNH); 600 m, 12±20.II.1979, L.E. PenÄa, (Arauco/Malleco), Cordillera Nahuelbuta, 3± 1& (AMNH); Antillanca rd., 470±720 m, 5.III.1986, L. PenÄa, 1& (AMNH); Estero valdivian rainforest, screen-sweeping at Huemul, tributary of Lago GualletueÂ, nr. dusk, 965 m, trap site 658, window trap, Marimeneuco, 11.XII.1963, G. Edwards, 1( Nothofagus pumilio forest, 18±24.XII.1982, 1& (AMNH); Lago GualletueÂ, nr. Marimen- A. Newton and M. Thayer, 1( (AMNH), 18± uco, 10.XII.1963, G.F. Edmunds, 1( 25.XII.1982, A. Newton and M. Thayer, 1( (AMNH); Malalcahuello, 9±15.XII.1985, L. (AMNH); 40Њ46Ј30ЉS, 72Њ11Ј30ЉW, 1050± PenÄa, 7(,2&,2&,3( (AMNH); Nahuelbuta 1350 m, alpine meadow, pitfall 59T1, Natl. Park, 1200 m, 23.I.1951, Ross and 30.XII.2000, J. Miller, I. Agnarsson, Alvarez, Michelbacher, 2&,1& (CAS), 1200±1400 m, J. Coddington, G. Hormiga, (USNM); Los mixed forest with Araucaria, 26.I.1985, N. Derrumbes road, Aguas Calientes, 480 m, Platnick and O. Francke, 1& (AMNH), 1300 40Њ44ЈS, 72Њ18ЈW, N. Platnick, K. Catley, M. m, 1±6.II.1979, L. PenÄa, 1&,1& (AMNH); RamõÂrez, T. Allen, 1& (AMNH); 10 km E 4350 m, 38Њ01ЈS, 73Њ13ЈW, 24.I.1967, M. Ir- Puyehue, 24.I.1951, Ross and Michelbacher, win, 1& (CAS); Cordillera Nahuelbuta, 15± 1& (CAS); VolcaÂn Casablanca, 1130±1180 20.XII.1993, L. PenÄa, 1& (AMNH), 18± m, site 665, pan traps above tree line, val- 20.XII.1993, L. PenÄa, 1&,1& (AMNH); Tol- divian rainforest, 20±25.XII.1982, A. New- huaca, 15±23.III.1986, L. PenÄa, 2& ton and M. Thayer, 1( (AMNH); Termas de (AMNH); Tolhuaca, Laguna Malleco, Puyehue, 260 m, logs, stones, 12.III.1965, H. 4.III.1978, T. Cekalovic, 5& (AMNH). Cau- Levi, 1& (MCZ); Osorno, X.1977, 1&,1&, tõÂn: Estero Molco, 24.II.1988, T. Cekalovic XII.1978, 1&, A. Tobar (AMNH); II.1967, L. 1& (AMNH); VolcaÂn Villarrica, FIT in ``tun- PenÄa, 1& (MCZ); Pucatrihue, II.1967, L. dra'', 8.XI±3.XII.1989, S. Marshall, 1& PenÄa, 1& (MCZ). Llanquihue: Los Muer- (AMNH); VolcaÂn Villarrica, FIT nr. edge of mos, S. Chile, forest, 19.I.1951, Ross and old lava ¯ow, 10.XI±3.XII.1989, S. Mar- Michelbacher, 1& (CAS); nr. PetrohueÂ, 200 shall, 2( (AMNH); PucoÂn, 15.XI± m, vegetation, 21.III.1965, H. Levi, 1& 2.XII.1980, Malaise trap in peninsula, S.A. (MCZ); 5 km S Puerto Montt, 17.III.1991, T. Marshall, 1(,1( (AMNH); PucoÂn, lake- Cekalovic, 1& (AMNH); Puerto Montt, RõÂo shore FIT, 15.XI±2.XII.1989, 1(, FIT nr. Blanco, 24.XI.1995, N. Platnick, K. Catley, lake, 8±13.XI.1989, 1(, S.A. Marshall M. RamõÂrez, T. Allen, 1( (AMNH); 24± (AMNH); Fundo La Selva, W Temuco, NW 29.I.1983, G. Arriagada, 1& (MHNS 718). Nueva Imperial, 700 m, 9±12.XII.1981, L.E. ChiloeÂ: Isla de ChiloeÂ: no date, Skottsberg, PenÄa, 2& (AMNH); Villarrica, 1±30.I.1965, 1( (NRS); 15 km S Chepu, beach of round L. PenÄa, 3& (MCZ); NE Villarrica, 16± stones, over upper tide line, 3.II.1991, M. 31.XII.1964, L. PenÄa, 1( 1& (MCZ); VolcaÂn RamõÂrez, 1& (MACN-Ar); Pid-Pid, 10± Llaima, 16.I.1972, R. LadroÂn de Guevara, 12.III.1987, L. PenÄa, 3& (AMNH); Isla Le- 1& (UC). RegioÂn X (Los Lagos): Valdivia: muy, Ichuac, 20.II.1996, T. Cekalovic, 1& Corral, dead inside retreat, 17.I.1989, M. Ra- (AMNH). Palena: ChaiteÂn, XII.1985, L. mõÂrez, 1& (MACN-Ar); Las Trancas, 1200 PenÄa, 1& (AMNH). RegioÂn XI (IbaÂnÄez del m, 24±27.XI.1994, L. PenÄa, 1&,2( 3& Campo): AiseÂn: Balmaceda, 17±22.I.1961, (AMNH); Peulla, RõÂo NahuilaÂn,24kmSE L. PenÄa, 9& (IRSN IG 23077); Murta, Lago Corral, 16.I.1989, M. RamõÂrez and E. Maury, General Carrera, 29±30.I.1990, L. PenÄa, 1& 1& (MACN-Ar); Santo Domingo, en Blechn- (AMNH); RõÂo Simpson Natl. Park, N mar- um magellanicum, 26.X.1984, D. Jackson, gin, 17.II.1991, M. RamõÂrez, 2& (MACN- 1& (MHNS 886); Valdivia, 20 m, Ar); 20 km E Puerto Aisen, 26.I.1961, L. 23.IX.1981, Nielsen and Karsholt, 1( PenÄa, 1& (IRSN IG 23077); RõÂo Cisnes, 1± 162 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY NO. 277

28.II.1961, L. PenÄa, 1& (IRSN IG 23077); Cerro Castillo, Natales, 13.XII.1960, L. RõÂo IbaÂnÄez, 27±28.I.1990, L. PenÄa, 2 & PenÄa, 2&,1( 6& (MCZ); RõÂo Chico, 1956, (AMNH). RegioÂn XII (Magallanes y An- 3&,1&, 17.II.1956, 2&, J. Vellard (MACN- taÂrtica): Ultima Esperanza: Torres del Pai- Ar); Laguna Parrillar Natl. Res., 53Њ24Ј15ЉS, ne Natl. Park: Lago Sarmiento de Gamboa, 71Њ15Ј45ЉW, beating, 1±10.XII.2000, 350 m, 51Њ2Ј0ЉS, 72Њ46Ј15ЉW, 100 m, steppe, 6± J. Miller, I. Agnarsson, 1( 3& (USNM); RõÂo 9.XII.2000, J. Miller, I. Agnarsson, 1& San Juan, 25.I.1976, T. Cekalovic, 1& (USNM), same, ground, 3& (USNM), near (AMNH); Rubens, 22.III.1948, M. BirabeÂn, Refugio Chileno, 50Њ56Ј45ЉS, 72Њ55Ј0ЉW, 4& (MLP), 13.XII.1960, L. PenÄa, 2&,1( 8& 400±600 m, 8±9.XII.2000, J. Miller, I. Ag- (MCZ); Rusf®n, no. 11, III.1957, J. Vellard, narsson, 4&,1&,1&,2& (USNM), Laguna 1&,1&,3& (MACN-Ar); Rusf®n, SE Cam- Larga, 51Њ1Ј30ЉS, 72Њ52Ј45ЉW, 300 m, under eron, 17±20.XI.1960, L. PenÄa, 9( 39& rocks in steppe, 7.XII.2000, J. Miller, I. Ag- (MCZ); Tres Vientos, Puerto Arturo, narsson, 6&,2& (USNM). Magallanes: 53Њ34ЈS, 73Њ23ЈW, 25±28.XI.1960, L. PenÄa, CanÄadoÂn Bombalot, 29.I.1976, T. Cekalovic, 1( (MCZ); Aserradero Yendegaia, no. 2, 1& (AMNH); Estancia Gazy Harbour, 12.II.1957, 10&,1( 5&, no. 3, 13.II.1957, 10.II.1990, T. Cekalovic, 2( 2& (AMNH); 1&, J. Vellard (MACN-Ar). Mistaken Local- Estancia La VicunÄa, 1956, 1&,1&,2&,2&, ity: Santiago Prov., Malleco, XI.1979, L. no. 14, 4.III.1957, 1&, no. 17, 15.II.1959, PenÄa, 4(,1&,1&,1& (AMNH) (see Ra- 1&, no. 17, monte seco, 400 m, 15.II.1959, mõÂrez, 1995b: 83). 4&, J. Vellard (MACN-Ar); Estancia La Vi- cunÄa, SE CameroÂn, 1±6.XII.1960, L. PenÄa, Sanogasta backhauseni (Simon), 4& (MCZ); 35 km SW CameroÂn, Nothofagus new combination assoc., 2.XII.1966, E. Schlinger and M. Ir- Figures 61D, 77F, G, 84C, D, 85A±E win, 2& (CAS); Estancia Virgen de Lourdes Tomopisthes backhauseni Simon, 1895: 168, 172 (Sector Dinamarquero), 6.II.1990, 1&, (female holotype from Tierra del Fuego, in 8.II.1990, 3&, T. Cekalovic (AMNH); Isla MHNP 16093, examined; male allotype from Dawson, Puerto Harry, 8.VIII.1976, T. Cek- Tierra del Fuego, not paratype, designated sub- alovic, 1& (AMNH); Isla Grande, NW Tierra sequently by Simon, 1896a, but in the same vial del Fuego, 12±15.XI.1961, L. PenÄa, 1& 16093, examined), 1896a: 142, 144, 1897a: 91, (MCZ); Isla Navarino, 16.III.1961, B. Mal- 1902: 32. kin, 1& (AMNH); Laguna Amarga, 14± Gayenna trilineata Tullgren, 1901: 240, 259 (four syntypes from Tierra del Fuego: one female 21.XII.1960, L. PenÄa, 1&,2&,3& (MCZ); from Porvenir, 23.XII.1895, one male from 21.IV.1962, T. Cekalovic, 1( (AMNH); 4 Cordillera 54ЊS, I.1896, two females from PaÂ- km W Laguna Amarga, 8.XII.1966, E. ramo, 10.I.1897, in NRS, examined). Synony- Schlinger and M. Irwin, 10&,2&,1&,3& mized by Simon, 1902: 32. 3& (CAS); Magallanes, XI.1960, T. Cekalov- Tomopisthes backhauseni patagonicus Simon, ic, 1& (MACN-Ar); Torres del Paine Natl. 1905b: 12 (female holotype from Argentina, Park, 150 m, scrub, 10.II.1985, N. Platnick Santa Cruz, Silvestri coll., in MHNP 12689, ex- and O. Francke, 2& (AMNH); PenõÂnsula amined). I did not attempt to review the status Brunswick, Barranco Amarillo, 27.I.1976, T. of subspecies in this contribution. Cekalovic, 2& (AMNH); Puerto Hambre, DIAGNOSIS: Resembles S. minuta in geni- 25.III.1991, T. Cekalovic, 2& (AMNH); Pun- talia, but distinguished by having three dorsal ta Arenas, 17.IX.1963, 1&, (La Turba), longitudinal stripes on the abdomen, and by 27.VIII.1976, 1&, T. Cekalovic (AMNH), lacking a narrow epigynal posterior notch be- Punta Arenas, Quinta Pittet, 29.II.1969, T. tween the lateral lobes. Cekalovic, 1& (AMNH); 102.2 km NNW FEMALE (holotype, measurements of spec- Punta Arenas, 430 m, Nothofagus assoc., imen from Los Glaciares Natl. Park): Total 6.XII.1966, E. Schlinger and M. Irwin, 2&, length 6.90. Carapace length 3.07, width 3&,1& (CAS); Punta El Monte, 27.I.1976, 2.17, wider on legs II±III. Length of tibia/ T. Cekalovic, 1& (MCZ); Cerro Castillo metatarsus: I, 1.70/1.53; II, 1.70/1.57; III, Natl. Res., 500±600 m, dry forest, 7.II.1985, 1.63/1.73; IV, 2.33/2.73. Palpal tarsus length N.I. Platnick and O.F. Francke, 1& (AMNH); 0.92. Chelicerae with two teeth on retromar- 2003 RAMIÂREZ: SPIDER SUBFAMILY AMAUROBIOIDINAE 163

Fig. 84. Sanogasta spp. A, B. S. minuta (Keyserling) (CoÂrdoba, Huerta Grande). A. Epigyne, ventral view. B. Same, detail in posterior view. C, D. S. backhauseni (Simon) (Santa Cruz, Calafate). C. Epigyne, posterior-ventral view. D. Male copulatory bulb, apical-ventral view. E, F. S. x-signata (Key- serling), male copulatory bulb (Buenos Aires, Atucha, 27.VII.1985). E. Ventral view: arrow points to extended border of C2. F. Apical view. (C2 ϭ secondary conductor; E ϭ embolus; MA ϭ median apophysis; PMA ϭ paramedian apophysis.) 164 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY NO. 277 2003 RAMIÂREZ: SPIDER SUBFAMILY AMAUROBIOIDINAE 165 gin. Sternum length 1.60, width 1.20. Spines: one is expected). Females spines: II, tibia v leg I, femur d 1±1±1, p 0-d1±2, r 0-d1-d1; r1±2±2. III, IV, tibia v 2±2±2, p and r 1-d1- tibia v 2±2±2, p 0±1; metatarsus v 2bas. II, 1-0. Specimens from the seashore in Chubut femur ϭ I; tibia v r1-r1±2, p 0±1 or 1-0-1- and Buenos Aires provinces are pale yellow, 0; metatarsus ϭ I. III, femur ϭ I; patella r almost lacking any pattern. A male from d1; tibia v p1±2±2, p and r 1-d1-1-d1, d NÄ orquinco, Rio Negro province, has a dark r1bas; metatarsus v 2±2±2, p and r d1±1±1, abdomen with pale venter. Some females d 0-p1±2. IV, femur d 1±1±1, p 0-d1-d1, r have epigynal lateral lobes not fused, limit- d1ap; patella r d1; tibia ϭ III; metatarsus ϭ ing deep notch with parallel borders, similar III or d 2ap. Abdomen length 4.25, width to S. minuta. 2.25, spiracle±epigastrium 1.57, spiracle± NATURAL HISTORY: Unknown. spinnerets 1.00. Color: pale gray with darker DISTRIBUTION: In Argentina, NeuqueÂn, RõÂo pattern. Legs with small dots at bases of lat- Negro, and Chubut provinces, seashore of eral and dorsal spines. Femora with ventral Buenos Aires. In Uruguay only known from longitudinal dark spot. Patellae with dark Montevideo, in Chile only from Magallanes. spots p and r 1-0-1-0. Sternum, labium, and OTHER MATERIAL EXAMINED: URUGUAY: endites pale. Abdomen with dark cardiac Departamento Montevideo: Canelones, area, continued in two dark stripes (®g. 77F), Marindia, 8.IV.1976, F. Costa, R. Capocasale, venter with three longitudinal bands from 1( (CAS). ARGENTINA: Buenos Aires: epigastrium to tracheal spiracle. Epigyne and Carmen de Patagones, no date, excursion spermathecae (®gs. 84C, 85C±E) very simi- J.B. Daguerre and Carcelles, 1( (MACN-Ar lar to those of S. minuta, anterior pouch very 36829), 1& (MACN-Ar); Mar del TuyuÂ, cos- close to epigastric furrow, hidden between ta atlaÂntica (walking over sand beach), lateral lobes. 2.V.1981, M. RamõÂrez, 1& (MACN-Ar); MALE (allotype, measurements of speci- QuequeÂn, no date, J.B. Daguerre, 1& men from Calafate): Total length 6.65. Car- (MACN-Ar); San Blas, Patagones, Carcelles, apace length 2.97, width 2.33. Length of tib- 1( 1 immature (MACN-Ar 36833); Sierra ia/metatarsus: I, 2.33/2.13; II, 2.20/2.10; III, de la Ventana, 22.XI.1972, E. Maury, 1& 2.00/1.10; IV, 2.67/3.13. Chelicerae smaller (MACN-Ar). NeuqueÂn: Laguna Blanca Natl. than those of female. Sternum length 1.53, Park, N26, 30.IV.1964, no collector, 1& width 1.20. Spines as in female, except: leg (MACN-Ar); Piedra del Aguila, V.1972, I, femur p 2ap; tibia p and r 1-d1-1-0; meta- Gentili, 2( (MACN-Ar). RõÂo Negro: San tarsus p d1±1±0. r 1. II, femur p 0-d1±2 or Carlos de Bariloche, II.1954, M.E. Galiano, 0-d1-d1; tibia v 2±2±2 (the p1bas smaller), p 1& (MACN-Ar 5412), NÄ orquinco, 1-d1-1-d1 or 1-d1-0-1, r 1-d1-1-0; metatarsus 11.X.1961, 1&, 11.V.1962, 1( 8&, p and r d1±1±0. IV, femur ϭ II; tibia p and 27.VIII.1962, 1& 2 immatures, 3.VII.1966, r 1-d1-1-d1. Abdomen length 3.85, width 3( 6&, VIII.1962, 1&, A. KovaÂcs (AMNH). 2.25, spiracle±epigastrium 1.17, spiracle± Chubut: El MaiteÂn, 20.VI.1962, A. KovaÂcs, spinnerets 1.13. Color similar to female (®g. 1( 4& (AMNH); Leleque, 71Њ06ЈW, 77G). Palp (®gs. 61D, 84D, 85A, B): tibia 42Њ28ЈW, 12.II.1965, A. KovaÂcs, 1& short, width/length 0.87, cymbium relatively (AMNH); Puerto Madryn, V.1975, M. Rum- large. Copulatory bulb very similar to that of boll, 1( 1& (MACN-Ar 6852); PenõÂnsula de S. minuta. Valdez, Puerto PiraÂmides, 11.V.1970, M. VARIABILITY: Several specimens have su- Rumboll, 1& (MACN-Ar); II.1980, P. Go- pernumerary spines (e.g., a pair where only loboff, 1( (MACN-Ar); 42Њ34ЈS, 64Њ17ЈW,

← Fig. 85. A±E. Sanogasta backhauseni (Simon). A. Male copulatory bulb, retrolateral view (NeuqueÂn, Piedra del Aguila). B. Same, detail, ventral view. C. Epigyne, ventral view (syntype of Gayenna trilineata Tullgren). D. Same, cleared. E. Same, dorsal view. F±H. Sanogasta x-signata (Keyserling). F. Male copulatory bulb, ventral view (Buenos Aires, Atucha, 10.V.1987). G. Epigyne, ventral view (Atu- cha, 27.VIII.1985). H. Same, cleared. Scale bars ϭ 0.2 mm. 166 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY NO. 277

12.XI.1988, V. and B. Roth, 1( (CAS); RõÂo setae, p and r d1±1±1, d p1±2. IV, femur ϭ Turbio, 28.V.1976, M. Rumboll, 1& III; patella r 1; tibia v p1±2±2, p 1-d1-1-0, r (MACN-Ar). Santa Cruz: Calafate, d1±1, d r1bas; metatarsus v 2-p1±2 and an 23.I.1980, P.A. Goloboff, 1( 2& (MACN- apical group of thick setae, p and r d1±1±1, Ar); Lago Argentino, Estancia La Cristina, d p1±2. Abdomen length 2.43, width 1.50, 200 m, 17.III.1953, A. Willink, 1( (MACN- spiracle±epigastrium 0.92, spiracle±spinner- Ar); Las Cruces, Tres lagos, 9.III.1948, M. ets 0.42. Color: carapace and legs pale gray BirabeÂn, 2& (MLP); Los Glaciares Natl. with darker pattern. Abdomen cream with Park: 2.II.1973, M. Rumboll, 1& (MACN- dorsal gray pattern, venter with a few dark Ar); Los Glaciares Natl. Park, Estancia La dots, recurved transverse mark anterior of Oriental, 840 m, Y. p. tr., 14±17.II.1998, C. tracheal spiracle. Epigyne (®g. 85G, H): pos- and M. Vardy, 1& (BMNH/MACN-Ar). Ti- terior margin projecting over epigastric fur- erra del Fuego: RõÂo Grande, 21.I.1960, A. row, with two contiguous pouches where Bachmann, 1( (MACN-Ar); 3.II.1965, 1& copulatory openings lie. Insertions of epigas- (MLP). CHILE: RegioÂn XII (Magallanes y tric muscles super®cial. Copulatory ducts AntaÂrtica): Magallanes: Estancia Virgen de arising contiguously. Ducts of accessory Lourdes (Sector Dinamarquero), 6.II.1990, S. bulbs very short, ventral. Cekalovic, 2& (AMNH); Isla Riesco, Po- MALE (Atucha, 10.V.1987): Total length somby, 31.I.1976, T. Cekalovic, 1( 4.15. Carapace globose, length 2.00, width (AMNH); Magallanes, no speci®c locality, 1.60. Length of tibia/metatarsus: I, 1.52/1.35; II.1957, 1( (MHNS 50). II, 1.47/1.37; III, 1.18/1.28; IV, 1.50/1.80. Chelicerae small, vertical. Sternum length Sanogasta x-signata (Keyserling), 1.02, width 0.80. Spines as in female, except: new combination leg I, femur p 2ap; tibia v 2±2±2. II, tibia v Figures 61E, 84E, F, 85F±H r1±2±2. III, tibia v 0-p1±2 or p1-p1±2. IV, metatarsus v 2±2±2. Abdomen length 2.17, Gayenna x-signata Keyserling, 1891: 138 (two fe- width 1.33, spiracle±epigastrium 0.80, spi- males syntypes from Brazil, state of Rio Grande racle±spinnerets 0.47. Color: similar to fe- do Sul, no speci®c locality, should be in male, mark anterior of spiracle diffuse. Palp BMNH, not found). Mello-LeitaÄo, 1925: 457. Sanogasta sp.: RamõÂrez, 1995a: 361. (®gs. 61E, 84E, F, 85F): tibia short, width/ Samuza sp.: RamõÂrez, 1995a: 382 (lapsus). length 0.80, cymbium relatively large. Apical hematodocha rugose, prolonged between IDENTIFICATION: The illustration of the epi- margin of tegulum and paramedian apophy- gyne by Keyserling (1891) is suf®cient to sis. Embolus thin, basal process triangular. identify this distinctive species. Median apophysis thin, wide at base, narrow DIAGNOSIS: Easily distinguished from oth- at apex. Tip of paramedian apophysis long, er Sanogasta by having the epigynal poste- sinuous. Secondary conductor wide, thin, not rior margin projecting over the epigastric fur- fused to anterior margin of tegulum (®g. row, and by the complex-shaped paramedian 84F); canal conspicuous, arising at base of apophysis and the secondary conductor. paramedian apophysis; anterior border pro- FEMALE (Atucha, 27.VII.1985): Total jecting, thin; retrolateral portion with rugose length 4.10. Carapace length 1.70, width external projection, internal, conical projec- 1.18, wider on legs II±III. Length of tibia/ tion. Anterior margin of tegulum compressed metatarsus: I, 0.75/0.65; II, 0.75/0.65; III, over base of secondary conductor. 0.50/0.72; IV, 0.92/1.13. Palpal tarsus length VARIABILITY: Female spines: III, metatar- 0.47. Chelicerae unmodi®ed, with two teeth sus v 2±2±2. on retromargin. Sternum length 0.92, width NATURAL HISTORY: This species builds re- 0.70. Spines: leg I, femur d 1±1±1, p d1ap; treats under bark or on dry leaves, and has tibia v 2±2-p1; metatarsus v 2bas. II, femur also been collected on epiphytic bromeliads ϭ I; tibia v r1±2-p1; metatarsus v 2bas. III, of the genus Tillandsia. femur d 1±1±1, p and r d1ap; patella r 1; tibia DISTRIBUTION: Southwestern Brazil, Uru- v p1-p1±2, p 1-d1-1-0, r d1±1, d r1bas; meta- guay, and Argentina, from Buenos Aires to tarsus v 2±0±2 and an apical group of thick the north; one isolated southern record from 2003 RAMIÂREZ: SPIDER SUBFAMILY AMAUROBIOIDINAE 167

Argentina, RõÂo Negro, suggest a wider dis- 2( 2& (MACN-Ar); Ciudad de Buenos Ai- tribution. res, 27.XII.1983, M. RamõÂrez, 1& (MACN- OTHER MATERIAL EXAMINED: BRASIL: Ar); La Plata, 22.XII.1978, P. Goloboff, 1( SaÄo Paulo: SaÄo JoseÂ do Barreiro, Serra da (MACN-Ar); San Antonio de Areco, BocaõÂna, 1960 m, XI.1968, M. Alvarenga 1& IV.1982, M. RamõÂrez, 1( (MACN-Ar); Pun- (AMNH). Rio Grande do Sul: Cachoeira do ta Lara, Ensenada, V.1954, J.M. Viana, 1& Sul, CapaneÂzinho, 12.V.1993, R.G. Buss, 1& (MACN-Ar); Santa Teresita, II.1984, M. Ra- (MCTP 3613); Cachoeira do Sul, Cordilhei- mõÂrez, 1& (MACN-Ar); Tandil, IV.1963, ra, 14.X.1992, 1( (MCTP 3266), 12.X.1993, Ogueta, 1( (MACN-Ar); Tigre, I.1938, J.M. 1& (MCTP 4276), R.G. Buss; Cachoeira do Viana, 2& (MACN-Ar); Tigre, VI.1955, J.M. Sul, Porteira Sete, 13.XI.1993, R.G. Buss, Viana, 13( 6& (MACN-Ar); Zelaya, 1( (MCTP 4217); Pelotas (apoÂs a ponte), 22.IX.1968, H. Hepper, 1( (MACN-Ar). RõÂo 9.V.1967, Biasi, 1& (MZUSP 14087); Pelo- Negro: El BolsoÂn, Cerro PiltriquitroÂn, 3± tas, V.1964, C. Biezanko, 3& (AMNH); 4.II.1985, M. RamõÂrez, 1& (MACN-Ar). QuaraõÂ, 24±28.V.1991, A. Lise, 2& (MCTP 0456). URUGUAY: Departamento RõÂo Ne- Sanogasta minuta (Keyserling), gro: Arroyo Negro, 15 km S PaysanduÂ, new combination 3.I.1963, R.G. Van Gelder, 1& (AMNH). Figures 84A, B, 86A±D ARGENTINA: Salta: El Alisal, 45 km W Samuza minuta Keyserling, 1891: 139 (syntypes Salta, 1950 m, canÄadoÂn huÂmedo, Malaise- in two vials: two females, one male, and one FIT trap, 1±29.XII.1987, S. and J. Peck, 1& immature male, and ®ve females, two males, (AMNH); El Rey Natl. Park, 880 m, RõÂo Los and four immatures, from Brazil, state of Rio Puertos, Prosopis forest, Malaise-FIT traps Grande do Sul, no speci®c locality, in BMNH, 87±145, 6±16.XII.1987, S. and J. Peck, 1& examined). (AMNH). Jujuy: Las Capillas, XI.1956, Gayenna minuta: Petrunkevitch, 1911: 485. Mel- Fritz, 1( (MACN-Ar). Corrientes: Paso de lo-LeitaÄo, 1925: 456. los Libres, II.1971, Bejarano, 1& (MACN- DIAGNOSIS: Resembles S. backhauseni in Ar). Catamarca: Estancia El Chorro, 1± genitalia, but distinguished by having almost 15.II.1953, Partridge, RodrõÂguez, 1& contiguous epigynal lateral lobes, limiting (MACN-Ar). CoÂrdoba: Alta Gracia, 3er pa- narrow notch. Males are smaller, their ab- redoÂn, XI.1985, Galiano, 1& (MACN-Ar); domen lacks the three de®nite dorsal longi- Calamuchita, III.1954, J.M. Viana, 1& tudinal stripes. (MACN-Ar); III±IV.1958, J.M. Viana, 1& FEMALE (Huerta Grande): Total length (MACN-Ar); II.1959, J.M. Viana, 1( 6.65. Carapace length 2.63, width 1.90, wid- (MACN-Ar); Horco Molle, 6±13.XI.1966, er on legs II±III. Length of tibia/metatarsus: M.E. Galiano 1& (MACN-Ar); La Cumbre, I, 1.33/1.15; II, 1.27/1.17; III, 1.10/1.20; IV, 8.XI.1991, M. RamõÂrez, 1& 4 immatures 1.53/2.17. Palpal tarsus length 0.77. Chelic- (MACN-Ar); Lago San Rafael, 20.XI.1983, erae with two teeth on retromargin. Sternum M. Galiano, 1& (MACN-Ar). Santa Fe: Las length 2.67, width 1.93. Spines: leg I, femur Gamas, 20 km W Vera, 27±30.X.1994, M. d 1±1±1, p 2ap; tibia v 2±2±2; metatarsus v RamõÂrez and J. Faivovich, 2( 1& (MACN- 2bas. II, femur ϭ I; tibia v r1±2±2; metatar- Ar). Entre RõÂos: RõÂo GualeguaychuÂ and sus v 2 bas. III, femur d 1±1±1, p and r d1ap; Ruta Nac. 14, 10.XII.1982, M. RamõÂrez and patella r 1; tibia v p1-p1±2, p 1-d1-1-0, r d1± P. Goloboff, 1( (MACN-Ar); Rosario del 1, d r1bas; metatarsus v 2±0±2, p and r d1- Tala, Ruta Prov. 38 and RõÂo Gualeguay, 1-0-1, d 0-p1±2. IV, femur ϭ III; patella r 1; 11.I.1988, P. Goloboff, C. Szumik, 1& tibia v p1±2±2, p 1±1, r 1-d1-1-0, d r1bas; (MACN-Ar); Salto Grande, IV.1977, J.M. metatarsus v 2±2±2, p and r d1±1±1, d 0-p1± Viana, 1& (MACN-Ar); no speci®c locality, 2. Abdomen length 4.00, width 2.60, spira- 1942, Haedo, 1& (MACN-Ar). Buenos Ai- cle±epigastrium 1.77, spiracle±spinnerets res: Atucha, on Tillandsia sp., 27.VII.1985, 0.83. Color: pale grayish with dark pattern. P. Goloboff, M. RamõÂrez, 4& (MACN-Ar), Sternum pale. Venter with line of small dots 10.V.1987, M. RamõÂrez, 1( 1& (MACN-Ar); anterior of tracheal spiracle. Epigyne (®gs. Isla MartõÂn GarcõÂa, 25.V.1990, M. RamõÂrez, 84A, B, 86C, D): anterior pouch small, very 168 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY NO. 277 close to epigastric furrow, reduced between (MCTP 3135). ARGENTINA: Catamarca: lateral lobes. Copulatory ducts arising con- Ruta 4 km 9±24, road to El Rodeo, IX.1981, tiguously. Ducts of accessory bulbs very A. GonzaÂlez, 1& (MACN-Ar). CoÂrdoba: short, ventral. Calamuchita, XI.1941, J. Viana, 1& MALE (Huerta Grande): Total length 5.70. (MACN-Ar); Calamuchita, ``El Sauce'', Carapace length 2.80, width 2.07. Length of XII.1941, 6& (MACN-Ar 1890); Huerta tibia/metatarsus: I, 1.70/1.43; II, 1.60/1.37; Grande, II.1943, 1( 6& (MACN-Ar). San III, 1.35/1.52; IV, 1.83/2.07. Chelicerae Luis: Merlo, XI.1985, M.E. Galiano, Miran- slightly smaller than those of female. Ster- da, 3& (MACN-Ar); Papagallos, 9.XI.1982, num length 1.32, width 0.98. Spines as in E. Maury, 1& (MACN-Ar); Villa Elena, female, except: leg I, tibia p 1-0-1-0. II, tibia X.71, J. Viana, 1& with embolus inserted ϭ I. III, femur p 0-d1±2, r 0-d1-d1; tibia v (MACN-Ar). La Pampa: Lihuel Calel Natl. 2±2±2, p and r 1-d1-1-0; metatarsus v 2-p1± Park, XI.1969, E. Maury, 1& (MACN-Ar). 2. IV, femur p 0-d1±2; tibia p and r 1-d1-1- Buenos Aires: La Plata, 1942, 1( (MLP); 0. Abdomen length 2.90, width 1.40, spira- Rosas, F.C.G.R., 1& (MACN-Ar); Sierra de cle±epigastrium 1.00, spiracle±spinnerets la Ventana, Pque. Prov. E. Tornquist, 18± 0.50. Color as in female, but darker cardiac 20.IX.1982, M. RamõÂrez, 1& (MACN-Ar); area. Palp (®g. 86A, B): tibia short, width/ Tandil, III.1963, Ogueta, 1& (MACN-Ar); length 0.93, cymbium relatively large. Em- IV.1963, Ogueta, 2& (MACN-Ar); V.1967, bolus thin, basal process small, triangular. E. Maury, 1& (MACN-Ar); Tandil, La Cas- Median apophysis very thin, closely associ- cada, 16.V.1973, C. Cesari, 1& (MACN-Ar). ated with paramedian. Apex of paramedian short, sinuous. Secondary conductor not Sanogasta puma, new species fused to anterior margin of tegulum, canal Figures 76E, 86E±H, 87 conspicuous, arising at base of paramedian apophysis; retrolateral portion with external TYPES: Female holotype and male paratype rectangular rugose projection. Anterior mar- from Argentina, Buenos Aires province, Isla gin of tegulum compressed over base of sec- Talavera, 2 km E ZaÂrate, ca. 34Њ06ЈS, ondary conductor. 59Њ02ЈW, 3.XI.1996, M. RamõÂrez, deposited VARIABILITY: Female spines: III, tibia v in MACN-Ar 9815. p1±2±2; metatarsus v 2-p1±2. ETYMOLOGY: The speci®c name is a noun NATURAL HISTORY: Unknown. in apposition taken from the felid Puma con- DISTRIBUTION: Southwestern Brazil and color, referring to the uniformly grayish central Argentina. Probably also in north- brown color of the body. eastern Argentina and Uruguay. DIAGNOSIS: Resembles S. tenuis in having OTHER MATERIAL EXAMINED: BRASIL: an elongate body without pattern, but can be Rio de Janeiro: PetroÂpolis, no date, Mello- distinguished by having ovate, voluminous LeitaÄo, 1( 3& (MNRJ 671). SaÄo Paulo: Bo- spermathecae, with pointed anterior ends, tucatu, RubiaÄo JuÂnior, 15.VII.1964, V.C. Je- and a relatively large secondary conductor. sus, A. Montover, 1& (MZUSP 14064), FEMALE (holotype): Total length 6.12. Car- 24.V.1978, M. Carneiro, 1& (MZUSP apace ¯attened, without thoracic groove, 14.051); SaÄo Paulo, Jabaquara, 20.VI.1943, length 2.47, width 1.50, wider at leg II. A. Zoppei, 1& (MZUSP 9845); Monte Ale- Length of tibia/metatarsus: I, 1.35/1.13; II, gre do Sul, Amparo, Fazenda de Santa Ma- 1.18/0.98; III, 0.83/0.82; IV, 1.55/1.22. Pal- rõÂa, 18±19.XII.1942, B.A.M. Soares, 1& pal tarsus length 0.60. Chelicerae unmodi- (MZUSP 14077); SaÄo Bernardo, Repressa ®ed, with two teeth on retromargin. Sternum Nova, 12.X.1041, F. Leme, 3( 6& 2 imma- length 1.57, width 0.82. Spines: leg I, femur tures (MZUSP 14075); Santo AndreÂ, d 1±1±1, p 0-d1±2, r d1ap; tibia v 2±2±2; 19.XI.1941, J. Domingo, 1& (MZUSP metatarsus v 2bas. II ϭ I. III, femur d 1±1± 14055). ParanaÂ: Guarapuava, ponte do Rio 1, p and r 0-d1-d1; tibia v p1±2±2, p v1-v1 Coutinho, 28.IV.1967, P. Biasi, 1& (MZUSP ϩ 0±1±0 bristle, r d1±1, d r1±0±1 bristles; 7035). Rio Grande do Sul: CapaoÄ Novo, metatarsus v 2±0±2, p 1±1, r 1±1, d 0-(p1 CapaoÂ da Canoa, 17±18.IV.1993, A. Lise, 2& bristle)-2. IV, femur d 1±1±1, p and r d1ap; 2003 RAMIÂREZ: SPIDER SUBFAMILY AMAUROBIOIDINAE 169

Fig. 86. A±D. Sanogasta minuta (Keyserling) (CoÂrdoba, Huerta Grande). A. Male copulatory bulb, retrolateral view. B. Same, ventral view. C. Epigyne, ventral view. D. Same, cleared. E±H. Sanogasta puma,n.sp.E. Male copulatory bulb, ventral view (Buenos Aires, Punta Lara). F. Same, retrolateral view. G. Epigyne, ventral view (holotype). H. Same, cleared. Scale bars ϭ 0.2 mm. tibia v p1±2±2, p v1-v1±0 ϩ 0±1±0 bristle, 76E), paler on venter, abdomen darkening r 1-d1±1, d r1±0±1 bristles; metatarsus v 2± posteriorly, membranous base of anterior 2±2 or 2-p1±2, p 0-v1-0-v1, r d1±1±1, d 0- spinnerets dark. Epigyne (®gs. 86G, H, 87): (p1 bristle)-0±2 (the p1ap is a bristle). Pro- anterior pouch advanced, longitudinal, with- lateral spines on tibiae III and IV ventrally out de®nite cavity. Copulatory ducts arising displaced. Abdomen length 3.65, width 1.47, contiguously. Ducts of accessory bulbs very spiracle±epigastrium 1.90, spiracle±spinner- short, ventral. Spermathecae ovate, anteriorly ets 0.73. Color: grayish brown uniform (®g. acute. 170 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY NO. 277

ing at base of paramedian apophysis; retrolateral portion with basal, conical projection. Anterior margin of tegulum compressed over base of secondary conductor. NATURAL HISTORY: This species lives in the bases of large grasses, mainly pampa grasses (``cortadera'', Cortaderia selloana), in periodically ¯ooded areas. The elongate, ¯attened body with uniform color and the way the spider aligns the legs with the grass leaves make a strikingly cryptic effect. DISTRIBUTION: Southeastern Brazil, Uru- guay, and northeastern Argentina. OTHER MATERIAL EXAMINED: BRASIL: SaÄo Paulo: Botucatu, Fazenda Nossa Senho- ra da ConceicËaÄo, ``parte aeÂrea de Saccharum of®cinarum'', 4.II.1999, L.I. Rinaldi, B. Mendez, 1( (UNESP), 20.IV.1999, 1& (UNESP); Botucatu, Usina SaÄo Manoel, 2.III.1988, I. Rinaldi and L. Forti, 1& (UNESP), 29.IX.1986, 1( (UNESP). URU- GUAY: Departamento Rocha: Arroyo Sar- andõÂ del Consejo, ruta 9 km 251, 18.V.1993, M. RamõÂrez and F. PeÂrez Miles, 1( (MACN- Ar). ARGENTINA: Santa Fe: El Toba, 4.IV.1968, M. Galiano, 1& (MACN-Ar). En- tre RõÂos: Rosario del Tala, XI.1988, M. Ra- mõÂrez, 1& (MACN-Ar, photos MJR 62, 63, Fig. 87. Sanogasta puma, n. sp., epigyne, ventral view (Buenos Aires, ParanaÂ de Las Pal- 269). Buenos Aires: Same data as types, 1( mas). A. Anterior pouch. B. Copulatory openings. 4& 1 immature; Delta, estacioÂn experimental INTA, 3.II.1983, M. Carbajal and M. RamõÂ- rez, 1( (MACN-Ar); Delta, ParanaÂ de Las MALE (paratype): Total length 5.45. Cara- Palmas, 17.VII.1964, M. Galiano, 2& pace with thoracic groove scarcely marked, (MACN-Ar); Dique LujaÂn, 26.IX.1982, P. length 2.43, width 1.60. Length of tibia/ Goloboff and M. RamõÂrez, 1( (MACN-Ar); metatarsus: I, 1.73/1.40; II, 1.35/1.13; III, Mar del TuyuÂ, costa atlaÂntica, 2.V.1981, M. 0.98/0.95; IV, 1.70/1.37. Chelicerae small, RamõÂrez, 1& 1 immature (MACN-Ar); Re- vertical. Sternum length 1.47, width 0.78. serva Otamendi, 10.VI.1997, M. RamõÂrez, L. Spines as in female, except: leg I, tibia p 1- Compagnucci, C. Grismado, F. Uehara, 1 im- d1-1-0, r 1-0-d1-0, d r1±0±1 bristles; meta- mature (MACN-Ar); Punta Lara, Ensenada, tarsus p d1. II, tibia p 1-d1-1-0, r 1-0-d1-0, 10.X.1984, M. Galiano, C. Scioscia and P. d r1±0±1 bristles; metatarsus p d1. III, tibia, Goloboff, 1( (MACN-Ar), 11.X.1985, F. r 1-d1-0-1-0; metatarsus v 2-p1±2. Abdomen Miranda and M. RamõÂrez, 1( (MACN-Ar); length 2.93, width 1.33, spiracle±epigastrium RõÂo LujaÂn, estacioÂn FCGM, marsh with ``es- 1.50, spiracle±spinnerets 0.58. Color as in fe- padanÄa'', 5.X.1993, M. RamõÂrez and A. male. Palp (®g. 86E, F): tibia short, width/ PeÂrez, 2( (MACN-Ar); Zelaya, VII.1938, length 1.39, cymbium relatively large. Em- J.B. Daguerre, 2& (MACN-Ar). bolus thin, basal process small, triangular. Median apophysis very thin, short, closely Sanogasta tenuis, new species associated with paramedian. Apex of para- Figures 76F, 88 median apophysis short, sinuous, translucent. Secondary conductor not fused to anterior TYPES: Female holotype and male paratype margin of tegulum; canal conspicuous, aris- from Argentina, Buenos Aires province, RõÂo 2003 RAMIÂREZ: SPIDER SUBFAMILY AMAUROBIOIDINAE 171

Fig. 88. Sanogasta tenuis, n. sp., holotype and paratype. A. Female, dorsal view. B. Ventral view. C. Epigyne, ventral view. D. Same, cleared. E. Same, dorsal. F. Copulatory bulb, ventral view. G. Same, retrolateral view. Scale bars ϭ A, B, 0.5 mm; C±G, 0.1 mm.

LujaÂn, estacioÂn Ferrocarril General Mitre, 0.53/0.38; III, 0.33/0.32; IV, 0.95/0.60. Pal- grassland, ca. 34Њ17ЈS, 58Њ54ЈW, photos MJR pal tarsus length 0.32. Chelicerae unmodi- 1242±1254, 5.X.1993, M. RamõÂrez and A. ®ed, with two teeth on retromargin. Sternum PeÂrez, deposited in MACN-Ar 9816. length 0.95, width 0.52. Spines (all tibiae ETYMOLOGY: The speci®c name refers to with d r1±0±1 bristles): leg I, femur d 1±1± the slender body. 1, p 2ap, r d1ap; tibia v 2±2±2; metatarsus v DIAGNOSIS: Resembles S. puma in having 2bas (0-2-0-0). II, femur d 1±1±1, p d1ap, r an elongate body without pattern (®g. 88A, 0-d1-d1; tibia v r1-r1±2; metatarsus ϭ I. III, B), but can be distinguished by having small, femur d 1±1±1, p and r 0-d1-d1; tibia v p1- spherical spermathecae and a relatively small p1±2, p v1-v1 ϩ 0±1±0 bristle, r d1, d r1± secondary conductor. 0±1 bristles; metatarsus v 2±0±1, p 0±1, r 0- FEMALE (holotype): Total length 4.12. Car- d1±1, d r1ap. IV, femur d 1±1±1, p and r apace without thoracic groove, ¯attened, d1ap; tibia v p1±2±2, p v1-v1±0 bristles ϩ elongate, length 1.37, width 0.80, wider on 0±1±0 bristle, r 0-d1±1 bristles, d r1±0±1 legs II±III. AME larger than ALE, with oc- bristles; metatarsus v 2±0±1, p d1±1, r 0-d1- ular cones visible through cuticle, black. 0-d1 bristles, d 0-p1-0-2 bristles. Prolateral Length of tibia/metatarsus: I, 0.78/0.55; II, spines on tibiae III and IV ventrally dis- 172 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY NO. 277 placed. Abdomen length 2.70, width 1.27, mature (MACN-Ar); no speci®c locality, J.B. spiracle±epigastrium 1.08, spiracle±spinner- Daguerre, 1& (MACN-Ar 31344). CoÂrdoba: ets 0.83. Color: uniforma pale grayish Pampa de Achala, 15 km W El CoÂndor, brown. Epigyne (®g. 88C±E): anterior pouch 31.VII.1999, M. RamõÂrez and L. Lopardo, small, close to epigastric furrow, with trans- 1& (MACN-Ar). verse elevation limiting depressed area anterior of pouch. Insertions of epigastric mus- Sanogasta approximata (Tullgren), cles super®cial. Copulatory ducts arising new combination contiguously. Ducts of accessory bulbs very Figures 89±91 short, ventral. Gayenna approximata Tullgren, 1901: 233, 259 MALE (paratype): Total length 2.90. Cara- (two females syntypes from Tierra del Fuego, pace without thoracic groove, length 1.22, Tweedie, Sierra del Toro, 19.III.1899, E. Nor- width 0.72. AME projecting above clypeus. denskjoÈld, and RõÂo Azopardo, 1.III.1896, O. Length of tibia/metatarsus: I, 0.85/0.63; II, NordenskjoÈld, in NRS, examined). 0.53/0.42; III, 0.33/0.32; IV, 0.82/0.57. Che- Tomopisthes kraepelini Simon, 1902: 31 (female licerae narrow, vertical. Sternum length 0.82, holotype from Chile, Punta Arenas, in MHNP width 0.45. Spines as in female, except: leg 20723, examined). NEW SYNONYMY. I, tibia p 1-d1-1-0, r 1-0-v1-0; metatarsus p Gayenna kraepelini: Merian, 1913: 13. d1. II, tibia p 1-d1-1-0; metatarsus p d1. III, SYNONYMY: The types of the species syn- tibia, r 0-d1-1-0; metatarsus p and r 0-d1-0- onymized were examined, together with 1. IV, metatarsus p and r d1±1, d r1±0-r1. specimens from the same area; no relevant Abdomen length 1.62, width 0.60, spiracle± differences were found. epigastrium 0.70, spiracle±spinnerets 0.93. DIAGNOSIS: Distinguished from other San- Color as in female. Palp (®g. 88F, G): tibia ogasta by having two pairs of ventral spines short, width/length 1.20, cymbium relatively on metatarsi II, a conspicuous embolar pro- large. Embolus thin, basal process small, tri- cess, and triangular sclerotized areas at the angular. Median apophysis very thin, closely epigastric muscle insertions, ¯anking the epi- associated with paramedian. Apex of para- gyne. median apophysis short, sinuous. Secondary FEMALE (lectotype, measurements of spec- conductor not fused to anterior margin of te- imen from Los Glaciares Natl. Park): Total gulum; canal well de®ned, arising slightly length 11.50. Carapace length 5.45, width distal to base of paramedian apophysis; re- 4.00, wider on legs II±III. Length of tibia/ trolateral portion with rounded basal projec- metatarsus: I, 3.72/3.72; II, 3.59/3.72; III, tion, external margin forming elevated, thin 3.00/4.00; IV, 3.86/5.72. Palpal tarsus length ridge. Anterior margin of tegulum pro- 1.90. Chelicerae unmodi®ed, with two teeth nounced, compressed over base of secondary on retromargin. Sternum length 3.13, width conductor. 2.17. Spines: leg I, femur d 1±1±1, p 0-d1± NATURAL HISTORY: This species lives in 2, r 0-d1-d1; tibia v 2±2±2 or 2±2-p1; meta- the bases of grasses. The spider places its tarsus v 2±2±0. II, femur ϭ I; tibia v 2±2-p1 legs in a line with the body on grass leaves, or 2±2±2 (the r1ap very small), p 0±1; meta- and is extremely cryptic. tarsus v 2±2±0 (the x-r1-x more apical). III, DISTRIBUTION: Collected in SaÄo Paulo, femur d 1±1±1, p and r 0-d1-d1; patella r d1; Buenos Aires, and CoÂrdoba, probably widely tibia v 2±2±2, p and r v1-d1-1-0, d r1-0-1-0; distributed through grasslands in central and metatarsus v 2±2±2, p and r d1-1-0-1, d 0- northeastern Argentina, southeastern Brazil, p1±2. IV, femur d 1±1±1, p 0-d1-d1, r d1ap; and Uruguay. patella r d1; tibia and metatarsus ϭ III. Ab- OTHER MATERIAL EXAMINED: BRASIL: domen length 6.38, width 3.19, spiracle±epi- SaÄo Paulo: Botucatu, Usina SaÄo Manoel, gastrium 2.70, spiracle±spinnerets 1.60. Col- 11.II.1987, I. Rinaldi and L. Forti, 1& or: grayish, with darker pattern (®g. 89), (UNESP). ARGENTINA: Buenos Aires: sternum grayish, slightly darker at margins. Same data as types, 5& 3 immatures, Venter pale. Epigyne (®gs. 90, 91D, E): an- 30.X.1990, M. RamõÂrez, 1& 4 immatures terior pouch close to epigastric furrow. In- (MACN-Ar), 14.IX.1991, M. RamõÂrez, 1 im- sertions of epigastric muscles very deep, as- 2003 RAMIÂREZ: SPIDER SUBFAMILY AMAUROBIOIDINAE 173

Fig. 90. Sanogasta approximata (Tullgren), epigyne, poserior-ventral view.

of paramedian apophysis short. Secondary conductor partially fused to anterior margin of tegulum, wide, thin; canal vestigial, ending in low peak; prolateral portion with ¯attened, rounded projection pointing distally; retrolateral portion concave, with elevated ridge at external margin, small basal internal Fig. 89. Sanogasta approximata (Tullgren), projection. Anterior margin of tegulum com- female (NeuqueÂn, Nahuel Huapi, photo MJR 51). pressed over base of secondary conductor. VARIABILITY: The median ventral spines on metatarsus II (x-2-x) arise gradually in im- sociated with triangular sclerotized areas. matures, being absent in younger instars. Median ®eld with pair of shallow depres- Most females have metatarsus I, v 2bas, sions on epigastric furrow. Copulatory ducts some v 2-p1±0, occasionally v 2±2±0 (as in short, thick. Ducts of accessory bulbs very lectotype). Some penultimate males also short, oriented forward. have v 2±2±0 on metatarsus I. MALE (Los Glaciares Natl. Park): Total NATURAL HISTORY: This species builds re- length 10.00. Carapace length 4.80, width treats under stones at shores of lakes or 3.72. Length of tibia/metatarsus: I, 4.39/4.79; streams, often sharing a stone with conspe- II, 4.12/4.39; III, 3.23/4.26; IV, 4.12/6.25. ci®cs, or with Acanthoceto cinerea group Chelicerae slightly smaller than those of fe- species. male. Sternum length 2.67, width 1.93. DISTRIBUTION: Forests in southern Argen- Spines as in female, except: leg I, tibia v 2± tina (from NeuqueÂn province) and Chile 2±2, p and r 1-d1-1-0; metatarsus v 2±2±0 (from Malleco province) to Tierra del Fuego. (both r advanced), p and r 1. II, femur ϭ I; One isolated record from Santiago (CAS). tibia ϭ I; metatarsus p d1±1±0, r 1. IV, femur OTHER MATERIAL EXAMINED: ARGENTI- ϭ III. Abdomen length 5.30, width 2.50, spi- NA: NeuqueÂn: San MartõÂn de los Andes, 3± racle±epigastrium 2.10, spiracle±spinnerets 6.I.1964, no collector, 2& (MACN-Ar); Na- 1.30. Color as in female. Sternum and coxae huel Huapi Natl. Park: Lago Nahuel Huapi, clothed with short hairs, some of them thick- PenõÂnsula QuetrihueÂ, II.1986, M. RamõÂrez, er. Palp (®g. 91A±C): tibia short, width/ 2& (MACN-Ar), ``arrayan'' forest, beach of length 0.70, cymbium relatively large. Teg- stones, 24.II.1996, M. RamõÂrez, 1( 2& ular notch short (®g. 91A). Embolus short, (MACN-Ar); Lago Nahuel Huapi, lado este, not associated with canal on conductor, basal I.1989, M. RamõÂrez and E. Maury, 2& 3 im- process conspicuous, heavily sclerotized. matures (MACN-Ar, photos MJR 50±51). Median apophysis short, hook-shaped. Apex RõÂo Negro: San Carlos de Bariloche, 174 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY NO. 277

Fig. 91. Sanogasta approximata (Tullgren). A. Male copulatory bulb, ventral view (Chubut, Futa- laufquen). B. Same, retrolateral. C. Male palp, retrolateral view. D. Epigyne, ventral view (syntype). E. Same, cleared. Scale bars ϭ A, B, 0.3 mm; C, 1 mm; D, E, 0.2 mm.

II.1954, M.E. Galiano, 8& 5 immatures 1( 1 immature (MACN-Ar); Lago Verde, (MACN-Ar 5412), III.1947, A. Giai, 1( 4 II.1985, M. RamõÂrez, 1( 1& 6 immatures immatures (MACN-Ar 2225), 1( 3 imma- (MACN-Ar). Santa Cruz: Lago FrõÂas, no tures (MACN-Ar 2219), 1& (MACN-Ar date, E. Maury, 1& 2 immatures (MACN- 2221); El BolsoÂn, 71Њ35ЈS, 41Њ59ЈW, Ar); Los Glaciares Natl. Park, II.1977, no 2.III.1964, A. KoÂvacs, 1& (AMNH); Los Re- collector, 1( 1& (MACN-Ar), 18.I.1980, P. pollos, 5.III.1962, A. KovaÂcs, 1& (AMNH); Goloboff, 1( 3& (MACN-Ar); Valle EleÂc- RõÂo Azul, V.1962, A. KovaÂcs, 4& (AMNH). trico, 10±15.II.1949, N.S. Gianollina, 1( Chubut: Esquel, road to La Hoya, 42Њ54ЈS, (MACN-Ar 2691). CHILE: RegioÂn Metro- 71Њ19ЈW, 16.XI.1988, V.D. Roth, 8& (CAS); politana (Santiago): Santiago: CanÄoÂn del Los Alerces Natl. Park: Lago Futalaufquen, Maipo, 28.XII.1966, L. Campos, 2( (CAS). I.1990, M.J. RamõÂrez, 9& (MACN-Ar); RegioÂn IX (AraucanõÂa): Malleco: Tolhuaca, II.1986, M. RamõÂrez, 1( 4& 1 immature 15.II.1992, M. RamõÂrez, N. Platnick, P. Go- (MACN-Ar), 18.I.1977, E. Maury, B. Detri- loboff, 2& (AMNH). RegioÂn X (Los La- cet, 1& (MACN-Ar); Lago Futalaufquen, gos): Osorno: E Entre Lagos, orilla del Lago BahõÂa Rosales, 7.II.1986, M. RamõÂrez, 7& Puyehue, 150 m, 24.XI.1981, N. Platnick and 2003 RAMIÂREZ: SPIDER SUBFAMILY AMAUROBIOIDINAE 175

T. Schuh, 2( (AMNH); Puyehue Natl. Park: 2ap; tibia v 2±2-p1; metatarsus v 2bas. II, Los Derrumbes, 18.I.1989, M. RamõÂrez, 2& femur d 1±1±1, p 0-d1±2, r d1; tibia v r1±2± (MACN-Ar); Aguas Calientes, 13± 2 or 0±2±2, p 0±1; metatarsus ϭ I. III, femur 17.XII.1998, M. RamõÂrez, L. Compagnucci, d 1±1±1, p and r 0-d1-d1; patella r 1; tibia v C. Grismado, L. Lopardo, 1( 1& (MACN- p1±2±2, p and r d1±1, d r1bas; metatarsus v Ar). ChiloeÂ: Isla de ChiloeÂ: no date, Skotts- 2±0±2, p and r d1±1±1, d 0-p1±2. IV, femur berg, 1& (NRS); Lago Huillinco, 9.II.1981, d 1±1±1, p 0-d1-d1, r d1ap; patella r 1; tibia T. Cekalovic, 1& 28 immatures (AMNH). v p1±2±2, p and r 1-d1-0-1, d r1bas; meta- RegioÂn XI (IbaÂnÄez del Campo): AiseÂn: tarsus v 2±2±2, p and r d1±1±1, d 0-p1±2. Balmaceda (``RõÂo Negro'', lapsus?), Abdomen length 4.39, width 2.23, spiracle± 27.I.1957, M. Cadoceo, 12& 2( 1 immature epigastrium 1.70, spiracle±spinnerets 0.63. (MACN-Ar), 28.III.1957, M. Cadoceo, 4& Color: carapace grayish, with dark dorsal 28 immatures (MACN-Ar); Murta, Lago pattern. Legs pale grayish with dark spots. General Carrera, 29.30.I.1990, L. PenÄa, 1& Endites brown, labium dark brown. Sternum (AMNH); Puerto AiseÂn, II.1957, M. Cado- with dark brown spots at margins, center ceo, 14& 6( 1 immature (MACN-Ar). Re- pale. Abdomen with dense, dark dorsal pat- gioÂn XII (Magallanes y AntaÂrtica): Ma- tern, venter pale, with median band of small gallanes: Magallanes, III.1959, no collector, spots, a few dots at sides. Epigyne (®g. 92C, 2& (MACN-Ar), no date, T. Cekalovic, 6& D): anterior pouch close to epigastric furrow. (UC); 30 km Natales, road to Magallanes, Insertions of epigastric muscles super®cial. 21.III.1948, M. BirabeÂn, 2& (MLP); PenõÂn- Copulatory ducts short, thick. Ducts of ac- sula Brunswick, Tres Brazos, 28.II.1971, T. cessory bulbs very short, oriented forward. Cekalovic, 9& 2 immatures (AMNH); Punta MALE (holotype): Total length 6.38. Car- Arenas, 17.IX.1963, 3&, 18.IX.1963, 1&,T. apace length 2.90, width 2.23. Length of tib- Cekalovic (AMNH), RõÂo Rubens, ca. 52ЊS, ia/metatarsus: I, 2.53/2.30; II, 2.67/2.23; III, 30.XI±3.XII.1962, P. Darlington, 1& (MCZ). 1.73/1.93; IV, 2.10/2.37. Chelicerae slightly narrower than those of female. Sternum Sanogasta pehuenche, new species length 3.07, width 2.33. Spines as in female, Figure 92 except: leg I, tibia v 2±2-r1 or 2±2±0. II, tibia p 0; metatarsus p d1±0. III, metatarsus TYPES: Male holotype and female paratype v 2±2±2. Abdomen length 3.72, width 2.00, from Argentina, NeuqueÂn province, LanõÂn spiracle±epigastrium 1.60, spiracle±spinner- Natl. Park, Lago CurruheÂ Chico, ca. 39Њ54ЈS, ets 0.70. Color as in female, but dorsum of 71Њ21ЈW, 15±16.I.1983, E. Maury, deposited abdomen yellow with dark brownish pattern. in MACN-Ar 9817. Palp (®g. 92A, B): tibia long, width/length ETYMOLOGY: The speci®c name refers to 0.55. Tegular notch short. Embolus short, not the pehuenches, who live in the land of pe- associated with canal on conductor, with bas- huenes (Araucaria araucana), where this al process small, super®cial. Apex of para- species is found. median apophysis short, hook-shaped. Sec- DIAGNOSIS: Resembles S. approximata in ondary conductor small, not fused to anterior having short, thick copulatory ducts, but can margin of tegulum, with canal reduced; re- be distinguished by having the epigynal an- trolateral portion concave, posteriorly elevat- terior pouch with longer borders, no sclero- ed. Anterior margin of tegulum compressed tized areas ¯anking the epigyne, and a para- over base of secondary conductor. median apophysis forming a short hook. NATURAL HISTORY: Unknown. FEMALE (paratype): Total length 7.60. Car- DISTRIBUTION: Known only from NeuqueÂn apace length 3.72, width 2.57, wider on legs and ConcepcioÂn, probably with wider distri- II±III. Length of tibia/metatarsus: I, 2.10/ bution. 1.87 (left smaller, regenerated); II, 2.00/1.90; OTHER MATERIAL EXAMINED: ARGENTI- III, 1.63/1.83; IV, 2.30/2.70. Palpal tarsus NA: NeuqueÂn: San MartõÂn de los Andes, length 1.00. Chelicerae unmodi®ed, with two Cerro Chapelco, 1700 m, II.1961, M. Galia- teeth on retromargin. Sternum length 1.87, no, 1& (MACN-Ar); LanõÂn Natl. Park, same width 1.40. Spines: leg I, femur d 1±1±1, p data as types, 2&,1& penultimate, 2 imma- 176 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY NO. 277

Fig. 92. Sanogasta pehuenche, n. sp. (holotype and paratype). A. Male palp, ventral view. B. Same, retrolateral view. C. Epigyne, ventral view. D. Same, cleared. Scale bars ϭ 0.1 mm. tures (MACN-Ar); Lago Moquehue, and Clubiona chilensis Nicolet. Clubiona 10.I.1985, E. Maury, 2& 1 immature elegans is a nomen nudum that Simon made (MACN-Ar); Lago QuilleÂn, II.1968, E. Mau- referring to some specimens labeled by Nic- ry, MuÈller 2& (MACN-Ar). CHILE: RegioÂn olet as ``C. elegans'' (Simon, 1903a: 1031). VIII (BiobõÂo): ConcepcioÂn: Hualqui, The type of Clubiona chilensis Nicolet is an 18.XII.1988, R. Vergara, 1& (AMNH). Amaurobioides. I have not found any specimen labeled ``C. elegans'' or ``Cluilius chi- PHILISCA SIMON lensis'' in MHNP. Simon had not seen spec- Table 23 imens of Amaurobioides (``a Clubiona dif- Philisca Simon, 1884: 129 (type species by mon- fert, sec. Cambridge ...'' [Simon, 1897a: otypy Philisca hahni Simon, 1884), 1887: E21, 89]; I have not found any Amaurobioides in 1897a: 77±78, 82, 84, 86, 1903a: 1031. Trans- Simon's collection, except the type of C. chi- ferred from the Miturgidae by RamõÂrez, 1995a: lensis). However, it seems evident that Simon 381. would have been able to distinguish between Liparotoma Simon, 1884: 130, 137 (type species Amaurobioides and Philisca, because the Liparotoma hyadesi Simon, 1884, subsequently type of Clubiona chilensis Nicolet has a label designated by Simon, 1897a: 100). RamõÂrez, (probably transcribed by Berland) ``Axyra- 1993: 196. Revised by RamõÂrez, 1993. NEW crus chilensis Nicolet, (sub Clubiona), Si- SYNONYMY. mon det.''. If this label is correct, at some SYNONYMY: Some years after the proposal point Simon thought that C. chilensis was not of Cluilius, Simon (1904) considered it a sec- a Philisca, but an Axyracrus, a genus very tion of Philisca (1904: 98). Unfortunately, similar to Amaurobioides. Simon designated two type species for the In tune with the tradition, Mello-LeitaÄo genus Cluilius:``Clubiona elegans Nicolet'' (1951) described a homonym Cluilius chilen- 2003 RAMIÂREZ: SPIDER SUBFAMILY AMAUROBIOIDINAE 177

TABLE 23 Synapomorphies of Philisca and Internal Clades

sis, which belongs to the genus Philisca, and isca, where most species of this group were I will retain the name Philisca chilensis until described. Liparotoma comprises four spe- a revision of the genus is completed. cies of a derivative group, which may con- Liparotoma hyadesi, the type species of stitute a subgenus in the future. Liparotoma, is here considered a member of NOTE: Philisca puconensis is provisionally Philisca. The names Philisca and Liparoto- included in Philisca by the thin branches of ma were published in the same paper (Si- the median apophysis. In slightly suboptimal mon, 1884). I decided to use the name Phil- trees it jumps to the base of Tomopisthes. 178 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY NO. 277

DIAGNOSIS: Most species are distinguished Philisca navarinensis Tullgren, 1901: 228, 259 from other Gayennini by having thin branch- (female holotype from Chile, Magallanes, es on the median apophysis. Similar branches Puerto Toro, 8.II.1896, in NRS, examined). NEW are also found in Tasata centralis, but that SYNONYMY. species is easily distinguished by having ®ve SYNONYMY: The holotypes of the species retrolateral cheliceral denticles, instead of the synonymized were examined; no relevant three ones in Philisca. Philisca ornata lacks differences were found. those branches, but shares with other Phil- NOTE: The type of Philisca navarinensis is isca the modi®ed male chelicerae. P. tri- labeled ``Philisca toronensis''; the corre- punctata also lacks branches, but shares with sponding ®le in NRS was corrected as ``na- several Philisca a reduced spination of ®rst varinensis (toronensis)''. and second tibiae and metatarsi. DIAGNOSIS: Distinguished from other Phil- DESCRIPTION: Carapace wide in front, che- isca by having the epigynal median ®eld licerae strong; males with chelicerae similar rectangular, slightly elevated, with a deep an- to or larger than those of females; three teeth terior pouch, and the male paramedian on promargin, one to three on retromargin. apophysis elongate, thick, with rounded tip. Male palpal tibia relatively long, usually two FEMALE (holotype, measurements of spec- or more times longer than wide. Cymbium imen from PucoÂn): Total length 9.05. Cara- relatively small, narrow. Embolus with tip pace (®g. 94B, C) length 4.00, width 2.77, relatively thick, not associated with second- wider on legs II±III. Length of tibia/metatar- ary conductor. Median apophysis generally sus: I, 2.50/2.07; II, 2.30/2.00; III, 1.70/1.87; with one to several thin basal or medial IV, 2.33/2.63. Palpal tarsus length 1.12. Che- branches. Paramedian apophysis simple, licerae unmodi®ed, with three teeth on retro- thick, elongate. Primary conductor present, margin, basal one larger (®g. 96A). Sternum simple. Secondary conductor with several length 1.93, width 1.53. Spines: leg I, femur projections, well separated from anterior d 1±1±1, p 2ap; tibia v p1±2±2; metatarsus v margin of tegulum by membranous band 2bas. II, femur ϭ I; tibia v 0±2±2; metatarsus wider on prolateral side; canal vestigial or ϭ I. III, femur d 1±1±1, p 0-d1-(1-d1), r absent. Epigyne with anterior pouch deep or d1ap; patella r d1; tibia v 0±2±2, p and r d1± widened, several species with median ®eld 1; metatarsus v 2-p1-p1 and group of apical heart-shaped. hairs, p and r d1±1±1, d 0-p1±2. IV, femur DISTRIBUTION: Forests in southern Chile d 1±1±1, p 0-d1-d1, r d1ap; patella r d1; tibia and Argentina. v p1±2±2, p d1±1, r 1-d1-0-1-0; metatarsus COMPOSITION: In addition to the species de- ϭ III, but v 2±2-p1. Abdomen length 5.30, tailed below: Philisca accentifera Simon, width 3.33, spiracle±epigastrium 3.03, spi- 1904 (female and immature syntypes in racle±spinnerets 0.50. Color: carapace and MHNP 22413, examined), Philisca ingens legs brown. Sternum dark brown with pale Berland, 1924 (female holotype in NRS 817, center, endites and labium dark. Abdomen and female paratype in MHNP, examined), yellow, cardiac area violet, dorsum with Cluilius chilensis Mello-LeitaÄo, 1951 (male brown spots, venter with some diffuse dark and female syntypes, in MNRJ, examined), spots. Epigyne (®g. 94D, E): anterior pouch Clubiona gayi Nicolet, 1849 (several males with deep cavity, median ®eld rectangular, and females syntypes, in MHNP 4226, ex- slightly elevated. Insertions of epigastric amined, new combination), and few bizarre muscles super®cial. Ducts of accessory bulbs undescribed species on the Juan FernaÂndez short, converging. Islands. MALE (PucoÂn): Total length 7.70. Cara- pace length 3.07, width 2.27. Length of tibia/ Philisca hahni Simon metatarsus: I, 2.67/2.37; II, 2.40/2.20; III, Figures 93A, B, 94, 95, 96A 1.67/1.77; IV, 2.20/2.47. Chelicerae very Philisca hahni Simon, 1884: 129 (female holo- long, fang long, thick; retromarginal teeth type from Chile, Cabo de Hornos, in MHNP small, apical tooth separated from other two. 6679, examined), 1887: E21, 1897a: 78, 82, 86, Endites unmodi®ed. Sternum length 1.55, 1902: 29. width 1.23. Spines as in female, except: leg 2003 RAMIÂREZ: SPIDER SUBFAMILY AMAUROBIOIDINAE 179

Fig. 93. Philisca spp., male copulatory bulbs. A, B. P. hahni Simon (CautõÂn, PucoÂn). A. Apical view. B. Detail of median apophysis and primary conductor, retrolateral view. C±E. P. huapi, n. sp. (NeuqueÂn, Ortiz Basualdo). C. Retrolateral view. D. Secondary conductor, apical view. E. Apical view. F. P. hyadesi (Simon), apical view (AiseÂn: Ventisquero San Rafael). (C1 ϭ primary conductor; C2 ϭ secondary conductor; E ϭ embolus; MA ϭ median apophysis; PMA ϭ paramedian apophysis.)

II, femur p d1ap. III, femur p 0-d1-(1-d1) or length 2.75, width 1.70, spiracle±epigastrium p 0-d1-d1; tibia v 0±2±2, 0-p1±2 or p1±2±2; 1.57, spiracle±spinnerets 0.28. Color (®g. metatarsus v 2-p1-p1, 2-r1-p1 or 2±0-p1. IV, 94A): as in female, but abdomen with more metatarsus v 2-p1-p1 or 2±2-p1. Abdomen heavily contrasting pattern, dorsal pattern 180 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY NO. 277

Fig. 94. Philisca hahni Simon. A. Male (PucoÂn, CautõÂn). B. Female carapace, dorsal view (holotype of Philisca navarinensis). C. Same, anterior view. D. Epigyne, ventral view (holoype). E. Same, cleared: arrow points to anterior pouch on median ®eld. Scale bars ϭ A±C, 1 mm; D, E, 0.1 mm. and epigastrium violet (some specimens with by S.A. Marshall, this species might live on a ventral band). Palp (®gs. 93A, B, 95): tibia stony beaches. Many specimens have regen- long, width/length 0.37, cymbium relatively erated legs. small. Embolus very short, base globose, DISTRIBUTION: Chile, from CautõÂn province with longitudinal projecting ridge; basal pro- to Cabo de Hornos. cess ¯attened, rounded. Median apophysis OTHER MATERIAL EXAMINED: CHILE: Re- branched at base (®g. 93A, B). Paramedian gioÂn IX (AraucanõÂa): CautõÂn: PucoÂn, dung apophysis wide, tip rounded. Primary con- traps nr. lake, 9±16.XI.1989, 3(, pan traps ductor triangular, ¯attened, curved (®g. 93B). in drift, nr. lake, 5±8.XI.1989, 4(, pan traps Secondary conductor small, canal vestigial, in lakeside debris, 8±13.XI.1989, 9( 1& 1& limited to tip, ending in small peak, on penultimate, lakeshore FIT, 15.XI± rounded projection directed backward; area 2.XII.1989, 5( 5&, FIT nr. lake, 8± basal to canal membranous; retrolateral por- 13.XI.1989, 6( 1&, pan in lake wrack, tion wide, thin. Anterior dorsal margin of te- 15.XI±2.XII.1989, 21( 3& 1(, S.A. Mar- gulum projecting as rounded lobe. shall (AMNH). RegioÂn X (Los Lagos): Chi- VARIABILITY: Spines: III, tibia v p1-p1±2 loeÂ: Isla de ChiloeÂ: Cucao, 12.XII.1985, E. or 0-p1±2. IV, tibia v p1±2±2. Maury, 1& (MACN-Ar). RegioÂn XII (Ma- NATURAL HISTORY: Unknown. According gallanes y AntaÂrtica): Magallanes: Cabo to labels of specimens from PucoÂn collected Negro, 29.I.1976, T. Cekalovic, 1& 2003 RAMIÂREZ: SPIDER SUBFAMILY AMAUROBIOIDINAE 181

Fig. 95. Philisca hahni Simon, male palp and copulatory bulb. A. Ventral view. B. Apical view. C. Retrolateral view. Scale bar ϭ 0.2 mm.

(AMNH); Isla Navarino, Puerto Toro, not reaching tibiae. Spines (shorter on legs I 19.XII.1992, Michelsen, 2& (ZMH 178). and II): leg I, femur d 1±1±1, p (1-d1)ap; tibia v p1±2±2 or p1±2-p1; metatarsus v (p1- Philisca ornata Berland r1)bas. II, femur d 1±1±1, p d1ap; tibia v 0± Figures 96B, 97, 98 2±2, p 0±1 or 0; metatarsus v (p1-r1)bas, p Philisca ornata Berland, 1924: 435 (male and fe- 1±0. III, femur d 1±1±1, p and r d1ap; patella male syntypes, from the Juan FernaÂndez Is- r d1; tibia v 0-p1±2, p and r 1±1; metatarsus lands, Mas a Tierra, 28.XII.1916, K. BaÈckstroÈm coll., in NRS, S.P.E. 188, and male paratype from Mas a Tierra, 1917, BaÈckstroÈm [labeled ``cotype''], in MHNP, examined).

DIAGNOSIS: Distinguished from other Phil- isca by having a large yellow body and a very long male palpal tibia; the epigynum is very similar to that of other Chilean species. FEMALE (syntype, measurements of specimen from nr. Plazoleta): Total length 7.18. Carapace wide in front (®g. 97A, C), length 3.20, width 2.37, wider on legs II±III. Length of tibia/metatarsus: I, 2.33/2.13; II, 2.27/ 2.10; III, 1.57/1.77; IV, 2.20/2.53. Palpal tar- Fig. 96. Chelicerae, ventral view. A. Philisca sus length 0.92. Chelicerae strong, with three hahni Simon, female (holotype of Philisca navar- similar teeth on retromargin. Sternum length inensis). B. Philisca ornata Berland, male syn- 1.55, width 1.18. Scopulae on legs I and II type. Scale bar ϭ 1 mm. 182 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY NO. 277

Fig. 97. Philisca ornata Berland, male and female syntypes. A, C. Female. B, D. Male. Scale bar ϭ 2 mm. v 2±2±2, p d1±1±1, r d1±0±1, d 0-p1±2. IV, gyne (®g. 98E, F) small, weakly sclerotized, femur, patella and tibia ϭ III; metatarsus v translucent. Margins of lateral lobes arched, 2±2±2, p and r d1±1±1, d 0-p1±2. Abdomen median ®eld heart-shaped, anterior pouch in length 4.12, width 2.40, spiracle±epigastrium deep notch. Ducts of accessory bulbs long, 1.90, spiracle±spinnerets 0.40. Color: yellow, with conspicuous gland ducts. cephalic area and chelicerae reddish brown. MALE (syntype, measurements of speci- Sternum pale brown, center paler. Dorsum of men from Valle Anson): Total length 8.65. abdomen with anterior lateral gray areas and Carapace very wide in front (®g. 97B, D), three pairs of small gray spots at posterior length 4.00, width 3.13. Legs very thin, es- half, closing posteriorly; some specimens pecially the metatarsi. Length of tibia/meta- with white guanine reticulum at sides. Epi- tarsus: I, 3.72/3.80; II, 3.60/3.60; III, 2.13/ 2003 RAMIÂREZ: SPIDER SUBFAMILY AMAUROBIOIDINAE 183

2.83; IV, 3.10/3.33. Chelicerae (®gs. 96B, 24.IV.1962, 1(, wet areas near Plazoleta, 97D) very strong, with internal superior mar- pans, 24±28.I.1992, S. Marshall, 1& gins projecting, three teeth on promargin, on (AMNH); Plazoleta, Malaise trap, 24± elevation, and three on retromargin, basals 29.I.1992, S. Marshall, 1( (AMNH). contiguous. Endites with two protuberances at each external angle, most external larger. Philisca huapi, new species Sternum length 2.00, width 1.57. Spines as Figures 61H, 93C±E, 99 in female, except: leg I, tibia v p1±2±2. II, femur p (1-d1)ap or d1ap; tibia v 0±2±2 or TYPES: Male holotype from Argentina, Ne- r1±2±2, p 0; metatarsus v (p1-r1)-p1±0. Ab- uqueÂn province, Nahuel Huapi Natl. Park, domen length 4.50, width 2.12, spiracle±epi- Puerto Blest, Laguna Los CaÂntaros, ca. gastrium 2.37, spiracle±spinnerets 0.73. Col- 41Њ00ЈS, 71Њ50ЈW, 30.I.1985, M. RamõÂrez, or: yellow, cephalic area, mouthparts, and 9818, and female paratype from Puerto Blest, chelicerae reddish brown. Sternum and coxa trail to Lago Ortiz Basualdo, I.1990, M. Ra- I orange. Legs yellow with gray patches, mõÂrez, deposited in MACN-Ar. femora with one ventral apical patch, cov- ETYMOLOGY: The speci®c name is a noun ering part of articulation membrane; patellae in apposition taken from the type locality. with one spot at each side; tibiae with several DIAGNOSIS: Resembles P. ornata (and oth- basal and pair of apical spots. Dorsum of ab- er species not included here) in having an- domen with brownish violet pattern, venter teriorly modi®ed male chelicerae, but can be with diffuse violet area, from epigastrium to distinguished by lacking the lateral projec- tracheal spiracle. Palp (®g. 98A±D) with all tions on the male endites and by the long, segments long, thin, cymbium relatively straight ducts of the female accessory bulbs. small. Copulatory bulb small, central into FEMALE (paratype): Total length 5.05. Car- cymbium, well separated from tibia. Tegular apace length 2.10, width 1.48, wider on legs notch short. Embolus long, basal process ¯at- II±III. Length of tibia/metatarsus: I, 1.17/ tened, rounded. Median apophysis long, 1.00; II, 0.98/0.88; III, 0.80/0.90; IV, 1.18/ quite straight, unbranched. Paramedian 1.33. Palpal tarsus length 0.58. Chelicerae apophysis elongate, acute. Primary conduc- unmodi®ed, with three teeth on retromargin, tor wide, triangular, ¯attened. Secondary basal one largest. Sternum length 1.17, width conductor with canal vestigial, limited to 0.88. Spines: leg I, femur d 1±1±1, p 2ap; hook-shaped peak, on rounded projection di- tibia v 2±2±2; metatarsus v 2bas. II, femur rected backward; area basal to canal mem- d 1±1±1, p d1ap; tibia v r1±2±2, p 0±1; meta- branous; retrolateral portion wide, thin, ele- tarsus v 2bas, p 1. III, femur d 1±1±1, p and vated. r d1ap; patella r d1; tibia v 0-p1±2 or p1-p1± VARIABILITY: Female spines: I, tibia v 0± 2, p and r d1±1±0, d r1bas; metatarsus v 2± 2-p1. Male spines: III, tibia v 0±2±2. IV, tibia 0-p1 and apical group of hairs, p and r d1± v p1±2±2. 1±1, d 0-p1±2. IV, femur ϭ III; patella r d1; NATURAL HISTORY: Unknown. tibia v p1-p1±2, p and r d1±1, d r1bas; meta- DISTRIBUTION: Known only from the Juan tarsus v 2-p1-p1 and apical group of hairs, p FernaÂndez Islands, Mas a Tierra (now Isla and r d1±1±1, d 0-p1±2. Abdomen length Robinson Crusoe). 3.07, width 1.80, spiracle±epigastrium 1.70, OTHER MATERIAL EXAMINED: CHILE: spiracle±spinnerets 0.25. Color (®g. 99A): ValparaõÂso: ArchipieÂlago Juan FernaÂndez, yellowish with grayish brown pattern. Legs Mas a Tierra (Isla Robinson Crusoe): Same with gray spots, patellae with spot on each data as syntypes, 2 immatures (NRS); Por- side, tibiae with several basal spots and pair tezuelo trail, 7.IV.1962, 1& 2 immatures, of apical spots. Margins of sternum and la- Quebrada Damajuana, 5.IV.1962, 1(, Valle bium dark brown, endites brown. Abdomen Anson, Plazoleta del Yunque, 200±250 m, yellow with white guanine reticulum, dorsum camote side, 1±28.IV.1962, 6( 18& 10 im- with park pattern, venter with median band matures, Valle Villagra, Portezuelo trail, dark brown from epigastrium to tracheal spi- 400±450 m, 19.IV.1962, 1(, B. Malkin racle, two lateral lines of small spots. Ante- (AMNH); GalpoÂn, Valle Villagra, 23± rior spinnerets different from those of males, 184 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY NO. 277

Fig. 98. Philisca ornata Berland. A. Male palp, ventral view (syntype). B. Same, detail retrolateral. C. Same, prolateral view. D. Copulatory bulb, detail apical-prolateral (Plazoleta El Yunque). E. Cleared epigyne, ventral view (syntype). F. Same, dorsal view. Scale bars ϭ A, B, D±F, 0.2 mm; C, 1 mm. slightly thickened at bases, without modi®ed protruding, length 2.30, width 1.57. Length hairs. Epigyne weakly sclerotized, median of tibia/metatarsus: I, 2.17/1.97; II, 1.77/ ®eld heart-shaped, ducts of accessory bulbs 1.63; III, 1.15/1.30; IV, 1.63/1.87. Chelicerae long, stright, slightly converging. Lateral very strong (®g. 99C), with internal superior lobes contiguous posteriorly (but slightly margins slightly protruding in ridges. Three separate in some females, ®g. 99D). teeth on promargin, median one very thick, MALE (holotype): Total length 6.38. Car- on elevation, other two small; three teeth on apace very wide in front, ocular area slightly retromargin, basal one largest. Endites un- 2003 RAMIÂREZ: SPIDER SUBFAMILY AMAUROBIOIDINAE 185

Fig. 99. Philisca huapi,n.sp.A. Female (Osorno, Aguas Calientes, 500 m). B. Male (same data). C. Male carapace, anterior view (holotype). D. Epigyne, ventral view (Aguas Calientes, 500 m). E. Male palp, ventral view (holotype). F. Male copulatory bulb, retrolateral view (NeuqueÂn, Ortiz Bas- ualdo). Scale bars ϭ A, B, 1 mm; C, 0.5 mm; D±F, 0.2 mm. 186 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY NO. 277 modi®ed. Sternum length 1.13, width 0.95. (MHNS). RegioÂn X (Los Lagos): Osorno: Spines as in female, except: leg II, tibia v 2± Puyehue Natl. Park: Aguas Calientes, 600 m, 2±2. III, femur p 0-d1-d1 or 0-d1±2; tibia v 12±20.II.1979, L.E. PenÄa, 1( (AMNH), 13± p1±2±2. IV, tibia v p1±2±2. Abdomen length 17.XII.1998, M. RamõÂrez, L. Compagnucci, 2.77, width 1.53, spiracle±epigastrium 1.30, C. Grismado, L. Lopardo, 1( 1& (MACN- spiracle±spinnerets 0.25. Base of anterior Ar), 2& 1( (MHNS), 500 m, 2±5.V.1988, L. spinnerets globose, covered by thick, short PenÄa, 1( 1& (AMNH); 4.1 km W Anticura, hairs. Color (®g. 99B): similar to female. 270 m, trap site 663, window trap, valdivian Palp (®gs. 61H, 93C±E, 99E, F): tibia long, rainforest, 19±25.XII.1982, A. Newton and width/length 0.47. Embolus short, ¯attened, M. Thayer, 1( (AMNH); 7.7 km NE Termas base globose, with longitudinal ¯at project- de Puyehue, 200 m, site 664, window trap, ing ridge; basal process ¯attened, rounded. 19±25.XII.1982, A. Newton and M. Tayer, Median apophysis with series of thin branch- 1( (AMNH). ChiloeÂ: GuabuÂn, N Ancud, es (®g. 93C). Triangular sclerotized stripe 13±15.I.1980, L. PenÄa, 1& (AMNH). Pal- runs from sperm duct to base of median ena: RõÂo Ventisquero, Lago Yelcho, 5± apophysis. Paramedian apophysis wide, 9.XII.1985, L. PenÄa, 1( (AMNH). curved at tip. Primary conductor triangular, slightly ¯attened. Secondary conductor Philisca hyadesi (Simon), small, canal vestigial, limited to tip, ending new combination in longitudinally ridged peak, on rounded Figures 93F, 101E, 102D, E projection directed backward; area basal to canal membranous; retrolateral portion wide, Liparotoma hyadesi Simon, 1884: 138. RamõÂrez, thin, elevated. 1993: 201. VARIABILITY: The size of male chelicerae is variable. The lateral epigynal lobes may DESCRIPTION AND DIAGNOSIS: See RamõÂrez be separate or contiguous. Spines: metatarsi (1993). Additional data are provided below. III, IV, v 2-p1-p1. FEMALE: Palpal claw modi®ed (®g. 101E). NATURAL HISTORY: This species makes re- Spines: leg I, femur d 1±1±1, p 2ap; meta- treats on foliage. Most specimens were col- tarsus v 2bas short. II ϭ I or femur p d1ap. lected on bamboos (Chusquea spp.), and they III, femur d 1±1±1, p and r d1ap; tibia v 2ap, resemble Gayenna americana, also common p 1, r d1±1; metatarsus v 2±0-r2 and bunch on the same bamboos. Notably, Platnickia of apical hairs, p and r 0±1±1, d 2ap. IV, elegans (Nicolet) (Zodariidae), which lives femur d 1±1±1, r d1ap; tibia v 2ap or p1±0± exclusively on bamboos (personal obs.), has 2, r d1±1; metatarsus v 2±0-r2 or p1±0-r2 a similar appearance too. and bunch of apical hairs, p 1ap, r 0±1±1, d DISTRIBUTION: Humid southern forest in 2ap. Chile, from Malleco to Palena provinces; in MALE: Palp (®gs. 93F, 102D, E): tibia Argentina only collected in Puerto Blest and long, width/length 0.37, cymbium relatively Termas de Epulaufquen, two humid Andean small. Embolus short, base thick, anterior passes at the Chilean border. margin longitudinally ¯attened, slightly pro- OTHER MATERIAL EXAMINED: ARGENTI- jecting as ridge; basal process ¯attened, NA: NeuqueÂn: LanõÂn Natl. Park: Termas de rounded. Median apophysis long, thin, with Epulaufquen, 9.I.1986, M. RamõÂrez, 1( small branches at base. Paramedian apophy- (MACN-Ar); Nahuel Huapi Natl. Park: same sis long, sinuous. Sperm duct with apical/re- data as holotype, 2( 1& 1& penultimate trolateral loop, approaching base of median (MACN-Ar); same data as paratype, 26( apophysis. Primary conductor well devel- 8 immatures (MACN-Ar), 1( (MACN- oped, wide, slightly ¯attened. Secondary Ar). CHILE: RegioÂn IX (AraucanõÂa): conductor complex, canal completely absent, Malleco: Monumento Natural Contulmo, area corresponding to canal base membra- 11.XII.1984±13.II.1985, FIT, 350 m, S. and nous; prolateral portion with triangular and J. Peck, 4( 1& (AMNH), 19±21.XII.1998, ¯attened projection, and thick, rounded pro- M. RamõÂrez, L. Compagnucci, C. Grismado, jection directed backward; retrolateral por- L. Lopardo, 3& 1( (MACN-Ar), 5& tion thin, projecting as acute peak; additional 2003 RAMIÂREZ: SPIDER SUBFAMILY AMAUROBIOIDINAE 187

Fig. 100. Philisca spp. A. P. tripunctata (Nicolet), female (Malleco, Contulmo, photo MJR 124). B. P. amoena (Simon), male (Osorno, Puyehue, photo MJR 1418). projection ¯at, triangular, between both por- 37Њ49Ј45ЉS, 73Њ0Ј30ЉW, 1100 m, 4±9.I.2001, tions. forest with Nothofagus antarctica, Araucaria, DISTRIBUTION: Southern forests in Chile, and Chusquea, J. Miller, Alvarez, J. Cod- from CautõÂn, and Argentina, from NeuqueÂn, dington, G. Hormiga, 1& (USNM). RegioÂn to Cabo de Hornos; two isolated records X (Los Lagos): Valdivia: Neltume, II.1987, from ValparaõÂso (Quintay) and Petorca L. PenÄa, 2& (AMNH); Valdivia, XI± (Cuesta El MeloÂn, RamõÂrez, 1993) might in- XII.1982, E. Krahmer, 2& 1 immature dicate an interesting relict, or a mislabeling (MHNS 700). Osorno: Puyehue Natl. Park: (see also Oxysoma punctatum). 19 km E Termas de Puyehue, 40Њ40ЈS, NEW RECORDS: ARGENTINA: NeuqueÂn: 71Њ14ЈW, 450 m, fogging rotten branch, Nahuel Huapi Natl. Park, Isla Victoria, 30.XI.1994, R. Reschen and C. Carlton no. IV.1945, Havrylenko, 1( (MLP); PenõÂnsula 188, 1 immature (AMNH). Llanquihue: QuetrihueÂ, 24.II.1986, M. RamõÂrez, 1& Correntoso, XII.1969, L. PenÄa, 1( (MCZ); 8 (MACN-Ar); Puerto Blest, 7±20.I.2000, L. mi W Puerto Varas, 18.I.1951, Ross and Lopardo and A. Quaglino, 3& (MACN-Ar). Michelbacher, 1& (CAS). ChiloeÂ: Isla de CHILE: ValparaõÂso: 8 km SE Quintay, ChiloeÂ: 5 km SW Chonchi, 2.II.2001, T. Cek- 33Њ12ЈS, 71Њ41ЈW, 150 m, 17.II.1967, E.I. alovic, 1& (AMNH), Coihuin (PuÂlpito 1), Schlinger, 1( (CAS). RegioÂn Metropoli- 8.II.2001, T. Cekalovic, 1& (AMNH), Dal- tana (Santiago): Santiago: Bucalemi, San cahue, II.1967, 1& (MCZ); Isla Quinchao, Antonio, 23±24.X.1994, L. PenÄa, 2& 1 im- Quetro, 19.II.1997, T. Cekalovic, 1& mature (AMNH). RegioÂn VIII (BiobõÂo): (AMNH). RegioÂn XI (IbaÂnÄez del Campo): NÄ uble: Las Trancas, 1±10.XII.1965, L. PenÄa, AiseÂn: Ventisquero San Rafael, III.1953, I. 2 immatures (MCZ). ConcepcioÂn: Cerro Bernasconi, 1( (MACN-Ar 3682). Caracol, ConcepcioÂn, 28.III.1994, T. Ceka- (AMNH). CautõÂn: Monte Verde, lovic, 1& Philisca amoena (Simon), Cavahue, 800 m, 30.I±2.II.1993, L. PenÄa, 1( new combination (AMNH). BiobõÂo: Los Morongos, E Los Figures 100B, 101A, B, 102A, B Niches, 600 m, 17±20.XI.1994, L. PenÄa, 1& (AMNH). RegioÂn IX (AraucanõÂa): Malle- Liparotoma amoenum Simon, 1884: 138. RamõÂ- co: Nahuelbuta Natl. Park, Pehuenco, rez, 1993: 202. 188 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY NO. 277

Fig. 101. Palpal claws of Philisca spp. A, B. P. amoena (Simon), female. C, D. P. doilu (RamõÂrez), immature. E. P. hyadesi (Simon), female, apical view.

DESCRIPTION AND DIAGNOSIS: See RamõÂrez small, thin, pointed. Secondary conductor (1993). Additional data are provided below. complex, canal absent, area corresponding to FEMALE: Palpal claw modi®ed (®g. 101A, canal base membranous; prolateral portion B). Spines: leg I, femur d 1±1±1, p d1ap; with triangular, ¯attened projection, covered metatarsus v 2bas short. II ϭ I. III, femur d at basal side by thick denticles pointing for- 1±1±1, p and r d1ap; tibia v 0-p1-p1 or 0- ward; this peak placed on projection as in P. p1±2, p 0±1, r d1±1; metatarsus v 2±0-r2 and hyadesi; retrolateral portion small, thin, an apical group of hairs, p and r 0±1±1, d translucent. Anterior margin of secondary 2ap. IV, femur d 1±1±1, r d1ap; tibia v p1- conductor with two additional projections: p1±2 or 0-p1±2, r d1±1; metatarsus v 2±0-r2 one prolateral, rectangular, curved, with den- and apical group of hairs, p d1±0±1, r 0±1± tate border, other central, triangular. 1, d 2ap. NEW RECORDS: ARGENTINA: NeuqueÂn: MALE (®g. 100B): Palp (®g. 102A, B): tib- Puerto Blest, 7±20.I.2000, L. Lopardo and A. ia long, width/length 0.48, cymbium relative- Quaglino, 1 immature (MACN-Ar). CHILE: ly small. Embolus short, base thick, basal RegioÂn IX (AraucanõÂa): CautõÂn: Monte process shallow. Median apophysis long, Verde, Cavahue, 31.I.1993, L. PenÄa, 2 im- thin, with basal branch. Paramedian apoph- matures (AMNH). RegioÂn X (Los Lagos): ysis long, straight. Sperm duct with conspic- Valdivia: Valdivia, XI±XII.1982, E. Krah- uous loop approaching base of median mer, 1( (MHNS 700). Osorno: Puyehue apophysis (®g. 102A). Primary conductor Natl. Park: 700 m, 9.XII.1994, L. PenÄa, 1& 2003 RAMIÂREZ: SPIDER SUBFAMILY AMAUROBIOIDINAE 189

Fig. 102. Male copulatory bulbs of Philisca spp. A, B. P. amoena (Simon) (Osorno, Aguas Calien- tes). A. Retrolateral view. B. Apical view. C. P. tripuntata (Nicolet), apical view (NeuqueÂn, Lago Tromen). D, E. P. hyadesi (Simon) (Chubut, Lago Verde). D. Retrolateral view. E. Apical view. Scale bar ϭ 0.2 mm.

(AMNH); XI.1992, L. PenÄa, 1( (AMNH); Carbalho coll., in MNRJ, examined). Synony- Aguas Calientes, 450 m, 11.XII.1981, Niel- mized by RamõÂrez, 1993. sen and Karsholt, 1 immature (ZMK); elev. Liparotoma tripunctatum: RamõÂrez, 1993: 198. 480 m, 40Њ44ЈS, 72Њ18ЈW, 21.XI.1993, N. SYNONYMY: In RamõÂrez (1993) the syn- Platnick, K. Catley, M. RamõÂrez, T. Allen, onymy of L. pardalis was based on the de- 1( (MACN-Ar, photo MJR 1417±1418), 13± scription by Mello-LeitaÄo (1943a); it is con- 17.XII.1998, M. RamõÂrez, L. Compagnucci, ®rmed here after examination of the holo- C. Grismado, L. Lopardo, 2& (MACN-Ar), type. 1& (MHNS). Llanquihue: Vicente PeÂrez DESCRIPTION AND DIAGNOSIS: See RamõÂrez Rosales Natl. Park, Cayutue, road to Calbu- (1993). Additional data are provided below. tue, 19.II.1974, 2 immatures (UC). ChiloeÂ: FEMALE (®g. 100A): Spines: leg I, femur Chepu, 21.II.1992, M. RamõÂrez, P. Goloboff, d 1±1±1, p d1ap; metatarsus 0. II ϭ I. III, N. Platnick, 2 immatures (MACN-Ar). femur d 1±1±1, p 0-d1-d1, r d1ap or 0-d1- d1; tibia v p1-p1±2 or 2±2±2, p 0±1 or d1± Philisca tripunctata (Nicolet), 1, r d1±1; metatarsus v 2-p1±2 or 2±0±2, p new combination d1±1±1 or 0±1±1, r d1±1±1, d 0-p1±2. IV, Figures 100A, 102C femur, d 1±1±1, r d1ap; tibia v p1-p1±2, r Clubiona tripunctata Nicolet, 1849: 138 (two fe- d1±1; metatarsus v 2-p1±2 or 2±2±2, p d1± males syntypes from Chile, no speci®c locality, 1±1 or 0±1±1, r d1±1±1, 0±1±1 or d1±0±1, in MHNP 4219, not reexamined). d 0-p1±2. Liparotoma pardalis Mello-LeitaÄo, 1943a: 405 MALE: Palp (®g. 102C): tibia long, length/ (holotype immature from Chile, Santiago, J. width 0.60. Embolus short, base short, thick, 190 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY NO. 277 basal process ¯attened, rounded. Paramedian 1( 1& penultimate (AMNH); Las Trancas, apophysis elongate, sinuous. Triangular 1200 m, 24±27.XI.1994, L. PenÄa, 1& sclerotized stripe runs from sperm duct to (AMNH). ConcepcioÂn: Curinam, base of median apophysis. Primary conduc- 14.XII.1996, T. Cekalovic, 1& (AMNH); Es- tor vestigial, only sclerotized band remains. cuadroÂn, 18.XI.1996, 1( 2&, 18.XI.1996, Secondary conductor without canal, basal 1& T. Cekalovic (AMNH); Fundo El Man- area corresponding to canal membranous; zano, 7.XI.1992, 1&, 8.XI.1992, 1&, prolateral portion with ¯attened, slightly 22.X.1996, 1&, 18.XI.1996, 1&, 23.IX.1996, pointed peak; retrolateral portion elevated, 4&, 7.XII.1996, 3&, T. Cekalovic (AMNH); small, triangular. Mitrihue, 29.XII.1996, T. Cekalovic, 2& NEW RECORDS: ARGENTINA: NeuqueÂn: (AMNH); Periquillo, 22.XI.1992, T. Ceka- San MartõÂn de los Andes, 40Њ10ЈS, 71Њ21ЈW, lovic, 1& (AMNH). Arauco: 10 km N Cur- 20±21.XI.1988, V. and B. Roth, 1& (CAS). anilahue, 21.XI.1992, T. Cekalovic, 1& RõÂo Negro: San Carlos de Bariloche, 9: Co- (AMNH). BiobõÂo: N Ralco/Trapa-Trapa, 21± lonia Suiza, 800 m, 27.IX.1981, Nielsen and 22.XI.1994, P. PenÄa, 1& (AMNH); W Ralco, Karsholt, 1 immature (ZMK), 19.IX.1981, Santa BaÂrbara, 400 m, 22±23.XI.1994, L. 1&, 2 immatures (ZMK); 22.XI.1978, Mi- PenÄa, 2& (AMNH). RegioÂn IX (Arauca- sioÂn CientõÂ®ca Danesa, 1 immature (ZMK); nõÂa): Malleco: Monumento Natural Contul- Lago Puelo Natl. Park, nr. intendencia, 205 mo, 19±21.XII.1998, M. RamõÂrez, L. Com- m, Malaise trap, 31.XII±6.I.1998, C. and M. pagnucci, C. Grismado, L. Lopardo, 1& Vardy, 1( (BMNH/MACN-Ar). Chubut: (MHNS). RegioÂn IX (AraucanõÂa): CautõÂn: Lago MeneÂndez, I.1990, M. RamõÂrez, 1& 30 km NE Villarrica, 1±30.I.1965, L. PenÄa, (MACN-Ar). Tierra del Fuego: Isla de los 1( (MCZ); NE Villarrica, 16±31.XII.1964, Estados, BahõÂa Crosby, 18.X.1941, no col- L. PenÄa, 1& (MCZ); Flor del Lago Ranch, lector, 2 immatures (MACN-Ar). CHILE: Villarrica, Polo Field, 39Њ12.300ЈS, RegioÂn IV (Coquimbo): Choapa: Los Vi- 72Њ08.367ЈW, 282 m, canopy fogging GT los, Cariloleu, 11.X.1994, L. PenÄa, 1& Nothofagus obliqua roble, 13.XII.2001, Ari- (AMNH); NÄ agueÂ, 10 km N Los Vilos, Rt. 5, as et al., 1& 1 immature (UCB). RegioÂn X km 236, elev. 40 m, 31Њ50ЈS, 71Њ31ЈW, (Los Lagos): Valdivia: Huachocopihue, 13.XI.1993, N. Platnick, K. Catley, M. Ra- 7.III.1965, H. Levi, 2( 1& 1( penultimate. mõÂrez, T. Allen, 1& (AMNH), RegioÂn V 1& penultimate (MCZ); Isla Teja, 6.III.1965, (ValparaõÂso): Petorca: Los Molles, Rt. 5, H. Levi, 1( (MCZ). Osorno: Puyehue Natl. km 188, elev. 10 m, 9.XI.1993, 32Њ14ЈS, Park: 26.I.1969, L. PenÄa, 1( (MCZ). Llan- 71Њ30ЈW, N. Platnick, K. Catley, M. RamõÂrez, quihue: Alerce Andino Natl. Park, elev. 100 T. Allen, 1( (AMNH). Quillota: Cuesta La m, 41Њ35ЈS, 72Њ41ЈS, 23.XI.1993, N. Plat- Dormida (east side), 33Њ 04ЈS, 71Њ02ЈW, nick, K. Catley, M. RamõÂrez, T. Allen, 1 im- 750±1000 m, 20.IX.1966, E.I. Schlinger, 1& mature (MACN-Ar). ChiloeÂ: 5kmSW (CAS). ValparaõÂso: Quintero, pitfalls in rel- Chonchi, 19.II.1997, T. Cekalovic, 1& ict forest, 2.X.1968, R. CalderoÂn G., 1& (AMNH). RegioÂn XII (Magallanes y An- (AMNH); 4.IV.19??, R. CalderoÂn, 1( taÂrtica): Ultima Esperanza: Cerro Castillo, (MACN-Ar). RegioÂn Metropolitana (San- Natales, 13.XII.1960, L. PenÄa, 1& (MCZ); tiago): Santiago: Quebrada El Arbol, Acu- Torres del Paine Natl. Park: near Refugio leo, X.1969, L. PenÄa, 1( (MCZ). RegioÂn Chileno, 50Њ56Ј45ЉS, 72Њ55Ј0ЉW, 400±600 VII (Maule): Talca: Alto de Vilches, 17± m, 8±9.XII.2000, J. Miller, I. Agnarsson, 1& 24.X.1964, L. PenÄa, 2( 2 immatures (MCZ); (USNM). Magallanes: Cueva del MilodoÂn, 3 km E Gil de Vilches, 7.II.1992, M. Ra- 28.I.1976, T. Cekalovic, 1& (UC); Gober- mõÂrez, N. Platnick, P. Goloboff, 1& (AMNH, nador Philippi, 29.I.1976, T. Cekalovic, 1& photos MJR 745±747); Las Placetas, San (AMNH); Isla Navarino, Puerto Williams, Clemente, 800 m, 19±20.XI.1994, L. PenÄa, XII.1962±I.1963, P. Darlington, 1( penulti- 1& (AMNH). Linares: Fundo Malcho, An- mate (MCZ); Manantiales, 1956, J. Vellard, des in Parral, 11±20.XI.1964, L. PenÄa, 2( 1 1& (MACN-Ar); Otway, El Canelo, immature (MCZ). RegioÂn VIII (BiobõÂo): 18.III.1969, L. PenÄa, 2& (MCZ); Aserradero NÄ uble: Las Trancas, 1±10.XII.1965, L. PenÄa, RõÂo Bueno, 8.II.1959, 2 immatures, 2003 RAMIÂREZ: SPIDER SUBFAMILY AMAUROBIOIDINAE 191

10.II.1959, 1&, 1 immature J. Vellard r 1; tibia v p1±2±2 or 2±2±2, p and r d1±1 (MACN-Ar). or 1-d1-0-1-0, d r1bas; metatarsus ϭ III. Ab- domen length 3.72, width 2.23, spiracle±epi- Philisca doilu (RamõÂrez), gastrium 1.77, spiracle±spinnerets 0.33. Col- new combination or: carapace grayish, ocular area almost Figure 101C, D black, two lateral bands and margins dark. Legs grayish with many dark spots. Sternum Liparotoma doilu RamõÂrez, 1993: 203. with two lateral dark bands, made of spots DESCRIPTION AND DIAGNOSIS: See RamõÂrez in front of coxae. Abdomen yellow with dark (1993). Additional data are provided below. spots, cardiac area dark, pair of dark spots FEMALE: Palpal claw modi®ed (®g. 101C, behind median transverse line of dorsum, D). Spines: leg I, femur d 1±1±1, p 2ap; several diffuse chevrons on posterior third. metatarsus v 2bas short. II ϭ I. III, femur p Venter with a few dark spots, mostly anterior and r d1ap; tibia v 2ap, p 1, r d1±1; meta- of tracheal spiracle. Epigyne (®g. 103D, E): tarsus v 2±0±2, p and r 0-d1±1, d 2ap. IV, p lateral lobes close to each other, median ®eld d1ap; tibia v 2ap, r d1±1; metatarsus v 2±0± elongate. Opening of anterior pouch almost 2, p 1ap, r 0±1±1, d 0-p1±2. circular, lumen deep. NEW RECORDS: ARGENTINA: NeuqueÂn: MALE (holotype, ®g. 103A): Total length Nahuel Huapi Natl. Park, Isla Victoria, 5.05. Carapace relatively wider than that of IV.1945, Havrylenko, 1 immature (MLP). female, length 2.67, width 2.03. Length of tibia/metatarsus: I, 2.73/2.33; II, 2.43/2.17; Philisca puconensis, new species III, 1.73/1.73; IV, 2.13/2.30. Sternum length Figure 103 1.33, width 1.05. Spines as in female, except: leg I, femur p 0-d1-(1-d1) or 0-d2-(1-d1), r NOTE: Provisionally included in the genus, 0-d1-d1 or d1ap; tibia p and r 1-d1±1; meta- see Note under Philisca. tarsus p 1±0. II, femur p 1±1-(1-d1), r 0-d1- TYPES: Male holotype from Chile, RegioÂn d1; tibia ϭ I. III, tibia v 2±2±2, p and r 1- X, CautõÂn province, PucoÂn, ca. 39Њ16ЈS, d1-0-1-0. IV, femur p and r 0-d1-d1 or 0±0- 71Њ58ЈW, 15.XI±2.XII.1980, Malaise trap in d1; tibia ϭ III. Abdomen length 2.40, width peninsula, S.A. Marshall, deposited in 1.40, spiracle±epigastrium 1.13, spiracle± AMNH. spinnerets 0.15. Color: similar to female, but ETYMOLOGY: The speci®c name refers to abdomen with very dark dorsal stripe, irreg- the type locality. ular, wider and darker at center of posterior DIAGNOSIS: Resembles other Philisca spe- half, sides dark, venter with line of spots cies in having the branch of the median along median line. Palp (®g. 103B, C): tibia apophysis, but easily distinguished by having long, width/length 0.74. Cymbium with re- a bi®d paramedian apophysis and a narrow trolateral margin curved at base. Basal pro- epigynal median ®eld. cess of embolus projecting as ¯attened ridge, FEMALE (Malalcahuello, not type): Total separated by ample ventral membranous length 6.50. Carapace length 2.80, width area. Rectangular sclerotized stripe runs from 2.03, wider on legs II±III. Diameter AME sperm duct to base of median apophysis. Rel- one-third of ALE. Length of tibia/metatarsus: ict of primary conductor well developed, I, 1.65/1.33; II, 1.62/1.33; III, 1.27/1.25; IV, concave, with rounded tip. Secondary con- 1.73/1.83. Palpal tarsus length 0.75. Chelic- ductor small, rugose; prolateral portion with erae unmodi®ed, with two teeth on retromar- rounded projection; canal vestigial, base gin. Sternum length 1.50, width 1.08. Spines: membranous; retrolateral portion thin, ru- leg I, femur d 1±1±1, p (1-d1)ap; tibia v 2± gose. Median apophysis with large, median 2±2; metatarsus v 2bas. II, femur ϭ I; tibia branch (®g. 103C). Paramedian apophysis bi- v 2±2±2, p d1±1; metatarsus v 2bas, p 1±0. ®d, retrolateral tip bent dorsally, prolateral III, femur d 1±1±1, p and r 0-d1-d1; patella curved ventrally. r 1; tibia v p1±2±2, p and r d1±1, d r1bas; VARIABILITY: Female spines: III, metatar- metatarsus v 2±2±2, p and r d1±1±1, d 0-p1± sus v 2-p1±2. 2. IV, femur d 1±1±1, p and r d1ap; patella NATURAL HISTORY: Unknown. 192 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY NO. 277

Fig. 103. Philisca puconensis, n. sp. (male holotype, female from Malleco, Malalcahuelo). A. Male. B. Male copulatory bulb, ventral view. C. Same, retrolateral view. D. Epigyne, ventral view. E. Same, cleared. Scale bars ϭ A, 1 mm; BÐD, 0.2 mm; E, 0.1 mm.

DISTRIBUTION: Known only from a few lo- tiago, Malleco, XI.1979, L.E. PenÄa, 1( calities in CautõÂn, Malleco, Valdivia, and Ne- (AMNH) (see RamõÂrez, 1995b: 83). uqueÂn provinces. OTHER MATERIAL EXAMINED: ARGENTI- TOMOPISTHES SIMON NA: NeuqueÂn: PucaraÂ, 15.XII.1965, A. Giai, Table 24 1& 1 immature (MACN-Ar). CHILE: Re- Heteromma Karsch, 1880: 380 (type species by gioÂn IX (AraucanõÂa): Malleco: Malalcahuel- monotypy Heteromma fueguiana Karsch, lo, 9±15.XII.1985, L. PenÄa, 1& described 1880). NEW SYNONYMY. above (AMNH). RegioÂn X (Los Lagos): Val- Tomopisthes Simon, 1884: 130, 132 (type species divia: Valdivia, XI±XII.1982, E. Krahmer, 1& Tomopisthes immanis Simon, 1884, subse- (MHNS 700). Mistaken Locality: Prov. San- quently designated by Simon, 1897a: 99), 1887: 2003 RAMIÂREZ: SPIDER SUBFAMILY AMAUROBIOIDINAE 193

TABLE 24 sent. Secondary conductor well separated Synapomorphies of Tomopisthes and Internal from anterior margin of tegulum by mem- Clades branous stripe, wider on retrolateral side. Apex of prolateral portion of secondary conductor with thick, regularly disposed denticles pointing backward. Triangular sclerotized area extends from sperm duct to base of median apophysis. Epigyne with lateral lobes separate, median ®eld totally occupied by distended anterior pouch, its margin almost reaching epigastric furrow. Copulatory ducts running parallel to sutures between lateral lobes and median ®eld. DISTRIBUTION: Forest in southern Chile and Argentina. COMPOSITION: Three species here included. TYPES NOT EXAMINED: Tomopisthes tull- greni Simon, 1905. NOMEN DUBIUM: Tomopisthes aethiops Si- mon, 1903 (female type presumably in MHNP, not found; six immatures in MHNP 21769, probably Sanogasta, are not types, because Simon [1903b: 312] referred to the epigyne).

Tomopisthes horrendus (Nicolet), new combination E24, 28, 1897a: 90±99, 1903a: 1032. RamõÂrez, Figures 104A, 105A, B, 106, 107 1995a: 88, 1997: 178. Gayenna: Tullgren, 1901: 240, 259. Merian, 1913: Clubiona horrenda Nicolet, 1849: 421 (two fe- 12. males syntypes from Chile, Llanquihue, in Heterommides Strand, 1912b: 16 (new name for MHNP 4235, examined). Heteromma Karsch, 1880, preoccupied by Amaurobius horrenda: Simon, 1864: 139. Menge, 1856). Heteromma fuegiana Karsch, 1880: 380 (female immature holotype, from Chile, Punta Arenas, SYNONYMY: The type species of Heter- omma Karsch is here considered a junior Exp. Gazelle, in ZMB, examined). NEW SYN- ONYMY. synonym of Tomopisthes horrendus. Tomopisthes horrendus: Simon, 1887: E4, 1897a: DIAGNOSIS: Resembles Araiya in having 91, 1902: 30, 1904: 102. regularly disposed teeth on the apex of the Tomopisthes immanis Simon, 1884: 133 (two male secondary conductor, but can be distin- males and three females syntypes, from Chile, guished by having a grayish or brown col- Cabo de Hornos, in MHNP 6669, examined), oration and a wide membranous stripe sep- 1887: E28, 1897a: 91, 99, 1901: 21, 1902: 30, arating the secondary conductor from the an- 1903d: 5, 1904: 102. RamõÂrez, 1995a: 368. NEW terior margin of the tegulum, wider on pro- SYNONYMY. lateral side. Philisca sica Strand, 1908: 5 (female holotype DESCRIPTION: Color dark, with grayish from ``W. Afrika, Ashanti'', in SMF 4737, ex- brown patches, quite cryptic on tree bark or amined). NEW SYNONYMY. Heterommides fuegianus Strand, 1912a: 346. lichens. Chelicerae with three teeth on pro- Gayenna horrenda: Merian, 1913: 13. margin, two on retromargin. Male palpal tib- Nonianus argentinus Mello-LeitaÄo, 1940: 42 (fe- ia longer than wide. Embolus short, thick, male holotype from Argentina, NeuqueÂn prov- not associated with secondary conductor. ince, San MartõÂn de los Andes, III.1938, M. Bir- Paramedian apophysis complex, with two or abeÂn coll., in MLP 14350, examined). NEW SYN- more apical cusps. Primary conductor pre- ONYMY. 194 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY NO. 277

Fig. 104. Female Tomopisthes spp. A. T. horrendus (Nicolet) (LimarõÂ, Fray Jorge, photo MJR 1298). B. T. varius Simon (Talca, Vilches, photo MJR 10).

SYNONYMY: The types of the species syn- p1±2. IV, femur d 1±1±1, p 0-d1-d1, r d1ap; onymized were examined, together with nu- patella r d1; tibia and metatarsus ϭ III. Ab- merous specimens from the same areas; no domen length 10.00, width 6.00, spiracle± relevant differences were found. The type lo- epigastrium 4.90, spiracle±spinnerets 1.33. cality of Philisca sica is most probably a Color (®g. 104A): carapace and chelicerae mislabeling. reddish brown, legs pale brown with brown DIAGNOSIS: This is the largest anyphaenid spots, metatarsi and tarsi reddish brown. species, ranging from 12 to 22 mm in total Sternum and mouthparts reddish brown. Ab- length; can be distinguished from other domen brown with pattern of cream dots. amaurobioidines by having a distally wid- Epigyne (®g. 107F, G): copulatory openings ened paramedian apophysis, of very charac- close to anterior end of furrow separating lat- teristic shape, and epigynal median ®eld with eral lobes and median ®eld. Ducts of acces- parallel margins. Immatures are very similar sory bulbs short, connected very close to to those of T. varius, but can be distinguished copulatory openings. by having one prolateral and one retrolateral MALE (Ushuaia): Total length 16.90. Car- spine on metatarsus I. apace length 8.65, width 6.00. Length of tib- FEMALE (Ushuaia): Total length 18.00. ia/metatarsus: I, 9.58/7.85; II, 9.44/7.58; III, Carapace length 8.11, width 6.25, wider on 6.65/6.38; IV, 7.58/8.11. Chelicerae very legs II±III. Length of tibia/metatarsus: I, long, strong (®g. 107A); teeth thick, those of 6.12/3.72; II, 6.00/5.05; III, 4.66/4.60; IV, retromargin widely spaced, basal tooth in 5.60/6.00. Palpal tarsus length 2.50. Chelic- front of apical promarginal tooth; fang thick, erae unmodi®ed, with two teeth on retromar- long. Sternum length 4.39, width 3.19. gin. Sternum length 4.39, width 3.10. Spines: Spines as in female. Abdomen length 8.00, leg I, femur d 1±1±1, p (1-d1)ap, r 0-d1-d1; width 4.66, spiracle±epigastrium 4.00, spi- tibia v 2±2±2, p and r 0±1; metatarsus v racle±spinnerets 0.60. Color as in female. 2bas, p and r 1±0. II, femur d 1±1±1, p 0- Palp (®gs. 105A, B, 107B±E): tibia long, d1-(1-d1), r 0-d1-d1; tibia and metatarsus ϭ width/length 0.35. Cymbium relatively nar- I. III, femur d 1±1±1, p 0-d1-(1-d1), r 0-d1- row, retrolateral margin with slight basal d1; patella r d1; tibia v 2±2±2, p and r d1± notch. Anterior dorsal margin of tegulum 1; metatarsus v 2±2±2, p and r d1±1±1, d 0- projecting as prolateral conical prong. Em- 2003 RAMIÂREZ: SPIDER SUBFAMILY AMAUROBIOIDINAE 195

Fig. 105. Tomopisthes spp., male copulatory bulb. A, B. T. horrendus (Nicolet) (NeuqueÂn, PucaraÂ). A. Apical view: arrow points to projection on anterior dorsal margin of tegulum. B. Retrolateral view. C, D. T. varius Simon (Chubut, Los Alerces). C. Retrolateral view. D. Apical view. (C1 ϭ primary conductor; C2 ϭ secondary conductor; C2p ϭ prolateral portion of C2; C2r ϭ retrolateral portion of C2; E ϭ embolus; MA ϭ median apophysis; PBE ϭ process on base of embolus; PMA ϭ paramedian apophysis.)

Fig. 106. Tomopisthes horrendus (Nicolet), primordium of epigyne, from exuvia of penultimate female (Santa Cruz, Ventisquero Moreno). A. Ventral view. B. Dorsal view: arrow points to primordium of accessory bulb. 196 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY NO. 277

Fig. 107. Tomopisthes horrendus (Nicolet). A. Carapace, anterior view (syntype of Tomopisthes immanis). B. Male palp, ventral view (syntype of Tomopisthes immanis). C. Same, retrolateral view. D. Male paramedian apophyis (ValparaõÂso, La Retuca). E. Male copulatory bulb, retrolateral view (Neu- queÂn, San MartõÂn de los Andes). F. Epigyne, ventral view (syntype). G. Epigyne, ventral view (syntype of Tomopisthes immanis). Scale bars ϭ A, 2 mm; B, C, F, G, 1 mm; D, E, 0.5 mm. (E ϭ embolus; PMA ϭ paramedian apophysis; T ϭ tegulum.) 2003 RAMIÂREZ: SPIDER SUBFAMILY AMAUROBIOIDINAE 197 bolus with basal process lobate, separated by nos. The locality of the holotyope of Philisca ample membranous ventral area. Median sica (``W. Afrika, Ashanti'') is most probably apophysis very long, pointing apically. Para- a mislabeling. median apophysis complex, with retrolateral OTHER MATERIAL EXAMINED: ARGENTI- cusp and fan-shaped tip. Primary conductor NA: NeuqueÂn: Estancia San RamoÂn, RincoÂn slightly wider than long, almost rectangular. Chico, RõÂo Limay, X±XII.1962, Havrylenko, Secondary conductor small (®g. 107E), ru- 1& (MACN-Ar); JunõÂn de los Andes, gose. Anterior dorsal margin of tegulum pro- XI.1970, P. Carnotto, 1& (MACN-Ar); Lago jecting, partially membranous (®g. 105A, ar- NompehueÂn, NW AlumineÂ, 12.I.1985, E. row). Maury and A. Toth, 1& penultimate VARIABILITY: Total size (12±22 mm) and (MACN-Ar); Lago Huechulafquen, Colora- carapace length (6.5±10 mm in females) are das, 7.I.1985, M. RamõÂrez, 1& (MACN-Ar); very variable. Relative size of male chelic- Lago Moquehue, 10.I.1985, E. Maury, A. erae is also variable. The abdominal pattern Toth, 1& (MACN-Ar); Lago QuilleÂn, may be contrasting or dark uniform. Male 14.I.1985, E. Maury, A. Toth, 1( 1& Spines: tibiae III, IV, r 1-d1-1-0. Epigyne (MACN-Ar); Lago LaÂcar, X.1955, A. Giai, (®g. 107F, G) and paramedian apophysis 1&,1& (MACN-Ar); I.1961, M.E. Galiano, shape (®g. 107B, D) are slightly variable. 1( (MACN-Ar); PucaraÂ, II.1958, J. Navas, DEVELOPMENTAL REMARKS: Epigyne: The 1(,1& (MACN-Ar); II.1963, S. Schajov- primordium of epigyne in penultimate fe- skoy, 3& (MACN-Ar); IX.1969, 3( 1 im- males is smaller but very similar to the adult mature, 1.II.1971, 1( 3&, Schajovskoy structure (®g. 106A). This similarity does not (MACN-Ar); 4.II.1972, L. Herman, 1& pen- result from because of imprinting by the ultimate (AMNH); X±XII.1972, S. Schak, forming cuticle in the exuviae, because the 2( (MACN-Ar); VIII.1973, 1 immature, sizes of adult and penultimate epigyna are XII.1973, 2(, S. Schajovskoy (MACN-Ar), very different. The primordium of copulato- 10.XI.1978, 1&, 750 m, 1.XII.1978, 1&, Mi- ry opening is evident, leading directly to the sioÂn CientõÂ®ca Danesa (ZMK); Lago Lolog, primordium of accessory bulb, which bears 4 km N San MartõÂn de los Andes, FIT, Noth- some primary pores (®g. 106B). Behind the ofagus forest, ca. 950 m, Gentili property, copulatory opening there are two deep fur- 23.XI±1.XII.1989, S.A. Marshall, 1& rows (the internal one might be a primordium (AMNH); San MartõÂn de los Andes, XI± of copulatory ducts) in an intermediate de- XII.1985, Gentili, 3( (MACN-Ar); 40Њ10ЈS, gree of invagination. Third instar (NeuqueÂn, 71Њ21ЈW, 20±21.XI.1988, V. and B. Roth, 2& QuetrihueÂ): This is the dispersing instar, the (CAS); 40Њ10ЈS, 71Њ21ЈW, 13.XI.1990, L. ®rst with spines. Spines: leg I, femur d 1±1± PenÄa, 1& (AMNH); 640 m, 29.IX.1981, 1&, 1, p d1ap; patella d 1±0±1 bristles; tibia v 17±31.X.1981, 1(, 26.XI.1981, 2&,2± 0±2±0 (plus v 2ap thin bristles), d r1±0±1 19.XII.1981, 1 immature, Nielsen and Kar- bristles; metatarsus v 2bas, p 1. II, femur ϭ sholt (ZMK); San MartõÂn de los Andes, Cer- I; patella ϭ I; tibia and metatarsus ϭ I. III, ro Chapelco, 1700 m, II.1961, M. Galiano, femur d 1±1±1, p and r d1ap; patella r d1; 1& (MACN-Ar 5290); 8 km N San MartõÂn tibia v 0-p1±0, p d1±1, r 0, d r1±0±1 bristles; de los Andes, 1000 m, Malaise trap, 16± metatarsus v 2±0±1, p 0-d1±1, r 0-d1±1 or 22.XI.1997, C. and M. Vardy, 1( (BMNH/ 1ap, d 2ap. IV, femur ϭ III; patella r d1; tibia MACN-Ar); Nahuel Huapi Natl. Park: Isla v 0-p1±0, p and r d1±1, d r1±0±1 bristles; Victoria, XII.1959, I. de Or®la, 4& (MACN- metatarsus v 2±0±1 or p1±0±1, p 1ap, r d1± Ar); Isla Victoria, marmosa, Havrylenko, 1( 0±1, d 2ap. Carapace, dorsal (from pedicel (MLP); Isla Victoria, Piedras Blancas, Lago to eyes), 0-2-2-2-1 (last between AME). Tra- FrõÂas, 15.I.1940, P. Moreau Guonera, 1& 1 cheal system well developed, similar pattern immature (MACN-Ar); Lago Nahuel Huapi, as in adults. PenõÂnsula QuetrihueÂ, 16±25.XII.1984, 1( NATURAL HISTORY: This species lives un- (MACN-Ar); 23.I.1985, M. RamõÂrez, 1 im- der bark or in crevices in rotten logs. mature (MACN-Ar); Lago Nahuel Huapi, DISTRIBUTION: Temperate forests in Argen- 1.II.1904, J. Daguerre, 2& (MACN-Ar tina and Chile, from Huasco to Cabo de Hor- 34332); Brazo Huemul, I.1966, MartõÂnez, 1( 198 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY NO. 277

1& (MACN-Ar); Puerto Blest, 7±20.I.2000, tõÂ®ca Danesa, 1( (ZMK); Margheritis, Riz- L. Lopardo and A. Quaglino, 1 immature zo, 2& (MACN-Ar); Lago Burmeister, (MACN-Ar). RõÂo Negro: San Carlos de Bar- 31.I.1971, J.M. Gallardo, 1& (MACN-Ar); iloche, 1944, F. MonroÂs, 1& (MACN-Ar Morro Chico, RõÂo Turbio, 28.I.1976, M. 1696); III.1947, A. Giai, 3& 1 immature Rumboll, 1& (MACN-Ar); Los Glaciares (MACN-Ar), 1950, 1( (MACN-Ar 5507); Natl. Park, II.1975, E. FernaÂndez, 1&, 1 im- II.1954, M.E. Galiano, 1& (MACN-Ar mature (MACN-Ar), 18.I.1980, P. Goloboff, 5451), 1& (MACN-Ar), 16.I.1961, E. Mau- 1 immature (MACN-Ar); Los Glaciares Natl. ry, 1& (MACN-Ar); 21.IX.1962, A. KovaÂcs, Park, PenõÂnsula Magallanes, in front of Gla- 1( (AMNH), 1969, N. MuÈller, 1( (MACN- ciar Moreno, II.1977, D. Pepe and M. Rum- Ar); Colonia Suiza, 11.XII.1978, MisioÂn boll, 1(,1& (MACN-Ar); Ventisquero Mo- CientõÂ®ca Danesa, 1& (ZMK); 810 m, reno, 18±24.I.1971, J. Vellard, 6( 5& 9.XI.1978, MisioÂn CientõÂ®ca Danesa, 1( (MACN-Ar), 18.II.1971, J. Vellard, 1( 6& (ZMK); Colonia Suiza, ruta 240 25 km from 10 immatures (MACN-Ar). Tierra del Fue- San Carlos de Bariloche, I.1982, M. RamõÂ- go: no speci®c locality, Castellanos, GoÂmez, rez, 1(,2& (MACN-Ar); 800 m, 1 immature (MACN-Ar 32059); no speci®c 17.IX.1981, 3 immatures, 19.IX.1981, 2&,8 locality, R. Dalhene, 1& (MACN-Ar 5775); immatures, 27.IX.1981, 1( 1 immature, 5± BahõÂa Aguirre, 4.II.1949, 1( (MACN-Ar 7.I.1982, 1 immature, Nielsen and Karsholt 2817), 3 immatures, 16.II.1959, 1( 1& 1 im- (ZMK); El BolsoÂn, 25.II.1963, M. BirabeÂn, mature (MACN-Ar 2816), S. NuÂnÄez; BahõÂa 1( (MLP), XI.1957, A. KoÂvacs, 1 immature Buen Suceso, 16±31.I.1986, E. Maury, 1( (AMNH), under stones, 25.II.1961, 1(, 1& 1 immature (MACN-Ar), no date, J.B. 8.VII.1961, 2 immatures, 10.VII.1961, 3& Daguerre, 1( (MACN-Ar 36735); BahõÂa Te- penultimates, 3& penultimates, 17.VIII.1961, thys, under tree bark, beach, 19.XI.1969, 1&, 2& penultimates, 2 immatures, 25.IX.1962, 22.XI.1969, 1&, Gosztonyi (MACN-Ar); Ca- 1(, 15.IX.1966, 1&, 4.XI.1966, 1(,A.Ko- nal de Beagle, I.1933, Castellanos and GoÂ- vaÂcs (AMNH); El BolsoÂn, Cerro Piltriqui- mez, 3 immatures (MACN-Ar 34340); Isla troÂn, II.1986, M. RamõÂrez, 1& (MACN-Ar); de los Estados, BahõÂa San Antonio, 6± Lago Fonck, 2.XII.1984, A. Macario, 1( 13.II.1982, J.C. CheÂbez, 1& 1 immature (MACN-Ar); Lago GutieÂrrez, 41Њ95ЈS, (MACN-Ar); Isla de los Estados, Punta 71Њ24ЈW, 18.XI.1988, V. and B. Roth, 1& Roca, no date, J.A. Dagerre and A. Carcelles, (CAS); Lago Mascardi, I.1996, M. CalderoÂn, 1 immature (MACN-Ar 35069); Isla de los 1( (MACN-Ar); Nahuel Huapi, 1960, RõÂo Estados, Puerto Parry, Nothofagus betuloides Azul, 5.XII.1962, 1(, 19.I.1966, 1&, A. Ko- forest, X.1981, J.C. CheÂbez, 5& (MACN- vaÂcs (AMNH). Chubut: El Hoyo, 2.X.1962, Ar); Estancia Herberton, 25.I.1979, MisioÂn 3 immatures, VII.1962, 1& penultimate, CientõÂ®ca Danesa, 1( (ZMK); Lago Fagna- VIII.1962, 1& 9 immatures, 15.IX.1962, 6& no, no. 25, Nothofagus antartica forest, 9 immatures, A. KovaÂcs (AMNH); El Mai- 26.II.1959, 1& (MACN-Ar); no. 26, teÂn, 2.II.1966, A. KovaÂcs, 1( (AMNH); 27.II.1959, J. Vellard, 1& (MACN-Ar); EpuyeÂn, 1.IX.1965, 1&, 17.X.1966, 2( 2&, II.1967, Williner, 1( (MACN-Ar); Kaiken, A. KovaÂcs (AMNH); Poto Cahuel, 8.X.1966, 100 m, 18±19.I.1979, MisioÂn CientõÂ®ca Da- A. KovaÂcs, 2( 5& (AMNH); Lago Fontana, nesa, 1(, 1 immature, 1& penultimate, I.1944, A. Riggi, 2( (MACN-Ar); Los Ci- (ZMK); Lago Roca, II.1967, Williner, 1& preses, XI.1982, M. RamõÂrez, 2& (MACN- (MACN-Ar); 27.I.1971, J. Vellard, 1( 1& Ar); Lago Futalaufquen, 4.I.1962, CoscaroÂn, (MACN-Ar), 10.I.1972, E. HernaÂndez, 3( 1& (MACN-Ar); Lago Verde, II.1985, M. (MACN-Ar); hanging by thread from edge RamõÂrez, 1& (MACN-Ar); aÂrea Lago Verde, of roof, 21.I.1998, C. and M. Vardy, 1& Lago MeneÂndez y RõÂo Arrayanes, II.1895, (BMNH/MACN-Ar); Lapataia, I.1948, J.M. M. RamõÂrez, 1& (MACN-Ar); RõÂo Turbio, Viana, 3& 4 immatures (MACN-Ar 2590); 11.VII.1961, 1& 1& penultimate 1 immature, 20±23.II.1961, 1( (AMNH); II.1963, E. A. KovaÂcs (AMNH). Santa Cruz: Lago Ar- Maury, 4& 1 immature (MACN-Ar); 20 m, gentino, II.1963; Lago Argentino, PenõÂnsula 27±28.I.1979, 1&, 1.II.1979, 1&, MisioÂn Magallanes, 250 m, 11.I.1979, MisioÂn Cien- CientõÂ®ca Danesa (ZMK); Puerto Aguirre, no 2003 RAMIÂREZ: SPIDER SUBFAMILY AMAUROBIOIDINAE 199 date, no collector, 1& (MACN-Ar); Ushuaia, 31.I.1968, 1(, R. CalderoÂn G. (AMNH); 1±14.XII.1932, Castellanos and Gomez, 2& Quintero, 21 Barber VIII, 2.X.1968, 1& 4 immatures (MACN-Ar); 8±26.II.1961, B. (UC). San Felipe de Aconcagua: 10 km E Malkin, 2( 1& (AMNH); I.1967, Williner, of Zapudo, 28.XI.1950, 1( (CAS); El Con- 1( 3& 1 immature, 1 immature (MACN- vento, 18.IX.1966, 33Њ48ЈS, 71Њ43ЈW, L . Ar); XII.1967, A. Bachmann, 1( 1& PenÄa, 2& 2 immatures, 6& 2 immatures (MACN-Ar); from Ushuaia to Lapataia, (CAS). RegioÂn Metropolitana (Santiago): 28.I.1960, A. Bachmann, 1( (MACN-Ar); Santiago: Quebrada El Arbol, Aculeo, Ushuaia, no date, A. del Pino, 6& 2 imma- X.1969, L. PenÄa, 6& (MCZ). RegioÂn VII tures (MACN-Ar 29952). CHILE: RegioÂn (Maule): Talca: Alto de Vilches, 31.X.1969, III (Atacama): Huasco: Freirina, IX.1963, Rozen, L. PenÄa, 2&,1& (AMNH); Gil de Instituto de BiologõÂa, 1( 1& (UC). RegioÂn Vilches, 1200 m, I.1984, P. Goloboff and E. IV (Coquimbo): Elqui: La Serena, I± Maury, 1( (MACN-Ar); 7.I.1989, M. Ra- II.1961, R. Wagenknecht, 1& (AMNH). Li- mõÂrez, 1(,1( (MACN-Ar). Cauquenes: marõÂ: Bosque Talinay, 8.I.1985, N. Platnick Los Ruiles Natl. Park, IX.1985, F. Silva, 1& and O. Francke, 1( 3& (AMNH); Bosque (MHNS). RegioÂn VIII (BiobõÂo): NÄ uble: Talinay, 35 km S road to Fray Jorge, Panam ChillaÂn, 31.XII.1975, G. Moreno, 1& km 353, 560 m, relict Valdivian fog forest, (AMNH), Fundo El Sauce, San FabiaÂn de 6.II.1986, N. Platnick, T. Schuh, 3& AlicoÂ, 8±24.I.1986, L. PenÄa, 1& (AMNH); (AMNH); Fray Jorge Natl. Park, Las Trancas, 15.VI.1990, C. Carrasco, 1& 11.XII.1950, Ross and Michelbacher, 1& 5 (UC); Las Trancas, 15±21.II.1976, G. Mo- immatures, (CAS); 21.X.1966, E. Schlinger, reno, 1& (AMNH); 20±25.II.1980, L. PenÄa, M. Irwin, 1& penultimate (CAS); 1& (AMNH), 11±17.I.1983, L. PenÄa, 1& 27.IX.1970, R. CalderoÂn G., 2& (UC); (AMNH); II.1987, L. PenÄa, 1& (AMNH), 27.IX.1970, L. GonzaÂlez, 1& (UC); 580 m, 1200 m, 24±27.XI.1994, L. PenÄa, 1( relict Valdivian forest, 5.I.1985, N. Platnick (AMNH); Las Trancas, E Recinto, ``Shangri and O. Francke, 1& (AMNH); 560 m, relict la'', 19±30.I.1983, L. PenÄa, 1& (AMNH); 60 Valdivian fog forest, under rocks, 8.II.1986, km SE ChillaÂn, Termas road, beech forest, N. Platnick and R. Schuh, 1 immature FIT, 1300 m, 7.XII.1984±19.II.1985, S. and (AMNH); 560 m, 3.X.1992, N. Platnick, P. J. Peck, 1 immature (ANMH); 72 km SE Goloboff, K. Catley, 2 immatures (AMNH); ChillaÂn, Trancas, nr. Termas, FIT, 1700 m, elev. 580 m, 10.XI.1993, 30Њ40ЈS, 71Њ41ЈW, Nothofagus forest, 6.XII.1984±19.II.1985, S. N. Platnick, K. Catley, M. RamõÂrez, T. Allen, and J. Peck, 1 immature parasitized by a 2& (AMNH), 1& (MACN-Ar, photo MJR mermithid nematode (AMNH); 77 km SE 1296±1298), Fray Jorge, Rancho, ChillaÂn, Termas road, 1260 m, 16± 10.XII.1950, Ross and Michelbacher, 3&, 25.XI.1993, pitfalls, 36Њ55ЈS, 71Њ27ЈW, N . 1&, 2 immatures (CAS). Choapa: Los Vilos, Platnick, K. Catley, M. RamõÂrez, T. Allen, 25.IX.1971, J. Solervicens, 1& (UC); south 1( (AMNH). ConcepcioÂn: Cerro Caracol, of Coquimbo province, VII.1960, L. PenÄa, ConcepcioÂn, elev. 200 m, 36Њ51ЈS, 73Њ02ЈW, 2& 2 immatures, 4& (IRSN IG 23077). Co- 17.XI.1993, N. Platnick, K. Catley, M. Ra- quimbo: Corral de Julio, 5.VII.1975, H. mõÂrez, T. Allen, 1& (AMNH); EscuadroÂn, HernaÂndez, 1& (UC). RegioÂn V (ValparaõÂ- 16.IV.1988, T. Cekalovic, 1( (AMNH); so): Petorca: E La Ligua, relict forest, HualpeÂn, 75 m, moist forest, 22.I.1985, N. 27.IX.1980, L. PenÄa, 1( 2& (AMNH); Ta- Platnick and O. Francke, 4& (AMNH); Lo- laqueÂn, 32Њ33ЈS, 71Њ14ЈW, X.1982, L. PenÄa, mas Colorada, 27.XI.1975, T. Cekalovic, 1& 2& (AMNH); Zapallar, 27.XI.1950, Ross and (AMNH). Arauco: RõÂo IbaÂnÄez, 27± Michelbacher, 1( 1& 1 immature (CAS). 28.I.1990, L. PenÄa, 1& (AMNH). BiobõÂo: Quillota: Cuesta La Dormida, N Tiltil, 800± Caledonia, E Mulchen, 600 m, 18± 1300 m, 13±18.XI.1982, L. PenÄa, 3& 20.II.1990, L. PenÄa, 1& (AMNH); Pemehue (AMNH). ValparaõÂso: Colliguay, nr. La Re- (158), L. PenÄa, 1( (IRSN IG 19736); W Ral- tuca, 5.XI.1963, G.F. Edmunds, 1( co, Santa BaÂrbara, 400 m, 22±23.XI.1994, L. (AMNH); Quintero, 11±12.V.1961, A. Ar- PenÄa, 1& (AMNH). RegioÂn IX (Arauca- cher, 1& (AMNH); pitfalls in relict forest, nõÂa): Malleco: Angol, 31.XII.1950, Ross 200 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY NO. 277 and Michelbacher, 1( (CAS); Angol, Cor- Levi, 1& (MCZ), 1 immature (MCZ, photo- dillera Nahuelbuta, 14±24.II.1977, G. Mo- graphed); Valdivia (collection E. Simon) 1( reno, 1( (AMNH); 18 km W Angol, Cor- 1& (MHNP), 1983, E. Krahmer, 1( (MHNS dillera Nahuelbuta, 37Њ48ЈS, 72Њ43ЈW, 807). Osorno: El Mirador, 45 km W La 10.II.1967, E. Schlinger, 1( (CAS); 40 km UnioÂn, 900 m, 1±2.III.1987, L. PenÄa, 1( 1& W CuracautõÂn, Nothofagus/Araucaria forest, (AMNH); 36 km W La UnioÂn, 600 m, 25± 12.XII.1984±16.II.1985, S. and J. Peck, 1(, 28.III.1987, L. PenÄa, 1& (AMNH); Purr- 1& penultimate (AMNH); Malalcahuello, anque, I±III.1955, E. Reed, 1( (AMNH); 22.IX.1968, M. Rancagliolo, 1 immature Puyehue Natl. Park: Aguas Calientes, (UC); 14 km E Malalcahuello, 1570 m, site XII.1981, L. PenÄa, 1( (AMNH); 425 m, Val- 649, window trap, Nothofagus pumilio-Ar- divian forest, 31.I.1985, N. Platnick and O. aucaria forest, 13±31.XII.1982, A. Newton Francke, 1( (MACN-Ar); 600 m, Malaise, and M. Thayer, 1& (AMNH); Monumento Nothofagus forest, 18.XII.1984±8.II.1985, S. Natural Contulmo, 19±21.XII.1998, M. Ra- and J. Peck, 2( (AMNH); 40Њ44Ј0ЉS, mõÂrez, L. Compagnucci, C. Grismado, L. Lo- 72Њ18Ј45ЉW, 450 m, 12.XII.2000±2.I.2001, pardo, 2 immatures (MACN-Ar), Nahuelbuta forest, J. Miller, I. Agnarsson, Alvarez, J. Natl. Park, 1200 m, Nothofagus-Araucaria Coddington, G. Hormiga, 1& penultimate assoc., 9.XI.1966, M. Irwin and E. Schlinger, (USNM); La Picada 450 m, NW VolcaÂn 1& 4 immatures (CAS), 1200±1500 m, Osorno, 15±20.I.1980, L.E. PenÄa, 1( 9.XII.1985, S. and J. Peck, FITS forest Noth- (AMNH); Osorno, X.1977, A. Tobar, 1( 1& ofagus-Araucaria,1( (AMNH), 1230 m, penultimate (AMNH); Puyehue, 15± dry forest, 1.II.1986, N. Platnick and T. 16.XI.1990, L. PenÄa, 1& (AMNH); 700 m, Schuh, 1& penultimate (AMNH); Pichina- 9.XII.1994, L. PenÄa, 2 immatures (AMNH); huel, Cordillera Nahuelbuta, 1200 m, Pucatrihue, 25±31.I.1978, L. PenÄa, 1& 19.I.1988, L. PenÄa, 1( (AMNH); Cordillera (AMNH), 1±10.II.1986, L. PenÄa, 1( Nahuelbuta, 1300±1400 m, 6±12.I.1982, L. (AMNH). Llanquihue: Concordia, Fundo PenÄa, 1& (AMNH). CautõÂn: ChacamoÂ, NW Pedernales, 13.II.1994, T. Cekalovic, 1& Nueva Imperial, W Temuco, 16±24.II.1981, (AMNH); N Correntoso, VI±VII.1989, L. L. PenÄa, 1( (AMNH); 12.3 km N Loncoche, PenÄa, 1& (AMNH); N Correntoso, NE 280 m, 2.II.1967, I. Schlinger, 1& (CAS); Puerto Montt, VIII.IX.1989, L. PenÄa, 1 im- Conguillio Natl. Park, 4±5.II.1980, A.E. mature (AMNH); PetrohueÂ, 41Њ08ЈS, Quezada, 1& (UC); VolcaÂn Villarrica, FIT nr. 72Њ25ЈW, 100 m, 15.XI.1966, E.I. Schlinger edge of old lava ¯ow, 10.XI±3.XII.1989, S. and M.E. Irwin, 1 immature (CAS); PetrohueÂ Marshall, 1( (AMNH); PucoÂn at Lago Vil- Norte, III.1974, J. Solervicens, 1( (UC). larrica, 39Њ16ЈS, 71Њ58ЈW, 14.XII.1988, V. ChiloeÂ: Arroyo Cole Cole, 25 km N Cucao, and B. Roth, 1& (CAS); 10 mi NE PucoÂn, 8±11.II.1991, M. RamõÂrez, 1(,1& (MACN- 12.I.1951, Ross and Michelbacher, 1& Ar). Palena: ChaiteÂn, XII.1985, L. PenÄa, 1& (CAS); Temuco, V.1956, ChaÂvez, 1& (AMNH); 37 km SE ChaiteÂn, FIT, 60 m, riv- (MACN-Ar); 15 km NE Villarrica, Flor del erside secondary forest, 28.XII.1984± Lago, 300 m, 2 FITS, Nothofagus forest, 30.I.1985, S. and J. Peck, 1( (AMNH). Re- 14.XII.1984±10.II.1985, S. and J. Peck, 1( gioÂn XI (IbaÂnÄez del Campo): AiseÂn: Coch- (AMNH); Flor del Lago Ranch, Villarrica, rane, RõÂo Backer, 180 m, 30.I.1990, L. PenÄa, Polo Field, 39Њ12.300ЈS, 72Њ08.367ЈW, 282 2& (AMNH); 25 km S Cochrane, 1± m, canopy fogging GT Nothofagus obliqua 3.II.1990, L. PenÄa, 1( (AMNH); Lago Po- roble, 13.XII.2001, Arias et al., 2 immatures lux, 11.II.1983, T. Cekalovic, 1( 2& (UCB); VolcaÂn Llaima, 8.X.1966, J.P. Val- (AMNH); Murta, Lago General Carrera, 29± denegro, 1& (UC). RegioÂn X (Los Lagos): 30.I.1990, L. PenÄa, 1& (AMNH); RõÂo Simp- Valdivia: Cudioco, 40Њ15ЈS, 73Њ09ЈW, 40 m, son Natl. Park, S margin, 17.II.1991, M. Ra- 10±11.XI.1966, M. Irwin and E. Schlinger, mõÂrez, 1 immature (MACN-Ar, photo MJR 1& (CAS); Isla Teja, farmland, 6.III.1965, H. 551), 1& (MACN-Ar); 22 km E AiseÂn, 300 Levi, 1 immature (MCZ); Las Lajas, W La m, wet forest, 5.II.1985, N. Platnick and O. UnioÂn, 9±13.I.1990, L. PenÄa, 2( 3& Francke, 2& (AMNH); Puerto AiseÂn, (AMNH); Peulla, 200 m, 25.III.1965, H. 2.I.1957, M. Cadoceo, 2( (MACN-Ar); 24± 2003 RAMIÂREZ: SPIDER SUBFAMILY AMAUROBIOIDINAE 201

26.I.1962, L. PenÄa, 3( (IRSN IG23077); m, scrub, 10.II.1985, N. Platnick and O. Puerto IbaÂnÄez, 15.I.1882, L. Villavicencio, Francke, 2& (AMNH); PenõÂnsula Brunswick, 1& (AMNH); RõÂo Cisnes, 1±28.II.1961, L. Tres Brazos, 9.III.1961, T. Cekalovic, 1& PenÄa, 3(,2( 3& 1 immature, 1( 2 imma- (UC); Port Famine, 10.I.1977, T. Cekalovic, tures (IRSN IG 23077); RõÂo Cisnes Medio, 2( (AMNH); Puerto Hambre, II.1956, J. RõÂo Grande, 30.XII.1984±28.I.1985, 200 m, Vellard, 1& (MACN-Ar); Punta Arenas, FIT, S. and J. Peck, 1( (AMNH); RõÂo Simp- IX.1892, Michelsen, 1 immature (ZMH); (La son, 37 km W Cohiaique, 20 m, wet forest, Turba), 23.II.1960, T. Cekalovic, 1( 20.I.1986, N. Platnick, P. Goloboff, R. (MACN-Ar); dry forest remnant, 10.II.1985, Schuh, 1( (AMNH). RegioÂn XII (Magal- N. Platnick and O. Francke, 2& (AMNH); lanes y AntaÂrtica): Ultima Esperanza: Rio 102.2 km NNW Punta Arenas, 430 m, Noth- PeÂrez, Seno Skyring, 10.X.1952, R. RodrõÂ- ofagus assoc., 6.XII.1966, E. Schlinger and guez GonzaÂlez, 1( 1& (AMNH), 1& pen- M. Irwin, 1& 1 immature, 2& 1 immature ultimate (AMNH); Torres del Paine Natl. (CAS); Punta Arenas, Puerto del Hambre, Park: near Refugio Chileno, 50Њ56Ј45ЉS, 500 m, 8.II.1979, MisioÂn CientõÂ®ca Danesa, 72Њ55Ј0ЉW, 400±600 m, 8±9.XII.2000, J. 1( (ZMK); Cerro Castillo Natl. Res., 500± Miller, I. Agnarsson, 1& (USNM), same, 600 m, dry forest, 7.II.1985, N.I. Platnick steppe, under rock, 1&. Magallanes: Cam- and O.F. Francke, 2& (AMNH); Aserradero eroÂn, 14±17.XI.1960, L. PenÄa, 4& 1 imma- RõÂo Bueno, no. 13, J. Vellard, 1 immature ture (MCZ); Cueva del MilodoÂn, 28.I.1976, (MACN-Ar); RõÂo Chico, 1956, J. Vellard, 5 T. Cekalovic, 1& (AMNH); Isla Daly, I.1962, immatures (MACN-Ar); RõÂo San Juan, L. PenÄa, 4 immatures (IRSN IG 23077); Dos 25.I.1976, T. Cekalovic, 1& (AMNH); RõÂo Lagunas, 28.I.1976, T. Cekalovic, 2& Rubens, ca. 52ЊS, 30.XI±3.XII.1962, P. Dar- (AMNH); Estancia La VicunÄa, 1956, 1& 1 lington, 2& 5 immatures (MCZ); RõÂo Santa immature, no. 13, 4.III.1957, 3&, 4 imma- MarõÂa, 25.I.1976, T. Cekalovic, 1( tures, no. 14, 4.III.1957, 2 immatures, no. 15, (AMNH); 8.I.1977, T. Cekalovic, 1& (UC); 4.III.1957, 1 immature, no. 17, 15.II.1959, Rubens, 22.III.1948, M. BirabeÂn, 3 imma- 2&, J. Vellard (MACN-Ar); Estancia La Vi- tures (MLP), 10.X.1952, R. RodrõÂguez Gon- cunÄa, SE CameroÂn, 1±6.XII.1960, L. PenÄa, zaÂlez, 1( (AMNH), 13.XII.1960, L. PenÄa, 1& (MCZ); 35 km SW CameroÂn, Nothofagus 1& (MCZ); Rusf®n, no. 11, III.1957, 1&,3 assoc., 2.XII.1966, E. Schlinger and M. Ir- immatures, 5 immatures, 1&, no. 12, win, 2&,2& penultimates (CAS); PenõÂnsula 1.III.1957, 2&, Silla del Diablo, 28.I.1976, T. Hardy, Isla Hoste, BahõÂa Orange, 9.III.1961, Cekalovic, 1( 1& (AMNH); Spanger, B. Malkin, 2 immatures, (AMNH); Isla Nav- 27.IV.1899, E, NordenskioÈld, 1& (NRS); arino, Puerto Toro, 8.II.1896, Svenska ex- Chorrillo Tres Puentes, IV.1969, T. Cekalov- peditionen till MagleanslaÈderna, 2& 2 im- ic, 1& (MACN-Ar); Tres Vientos, Puerto Ar- matures (NRS), 16±17.III.1961, B. Malkin, turo, 53Њ34ЈS, 73Њ23ЈW, 25±28.XI.1960, L. 3& 3 immatures (AMNH), 19.XII.1992, PenÄa, 2& (MCZ); Aserradero Yendegaia, no. Michelsen, 1& 2 immatures (ZMH 178); Isla 1, 12.II.1957, 1( 1& 2 immatures, 3&, no. Navarino, Puerto Williams, 22.VIII.1966, T. 2, 12.II.1957, 1( 2&, no. 3, 13.II.1957, 1&, Cekalovic, 1& (UC), 14.VIII.1976, T. Ceka- 2 immatures, no. 4, 14.II.1957, 4&, no. 5, lovic, 1&, 1 immature (AMNH); XII.1962± 14.II.1957, 2 immatures, 10& 5 immatures, I.1963, P. Darlington, 3& 2& penultimates 1&, no. 6, 15.II.1957, 3&,1( 2& 1 imma- (MCZ); Isla Picton, Svenska expeditionen till ture, 18.II.1957, 5 immatures, J. Vellard MagleanslaÈderna, 1& (NRS); no. 14, MarõÂa (MACN-Ar). No Speci®c Locality: South Virginia, J. Vellard, 1& (MACN-Ar); 30 km Chile, 190708, Skottsberg, 1( (NRS). Mis- Natales, road to Magallanes, 21.III.1948, M. taken Locality: Santiago Prov., Malleco, BirabeÂn, 5&,1&, 2 immatures (MLP); Mon- XI.1979, L. PenÄa, 1( 2& 1& penultimate te Alto, 7.III.1960, T. Cekalovic, 1& (UC), (AMNH) (see RamõÂrez, 1995b: 83). 17.III.1971, T. Cekalovic, 1& (AMNH); 7± MORPHOLOGICAL REMARKS: Some details 11.III.1969, L. PenÄa, 1&,4& (MCZ); Paine, of the abdominal musculature, tracheae, and 10.X.1952, R. RodrõÂguez GonzaÂlez, 1( claw tufts were described in RamõÂrez (AMNH); Torres del Paine Natl. Park, 150 (1995a). 202 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY NO. 277

Tomopisthes varius Simon Spines as in female, except: leg II, tibia v 2± Figures 104B, 105C, D, 108 2±2. Abdomen length 4.80, width 2.40, spiracle±epigastrium 2.17, spiracle±spinnerets Tomopisthes varius Simon, 1884: 134 (male and 0.60. Color as in female (®g. 108B). Palp female syntypes, from Chile, Cabo de Hornos, in MHNP 6670, examined), 1887: E30, 1897b: (®gs. 105C, D, 108C, D): tibia long, width/ 107, 1902: 31, 1904: 102. RamõÂrez, 1995a: 368. length 0.49. Cymbium relatively narrow. Gayenna varia: Tullgren, 1901: 233, 259, 1902: Embolus short, basal process lobate, thick, 59. separated by ample, weakly sclerotized area (®g. 105C). Median apophysis short, rela- DIAGNOSIS: Resembles T. horrendus in tively wide. Paramedian apophysis with having a relatively large (but usually smaller) complex base, ¯attened tip. Primary conduc- size, distinguished by having a simpler epi- tor small, triangular. Secondary conductor gyne, with copulatory openings close to the small, complex, quite modi®ed. epigastric furrow, and a short paramedian MORPHOLOGICAL REMARKS: Tracheal sys- apophysis with several cusps. Immatures are tem and claw tufts described in RamõÂrez distinguished from those of T. horrendus by (1995a). lacking lateral spines on metatarsus I. VARIABILITY: Size is quite variable. Male FEMALE (syntype, measurements of speci- Spines: tibiae III, IV v 2±2±2. men from QuetrihueÂ): Total length 11.30. NATURAL HISTORY: A very opportunistic Carapace length 5.05, width 3.65, wider on species that builds retreats on foliage, under legs II±III. Length of tibia/metatarsus: I, bark, in crevices in rotten logs, and occa- 3.27/2.77; II, 3.17/2.77; III, 2.60/2.67; IV, sionally under stones or between ¯at stones 3.40/3.86. Palpal tarsus length 1.67. Chelic- in ravines. erae unmodi®ed, with two teeth on retromar- DISTRIBUTION: Southern forests in Argen- gin. Sternum length 2.63, width 1.97. Spines: tina and Chile, from the relict forest in Fray leg I, femur d 1±1±1, p 0-d1-(1-d1), r 0-d1- Jorge to Cabo de Hornos. d1; tibia v 2±2±2; metatarsus v 2bas. II, fe- OTHER MATERIAL EXAMINED: ARGENTI- mur ϭ I; tibia v r1±2±2; metatarsus v 2bas, NA: NeuqueÂn: Estancia San RamoÂn, RincoÂn p d1±0. III, femur d 1±1±1, p and r 0-d1-d1; Chico, RõÂo Limay, X±XII.1962, Havrylenko, patella r d1; tibia v p1±2±2, p and r d1±1, d 1( (MACN-Ar); Lago NompehueÂn,NWAl- r1bas; metatarsus v 2±2±2, p and r d1±1±1, umineÂ, 12.I.1985, E. Maury and A. Toth, 2& d 0-p1±2. IV, femur d 1±1±1, p 0-d1-d1, r 1 immature (MACN-Ar); Lago AlumineÂ, d1ap; patella, tibia and metatarsus ϭ III. Ab- II.1974, E. Maury, 3& (MACN-Ar); Lago domen length 6.52, width 3.85, spiracle±epi- CarrhueÂ Chico, 15±16.I.1983, E. Maury, 2& gastrium 2.67, spiracle±spinnerets 0.65. Col- (MACN-Ar); LanõÂn Natl. Park: Lago LaÂcar, or (®gs. 104B, 108A): carapace grayish with PucaraÂ, I.1961, M.E. Galiano, 2& (MACN- dark spots, reddish to cephalic area. Legs Ar 5287); I±II.1971, S. Schajovskoy, 1& pale grayish with dark spots. Sternum brown, (MACN-Ar), 10.XI.1978, MisioÂn CientõÂ®ca darker on margins. Abdomen yellow with Danesa, 1( (ZMK); 650 m, 28±29.XI.1981, dark grayish pattern, venter paler, with small Nielsen and Karsholt, 4( (ZMK); San Mar- spots, mainly on median band. Epigyne (®g. tõÂn de los Andes, 40Њ10ЈS, 71Њ21ЈW, 20± 108E, F): median ®eld ample in posterior 21.XI.1988, V. and B. Roth, 1(,1& (CAS); view, weakly sclerotized, rugose. Copulatory Nahuel Huapi Natl. Park: Isla Victoria, Pie- ducts short. Ducts of accessory bulbs slightly dras Blancas, 1964, Contreras, 1( (MACN- converging. Ar); Isla Victoria, Playa del Toro, VI.1984, MALE (syntype, measurements of speci- M. RamõÂrez, 1& (MACN-Ar); RõÂo FrõÂas su- men from QuetrihueÂ): Total length 8.40. Car- perior, I.1990, M. RamõÂrez, 1& (MACN-Ar); apace length 5.05, width 2.70. Length of tib- Lago Nahuel Huapi, PenõÂnsula QuetrihueÂ, ia/metatarsus: I, 3.20/2.70; II, 2.80/2.50; III, 16±25.XII.1984, 1( (MACN-Ar); II.1986, 2.23/2.27; IV, 2.83/3.17. Chelicerae slightly M. RamõÂrez, 1( (MACN-Ar); 23.I.1985, M. longer and narrower than those of female, RamõÂrez, 3& 1 immature (MACN-Ar); Pen- teeth on retromargin more separated, fang Ânsulaõ QuetrihueÂ, ``arrayan'' forest, stony long, thick. Sternum length 1.90, width 1.50. beach, 24.II.1996, M. RamõÂrez, 1( (MACN- 2003 RAMIÂREZ: SPIDER SUBFAMILY AMAUROBIOIDINAE 203

Fig. 108. Tomopisthes varius Simon (syntypes). A. Female. B. Male. C. Male palp, ventral view. D. Same, retrolateral. E. Epigyne, ventral view. F. Same, cleared. Scale bar ϭ A, B, 2 mm; C±F, 1 mm.

Ar); Puerto Blest, II.1986, M. RamõÂrez, 1( Park, I.1982, P. Goloboff, 1( (MACN-Ar); (MACN-Ar); 770 m, 4.XII.1978, 2&, 25± Los Alerces Natl. Park: Lago Futalaufquen, 27.X.1981, 1( 1&, Nielsen and Karsholt I.1990, M.J. RamõÂrez, 1& 1 immature, 1& (ZMK), 10.I.1998, M. RamõÂrez, 1( (MACN- (MACN-Ar); Lago MeneÂndez, I.1990, M. Ar); 7±20.I.2000, L. Lopardo and A. Quag- RamõÂrez, 1( (MACN-Ar); Lago Verde, lino, 9 immatures (MACN-Ar); Puerto Blest, II.1985, M. RamõÂrez, 1&,1& 1 immature Lago Ortiz Basualdo, I.1990, M. RamõÂrez, (MACN-Ar). Santa Cruz: Lago FrõÂas, no 2& (MACN-Ar); San Carlos de Bariloche, date, E. Maury, 1( 1& (MACN-Ar); Los II.1954, M.E. Galiano, 2& (MACN-Ar), Glaciares Natl. Park, II.1977, no collector, 1964, MonroÂs, 1& (MACN-Ar); San Carlos 1( (MACN-Ar), 18.I.1980, P. Goloboff, 1( de Bariloche, Colonia Suiza, 810 m, 1& 1 immature (MACN-Ar); no date, E.R. 20.XI.1978, 1&, 5.XII.1978, 1&, MisioÂn FernaÂndez, 1( (MACN-Ar); Los Glaciares CientõÂ®ca Danesa (ZMK); Nahuel Huapi, Natl. Park, PenõÂnsula Magallanes, in front of 1950, Havrylenko, 2& (MACN-Ar 5507). Glaciar Moreno, II.1977, D. Pepe and M. Chubut: El MaiteÂn, 29.VII.1961, A. KovaÂcs, Rumboll, 1(,1& (MACN-Ar); Ventisquero 2 immatures (AMNH); Los Cipreses, Moreno, 18±24.I.1971, J. Vellard, 2( XI.1982, M. RamõÂrez, 2& penultimates 2 im- (MACN-Ar); 28.II.1971, J. Vellard, 1( matures (MACN-Ar); Los Alerces Natl. (MACN-Ar). Tierra del Fuego: Lago Fag- 204 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY NO. 277 nano, XI.1984, 1& (MACN-Ar); Lago Roca, 71Њ35ЈW, M. Irwin and E. Schlinger, 5& Nothofagus antarctica forest, II.1967, Willi- (CAS); Pan de AzuÂcar, 2700 m, road to Cerro ner, 1& (MACN-Ar); 27.I.1971, J. Vellard, Tupungato, I.1984, A. Mann Z., 1 vial (num- 1& 1 immature (MACN-Ar); Lapataia, ber of specimens not recorded) (MHNS 867). I.1948, J.M. Viana, 1( 1& (MACN-Ar); RegioÂn VII (Maule): CuricoÂ: CajoÂn del RõÂo II.1963, E. Maury, 4&,1( (MACN-Ar); RõÂo Claro, Cordillera CuricoÂ, 9.X.1966, E. Grande, XI.1973, M. Rumboll, 1& (MACN- Schlinger, 2& (CAS); Las Tablas, E CuricoÂ, Ar); Ushuaia, Playa Larga, 13.XII.1967, II.1985, L. PenÄa, 3& (AMNH); Los QuenÄes M.E. Galiano, 1&,1& (MACN-Ar); Punta I.1984, P. Goloboff, 1& 1 immature (MACN- Remolino 24, 24.II.1959, J. Vellard, 1( 1& Ar), 14.I.1984, P. Goloboff, 1& 1 immature penultimate (MACN-Ar); RõÂo Pipo, (MACN-Ar). Talca: Gil de Vilches, 1200 m, XII.1989, A. GonzaÂlez, 1& (MLP); Aserrad- I.1984, P. Goloboff and E. Maury, 3&,2& ero Yendegaya, no. 1, 12.II.1957, 1( 1&; no. (MACN-Ar); 7.I.1989, M. RamõÂrez, 1& 3, 13.II.1957, 1&, no. 4, 14.II.1957, 1(, no. (MACN-Ar, photo MJR 10); 7±8.II.1992, M. 5, 14.II.1957, 1& 2 immatures, 1&, no. 7, RamõÂrez, N. Platnick, P. Goloboff, 1& 16.II.1957, 1& 1 immature, no. 9, 17.II.1957, (AMNH). Cauquenes: Tregualemu, 520 m, 2&, J. Vellard (MACN-Ar). CHILE: RegioÂn 6±7.XI.1993, L. PenÄa and A. Ugarte, 1& IV (Coquimbo): LimarõÂ: Fray Jorge Natl. (AMNH). RegioÂn VIII (BiobõÂo): NÄ uble: 60 Park, 21.X.1966, E. Schlinger, M. Irwin, 1& km SE ChillaÂn, Termas Road, beech forest, (CAS); pitfalls in relict Valdivian forest, FIT, 1300 m, 7.XII.1984±19.II.1985, S. and 16.II.19??, 1&, 17.IV.19??, 1&, 19.IV.19??, J. Peck, 2( (ANMH); 22.7 km ESE Recinto, 1&, 19.VIII.19??, 1&, 17.X.19??, 2( 1&,R. 1330 m, Nothofagus forest, site 646, window CalderoÂn G. (AMNH), 27.IX.1970, 1( 1& trap, 10.XII.1983, A. Newton and M. Thayer, (UC); 580 m, relict valdivian forest, 5.I.1985, 1& (AMNH). ConcepcioÂn: Bosque de Ra- N. Platnick and O. Francke, 1& 1 immature muntcho, Cerro Caracol, ConcepcioÂn, elev. (AMNH); 9.I.1984, A. Roig, 1& (MACN- 200 m, 36Њ51ЈS, 73Њ02ЈW, 17.XI.1993, N. Ar); 560 m, relict Valdivian fog forest, under Platnick, K. Catley, M. RamõÂrez, T. Allen, 1 rocks, 8.II.1986, N. Platnick and R. Schuh, vial (number of specimens not recorded) 2& (AMNH); 560 m, 3.X.1992, N. Platnick, (AMNH); Lomas Colorada, 24.XI.1996, T. P. Goloboff, K. Catley, 1( 4 immatures Cekalovic, 1& (AMNH); Periquillo, (AMNH); elev. 580 m, 10.XI.1993, 30Њ40ЈS, 8.XII.1994, T. Cekalovic 1 vial (number of 71Њ41ЈW, N. Platnick, K. Catley, M. RamõÂrez, specimens not recorded) (AMNH); San Pe- T. Allen, 1( (AMNH); Fray Jorge, Rancho, dro, 22.X.1974, T. Cekalovic 1& (UC); 10.XII.1950, Ross and Michelbacher, 1& TomeÂ, 1.I.1992, T. Cekalovic, 1& (AMNH); (CAS); Fray Jorge, forest, 11.XII.1950, Ross Lenga, Teta Norte, 12.III.1979, M. Casan- and Michelbacher, 1& 1 immature (CAS). ueva, 1& (UC). BiobõÂo: W Ralco, Santa BaÂr- Choapa: Los Vilos, 12.X.1986, L. PenÄa, 1& bara, 400 m, 22±23.XI.1994, L. PenÄa, 1& (AMNH); Quereo, Los Vilos, 6.XI.1988, P. (AMNH). RegioÂn IX (AraucanõÂa): Malle- Goloboff, E. Maury, and C. Szumik, 1& co: 17 km W Angol, 800 m, FIT, mixed (MACN-Ar). RegioÂn V (ValparaõÂso): Los Nothofagus, 8.XII.1984±16.II.1985, S. and J. Vilos, 6.XI.1988, P. Goloboff, E. Maury, and Peck, 9( 3&,2( 4& 9 immatures (AMNH); C. Szumik, 1& (MACN-Ar). Petorca: Los 40 km W Angol, Nahuelbuta Natl. Park, Molles, Ovalle, 1600 m, 17.X.1994, L. PenÄa, FITS, 1200±1500 m, Nothofagus/Araucaria 1& (AMNH); E La Ligua, relict forest, forest, 9.XII.1984±17.II.1985, S. and J. Peck, 27.IX.1980, L. PenÄa, 1& (AMNH). Quillota: 1( 1&,1& (AMNH); 20 km W CuracautõÂn, Cuesta El MeloÂn, nr. La Calera, 15.XI.1985, 1000 m, FIT, 1000 m, Nothofagus forest, L. PenÄa, 2& 3 immatures (AMNH). Valpa- 12.XII.1984±16.II.1985, S. and J. Peck, 1&, raõÂso: Quintero, pitfalls in relict forest, 1& (AMNH), 1500 m, Malaise, Nothofagus- 12.VIII.1968, 3(, 2.X.1968, 1(,3(,R. Araucaria forest, 16.II.1985, S. and J. Peck, CalderoÂn G. (AMNH); 2.X.1968, 1& (UC); 3& (AMNH); 40 km W CuracautõÂn, Notho- Quintero, Barber VII.I, 12.VIII.1968, 1(,1( fagus/Araucaria, 12.XII.1984±16.II.1985, S. (UC). RegioÂn Metropolitana (Santiago): and J. Peck, 1&,1& (AMNH); Fundo MarõÂa Santiago: El Canelo, 950 m, 33Њ37ЈS, Ester, 15 km W Victoria, 14.I.1989, M. Ra- 2003 RAMIÂREZ: SPIDER SUBFAMILY AMAUROBIOIDINAE 205 mõÂrez, 1& (MACN-Ar); Malalcahuello, 9± 19±20.XI.1990, L. PenÄa, 1( 2& (AMNH); 15.XII.1985, L. PenÄa, 2& (AMNH); 6.5 km Peulla, 200 m, 25.III.1965, H. Levi, 1 im- E Malalcahuello, 1080 m, trap site 651, wid- mature (MCZ); I.1990, M. RamõÂrez, 3& ow trap, Nothofagus dombeyi with Chus- (MACN-Ar); PuroloÂn, NW Panguipulli, quea, 13±31.XII.1982, A. Newton and M. 10.I.1985, L.E. PenÄa, 1& (AMNH); Valdivia, Thayer, 2& (AMNH); Monumento Natural 12.X.1976, E. Krahmer, 2& (AMNH), 1983, Contulmo, 12.I.1989, M. RamõÂrez, 5& 1& (MHNS 822), 1& (MHNS 829), XI± (MACN-Ar); mixed evergreen forest, XII.1982, 1& (MHNS 700), E. Krahmer; 30 11.XII.1984±13.II.1985, S. and J. Peck, 1&, km S Valdivia, 11.II.1981, T. Cekalovic, 1& 3( (AMNH); Nahuelbuta Natl. Park, 1230 (AMHN). Osorno: MaicolpueÂ, 64 km W m, dry forest, 1.II.1986, N. Platnick and T. Osorno, 19.II.1992, M. RamõÂrez, N. Platnick, Schuh, 2( (AMNH); Tolhuaca, 15± P. Goloboff, 1& (AMNH), 1& (MACN-Ar); 23.III.1986, L. PenÄa, 1( 6& 6 immatures Puyehue Natl. Park: Aguas Calientes, FIT, (AMNH), 15.II.1992, M. RamõÂrez, N. Plat- Derrumbes forest trail, 20.XII.1984± nick, P. Goloboff, 1 immature (MACN-Ar). 8.II.1985, S. and J. Peck, 4( 1& 2 immatures CautõÂn: Bellavista, N shore Lago Villarrica, (AMNH), 18.II.1992, M. RamõÂrez, N. Plat- 310 m, site 655, window trap, valdivian rain- nick, P. Goloboff, 1 immature (MACN-Ar); forest, 15±30.XII.1982, A. Newton and M. 40Њ44ЈS, 72Њ19ЈW, 1440 m, 5±7.XII.1988, V. Thayer, 1( (AMNH); undisturbed forest, and B. Roth, 1( 2& (CAS), 13±17.XII.1998, 260 m, 30.I.1986, N. Platnick, T. Schuh, 1& M. RamõÂrez, L. Compagnucci, C. Grismado, (AMNH); 39Њ12ЈS, 72Њ08ЈW, 240 m, L. Lopardo, 1( (MACN-Ar 15.XII.98/8, 20.XI.1993, N. Platnick, K. Catley, M. Ra- frame 20); 600 m, Malaise, Nothofagus for- mõÂrez, T. Allen, 1( (AMNH); ChacamoÂ, NW est, 18.XII.1984±8.II.1985, S. and J. Peck, Nueva Imperial, W Temuco, 16±24.II.1981, 2( 1& (AMNH); Anticura, 19±29.X.1985, L. PenÄa, 1& (AMNH); Cuesta LascarrõÂa, L. PenÄa, 1( 1& (AMNH); Anticura, 23.IX.1968, H. Prats, 1( (UC); Lago Cabur- 40Њ40Ј0ЉS, 72Њ10Ј30ЉW, 350 m, 13.XII.2000± gua, 39Њ08ЈS, 71Њ46ЈW, 10.XII.1988, V. and 2.I.2001, forest, J. Miller, Alvarez, J. Cod- B. Roth, 2& (CAS); Conguillio Natl. Park, dington, G. Hormiga, 1( (USNM); 4.1 km 23.II.1992, M. RamõÂrez, N. Platnick, P. Go- W Anticura, 270 m, trap site 663, window loboff, 1& (AMNH); 10 km S PucoÂn, VolcaÂn trap, valdivian rainforest, 19±25.XII.1982, Villarrica Natl. Park, FIT, 900 m, Nothofagus A. Newton and M. Thayer, 3( (AMNH); grove on ash, 15.XII.1984±10.II.1985, S. and Osorno, VIII.1977, A. Tobar, 1( (AMNH); J. Peck, 1( (AMNH); 21 km NE PucoÂn, 34.5 km E Osorno, 40Њ38ЈS, 71Њ42ЈW, 200 Lago Caburga, FIT, 600 m, mixed forest m, fogging fungusy log, 1.XII.1994, R. remnant, 15.XII.1984±10.II.1985, S. and J. Leschen and C. Carlton no. 191, 1 immature Peck, 4( (AMNH); PucoÂn, FIT (toxic), hill- (AMNH); 48.5 km W Osorno, 40Њ37ЈS, top beech (peninsula), 8±13.XI.1989, S.A. 73Њ45ЈW, 75 m, sifting leaf litter, 28.XI.1994, Marshall, 1( (AMNH); FIT, mature forest, R. Leschen and C. Carlton no. 191, 1& 15.XI±1.XII.1989, S.A. Marshall, 3( (AMNH); Termas de Puyehue, 180 m, forest, (AMNH); 17 km E PucoÂn, 23.XI.1983, N. 28.XI.1981, N. Platnick and R. Schuh, 1( Platnick, T. Schuh, 2& (AMNH); Termas de 1& (AMNH); 460 m, litter from moss forest Palguin, Salto Puma, 725 m, 39Њ22ЈS, ¯oor, 25.XI.1981, N. Platnick and R. Schuh, 71Њ50ЈW, fogging fungusy logs, 24.XI.1994, 1( 2& (AMNH); Puyehue, 700 m, R. Leschen and D. Carlton no. 157, 1& 9.XII.1994, L. PenÄa, 1( 2& (AMNH); Pu- (AMNH); Tolten (coastal town), 27.II.1979, catrihue, 25±31.I.1978, L. PenÄa, 1& L. PenÄa, 1& 1 immature (AMNH); 14 km N (AMNH). Llanquihue: Caleta La Arena, on Villarrica, elev. 250 m, 39Њ10ЈS, 72Њ12ЈW, Marcypospermum, 30.I.1991, M. RamõÂrez, 1 20.XI.1993, N. Platnick, K. Catley, M. Ra- immature (MACN-Ar); Correntoso, mõÂrez, T. Allen, 1& (AMNH); 15 km NE Vil- XII.1969, L. PenÄa, 1& (MCZ); N Correntoso, larrica, Flor del Lago, 300 m, 2 FITS, Noth- NE Puerto Montt, VIII.IX.1989, L. PenÄa, 3( ofagus forest, 14.XII.1984±10.II.1985, S. 1 immature (AMNH); NW Shore, Lago Cha- and J. Peck, 6( (AMNH). RegioÂn X (Los po, 250 m, 41Њ27ЈS, 72Њ30ЈW, 13.XI.1966, Lagos): Valdivia: Las Lajas, W La UnioÂn, M. Irwin and E. Schlinger, 1( 1& 7 imma- 206 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY NO. 277 tures (CAS); 2±3 km NW Ensenada, Paine Natl. Park, 150 m, scrub, 10.II.1985, 18.III.1965, H. Levi, 1& (MCZ); Los Muer- N. Platnick and O. Francke, 2& (AMNH); mos, S. Chile, forest, 19.I.1951, Ross and PenõÂnsula Brunswick, Barranco Amarillo, Michelbacher, 1& 7 immatures (CAS); Vi- 27.I.1976, T. Cekalovic, 2& (AMNH); Port cente PeÂrez Rosales Natl. Park, Salto Petro- Famine, 10.I.1977, T. Cekalovic, 1( hueÂ, mixed most forest, 150 m, FIT, (AMNH); Puerto Bridges, 10.I.1893, Mich- 23.XII.1984±4.II.1985, S. and J. Peck, 1( elsen, 2& 1 immature (ZMH 165); Puerto (AMNH); PetrohueÂ, 41Њ08ЈS, 72Њ25ЈW, 100 Hambre, 25.III.1991, T. Cekalovic, 1& 2 im- m, 15.XI.1966, E.I. Schlinger and M.E. Ir- matures (AMNH); Punta Arenas, IX.1892, win, 1& (CAS); 8 mi W Puerto Varas, Michelsen, 1( 1& (ZMH 75); Punta Arenas 18.I.1951, Ross and Michelbacher, 1& (La Turba), 27.VIII.1976, T. Cekalovic, 1& (CAS). ChiloeÂ: Isla de ChiloeÂ: Cucao, te- (AMNH); Chorrillo Tres Puentes, 7.II.1971, pual, 12.II.1990, M. RamõÂrez, 2& (MACN- T. Cekalovic, 1& (AMNH); no date, T. Cek- Ar); Chepu, 17 m, 29.XI.1981, N. Platnick alovic, 1& (MACN-Ar); Tres Vientos, Puerto and R. Schuh, 1& 1 immature (AMNH); Arturo, 53Њ34ЈS, 73Њ23ЈW, 25±28.XI.1960, L. 3.II.1991, M. RamõÂrez, 3& (MACN-Ar); 15 PenÄa, 3&,8& (MCZ); Puerto Bulnes, km S Chepu, 3.II.1991, M. RamõÂrez, 1& 25.III.1991, T. Cekalovic, 1& (AMNH); (MACN-Ar); Pid-Pid, 17.II.1997, T. Ceka- Tweedie, Sierra del Toro, 19.III.1896, E. lovic, 1& (AMNH); ``Port San Pedro, Chil- NordenskjoÈld, Svenska expeditionen till oes, leg. Keyserling, unentwickeltes MagleanslaÈderna, 1& (NRS); Aserradero (imm.)'', 1 immature (MCZ); 5 km N Quel- Yendegaia, no. 3, 13.II.1957, J. Vellard, 1& loÂn, 105 m, modi®ed forest, ¯oor litter and (MACN-Ar). No Locality: E67±2±12, 1& moss, concentrate Berlese, 1.XII.1981, N. (CAS). Locality Not Found: Puerto Anchor- Platnick and R. Schuh, 1& (AMNH), 107 m, ena (presumably Argentina), 1.XI.1969, 1.XII.1981, N. Platnick and R. Schuh, 1& Contreras, 1( (MACN-Ar). Mistaken Local- (AMNH); Terao, S Chonchi, 10±20.III.1988, ity: Santiago Prov., Malleco, XI.1979, L. L. PenÄa, 1( (AMNH). RegioÂn XI (IbaÂnÄez PenÄa, 5& 1 immature (AMNH) (RamõÂrez, del Campo): AiseÂn: Cochrane, RõÂo Backer, 1995b: 83). 180 m, 30.I.1990, L. PenÄa, 1( (AMNH); RõÂo Simpson Natl. Park, 33 km Puerto Aisen, se- Tomopisthes pusillus (Nicolet), lectively cut forest, 31.XII.1984±26.I.1985, new combination S. and J. Peck, 1(,1& (AMNH); Puerto Figures 109, 110, 111A, 112C AiseÂn, 24±26.I.1962, L. PenÄa, 2 immatures Clubiona pusilla Nicolet, 1849: 426 (female lec- (IRSN IG23077); RõÂo Cisnes, 1±28.II.1961, totype and immature paralectotype here desig- L. PenÄa, 1( (IRSN IG23077); RõÂo Cisnes nated, from Chile, no speci®c locality, in Medio, RõÂo Grande, 30.XII.1984±28.I.1985, MHNP 4123, examined). Simon, 1864: 132, 200 m, FIT, S. and J. Peck, 1& (AMNH); 1887: E4. Valle del RõÂo Aisen, I.1897, P. Dusen, 1( 3& Gayenna chilensis Tullgren, 1902: 63 (female lec- 8 immatures (NRS). RegioÂn XII (Magalla- totype and female paralectotype here designat- nes y AntaÂrtica): Ultima Esperanza: Rio ed, from Chile, RõÂo AiseÂn Valley, I.1897, in PeÂrez, Seno Skyring, 10.X.1952, R. RodrõÂ- NRS, examined). NEW SYNONYMY. guez GonzaÂlez, 1( (AMNH); Ultima Esper- SYNONYMY: The types of the species syn- anza, 3.IV.1896, 1( (NRS). Magallanes: onymized were examined, together with nu- CameroÂn, 14±17.XI.1960, L. PenÄa, 1& merous specimens; no relevant differences (MCZ); Cueva del MilodoÂn, 28.I.1976, T. were found. Cekalovic, 1( 3& (UC), 3( 4& (AMNH); DIAGNOSIS: Easily distinguished from oth- Estancia Gazy Harbour, 10.II.1990, T. Cek- er Tomopisthes and Gayenna by the combi- alovic, 1& (AMNH); Isla Daly, I.1962, L. nation of ALE much larger than AME and PenÄa, 1& 3 immatures (IRSN IG 23077); Isla by the ample epigynal anterior pouch with a Navarino, Puerto Toro, 1896, Svenska ex- cavity on each side; males can be distin- peditionen till MagleanslaÈderna, 1& (NRS); guished also by the shape of the paramedian XI.1892, Del®n, 2& (ZMH 179); Isla Nueva, apophysis. 4.II.1896, 1& 4 immatures (NRS); Torres del FEMALE (lectotype of Gayenna chilensis, 2003 RAMIÂREZ: SPIDER SUBFAMILY AMAUROBIOIDINAE 207

ing lateral lobe and median ®eld. Ducts of accessory bulbs short, connected close to copulatory openings. MALE (Puerto Blest, Lago Ortiz Basualdo): Total length 6.25. Carapace length 3.07, width 2.23. Length of tibia/metatarsus: I, 3.33/2.97; II, 2.73/2.47; III, 1.90/1.67; IV, 2.30/2.60. Chelicerae longer than those of female, fang long, thick. Sternum length 1.38, width 1.25. Spines as in female, except: leg I, tibia v 2±2±2, p d1±1 or 0±1, r d1±1. II, femur p and r 0-d1-d1; tibia v 2±2±2, p d1± 1, r d1±1 or 0±1; metatarsus p and r 1±0. III, femur ϭ II; tibia v 2±2±2; metatarsus v 2± 2±2. IV, tibia and metatarsus ϭ III. Abdo- men length 3.05, width 1.85, spiracle±epi- Fig. 109. Tomopisthes pusillus (Nicolet), fe- gastrium 1.50, spiracle±spinnerets 0.27. Col- male (Talca, Gil de Vilches, photo MJR 11). or as in female. Palp (®gs. 110B, C, 111A): tibia width/length 0.86. Retrolateral margin of cymbium with slight basal notch. Embolus measurements and color of specimen from with basal process lobate, separated by ample Puerto Blest, Lago Ortiz Basualdo): Total ventral membranous area. Median apophysis length 6.10. Carapace length 2.80, width long. Apex of paramedian apophysis com- 2.07, wider on legs II±III. AME small, ALE plex, with two curved tips, one ventral, one large, anterior eye row slightly protruding dorsal. Primary conductor strong, heavily (®g. 110A). Length of tibia/metatarsus: I, sclerotized, conical, slightly ¯attened. Canal 1.60/1.35; II, 1.53/1.32; III, 1.25/1.30; IV, zone of secondary conductor with membra- 1.65/1.87. Palpal tarsus length 0.85. Chelic- nous area, with some tiny denticles. erae with two teeth on retromargin. Sternum VARIABILITY: Female spines: I, tibia v 2± length 1.37, width 1.13. Spines: leg I (®g. 2±2. 112C), femur d 1±1±1, p (1-d1)ap; tibia v NATURAL HISTORY: This species builds re- p1±2±2 or 0±2±2, p 0±1 or 0; metatarsus v treats on foliage. Some specimens were 2bas. II, femur d 1±1±1, p and r d1ap; tibia found on epiphytic lichens, where they are v 0±2±2, p d1±1; metatarsus v 2bas, p 1±0. remarkably cryptic. III, femur d 1±1±1, p 0-d1-d1, r d1ap; patella DISTRIBUTION: Southern forests in Argen- r d1; tibia v p1-p1±2, p and r d1±1, d r1bas; tina, from Chubut to NeuqueÂn provinces, and metatarsus v 2±2±2 or 2±0±2, p and r d1±1± Chile, from Talca to AiseÂn provinces. 1, d 0-p1±2. IV, femur ϭ III; patella r d1; OTHER MATERIAL EXAMINED: ARGENTI- tibia ϭ III or v p1±2±2; metatarsus v 2±2±2 NA: NeuqueÂn: Lago Lolog, 6 km N San or 2-p1±2, p and r d1±1±1, d 0-p1±2. Ab- MartõÂn de los Andes, Masner-Malaise (wet), domen length 3.33, width 1.75, spiracle±epi- clearing, Nothofagus (lenga), ca. 950 m, gastrium 1.37, spiracle±spinnerets 0.60. Col- Gentili property, 23.XI±1.XII.1989, S.A. or (®g. 109): carapace grayish with dark Marshall, 1& (AMNH); 40Њ10ЈS, 71Њ21ЈW, spots, ocular area very dark. Legs pale gray- Puerto Blest, 770 m, 4.XII.1978, MisioÂn ish with dark spots. Sternum grayish, darker CientõÂ®ca Danesa, 1& (ZMK); 7±20.I.2000, on margins. Abdomen yellow with contrast- L. Lopardo and A. Quaglino, 1( 3 imma- ing dark grayish dorsal pattern, cardiac area tures (MACN-Ar); Puerto Blest, trail to Lago dark, followed by two oblique dark spots; Ortiz Basualdo, I.1990, M. RamõÂrez, 1( 3& sides covered with small spots, venter pale, 2 immatures (MACN-Ar). Chubut: Los Al- with small spots, mainly on wide median erces Natl. Park: RõÂo FrõÂas, II.1986, 1& band. Epigyne (®g. 110D±F): anterior pouch (MACN-Ar). CHILE: RegioÂn VII (Maule): wide, cavity on each side. Copulatory open- Talca: Alto de Vilches, elev. 1180 m, ings close to anterior end of furrow separat- 35Њ36ЈS, 71Њ04ЈW, 14.15.XI.1993, N. Plat- 208 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY NO. 277

Fig. 110. Tomopisthes pusillus (Nicolet). A, E, F. Lectotype of Gayenna chiliensis. A. Female carapace. B. Male copulatory bulb, ventral view (NÄ uble, SE ChillaÂn). C. Same, retrolateral view. D. Epigyne, ventral view (lectotype). E. Cleared epigyne, ventral view. F. Same, dorsal view. Scale bars ϭ A, 1 mm; B±F, 0.2 mm. nick, K. Catley, M. RamõÂrez, T. Allen, 1( II.1987, L. PenÄa, 2& (AMNH); Las Trancas, (AMNH); Gil de Vilches, 7.I.1989, M. Ra- El Purgatorio, 1400 m, no date, no collector, mõÂrez, 1& (MACN-Ar, photo MJR 11, 12). 1& (MCZ); 60 km SE ChillaÂn, Termas Road, RegioÂn VIII (BiobõÂo): NÄ uble: Las Trancas, beech forest, FIT, 1300 m, 7.XII.1984± 1200 m, 24±27.XI.1994, L. PenÄa, 2& 19.II.1985, S. and J. Peck, 1( (AMNH). Ar- (AMNH); Las Trancas, E Recinto, 1100 m, auco: Caramavida, 1±10.I.1954, L. PenÄa, 1& 2003 RAMIÂREZ: SPIDER SUBFAMILY AMAUROBIOIDINAE 209

Fig. 111. A. Tomopisthes pusillus (Nicolet), right male copulatory bulb (inverted), detail of secondary concuctor, apical view: arrow points to regularly disposed teeth (NeuqueÂn, Ortiz Basualdo). B±D. Araiya pallida (Tullgren). B. Epigyne, ventral view (Chubut, Lago Verde). C. Male copulatory bulb, apical view (NeuqueÂn, QuetrihueÂ): arrow points to regularly disposed teeth. D. Same, retrolateral view. (C1 ϭ primary conductor; C2 ϭ secondary conductor; E ϭ embolus; MA ϭ median apophysis; PMA ϭ paramedian apophysis.)

(IG 19736, IRSN). RegioÂn IX (AraucanõÂa): 15.XII.1984±10.II.85, S. and J. Peck, 1& Malleco: Cordillera de Las RaõÂces, 1600± (AMNH); 15 km NE Villarrica, Flor del 1800 m, 13±18.II.1980, L. PenÄa, 1& Lago, 300 m, 2 FITS, Nothofagus forest, (AMNH); 15 km W Victoria, 365 m, wet for- 14.XII.1984±10.II.1985, S. and J. Peck, 1( est, 26.I.1985, N. Platnick and O. Francke, (AMNH); Flor del Lago Ranch, Villarrica, 1& (AMNH); Malalcahuello, 9±15.XII.1985, Polo Field, 39Њ12.300ЈS, 72Њ08.367ЈW, 282 L. PenÄa, 5& (AMNH); Nahuelbuta Natl. m, canopy fogging GT Nothofagus obliqua Park, 1200 m, 23.I.1951, Ross and Michel- roble, 13.XII.2001, Arias et al., 1( 3& 20 bacher, 1( 2& (CAS), 1300 m, 1±6.II.1979, immatures (UCB), 1& (AMNH), 1& L. PenÄa, 1& (AMNH), 13.II.1992, M. Ra- (MACN). RegioÂn X (Los Lagos): Osorno: mõÂrez, N. Platnick, P. Goloboff, 1& (photo La Pelada Chica, E El Mirador, W La UnioÂn, MJR 846±848), 3& penultimates (AMNH); 1±2.III.1987, L. PenÄa, 1& (AMNH); Puye- Cordillera Nahuelbuta, I.1959, L. PenÄa, 1& hue Natl. Park: Aguas Calientes, 500 m, 2± 1 immature (IRSN 19736); Crest of Cordil- 5.V.1988, L. PenÄa, 1& (AMNH), 13± lera Nahuelbuta (W of Angol), 13.I.1951, 17.XII.1998, M. RamõÂrez, L. Compagnucci, Ross and Michelbacher, 1& (CAS). CautõÂn: C. Grismado, L. Lopardo, 1& 1 immature 10 km S PucoÂn, VolcaÂn Villarrica Natl. Park, (MHNS); 600 m, Malaise, Nothofagus forest, FIT, 900 m, Nothofagus grove on ash, 18.XII.1984±8.II.1985, S. and J. Peck, 2& 210 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY NO. 277

TABLE 25 with lateral reddish bands on carapace. Che- Synapomorphies of Araiya and Terminals licerae unmodi®ed, with three teeth on promargin, two on retromargin. Carapace slightly wider posteriorly in males. Legs I and II spinose, anterior tibiae sinuous in both sexes. Male palp with short tibia, width/length about 0.85. Embolus short, thick, not associated with canal on conductor, basal process thick, rounded. Paramedian apophysis elongate, heavily sclerotized. Secondary conductor not fused to anterior margin of tegulum, ending in curved beak, covered by regularly disposed denticles pointing backward; canal restricted to tip; retrolateral portion (displaced apically) concave, projecting. Primary conductor present, small. Epigyne with lat- (AMNH); Anticura, 4.1 km E Anticura, 430 eral lobes separate. Spermathecae heavily m, trap site 662, window trap, valdivian rain- sclerotized, fused in part to copulatory ducts. forest, 19±26.XII.1982, A. Newton and M. Ducts of accessory bulbs long, slightly con- Thayer, 3& (AMNH); Antillanca rd., 470± verging. 720 m, valdivian rainforest, screen-sweeping DISTRIBUTION: Forests in southern Chile at dusk, 18±24.XII.1982, A. Newton and M. and Argentina. Thayer, 1& (AMNH); La Picada 450 m, NW COMPOSITION: Two species here included. VolcaÂn Osorno, 15±20.I.1980, L.E. PenÄa, 1& (AMNH); 10 km E Puyehue, 24.I.1951, Ross and Michelbacher, 1& (CAS); 20 km E Puy- Araiya pallida (Tullgren), ehue, 26.I.1951, Ross and Michelbacher, 2& new combination (CAS). Llanquihue: Puerto Montt, RõÂo Figures 111B±D, 112A, 113 Blanco, 24±19.I.1983, G. Arriagada, 2 im- Gayenna pallida Tullgren, 1902: 64 (female ho- matures (MHNS 718). ChiloeÂ: Isla de Chi- lotype from Chile, RõÂo AiseÂn Valley, I.1897, P. loeÂ: Chepu, TC 663, 31.I.2001, T. Cekalovic, DuseÂn coll., in NRS, examined). 1& (AMNH); Huequetrumao, 27.XII.1981, DIAGNOSIS: Distinguished from A. cocci- L.E. PenÄa, 1& (AMNH). RegioÂn XI (IbaÂnÄez nea by having a narrow epigynal anterior del Campo): AiseÂn: Puerto AiseÂn, XI.1985, pouch, and shorter, sinuous male paramedian L. PenÄa, 1& (AMNH); RõÂo Cisnes, 1± apophysis. 28.II.1961, L. PenÄa, 1& (IRSN IG23077). FEMALE (holotype, measurements of spec- Mistaken Locality: Prov. Santiago, Malleco, imen from ChaiteÂn): Total length 5.85. Car- XI.1979, L.E. PenÄa, 1& (AMNH) (see Ra- apace length 2.43, width 1.90, wider on legs mõÂrez, 1995b: 83). II±III. Length of tibia/metatarsus: I, 1.90/ 1.53; II, 1.63/1.37; III, 1.28/1.18; IV, 1.58/ ARAIYA, NEW GENUS 1.58. Palpal tarsus length 0.78. Chelicerae Table 25 with two teeth on retromargin. Sternum TYPE SPECIES: Gayenna pallida Tullgren. length 1.25, width 0.98. Spines: leg I (®g. DIAGNOSIS: Resembles Tomopisthes in 112A), femur d 1±1±1, p 0-0-1-d1r, r d1ap; having regularly disposed teeth on the male tibia v 2±2±2, p 1-d1-0-1-0, r d1±1; metatar- secondary conductor, but can be distin- sus v 2bas, p and r 1±0, d p1. II, femur d 1± guished by having reddish lateral bands on 1±1, p and r d1ap; tibia v 2±2±2, p and r d1± the carapace and sinuous anterior tibiae in 1; metatarsus ϭ I. III, femur ϭ II; patella r both sexes. d1; tibia v p1-p1±2, p and r 1±1, d r1-0-1-0; ETYMOLOGY: The generic name is an ar- metatarsus v 2±0±2, p and r 1±1, d 0-p1±2. bitrary combination of letters; gender is fem- IV, femur ϭ II; patella r d1; tibia and meta- inine. tarsus ϭ III. Abdomen length 3.46, width DESCRIPTION: Color bright, yellow or red, 2.39, spiracle±epigastrium 1.67, spiracle± 2003 RAMIÂREZ: SPIDER SUBFAMILY AMAUROBIOIDINAE 211

reddish brown, trochanters, coxae, and base of femora yellow. Sternum yellow with reddish spots in front of coxae. Abdomen yellow, with underlying patches of guanine reticulum, except on ventral band; dorsum with violet area covering anterior two thirds, light- ening posteriorly, continued in several diffuse chevrons. Palp (®gs. 111C, D, 113D, E): tibia width/length 0.83. Embolus short, thick, not associated with canal on secondary conductor, basal process thick, rounded. Para- median apophysis sinuous in ventral view, with prolateral protuberance before tip. Pri- mary conductor curved, triangular (®g. 111D). Anterior border of secondary conductor wide, projecting, rugose; retrolateral portion with basal rugose projection. VARIABILITY: Males may have dorsum of abdomen dark violet at anterior half, becom- ing paler posteriorly, or yellow with red a pattern, sometimes a posterior violet area (®g. 113A±C). Females may have the abdomen totally yellow, or with diffuse reddish pattern, or a dark violet posterior dorsal Fig. 112. Left female leg I, prolateral view. patch fused to the chevrons. Spines: metatar- A. Araiya pallida (Tullgren) (ChaiteÂn, Palena). B. si III, IV, p and r d1±1±1 or 0±1±1. Araiya coccinea (Simon) (CameroÂn, Magallanes). NATURAL HISTORY: This species makes re- C. Tomopisthes pusillus (Nicolet) (NeuqueÂn, Ortiz treats on foliage. Basualdo). Scale bar ϭ 0.5 mm. DISTRIBUTION: Southern forest in Argenti- na, from NeuqueÂn to Chubut provinces, and spinnerets 0.43. Color: carapace yellow with Chile, from Valdivia to AiseÂn provinces. reddish sides. Legs, sternum, mouthparts yel- OTHER MATERIAL EXAMINED: ARGENTI- low. Abdomen yellow with underlying white NA: NeuqueÂn: Lago Nahuel Huapi, PenõÂn- guanine reticulum, dorsum with four red sula QuetrihueÂ, 23.I.1985, M. RamõÂrez, 1( chevrons on posterior half. Venter pale. Epi- 1& (MACN-Ar); Lago Ortiz Basualdo, re- gyne (®gs. 111B, 113F±H): anterior pouch treat on leaves of Chusquea sp., I.1990, M. with deep cavity, lateral lobes separate. Cop- RamõÂrez, 3& (MACN-Ar). RõÂo Negro: San ulatory ducts short. Ducts of accessory bulbs Carlos de Bariloche, Colonia Suiza, 810 m, slightly converging. 9.XI.1978, MisioÂn CientõÂ®ca Danesa, 1( MALE (ChaiteÂn, ®g. 113A): Total length (ZMK). Chubut: Los Alerces Natl. Park: 4.65. Carapace length 2.17, width 1.77. Lago MeneÂndez, I.1990, M. RamõÂrez, 1& Length of tibia/metatarsus: I, 3.17/2.53; II, (MACN-Ar); Lago Verde, II.1985, M. Ra- 2.27/1.83; III, 1.57/1.47; IV, 1.83/1.83. Che- mõÂrez, 1& (MACN-Ar); I.1990, M. RamõÂrez, licerae unmodi®ed, slightly smaller than 1& (MACN-Ar). CHILE: RegioÂn X (Los those of female. Sternum length 1.08, width Lagos): Valdivia: Las Lajas, W La UnioÂn, 0.92. Spines as in female, except: leg I, pa- 13±15.I.1991, L. PenÄa, 1& (AMNH). Osor- tella r d1, d 1±0±1; tibia p and r 1-d1-1-0, d no: 10 km E Puyehue, 24.I.1951, Ross and r1-0-1-0. II, patella and tibia ϭ I. III, patella Michelbacher, 1& (CAS); Pucatrihue, 25± ϭ I; metatarsus r d1-1-0-1. IV, patella ϭ I; 31.I.1978, L. PenÄa, 1& (AMNH). Llanqui- metatarsus ϭ III. Abdomen length 2.43, hue: Correntoso, XII.1969, L. PenÄa, 2& width 1.43, spiracle±epigastrium 1.23, spi- (MCZ); Chamisa, 13.XII.1968, L. PenÄa, 1& racle±spinnerets 0.43. Color: carapace red- (MCZ). ChiloeÂ: Arroyo Cole Cole, 25 km N dish brown, pattern as in A. coccinea. Legs Cucao, 8±11.II.1991, M. RamõÂrez, 1( 212 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY NO. 277

Fig. 113. Araiya pallida (Tullgren). A. Male (ChaiteÂn, Palena). B. Male abdomen (ChiloeÂ, Terao). C. Male abdomen (NeuqueÂn, Ortiz Basualdo). D. Male copulatory bulb, ventral view (ChaiteÂn, Palena). E. Same, retrolateral view. F. Epigyne, ventral view (holotype). G. Same, cleared. H. Same, dorsal view. Scale bars ϭ A±C, 1 mm; D±H, 0.2 mm.

(MACN-Ar); Chepu, 30.I.1981, L. PenÄa, 1& del Campo): AiseÂn: Puerto AiseÂn, XI.1985, (AMNH); Dalcahue, 3.IV.1968, L. PenÄa, 1& L. PenÄa, 1& penultimate (AMNH). (MCZ); Dalcahue, NE Castro, 1.II.1981, L. PenÄa, 2& (AMNH); El Pozuelo, 1.5 km NE Araiya coccinea (Simon), Butalcura, 2.II.2001, T. Cekalovic, 1& new combination (AMNH); Huequetrumao, 27.XII.1981, L.E. Figures 112B, 114 PenÄa, 1& (AMNH); Lago Coluco, S Ancud, Gayenna coccinea Simon, 1884: 131 (female ho- 26.I.1981, L. PenÄa, 1& (AMNH); Terao, S lotype from Chile, Cabo de Hornos, in MHNP Chonchi, 18±21.I.1990, L. PenÄa, 1( 6673, examined), 1887: E26, 1897a: 91, 1902: (AMNH). Palena: ChaiteÂn, XII.1985, L.E. 30. PenÄa, 7( 8& (AMNH). RegioÂn XI (IbaÂnÄez Gayenna stellata Simon, 1884: 131 (female lecto- 2003 RAMIÂREZ: SPIDER SUBFAMILY AMAUROBIOIDINAE 213

type from Chile, Cabo de Hornos, and male par- 1.85/1.37; IV, 2.17/2.17. Chelicerae unmod- alectotype misidenti®ed [see Sanogasta maculo- i®ed, slightly smaller than those of female. sa] here designated, in MHNP 6676, examined), Sternum length 1.20, width 0.98. Spines as 1887: E37, 1897a: 91, 94. NEW SYNONYMY. in female, except: leg I, patella r d1, d 1ap; SYNONYMY: The types of the species syn- tibia p 1±1, r 1-d1-1-0, d r1-0-1-0. II, patella onymized were examined, together with oth- and tibia ϭ I. III, patella ϭ I; tibia v p1±2± er specimens from the same area; no relevant 2. IV, patella ϭ I; tibia v p1±2±2; metatarsus differences were found. Both names ap- r d1±1±1. Abdomen length 2.70, width 1.73, peared in the same publication and are equiv- spiracle±epigastrium 1.05, spiracle±spinner- alent in terms of stability; I decided synon- ets 0.33. Color as in female but darker, with ymy according to page priority. two whitish spots at sides of cardiac area. DIAGNOSIS: Distinguished from A. pallida Palp (®g. 114B±D): tibia short, width/length by having a very wide epigynal anterior 0.86. Embolus short, thick, not associated pouch, not delimiting a cavity, and a longer, with canal of secondary conductor; basal narrower paramedian apophysis. process thick, rounded. Paramedian apophy- FEMALE (holotype, measurements of spec- sis long, thin, directed apically. Primary con- imen from Ushuaia, Monte Olivia): Total ductor short, concave, heavily sclerotized. length 4.65. Carapace length 2.03, width Secondary conductor rotated, retrolateral 1.62, wider on legs II±III. Length of tibia/ portion (as seen in other Gayennini) placed metatarsus: I, 1.47/1.05; II, 1.38/1.17; III, apical, concave, projecting, prolateral portion 1.08/1.00; IV, 1.30/1.32. Palpal tarsus length placed basal, both portions separated by 0.70. Chelicerae with two teeth on retromar- membranous area. gin. Sternum length 1.05, width 0.90. Spines: VARIABILITY: The intensity of body color leg I (®g. 112B), femur d 1±1±1, p 0-0-1-d1, is quite variable. One male with dorsum vi- r d1ap; tibia v 2±2±2, p 1±1 or 1-(1-d1), r olet uniform, another similar to the female. 1±1; metatarsus v 2bas, p and r d1±0. II, fe- Female spines: III, tibia v 0-p1±2. mur d 1±1±1, p and r d1ap; tibia v 2±2±2, p NATURAL HISTORY: Unknown. and r 1±1; metatarsus v 2bas, p and r d1±0, DISTRIBUTION: Southern forests in Chile, d p1±0. III, femur ϭ II; patella r d1; tibia v south of Malleco province; in Argentina only p1-p1±2, p and r d1±1, d r1-0-1-0; metatar- known from Tierra del Fuego. sus v 2±0±2, p and r 0-1-0-1, d 0-p1±2. IV, OTHER MATERIAL EXAMINED: ARGENTI- femur ϭ II; patella and tibia ϭ III; metatar- NA: Tierra del Fuego: BahõÂa Aguirre, sus v 2±0±2, p 1±1, r d1±1±1, d 0-p1±2. Ab- 12.II.1949, S. NuÂnÄez, 1( (MACN-Ar 2818); domen length 2.65, width 1.90, spiracle±epi- Isla de los Estados, XII.1970, A. Bachmann, gastrium 1.05, spiracle±spinnerets 0.30. Col- 1( (MACN-Ar 9827); Lapataia, I.1943, J.M. or: carapace reddish, with yellow margins Viana, 1& (MACN-Ar 2589); Ushuaia, Mon- and yellow median band from thoracic te Olivia, XII.1989, A. GonzaÂlez, 1& (MLP). groove to posterior margin. Legs, sternum, CHILE: RegioÂn IX (AraucanõÂa): Malleco: mouthparts yellow. Abdomen yellow with Cordillera Nahuelbuta, 1300±1400 m, 6± red pattern at sides, cardiac area, and several 12.I.1982, L. PenÄa, 1& (AMNH); La Selva, chevrons extending to anal tubercle. Venter W Temuco, NW Nueva Imperial, 700 m, 9± yellow, with some reddish spots anterior of 12.XII.1981, L.E. PenÄa, 1& penultimate and at sides of tracheal spiracle. Epigyne (®g. (AMNH). RegioÂn X (Los Lagos): Osorno: 114E, F): anterior pouch very wide, without La Picada 450 m, NW VolcaÂn Osorno, 15± cavity, V-shaped, reaching posterior margin. 20.I.1980, L.E. PenÄa, 1& (AMNH). Llan- Lateral lobes separate. Spermathecae heavily quihue: Cruce a MaullõÂn, 13.II.1993, T. Cek- sclerotized, fused in part to copulatory ducts. alovic, 1& (AMNH); Los Muermos, S. Ducts of accessory bulbs long, slightly con- Chile, 19.I.1951, Ross, Michelbacher, 1& verging. (CAS); 20.I.1951, 1& (CAS); Puerto Montt, MALE (Isla de los Estados, MACN-Ar RõÂo Blanco, 24±19.I.1983, G. Arriagada, 2& 9827, ®g. 114A): Total length 5.05. Carapace (MHNS 718). ChiloeÂ: Dalcahue, II.1967, L. length 2.47, width 2.03. Length of tibia/ PenÄa, 1& (MCZ); 3.IV.1967, L. PenÄa, 1& metatarsus: I, 3.72/2.93; II, 2.77/2.27; III, (MCZ); Puerto Carmen, W QuelloÂn, 15± 214 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY NO. 277

Fig. 114. Araiya coccinea (Simon). A. Male (Tierra del Fuego, Isla de los Estados). B. Same, palp, retrolateral view. C. Male copulatory bulb, ventral view (Tierra del Fuego, BahõÂa Aguirre). D. Same, retrolateral view. E. Epigyne, ventral view (Ushuaia, Monte Olivia). F. Same, cleared. Scale bars ϭ A, 1 mm; B, 0.5 mm; C, D, 0.5 mm; E, F, 0.2 mm.

19.III.1981, L. PenÄa, 1& (AMNH). RegioÂn Aporatea Simon, 1897a: 199 (type species by XII (Magallanes y AntaÂrtica): Magallanes: original designation Aporatea valdiviensis Si- CameroÂn: 14±17.XI.1960, L. PenÄa, 1&,2( mon, 1897). Gerschman and Schiapelli, 1975: 3& penultimates (MCZ). 184. RamõÂrez, 1995a: 381. Synonymized by Ra- mõÂrez, 1995b: 88. OXYSOMA NICOLET NOTE: The concept that Simon had of Ox- Table 26 ysoma is approximately coincident with that Oxysoma Nicolet, 1849: 511 (type species Oxy- of Arachosia and Tasata as proposed here, soma punctatum Nicolet, 1849, subsequently while he described true Oxysoma as Apora- designated by Simon, 1897a: 100). tea (see Introduction). 2003 RAMIÂREZ: SPIDER SUBFAMILY AMAUROBIOIDINAE 215

TABLE 26 DESCRIPTION: Color yellowish with dark Synapomorphies of Oxysoma and Internal Clades small dots, sometimes with dark or white patches (®g. 115). Abdomen elongate (except O. saccatum). Chelicerae with three teeth on promargin, two on retromargin. Male palp with secondary conductor well developed, complex, not fused to anterior margin of tegulum; prolateral portion with rounded, ¯attened lobe directed backward, canal ending in sharp, curved tip (except in O. itambezinho, canal apparently ending on retrolateral portion). Epigyne with anterior pouch of variable shape; copulatory ducts with characteristic course (see Diagnosis). DISTRIBUTION: Three species from southern forests in Argentina and Chile, one from Ar- aucaria forest in Southestern Brazil. COMPOSITION: At least the four species here included. Some Chilean forms quite similar to O. longiventre may belong to a cluster of closely related species. NOMINA DUBIA: Oxysoma auratum Nico- let, 1849 (type should be in MHNP, not found); Oxysoma del®ni Simon, 1905 (immature female holotype presumably in MHNP, not found; see also Note under Mon- apia dilaticollis).

Oxysoma punctatum Nicolet Figures 14A, 61F, 115A, B, 116A±C, 117, 118A±D, 119A Oxysoma punctata Nicolet, 1849: 513 (25 immature syntypes from Chile, no speci®c locality, in MHNP 4120, 4122, 4124, 4125, examined). Oxysoma punctipes Nicolet, 1849: 512 (female lectotype, two immatures and a specimen without abdomen paralectotypes here designated, from Chile, no speci®c locality, in MHNP, examined). NEW SYNONYMY. Oxysoma aurata Nicolet, 1849: 513 (female lectotype, a female and two immature paralectotypes here designated, from Chile, no speci®c locality, in MHNP, examined). NEW SYNONYMY. Oxysoma longipes Nicolet, 1849: 514 (female lec- DIAGNOSIS: Resembles some Tasata in totype, three male and one immature paralec- having a pale, elongate body and pattern of totypes here designated, from Chile, no speci®c small dark dots, but can be distinguished by locality, in MHNP, examined). NEW SYNONYMY. Oxysoma lineata Nicolet, 1849: 515 (male lecto- having a characteristic course in the copula- type and four immature paralectotypes here tory ducts: they arise close to each other, then designated, from Chile, no speci®c locality, in diverge backward, describing a curve in the MHNP, examined). NEW SYNONYMY. epigastric fold, converging again near their Aporatea valdiviensis Simon, 1897a: 199 (female connection with the spermathecae (®gs. holotype from Chile, Valdivia, in MHNP 118D, 120E, 123B). 18248, examined). Tullgren, 1902: 56. Gersch- 216 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY NO. 277

man and Schiapelli, 1975: 184. Zapfe, 1951: 4. spots. Venter yellow. Spinnerets as in ®gure NEW SYNONYMY. 117B±D. Epigyne (®g. 117A, 118D): ante- Oxysoma lineatum (Nicolet, not Tullgren): Bon- rior pouch forming circular or oval opening, net, 1958: 3269. with margins prolonged anteriorly, parallel, Oxysoma punctatum: Bonnet, 1958: 3269. close to each other; lumen double, small. Oxysoma valdiviensis: RamõÂrez, 1995b: 88. Oxysoma valdiviense: Platnick, 1997: 693 (emen- Median ®eld elongate, narrow. Lateral lobes dation of O. valdiviensis). fused behind median ®eld, continued in unsclerotized area, wrinkled, forming posterior SYNONYMY: The types of the species syn- margin of epigyne. Anterior margin of epi- onymized were examined, together with nu- gyne with two arched ridges limiting de- merous specimens; no relevant differences pressed areas. Copulatory ducts long, sinu- were found. The synonymies here proposed ous, describing internal posterior ample loop, would not surprise Nicolet, who stated on epigastric fold. (1849: 515): ``En general, las Araneidas de MALE (Contulmo): Total length 9.18. Car- este geÂnero son tan parecidas que es difõÂcil apace relatively wider than that of female, el distinguirlas, y aun es probable que mu- length 3.17, width 2.43. Length of tibia/ chas sean soÂlo variedades unas de otras.'' (In metatarsus: I, 7.05/6.30; II, 5.05/4.30; III, general, the Araneids of this genus are so 2.97/2.50; IV, 4.26/4.12. Chelicerae slightly similar that they are dif®cult to distinguish, smaller than those of female. Sternum length and it is even probable that many are only 1.67, width 1.17. Spines as in female, except varieties of the others.) patellae I±IV, r d1, d 1±0±1. Abdomen length DIAGNOSIS: This species resembles other 5.60, width 1.75, spiracle±epigastrium 2.40, Oxysoma and Tasata in having a pale, elon- spiracle±spinnerets 1.73. Color: similar to fe- gate body with pattern of small dark dots, but male, but darker. Palp (®gs. 61F, 116A±C, can be distinguished by having anterior epi- 118A±C): tibia long, width/length 0.47, cym- gynal ridges (®g. 118D), a narrow anterior bium relatively large, retrolateral margin pouch, a membranous area between epigyne with median thick protuberance (®g. 118C). and epigastric furrow, and a thin, C-shaped, Tegulum relatively narrow. Embolus long, curved paramedian apophysis (®g. 116B). thin, base closely ®tted to secondary conduc- Immatures differ from those of the similar tor, basal process very small (®g. 116C). Me- and sympatric species Tasata chiloensis by dian apophysis very long, thin, sinuous. Base having a longer abdomen. of paramedian apophysis large, heavily scler- FEMALE (Contulmo): Total length 9.30. otized, with globose protuberance, forming Carapace ¯attened, thoracic groove not evi- hollow under tegulum; tip thin, elongate, re- dent, in depressed area, length 3.17, width curved. Triangular sclerotized area runs from 2.30, wider on legs II±III. Length of tibia/ sperm duct to base of median apophysis. Pri- metatarsus: I, 5.90/4.65; II, 4.26/3.50; III, mary conductor absent. Secondary conductor 2.47/2.20; IV, 3.72/3.65. Palpal tarsus length well developed, complex, anterior margin 1.37. Chelicerae with two teeth on retromar- wide, ¯attened, striate, separated from ante- gin. Sternum length 1.73, width 1.23. Spines: rior margin of tegulum by membranous area, leg I, femur d 1±1±1, p 0-d1-1-d1, r 0-d1- much wider on retrolateral side; retrolateral d1; tibia v 0-2-2-2, p and r 0-d1±1, d r1±1 portion continued in thin, weakly sclerotized (all basals displaced apically); metatarsus v area, covered by thin denticles. 2bas, p and r d1bas, d 0-p1-0-2. II ϭ I. III, VARIABILITY: Dorsal abdominal pattern ex- femur ϭ I; patella 0; tibia ϭ I; metatarsus v tremely variable (compare ®g. 115A, B), 2-p1±0 and an apical group of hairs, p and r may be white uniform, with a few small d1±0±1, d 0-p1±2. IV, femur d 1±1±1, p 0- spots (usually the anterior dark dot remains), d1-1-d1, r d1ap; patella 0; tibia ϭ I; meta- may have four dark spots in addition to an- tarsus v 2±2±0 and an apical group of hairs, terior one, two parallel bands made of small p and r d1±1±1, d 0-p1±2. Abdomen length dots, median dark stripe, large dark patch on 6.65, width 2.26, spiracle±epigastrium 3.17, anterior half plus two chevrons on posterior, spiracle±spinnerets 1.83. Color (cf. ®g. and so on. Besides the dark dots, the legs 115A, B): yellow with dark dots, grayish may have some black spots. A few speci- 2003 RAMIÂREZ: SPIDER SUBFAMILY AMAUROBIOIDINAE 217

Fig. 115. Oysoma spp. A, B. O. punctatum Nicolet, female guarding eggsac. A. Osorno, Puyehue (photo by Gustavo Hormiga). B. Malleco, Contulmo (photo MJR 79). C, D. O. longiventre (Nicolet). C. Female from NÄ uble, Recinto (photo MJR 32). D. Male from Malleco, Tolhuaca (photo MJR 926). mens have a dark central patch on carapace. LaÂcar, 5 km E Hua Hum, 5.XI.1981, Nielsen The size of the female abdomen varies wide- and Karsholt, 1&, 13 immatures (ZMK); Pu- ly according to their physiological state, caraÂ, II.1961, M.E. Galiano, 3 immatures those of ovigerous females are huge. Spines: (MACN-Ar 5289), 1.II.1971, Schajovskoy, metatarsus III, v 2bas. 4( (MACN-Ar 6445); XII.1973, S. Schajov- NATURAL HISTORY: This species lives on skoy, 2( 3&,1& (MACN-Ar); II.1974, S. foliage, preferably on ``colihue'' bamboos Schajovskoy, 1( (MACN-Ar 6813), 6 im- (Chusquea spp.), where they are quite cryp- matures (MACN-Ar), 1( (MACN-Ar 6814), tic. Females hide the eggsac with their own 1& (MACN-Ar 6812); 750 m, 1.XII.1978, body (®g. 115A, B). Zapfe (1951) errone- MisioÂn CientõÂ®ca Danesa, 1& (ZMK); Na- ously mentioned this species as an ``ecolog- huel Huapi Natl. Park: Puerto Blest, II.1986, ical indicator'' of bamboo leaf litter. Speci- M. RamõÂrez, 1& (MACN-Ar); 770 m, mens were occasionally found in the exten- 22.XII.1981, Nielsen and Karsholt, 1( sive samples of leaf litter taken from locali- (ZMK); 22.XII.1978, MisioÂn CientõÂ®ca Da- ties were this species is common on foliage, nesa, 1& penultimate (ZMK); 7±20.I.2000, obviously because the spiders jump from the L. Lopardo and A. Quaglino, 4 immatures foliage when severely disturbed. (MACN-Ar); Lago Ortiz Basualdo, I.1990, DISTRIBUTION: Humid southern forests in M. RamõÂrez, 1( (MACN-Ar 9828). RõÂo Ne- Argentina, from NeuqueÂn to Chubut, and gro: San Carlos de Bariloche, Colonia Suiza, Chile, from CuricoÂ to ChiloeÂ; an isolated re- 14.XII.1978, MisioÂn CientõÂ®ca Danesa, 1( cord from Quintay, in ValparaõÂso, might in- (ZMK); 810 m, 22.XI.1978, MisioÂn CientõÂ- dicate an interesting relict or a mislabeling ®ca Danesa, 1 immature (ZMK). Chubut: (see also Philisca hyadesi). Los Alerces Natl. Park: Lago Futalaufquen, OTHER MATERIAL EXAMINED: ARGENTI- I.1990, M.J. RamõÂrez, 1& 1 immature NA: NeuqueÂn: LanõÂn Natl. Park: Hua Hum, (MACN-Ar). CHILE: RegioÂn V (ValparaõÂ- I.1985, M. RamõÂrez, 1( (MACN-Ar); Lago so): ValparaõÂso: 80 km SE Quintay, 218 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY NO. 277

Fig. 116. Oxysoma spp., male copulatory bulb. A±C. O. punctatum Nicolet (Llanquihue, Alerce Andino). A. Apical view. B. Retrolateral-apical view. C. Detail, apical view. D±F. O. longiventre (Nic- olet) (NeuqueÂn, Lago LaÂcar). D. Apical view. E. Same, detail of secondary conductor. F. Apical-retrolateral view. (C1 ϭ primary conductor; C2 ϭ secondary conductor; C2p ϭ prolateral portion of C2; C2r ϭ retrolateral portion of C2; E ϭ embolus; MA ϭ median apophysis; PBE ϭ process on base of embolus; PMA ϭ paramedian apophysis.)

33Њ12ЈS, 71Њ41ЈW, 150 m, 17.II.1967, E.I. 14.15.XI.1993, N. Platnick, K. Catley, M. Schlinger, 1 immature (CAS). RegioÂn VII RamõÂrez, T. Allen, 2(,1( 1& (AMNH); Gil (Maule): CuricoÂ: Las Tablas, E CuricoÂ, de Vilches, 7.I.1989, M. RamõÂrez, 1& II.1985, L. PenÄa, 2& and many immatures (MACN-Ar). Cauquenes: W Cauquenes, (AMNH). Talca: Alto de Vilches, 17± 350 m, 4.X.1983, 1( (AMNH); Reserva 24.X.1964, L. PenÄa, 2 immatures (MCZ); Nac. Los Ruiles, W Cauquenes, elev. 135 m, elev. 1180 m, 35Њ36ЈS, 71Њ04ЈW, 35Њ50ЈS, 72Њ31ЈW, 15.XI.1993, N. Platnick, 2003 RAMIÂREZ: SPIDER SUBFAMILY AMAUROBIOIDINAE 219

Fig. 117. Oxysoma punctatum Nicolet, female (Llanquihue, Alerce Andino). A. Epigyne, ventral view. B. Right anterior lateral spinneret. C. Right posterior median spinneret. D. Left posterior lateral spinneret. (Ac ϭ aciniform gland spigot; mAmp ϭ minor ampullate gland spigot; MAmp ϭ major ampullate gland spigot; Pi ϭ piriform gland spigot.)

K. Catley, M. RamõÂrez, T. Allen, 1( 1& Caracol, ConcepcioÂn, elev. 200 m, 36Њ51ЈS, (AMNH); Tregualemu, 500 m, 7.XI.1993, L. 73Њ02ЈW, 17.XI.1993, N. Platnick, K. Catley, PenÄa (AMNH); 50 m, 4±5.XI.1993, L. PenÄa, M. RamõÂrez, T. Allen, 1( 2& (AMNH); Es- A. Ugarte, 2( 3 immatures (AMNH); 520 tero NongueÂn, 5.X.1996, T. Cekalovic, 1& m, 6±7.XI.1993, L. PenÄa and A. Ugarte, 2( (AMNH); Fundo El Manzano, 8.XI.1992, T. (AMNH). Linares: Fundo Malcho, Andes in Cekalovic, 1& 1 immature (AMNH); Hual- Parral, 11±20.XI.1964, L. PenÄa, 4&, 3 im- peÂn, 11.I.1989, M. RamõÂrez, 1&,2& matures (MCZ). RegioÂn VIII (BiobõÂo): NÄ u- (MACN-Ar, photographed); Patagual, ble: Punta El Zorro, 20.XII.1992, T. Ceka- 29.XI.1993, T. Cekalovic, TC-369, 1& lovic, 1& (AMNH). ConcepcioÂn: Bosque de (AMNH); TomeÂ, 8.X.1983, T. Cekalovic, 1& Ramuntcho, 14±16.X.1961, F. Jeldes and A. (AMNH). BiobõÂo: El Manzano, nr. Contul- Archer, 1 immature (AMNH); 9.II.1992, Ra- mo, 15.XII.1985, L.E. PenÄa, 1( (AMNH); mõÂrez, Platnick, Goloboff, 1& (MACN-Ar), Caledonia, E Mulchen, 700 m, 10± 1& (AMNH); road Chome-Ramuntcho, 15.II.1981, L.E. PenÄa, 1& 2 immatures 8.XI.1996, T. Cekalovic, 1( (AMNH); Cerro (AMNH). RegioÂn IX (AraucanõÂa): Malle- 220 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY NO. 277 2003 RAMIÂREZ: SPIDER SUBFAMILY AMAUROBIOIDINAE 221 co: 40 km W Angol, Nahuelbuta Natl. Park, 40Њ44ЈS, 72Њ19ЈW, 1440 m, 5±7.XII.1988, V. FITS, 1200±1500 m, Nothofagus/Araucaria and B. Roth, 1& (CAS), 13±17.XII.1998, M. forest, 9.XII.1984±17.II.1985, S. and J. Peck, RamõÂrez, L. Compagnucci, C. Grismado, L. 1(,1( (AMNH); Monumento Natural Con- Lopardo, 2( 2& 6 immatures, 1&,1( 1& tulmo, 12.I.1989, M. RamõÂrez, 1& (MACN- (MACN-Ar), 2( 3& (MHNS); 450 m, Ar), 5( 9& (MACN-Ar 9829); mixed ever- 11.XII.1981, Nielsen and Karsholt, 1& green forest, 11.XII.1984±13.II.1985, S. and (ZMK); 600 m, 12±20.II.1979, L.E. PenÄa, J. Peck, 1(,1( 1& (AMNH), 13.II.1992, M. 1& 1 immature, 1( (AMNH); 12 km SE RamõÂrez, N. Platnick, P. Goloboff, 1& Aguas Calientes, Puyehue Natl. Park, elev. (AMNH), 19±21.XII.1998, M. RamõÂrez, L. 700 m, 21.XI.1993, N. Platnick, K. Catley, Compagnucci, C. Grismado, L. Lopardo, 3( M. RamõÂrez, T. Allen, 2( (AMNH), Anti- (MACN-Ar), 3( 1& (MHNS); Nahuelbuta cura, 19±29.X.1985, L. PenÄa, 2& (AMNH), Natl. Park, 1.II.1967, Ross and Michelbach- 1.XI.1982, 1& (MHNS 705); 350 m, er, 1 immature (CAS), 13.II.1992, M. Ra- 18.XII.1981, Nielsen and Karsholt, 1( mõÂrez, N. Platnick, P. Goloboff, 1& (ZMK); 300 m, 7±8.III.1979, MisioÂn Cien- (AMNH); Pata de Gallina, S Contulmo, tõÂ®ca Danesa, 1&, 1 immature (ZMK); 14.II.1992, M. RamõÂrez, N. Platnick, P. Go- 40Њ40Ј0ЉS, 72Њ10Ј30ЉW, 350 m, 13.XII.2000± loboff, 1& (AMNH); 3 km W Victoria, FIT, 2.I.2001, forest, J. Miller, Alvarez, J. Cod- 100 m, mixed Nothofagus forest, dington, G. Hormiga, 1( (USNM); Anticura, 13.XII.1984±12.II.1985, S. and J. Peck, 1& Sendero El Indio, ca. 355 m, 31.xii.200, G. CautõÂn: Cerro NÄ ielol, Temuco, I.1989, M. Hormiga, 1& with eggsac (®g. 115A, RamõÂrez, 1& (MACN-Ar); Chacamo, NW USNM); La Picada 450 m, NW VolcaÂn Nueva Imperial, W Temuco, 16±24.II.1981, Osorno, 15±20.I.1980, L.E. PenÄa, 1& 1 im- L.E. PenÄa, 1& and many immatures mature (AMNH); Laguna El Espejo, P. N. (AMNH); 15 km NE Villarrica, Flor del Puyehue, elev. 510 m, 21.XI.1993, N. Plat- Lago, 300 m, 2 FITS, Nothofagus forest, nick, K. Catley, M. RamõÂrez, T. Allen, 1( 14.XII.1984±10.II.1985, S. and J. Peck, 1( (AMNH); 10 km E Puyehue, 24.I.1951, Ross (AMNH); 30 km NE Villarrica, 1±30.I.1965, and Michelbacher, 7 immatures (CAS); Ter- L. PenÄa, 1& and many immatures (MCZ); mas de Puyehue, 240 m, 14.III.1965, H. NE Villarrica, 16±31.XII.1964, L. PenÄa, 3 Levi, 1 immature (MCZ); Puyehue, Pucatri- immatures, 4 immatures (MCZ). RegioÂn X hue, 26±28.III.1968, L. PenÄa, 10 immatures (Los Lagos): Valdivia: PuroloÂn, NW Pan- (MCZ); 8 mi E RõÂo Bueno, 15.I.1951, Ross guipulli, 10.VI.1985, L.E. PenÄa, 2& 1 im- and Michelbacher, 1& (CAS). Llanquihue: mature (AMNH); Valdivia, XI±XII.1982, E. Alerce Andino Natl. Park, elev. 100 m, Krahmer, 2( 1 immature (MHNS 697), 41Њ35ЈS, 72Њ41ЈS, 23.XI.1993, N. Platnick, 1983, E. Krahmer, 1& 2 immatures (MHNS K. Catley, M. RamõÂrez, T. Allen, 1( 1& 825); Valdivia, 6 km N of Niebla, 16.II.1992, (AMNH), 1( (MACN-Ar), 1& (MHNS); M. RamõÂrez, N. Platnick, P. Goloboff, 1& 1 Correntoso, XII.1968, L. PenÄa, 1& (MCZ); immature (AMNH). Osorno: MaicolpueÂ, 64 2±3 km NW Ensenada, 18.III.1965, H. Levi, km W Osorno, 19.II.1992, M. RamõÂrez, N. 3 immatures (MCZ, photographed); CayutueÂ, Platnick, P. Goloboff, 1 immature (AMNH), 12.V.1971, R. CalderoÂn, 3 immatures (UC); Puyehue Natl. Park, Aguas Calientes, 480 m, Parque Philippi, Puerto Varas, 2.III.1962, 40Њ44ЈS, 72Њ18ЈW, 21.XI.1993, N. Platnick, A.F. Archer and H. McMillin, 1( 1& K. Catley, M. RamõÂrez, T. Allen, 2( (AMNH); Tenglo, Puerto Montt, 1.III.1962, (AMNH), 2( (MACN-Ar), 1( (MHNS); A.F. Archer, 2& (AMNH). ChiloeÂ: Isla de

← Fig. 118. A±D. Oxysoma punctatum Nicolet. A. Male copulatory bulb, ventral view (Contulmo, Malleco). B. Same, retrolateral view. C. Male palp, retrolateral view (Ortiz Basualdo, NeuqueÂn). D. Epigyne, ventral view (holotype of Aporatea valdiviensis). E±I. Oxysoma itambezinho, n. sp., male holotype. E. Palp, retrolateral view. F. Same, ventral view. G. Copulatory bulb, retrolateral view. H. Same, apical view. I. Body. Scale bars ϭ A, B, F±H, 0.2 mm; C, E, 0.5 mm; D, 0.4 mm; I, 1 mm. 222 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY NO. 277

Fig. 119. Tip of male palpal cymbium, apical view. A. Oxysoma punctatum Nicolet (Llanquihue, Alerce Andino). B. Oxysoma longiventre (Nicolet) (NeuqeÂn, Lago LaÂcar). C. Same, detail of modi®ed setae.

ChiloeÂ: Arroyo Cole Cole, 25 km N Cucao, legs II±III. Length of tibia/metatarsus: I, 8±11.II.1991, M. RamõÂrez, 2& 2 immatures 2.87/2.27; II, 2.53/1.97; III, 1.80/1.53; IV, (MACN-Ar); 15 km S Chepu, 3.II.1991, M. 2.37/2.43. Palpal tarsus length 1.10. Chelic- RamõÂrez, 1& (MACN-Ar); Huequetrumao, erae with two teeth on retromargin. Sternum 27.XII.1981, L.E. PenÄa, 1( (AMNH); Lago length 1.67, width 1.23. Spines: leg I, femur Tepuhueco, XII.1985, L. PenÄa, 1( (AMNH); d 1±1±1, p (1-d1)ap, r d1ap; tibia v 2±2±2, Lago Tepuhueco, 33 km SW Chonchi, 25 m, p and r 1±1; metatarsus v 2bas, p and r 1±0, 42Њ49ЈS, 73Њ55ЈW, 26.XI.1994, no. 163, beat- d 0-p1±2. II, femur d 1±1±1, p and r 0-d1- ing vegetation, 1&, no. 167, fogging fungusy d1; tibia and metatarsus ϭ I. III, femur ϭ II; logs, 1 immature, R. Leschen and C. Carlton, patella r d1; tibia v p1±2±2, p and r d1±1, d (AMNH). Mistaken Locality: Santiago Prov., r1-0-1-0; metatarsus v 2±0±2 and an apical Malleco, XI.1979, L. PenÄa, 2( 6& (AMNH) group of hairs, p and r d1±1±1 or 0-d1±1, d (see RamõÂrez, 1995b: 83). 0-p1±2. IV, femur d 1±1±1, p 0-d1-d1, r d1ap; patella r d1; tibia ϭ III; metatarsus v Oxysoma longiventre (Nicolet) 2±2±2, p and r d1±1±1, d 0-p1±2. Abdomen Figures 115C, D, 116D±F, 119B, C, 120, 121 length 4.92, width 2.66, spiracle±epigastrium Clubiona longiventris Nicolet, 1849: 430±431 2.27, spiracle±spinnerets 0.80. Color (®g. (female holotype from Chile, Valdivia, in 115C): as in male, but very dark spots on MHNP 4232, not reexamined). anterior face of patellae I±III, on bases of Monapia vellardi Gerschman and Schiapelli, dorsal spines of metatarsi I and II, and apical 1970: 132, 135, 140±141 (male holotype 6271 retrolateral corner of coxae. Abdomen with and female allotype 6272 from Chile, 26 km from Puerto AiseÂn, in MACN-Ar, examined). dorsal stripe and anterior dot less marked, Synonymized by RamõÂrez, 1995b. ventral stripe narrower. Epigyne (®g. 120E): Oxysoma longiventris: RamõÂrez, 1995b: 88. median ®eld small, anterior pouch with mar- Oxysoma longiventre: Platnick, 1997: 697 (em- gins prolonged, with double cavity, lateral mendation of O. longiventris). lobes separate, copulatory ducts long, sinu- DIAGNOSIS: Distinguished by the shape of ous. the epigynal anterior pouch, con®ned be- MALE (Lago Hermoso MACN-Ar 9797): tween the converging lateral lobes (®g. Total length 8.25. Carapace wider than that 110E), and by the characteristic shape of the of female, length 3.72, width 2.73. Length of paramedian apophysis (®g. 120D). The api- tibia/metatarsus: I, 5.37/4.66; II, 4.40/3.60; cal modi®ed setae on the cymbium (compare III, 2.70/2.23; IV, 3.27/3.36. Chelicerae ®g. 119A±C) are shared with other Chilean slightly smaller than those of female. Ster- undescribed species. num length 1.83, width 1.33. Endites narrow, FEMALE (Hua Hum): Total length 8.11. divergent. Spines as in female, except: leg Carapace length 3.30, width 2.33, wider on III, metatarsus v 2±2±2 or 2-p1±2, p and r 2003 RAMIÂREZ: SPIDER SUBFAMILY AMAUROBIOIDINAE 223

Fig. 120. Oxysoma longiventre (Nicolet). A. Male palp, retrolateral view (NeuqueÂn, Lago Hermoso). B. Same, copulatory bulb, ventral view. C. Same, apical view. D. Same, retrolateral view. E. Epigyne, ventral view (holotype). Scale bars ϭ A, 0.5 mm; B, 0.25 mm; C, D, 0.2 mm; E, 0.1 mm. d1±1±1. IV, tibia v 2±2±2. Legs I and II with num pale. Dorsum of abdomen cream with many long hairs curved backward, on meta- dark dots at sides, cardiac area brown, con- tarsi, tibiae. Abdomen length 4.65, width tinued backward in two brown stripes. Venter 2.13, spiracle±epigastrium 2.10, spiracle± with brown patch from epigastrium to tra- spinnerets 0.73. Color: carapace grayish yel- cheal spiracle. Palp (®gs. 116D±F, 119B, C, low, pale, with one median stripe and two 120A±D, 121): tibia short, width/length 0.80. laterals, formed by brown dots. Legs pale Cymbium relatively large, with apical dorsal grayish with brown dots, small spots. Ster- patch of thick, angled setae (®g. 119B, C). 224 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY NO. 277

tina, from NeuqueÂn to Chubut provinces, and Chile, from Talca to Osorno provinces. OTHER MATERIAL EXAMINED: ARGENTI- NA: NeuqueÂn: LanõÂn Natl. Park: Hua Hum, I.1985, M. RamõÂrez, 1& (MACN-Ar); Lago Hermoso, 15.I.1985, M. RamõÂrez, 1( 1& 7 immatures (MACN-Ar), 1( (MACN-Ar 9797); Lago LaÂcar, X.1955, A. Giai, 1(,6& (MACN-Ar); 5 km E Hua Hum, 5.XI.1981, Nielsen and Karsholt, 1( (ZMK), 640 m, 16.XI.1981, 1( 1& (ZMK); LanõÂn Natl. Park, no speci®c locality, VIII.1978, Scha- jovskoy, 1& (MACN-Ar); PucaraÂ, 5± 16.II.1956, A. Ogloblin and Sra., 1( 1& (MLP), 1.II.1971, 1& (MACN-Ar 2444), 1970, 1(, II.1974, 2( 1& S. Schajovskoy (MACN-Ar), 10.XI.1978, MisioÂn CientõÂ®ca Danesa, 2& (ZMK); 650 m, 28±29.XI.1981, Nielsen and Karsholt, 1( (ZMK); Termas de Epulaufquen, 9.I.1986, M. RamõÂrez, 1& (MACN-Ar); Nahuel Huapi Natl. Park: Isla Victoria, 41ЊS71ЊW, 1.V.65, A. KovaÂcs, 3( Fig. 121. Oxysoma longiventre (Nicolet), de- 1& (AMNH). RõÂo Negro: San Carlos de tail of male copulatory bulb and sperm duct, Bariloche, IV.1962, Havrylenko, 1( cleared, prolateral view (NeuqueÂn, Lago Hermo- (MACN-Ar); road to Tronador, 800 m, so). Scale bar ϭ 0.2 mm. (E ϭ embolus; T ϭ 29.XI.1978, MisioÂn CientõÂ®ca Danesa, 1& tegulum.) (ZMK); Pampa del Toro, Nielsen and Kar- sholt, 1& (ZMK); 900 m, 9±10.XI.1981, 1000 m, 21.XI.1978, MisioÂn CientõÂ®ca Da- nesa, 1& (ZMK). Chubut: Los Alerces Natl. Sperm duct with one loop approximating an- Park: RõÂo FrõÂas, II.1986, M. RamõÂrez, 1( terior ventral margin of tegulum, less pro- (MACN-Ar). CHILE: RegioÂn VII (Maule): nounced loop before entering embolus (®g. Talca: Alto de Vilches, elev. 1180 m, 121). Embolus very thin, not associated with 35Њ36ЈS, 71Њ04ЈW, 14.15.XI.1993, N. Plat- canal on secondary conductor, basal process nick, K. Catley, M. RamõÂrez, T. Allen, 1& not evident, membranous area ample. Para- (AMNH); Gil de Vilches, 7.I.1989, M. Ra- median apophysis with ventral cusp close to mõÂrez, 1& (MACN-Ar). RegioÂn VIII (Bio- base, connected by ridge to sharp tip (®g. bõÂo): NÄ uble: Las Trancas, E Recinto, 1100 120D). Primary conductor at center of cop- m, II.1987, L. PenÄa, 5& (AMNH); Recinto, ulatory bulb, ¯attened, curved (®g. 116F). SE ChillaÂn, 12.I.1989, M. RamõÂrez, 1& Secondary conductor with retrolateral por- (MACN-Ar, photos MJR R1 1, 43, 44); 40 tion continued into proximal, thin, weakly km W San FabiaÂn de AlicoÂ, 24.II.1992, N. sclerotized area; both portions covered by Platnick, P. Goloboff, M. RamõÂrez, 2( regularly disposed denticles (®g. 116E). (AMNH). ConcepcioÂn: Periquillo, VARIABILITY: The dorsal stripe on abdo- 21.XII.1996, T. Cekalovic, 1& (AMNH). Re- men may vary from dark to almost absent. gioÂn IX (AraucanõÂa): Malleco: Malalca- The ventral patch may be absent, sometimes huello, 9±15.XII.1985, L. PenÄa, 4& wider in males. Spines: III, metatarsus v 2± (AMNH); RõÂo Blanco, CuracautõÂn, 0±2 or 2-p1±2. 1.5.II.1959, L. PenÄa, 1& (IRSN I.G. 19736); NATURAL HISTORY: This species builds re- Tolhuaca, 15±25.I.1959, L. PenÄa, 1& (IRSN treats on foliage, most commonly on ``coli- IG 19736), 15.II.1992, M. RamõÂrez, N. Plat- hue'' bamboo (Chusquea spp.). nick, P. Goloboff, 1( (AMNH, photos MJR DISTRIBUTION: Southern forests in Argen- 925±926); Conguillio Natl. Park, 23.II.1992, 2003 RAMIÂREZ: SPIDER SUBFAMILY AMAUROBIOIDINAE 225

M. RamõÂrez, N. Platnick, P. Goloboff, 1( 1& epigastrium 3.72, spiracle±spinnerets 1.86. (AMNH), 1( 1 immature (MACN-Ar), 1( Color (®g. 118I): Yellow with grayish dorsal (MHNS). CautõÂn: Monte Verde, Cavahue, pattern. Legs pale grayish with dark dots and 31.I.1993, L. PenÄa, 1& (AMNH). Osorno: few small black spots. Sternum pale. Venter Puyehue Natl. Park: 480 m, 40Њ44ЈS, pale with small dark spots, line of small spots 72Њ18ЈW, 21.XI.1993, N. Platnick, K. Catley, at each side, from epigastrium to tracheal spi- M. RamõÂrez, T. Allen, 1& (AMNH); Anti- racle, median stripe from tracheal spiracle to cura, 26±31.VII, 1±5.VIII.1983, L. PenÄa, 1& spinnerets. Epigastrium and adjacent poste- (AMNH); 7.III.1984, L. Irrazabal, 1& rior area violet. Palp (®g. 118E±H): tibia (AMNH). Llanquihue: Puerto Montt, RõÂo long, width/length 0.39. Cymbium narrow, Blanco, 24±19.I.1983, G. Arriagada, 1& retrolateral margin with evident basal notch. (MHNS 718). Mistaken Locality: Prov. San- Embolus not associated with canal on sec- tiago, Malleco, XI.1979, L.E. PenÄa, 3& ondary conductor, basal process thick, with (AMNH) (see RamõÂrez, 1995b: 83). small membranous area. Base of median apophysis thick. Base of paramedian apoph- Oxysoma itambezinho, new species ysis with protuberance followed by oblique, Figure 118E±I rugose ridge, forming hollow under tegulum; tip elongate, recurved, distally sinuous. Pri- TYPE: Male holotype from Brazil, State of mary conductor thick, low, transverse. Sec- Rio Grande do Sul, CambaraÂ do Sul, Itam- ondary conductor divided by membranous bezinho, ca. 29Њ02ЈS, 50Њ09ЈW, 27.IX.1991, area prolateral of wide canal (®g. 118H); A. Petersen, in MCTP 1653. prolateral portion large, rounded, directed ETYMOLOGY: The speci®c name is a noun backward; retrolateral portion with apical, in apposition taken from the type locality. ¯at projection, bearing small peak where ca- DIAGNOSIS: Resembles other Oxysoma, nal ends; area around median apophysis less Tasata, and Monapia in having a pale, elon- sclerotized, granulate. Heavily sclerotized gate body with pattern of small dark dots, but black area at base of canal, may be part of can be distinguished by the combination of sperm duct. a strong spine on anterior face of chelicerae NATURAL HISTORY: Unknown. and by a conspicuous basal notch on the re- DISTRIBUTION: Only known from the type trolateral margin of cymbium. locality. FEMALE: Unknown. OTHER MATERIAL EXAMINED: None. MALE (holotype): Total length 8.65. Car- apace length 3.40, width 2.13. Legs very long, thin, length of tibia/metatarsus: I 7.45/ Oxysoma saccatum (Tullgren), 6.65; II 5.45/4.79; III 3.33/2.77; IV 5.05/ new combination 5.19. Chelicerae small, with one anterior Figures 122±124 spine close to base, two teeth on retromargin. Gayenna saccata Tullgren, 1902: 62 (female lec- Sternum length 1.67, width 1.10. Spines: leg totype, male, female and two immature paralec- I, femur d 1±1±1, p 0-d1-1-d1, r 0-d1-d1; totypes here designated, from Chile, RõÂo AiseÂn tibia v 2±2±2 (basals advanced), p 0-v1-1-0, Valley, I.1897, P. DuseÂn coll., in NRS, exam- d r1±1; metatarsus v 2bas, p and r 0±1±1, d ined). RamõÂrez, 1995a: 366. 0±2±2 (retrolateral advanced). II ϭ I. III, femur d 1±1±1, p 0-d1-1-d1, r d1ap; patella 0; NOTE: Gayenna sigillum Mello-LeitaÄo tibia v p1±2±2, p d1±1, r 0±1, d r1±1; meta- (1941a: 194; holotype immature male from tarsus v 2±0-p1 and an apical group of hairs, Argentina, Jujuy province, LeoÂn, III.1939, p and r 0±1±1, d 0-p1±2. IV, femur d 1±1± M. BirabeÂn, in MLP 15025, examined) is 1, p d1ap, r 0-d1-d1; patella 0; tibia v 2±2± probably a junior synonym, and the type lo- 2, p and r d1±1, d r1±1; metatarsus v 2±2- cality is probably incorrect. Similar misla- p1 and an apical group of hairs, p and r d1± beling occurred with the type of Opsaltella 1±1, d 0-p1±2. Legs I and II with many long tigrina, described in the same work (RamõÂ- hairs, curved backward, on metatarsi, tibiae. rez, 1996). A decision on the placement of Abdomen length 5.32, width 1.73, spiracle± G. sigillum is postponed until more thorough 226 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY NO. 277

Fig. 122. Oxysoma saccatum (Tullgren), female. A. Osorno, Puyehue (photo MJR 1419). B. Llan- quihue, Caleta La Arena (photo MJR 434). knowledge of the genera Oxysoma and Tas- 0-1-0; metatarsus v 2bas, p and r d1±0, d 0- ata is obtained. p1±2. II, femur d 1±1±1, p and r 0-d1-d1; DIAGNOSIS: Distinguished by the semicir- tibia and metatarsus ϭ I. III, femur ϭ II or cular margins at the sides of the epigynal an- r d1ap; patella r d1; tibia ϭ I; metatarsus v terior pouch (®g. 124G), and by the elongate 2±0±2 and an apical group of hairs, p and r paramedian apophysis, forming an angle at 0-d1±1, d 0-p1±2. IV, femur d 1±1±1, p and its base (®g. 124B). r d1ap; patella r d1; tibia ϭ I; metatarsus v FEMALE (lectotype, measurements of spec- 2±2±2, p 0-d1±1, r d1±1±1, d 0-p1±2. Ab- imen from ChiloeÂ, 15 km S Chepu): Total domen length 5.32, width 3.06, spiracle±epi- length 2.07. Carapace length 3.99, width gastrium 3.13, spiracle±spinnerets 0.83. Col- 3.07, wider on legs II±III. Length of tibia/ or (cf. ®g. 122B): carapace pale grayish with metatarsus: I, 4.66/3.72; II, 3.86/3.17; III, brown spots. Legs pale grayish with brown- 2.90/2.57; IV, 3.40/3.40. Palpal tarsus length ish violet dots, plus spots on femora and pa- 1.77. Chelicerae with two teeth on retromar- tellae. Sternum pale. Dorsum of abdomen gin. Sternum length 2.03, width 1.50. Spines: yellow with some guanine reticulum, dark leg I, femur d 1±1±1, p 0-d1-1-d1, r 0-d1-d1 dots, densely grouped on posterior sides, or d1ap; tibia v 2±2±2, p and r d1±1, d r1- venter yellow with white guanine reticulum.

Fig. 123. Oxysoma saccatum (Tullgren). A. Epigyne, ventral view. B. Spermathecae, dorsal view: arrow points to ``dictynoid'' pore. 2003 RAMIÂREZ: SPIDER SUBFAMILY AMAUROBIOIDINAE 227

Fig. 124. Oxysoma saccatum (Tullgren). A. Right male palp, retrolateral view (paralectotype). B. Same, ventral view. C. Same, prolateral view. D. Left male copulatory bulb, retrolateral view (ChiloeÂ, Cole Cole). E. Same, apical view. F. Right male palp, prolateral view (paralectotype). G. Epigyne, ventral view (lectotype). H. Same, cleared. Scale bars ϭ A±E, 0.2 mm; F, 1 mm; G, H, 0.1 mm.

Epigyne (®gs. 123A, B, 124G, H): anterior arate, median ®eld widened posteriorly. Cop- pouch elongate, with deep cavity, apparently ulatory ducts long, sinuous, with ample pos- on independent plate, limited by furrows terior loop. from rest of median ®eld. Lateral lobes sep- MALE (paralectotype, measurements of 228 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY NO. 277

specimen from ChiloeÂ, 25 km N Cucao): To- OTHER MATERIAL EXAMINED: ARGENTI- tal length 7.32. Carapace length 3.33, width NA: NeuqueÂn: Nahuel Huapi Natl. Park: 2.73. Length of tibia/metatarsus: I, 4.52/3.72; RõÂo FrõÂas superior, I.1990, M. RamõÂrez, 4& II, 3.99/3.13; III, 2.60/2.30; IV, 3.00/3.03. 1& penultimate (MACN-Ar); Puerto Blest, Chelicerae slightly smaller than those of fe- II.1986, M. RamõÂrez, 2& (MACN-Ar); 770 male. Sternum length 1.60, width 1.27. m, 4.XII.1978, 1&, 23.XII.1978, 1(, MisioÂn Spines as in female, except: leg II, femur ϭ CientõÂ®ca Danesa (ZMK); 25±27.X.1981, I. IV, femur p 0-d1-d1; metatarsus v 2-p1± Nielsen and Karsholt, 1( (ZMK); Laguna 2. Abdomen length 3.99, width 2.53, spira- Los CaÂntaros, 30.I.1985, M. RamõÂrez, 13& 3 cle±epigastrium 1.73, spiracle±spinnerets immatures (MACN-Ar); Puerto Blest, trail to 0.67. Color: pale grayish with brownish vi- Lago Ortiz Basualdo, I.1990, M. RamõÂrez, olet spots, dots. Carapace with median band 7& 4 immatures (MACN-Ar). RõÂo Negro: not reaching posterior margin, two lateral Laguna FrõÂas, 760 m, 16.XI.1966, M.E. Ir- sinuous stripes. Femora with small spots, iwn and E.I. Schlinger, 1& (CAS). Chubut: paler ventrally, other articles dark, with some Los Alerces Natl. Park: RõÂo FrõÂas, II.1986, pale longitudinal stripes. Sternum with dark 1& (MACN-Ar). Tierra del Fuego: Isla de spot in front of coxae I±III. Dorsum of ab- los Estados, XII.1967, A. Bachmann, 1( domen densely dotted, darker on anterior (MACN-Ar). CHILE: RegioÂn V (ValparaõÂ- margin of cardiac area, paler on median so): Quillota: Cuesta El MeloÂn, nr. La Cal- stripe, venter pale, with three lines of small era, 15.XI.1985, L. PenÄa, 1& (AMNH). Re- spots anterior of tracheal spiracle. Palp (®g. gioÂn IX (AraucanõÂa): Malleco: Malalca- 124A±F): tibia short, width/length 0.79, huello, 9±15.XII.1985, L. PenÄa, 5( cymbium relatively large. Sperm duct with (AMNH); Monumento Natural Contulmo, loop approximating anterior ventral margin 11.XII.1984±13.II.1985, S. and J. Peck, 2( of tegulum. Embolus long, thin, not associ- (AMNH), 13.II.1992, M. RamõÂrez, N. Plat- ated with canal on secondary conductor, bas- nick, P. Goloboff, 1& (AMNH), 19± al process thick, membranous area ample. 21.XII.1998, M. RamõÂrez, L. Compagnucci, Median apophysis long, thin. Paramedian C. Grismado, L. Lopardo, 1& (MACN-Ar); apophysis elongate, forming basal angle. Pri- 340 m, 38Њ01ЈS, 73Њ11ЈW, 18.XI.1993, N. mary conductor heavily sclerotized, conic. Platnick, K. Catley, M. RamõÂrez, T. Allen, Secondary conductor divided by membra- 2( (AMNH). CautõÂn: Monte Verde, Cava- nous area prolateral to wide canal; retrolater- hue, 31.I.1993, L. PenÄa, 1( 2& (AMNH); al portion weakly sclerotized, rounded, glo- VolcaÂn Villarrica Natl. Park, elev. 1025 m, bose, striate, with denticles. Conspicuous, 39Њ22ЈS, 71Њ58ЈW, 20.XI.1993, N. Platnick, apical, ¯attened prong arising from apical K. Catley, M. RamõÂrez, T. Allen, 1& curve of sperm duct (®g. 124E) seems to be (AMNH); Fundo La Selva, W Temuco, NW part of secondary conductor. Heavily scler- Nueva Imperial, 700 m, 9±12.XII.1981, L.E. otized black area at base of canal may be part PenÄa, 1& (AMNH); NE Villarrica, 16± of sperm duct. 31.XII.1964, L. PenÄa, 1& (MCZ); 30 km NE VARIABILITY: Color pattern extremely var- Villarrica, 1±30.I.1965, L. PenÄa, 1( (MCZ). iable. Some frequently repeated dorsal ab- RegioÂn X (Los Lagos): Valdivia: Las Lajas, dominal patterns are a white central patch W La UnioÂn, 9±13.I.1990, 1&, 13± (®g. 122A), a median dark band (®g. 122B), 15.I.1991, 1( 1&, Peulla, I.1990, M. RamõÂ- two posterior white spots, or anterior re- rez, 2& (MACN-Ar). Osorno: Entre Lagos curved white arch. Spines: metatarsi III, IV, to Puerto Octay, 20.I.1969, L. PenÄa, 1( v 2-p1±2. (MCZ); MaicolpueÂ, 64 km W Osorno, NATURAL HISTORY: This species builds re- 19.II.1992, M. RamõÂrez, N. Platnick, P. Go- treats on foliage. loboff, 1& (AMNH); Puyehue Natl. Park: DISTRIBUTION: Southern forests in Argen- Aguas Calientes, 425 m, valdivian forest, tina and Chile, from NeuqueÂn to Chubut, and 31.I.1985, N. Platnick and O. Francke, 1( from Malleco to Tierra del Fuego. One iso- (AMNH), 13±17.XII.1998, M. RamõÂrez, L. lated record from Cuesta El MeloÂn (Valpa- Compagnucci, C. Grismado, L. Lopardo, 4( raõÂso). 3& 3& penultimates (MACN-Ar), 3( 3& 2003 RAMIÂREZ: SPIDER SUBFAMILY AMAUROBIOIDINAE 229

(MHNS); 480 m, 40Њ44ЈS, 72Њ18ЈW, TABLE 27 21.XI.1993, N. Platnick, K. Catley, M. Ra- Synapomorphies of Tasata and Internal Clades mõÂrez, T. Allen, 5( 2&,2( and 2& penultimates (AMNH, female photo MJR 1419), 5& 2(,2( and 3& penultimates, reared in captivity (MACN-Ar), 4( (MHNS); 450 m, 11.XII.1981, Nielsen and Karsholt, 2( (ZMK); 600 m, 12±20.XII.1981, L. PenÄa, 1& (AMNH); 40Њ44Ј0ЉS, 72Њ18Ј45ЉW, 450 m, 12.XII.2000±2.I.2001, forest, J. Miller, I. Agnarsson, Alvarez, J. Coddington, G. Hor- miga, 1( 1&,1& (USNM); Anticura, 1± 11.I.1986, L. PenÄa, 2& (AMNH); 470±720 m, valdivian rainforest, screen-sweeping at dusk, 18±24.XII.1982, A. Newton and M. Thayer, 1( 1& (AMNH); Los Derrumbes road, Aguas Calientes, 480 m, 40Њ44ЈS, 72Њ18ЈW, N. Platnick, K. Catley, M. RamõÂrez, T. Allen, 1( 1& (AMNH); 10 km E Puye- hue, 24.I.1951, Ross and Michelbacher, 1& (CAS); Termas de Puyehue, 600±1500 ft, moss on live trees in mature forest, 24± 25.XI.1981, R. Schuh and N. Platnick, 1( (AMNH); Pucatrihue, II.1967, L. PenÄa, 1& (MCZ); Puyehue, 500 m, 26.I.1969, L. PenÄa, 1( 2& (MCZ). Llanquihue: Alerce Andino Natl. Park, elev. 100 m, 41Њ35ЈS, 72Њ41ЈS, 23.XI.1993, N. Platnick, K. Catley, M. Ra- mõÂrez, T. Allen, 1( (AMNH), 1& (MACN- Ar), 1& (MHNS); Caleta La Arena, 30.I.1991, M. RamõÂrez, 2& (MACN-Ar, pho- to MJR 434); Chamisa, 13.XII.1968, L. PenÄa, 1( (MCZ); Correntoso, XII.1968, L. PenÄa, 3& (MCZ); Cerro Hornohuinco, Cor- rentoso, XII.1968, L. PenÄa, 1& (MCZ); Pe- trohueÂ Norte, 13.V.1971, R. CalderoÂn, 1& (UC). ChiloeÂ: Arroyo Cole Cole, 25 km N Cucao, 8±11.II.1991, M. RamõÂrez, 1( (MACN-Ar); 15 km S Chepu, 3.II.1991, M. RamõÂrez, 9( 1& (MACN-Ar, photo MJR 453). Palena: ChaiteÂn, XII.1985, L. PenÄa, 1( (AMNH). RegioÂn XI (IbaÂnÄez del Cam- po): AiseÂn: RõÂo Simpson Natl. Park, N margin, 17.II.1991, M. RamõÂrez, 2& (MACN- Ar). RegioÂn XII (Magallanes y AntaÂrtica): Magallanes: Otway, El Canelo, 18.III.69, L. PenÄa, 1& (MCZ).

TASATA SIMON Table 27 Tasata Simon, 1903c: 29 (type species by monotypy Tasata parcepunctata Simon, 1903), 1903a: 1032. RamõÂrez, 1995a: 88. 230 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY NO. 277

DIAGNOSIS: Resembles Oxysoma and some Gayenna taperae Mello-LeitaÄo, 1929 (male Monapia in having a pale body with pattern lectotype and immature paralectotype here of small dark dots, but can be distinguished designated, in MNRJ, examined, new com- by having a distended epigynal anterior bination), Gayenna tripunctata Mello-LeitaÄo, pouch (®gs. 127C, 129G, H). Most species 1941 (female holotype in MNRJ 38170, ex- have a characteristically shaped primary con- amined, new combination), Oxysoma novum ductor, like a thin tongue (®g. 126B). Mello-LeitaÄo, 1922 (female holotype in DESCRIPTION: Color pale with small dark MNRJ 1114, examined, new combination), dots, usually also larger black dot at anterior Oxysoma lineatum Tullgren, 1905 (female margin of cardiac area. Body ¯attened. Car- holotype in NRS, examined, new combina- apace narrowed in front, anterior median tion), Anyphaena punctata Keyserling, 1891 eyes much smaller than laterals; several spe- (female holotype in BMNH 1890.7.1.623, cies with posterior eye row strongly procur- examined, new combination), Oxysoma quin- ved. Chelicerae with variable teeth, three or quenotatum Simon, 1897 (three females and four on promargin, two, three, or series of three immatures syntypes, in MHNP 8160, denticles on retromargin. Tracheal spiracle examined, new combination), Tomopisthes closer to spinnerets than to epigastrium. Male frenatus Mello-LeitaÄo, 1947 (presumably in palpal tibia 1.5 or more times longer than Museu de HistoÂria Natural CapaÄo da Imbuia, wide. Sperm duct with curve approaching Curitiba, not available, tentatively transferred anterior ventral margin of tegulum, then run- because the body pattern [Mello-LeitaÄo, ning through margin, describing curve (®g. 1947: ®g. 40] is similar to that found in some 129E) before entering base of embolus (ex- Brazilian Tasata, new combination), and sev- cept T. chiloensis); in some species the duct eral undescribed species. describes a spiral before entering embolus EXCLUDED SPECIES: Tasata albofasciata (®g. 128D). Embolus commonly very thin, Mello-LeitaÄo, 1943 (female holotype in not associated with canal on secondary con- MNRJ 670, examined), belongs to Tupirinna ductor, without basal process. Paramedian in Corinnidae, new combination. apophysis usually elongate, directed apically, some species with bi®d tip. Primary conduc- Tasata parcepunctata Simon tor usually wide, ¯attened, rounded, translu- Figures 61G, 125B, 126±127, 135A cent. Secondary conductor not fused to anterior margin of tegulum; prolateral portion Tasata parcepunctata Simon, 1903c: 29 (female with rounded lobe, ¯attened, directed back- type from Argentina, no speci®c locality, ward, with canal ending in sharp, curved tip. should be in MHNP, not found). Mello-LeitaÄo, 1933: 56 (Pasata, lapsus). Epigyne with lateral lobes separate, median Tasata parcipunctata: Bonnet, 1959: 4262. ®eld with anterior pouch ample or well distended. Copulatory ducts arched, encircling NOTE: Because the type is presumably lost, spermathecae. it is dif®cult to identify the species described DISTRIBUTION: South America. by Simon. He reported a body length of 8 COMPOSITION: In addition to the species de- mm, and three retromarginal cheliceral teeth, tailed below: Tasata tigris Mello-LeitaÄo, a combination that I have not seen in any 1941b (male holotype in MNRJ 58269, ex- specimen in collections. I provisionally iden- amined; published as female in the original ti®ed the species according to the cheliceral description, a paragraph referring to the pro- teeth. However, the total length of 8 mm re- portion of palp segments [Mello-LeitaÄo, ported by Simon seems too large for this spe- 1941b: 257] supports the identi®cation of cies and approximates more the size of T. this male as the holotype), Gayenna fusco- variolosa. An exhaustive revision of the ge- taeniata Keyserling, 1891 (two females and nus may require designation of a neotype. two immatures probably syntypes, in BMNH DIAGNOSIS: Very similar to Tasata variolo- 702.3.909.1, examined, new combination), sa in having a dotted dorsal pattern, but can Gayenna reticulata Mello-LeitaÄo, 1943 (fe- be distinguished by having only three teeth male and female penultimate syntypes in on the cheliceral retromargin. MNRJ 41662, examined, new combination), FEMALE (MartõÂn GarcõÂa, MACN-Ar 9798): 2003 RAMIÂREZ: SPIDER SUBFAMILY AMAUROBIOIDINAE 231

Fig. 125. Tasata spp., females (Entre RõÂos, Gualeguay, photos MJR 227 and 229). A. T. variolosa Mello-LeitaÄo, female guarding eggsac. B. T. parcepunctata Simon.

Total length 6.65. Carapace length 2.43, racle. Epigyne (®gs. 127C, 135A): lateral width 2.00, wider on legs II±III. Length of lobes separate, median ®eld slightly elevated; tibia/metatarsus: I, 2.27/1.87; II, 1.93/1.63; anterior pouch wide, with cavity extending III, 1.17/1.32; IV, 1.73/2.03. Palpal tarsus at sides. Copulatory ducts visible through cu- length 0.87. Chelicerae with four teeth on ticle, similar to those of T. variolosa. promargin and three on retromargin, apical MALE (MartõÂn GarcõÂa, MACN-Ar 9798): one largest. Sternum length 1.37, width 1.05. Total length 5.72. Carapace length 2.73, Spines: leg I, femur d 1±1±1, p 0-d1-1-d1, r width 2.17. Length of tibia/metatarsus: I, 0-d1-d1; tibia v 2±2±2, p and r 1±1; meta- 3.33/3.20; II, 3.00/2.30; III, 1.73/1.67; IV, tarsus v 2bas, p and r 1±0, d 0-p1±2. II ϭ I. 1.90/1.47. Chelicerae slightly larger than III, femur d 1±1±1, p and r 0-d1-d1; patella those of female, fang long, thick, promargin- 0 or rd1; tibia v p1±2±2 or 2±2±2, p and r al teeth distanced, retromarginals grouped. 1±1, d r1-0-1-0 bristles; metatarsus v 2±0±2 Sternum length 1.40, width 1.03. Spines as and an apical group of hairs, p d1±1±1 or p in female, except: leg III, patella r d1; tibia 0±1±1, r d1±1±1, d p1±2. IV, femur d 1±1± v p1±2±2, d r1-0-1-0 spines. IV, tibia ϭ III. 1, p 0-d1-d1, r d1ap; patella r d1; tibia v p1± Legs I and II with long hairs, curved back- 2±2, p and r d1±1, d r1-0-1-0 bristles; meta- ward, on metatarsi, tibiae. Abdomen length tarsus v 2-p1±2 and an apical group of hairs, 3.06, width 2.00, spiracle±epigastrium 1.33, p and r d1±1±1, d 0-p1±2. Abdomen length spiracle±spinnerets 0.50. Color: similar to fe- 4.39, width 3.06, spiracle±epigastrium 1.90, male, but darker, reddish. Venter pale, epi- spiracle±spinnerets 0.77. Color: grayish yel- gastrium with violet spots bordering pulmo- low with small dots dark gray, small violet nary plates. Palp (®gs. 61G, 126, 127A, B): spots. Sternum pale. Abdomen with dark an- tibia width/length 0.68. Sperm duct with loop terior dot. Venter with three lines of small approximating anterior ventral margin of te- spots from epigastric furrow to tracheal spi- gulum, pronounced spiral before reaching 232 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY NO. 277

Fig. 126. Tasata parcepunctata Simon, male copulatory bulb (Buenos Aires, Isla MartõÂn GarcõÂa). A, B. Retrolateral view. C, D. Apical view: arrow points to ¯attened lobe on C2p. (C1 ϭ primary conductor; C2 ϭ secondary conductor; C2p ϭ prolateral portion of C2; C2r ϭ retrolateral portion of C2; E ϭ embolus; MA ϭ median apophysis; PMA ϭ paramedian apophysis.) embolus. Embolus very thin, without basal OTHER MATERIAL EXAMINED: URUGUAY: process, membranous area extensive. Para- Departamento Maldonado: Cerro de Las median apophysis thick, elongate, with two Animas, 8.VI.1961, N.L.H. Krauss, 1& cusps at tip, retrolateral cusp larger. Primary (AMNH). ARGENTINA: Entre RõÂos: Ar- conductor wide, ¯attened, rounded. Second- royo Manantiales and Ruta 11 (km 103), ary conductor small, ventral side weakly 23.X.1982, P. Goloboff and M. RamõÂrez, 1& sclerotized, anterior prolateral border becom- (MACN-Ar); Concordia, 3±6.III.1964, M.E. ing membranous, covered by denticles (®g. Galiano, 2 immatures (MACN-Ar); Guale- 126D); retrolateral portion weakly sclero- guay, 20.VIII.1989, M. RamõÂrez, 2& tized, rounded, continued basally in membra- (MACN-Ar, photos MJR 228, 229, 309); El nous area. Palmar Natl. Park, 14.VII.1985, M. RamõÂrez, VARIABILITY: Spines: metatarsus III, v 2± 1& (MACN-Ar); 27.III.1986, M. RamõÂrez, 0±2, rarely 2-p1±2, p and r 0±1±1, rarely d1± 1( (MACN-Ar); XI.1988, M.E. Galiano, 1& 1±1. penultimate (MACN-Ar); RõÂo GualeguaychuÂ NATURAL HISTORY: This species builds re- and Ruta Nac. 14, 14.VII.1985, M. RamõÂrez, treats on foliage, most frequently on ``tala'' 1& (MACN-Ar). Buenos Aires: Alsina, trees (Celtis tala). FCGM, 20.IV.1983, P. Goloboff, M. RamõÂ- DISTRIBUTION: Argentina, in Entre RõÂos rez, 1& (MACN-Ar); Atucha, 9.VI.1985, P. and Buenos Aires provinces, and Uruguay. Goloboff, M. RamõÂrez, 2& (MACN-Ar); Sympatric with Tasata variolosa. 27.VII.1985, P. Goloboff, M. RamõÂrez, 2& 2003 RAMIÂREZ: SPIDER SUBFAMILY AMAUROBIOIDINAE 233

Fig. 127. Tasata parcepunctata Simon (Buenos Aires, Isla MartõÂn GarcõÂa, MACN-Ar 9798). A. Male palp, ventral view. B. Same, retrolateral view. C. Epigyne, ventral view. Scale bars ϭ 0.2 mm.

(MACN-Ar); 8.IX.1989, M. RamõÂrez, 1& Tasata variolosa Mello-LeitaÄo (MACN-Ar), 15.IX.1990, M. RamõÂrez, 1& Figures 125A, 128 (MACN-Ar); Ciudad de Buenos Aires, IV.1940, F. MonroÂs, 1& (MACN-Ar); Delta, Tasata variolosa Mello-LeitaÄo, 1943c: 239 (®ve females syntypes from Brazil, state of Rio RõÂo Carapachay, VII.1941, F. MonroÂs, 1& Grande do Sul, B. Rambo coll., in MNRJ (MACN-Ar); Delta, RõÂo Sarmiento, Las Ro- 42236, examined). sas, 25.III.1950, A. Bachmann, 1 immature Tasata parcepunctata: RamõÂrez, 1995a: 366 (mis- (MACN-Ar); Glew, 1972, Carpintero, 1& identi®cation). (MACN-Ar); Hudson, 11.IV.1984, M. Ra- mõÂrez, 1& 2( (MACN-Ar), 1.V.1984, M. DIAGNOSIS: Very similar to T. parcepunc- RamõÂrez, 4& (MACN-Ar); Isla MartõÂn tata in having a dotted dorsal pattern, but can GarcõÂa, IX.1938, J.M. Viana, 1( (MACN-Ar be distinguished by having ®ve to seven 414); 25.V.1990, M. RamõÂrez, 3( 4& small teeth on the cheliceral retromargin and (MACN-Ar), 1( 1& (MACN-Ar 9798); La by the sclerotized area anterior of the epi- ArmonõÂa, Cobo, 10.VI.1965, J.M. Gallardo, gyne (®g. 128F). E. Maury, 2( 1& (MACN-Ar); Laguna de FEMALE (syntype): Total length 10.30. Car- los Padres, talar, 29.V.1989, J. Farina, 1( apace length 3.60, width 2.90. Chelicerae (MMLS); 25 km S Magdalena, 13± (®g. 128E) with six small teeth on retromar- 14.VIII.1983, P. Goloboff and M. RamõÂrez, gin (right retromargin abnormal, with two 1& (MACN-Ar); Otamendi, 5.IX.1980, A. additional denticles behind the other six). Zanetic, P. Goloboff, 1& (MACN-Ar); Re- Sternum length 1.90, width 1.40. Length of serva Otamendi, 10.VI.1997, M. RamõÂrez, L. tibia/metatarsus: I, 4.66/3.72; II, 3.99/3.19; Compagnucci, C. Grismado, F. Uehara, 1& III, 2.53/2.33; IV, 3.17/3.23. Spines: leg I, (MACN-Ar); Tandil, IV.1985, C. Scioscia, femur d 1±1±1, p 0-d1-d1, r d1ap; tibia v 2± 2& (MACN-Ar). 2±2, p and r 1±1; metatarsus v 2bas, p and r 234 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY NO. 277

1±0, d p1±0±2. II ϭ I. III, femur d 1±1±1, 24.V.1942, A. Zoppei, 1& penultimate p and r 0-d1-d1; patella 0; tibia v p1±2±2, p (MZUSP 14069). Rio Grande do Sul: Cach- and r 1±1, d r1-0-1-0; metatarsus v 2±2±2, p oeira do Sul, Cordilheira, 9.IX.1992, R.G. and r 1±1, d p1±2. IV, femur d 1±1±1, p and Buss, 1& (MCTP 3340); Porto Alegre, no r d1ap; patella r d1; tibia ϭ III; metatarsus v date, P. Buck, 1( (MNRJ 18363); no speci®c 2±2±2, p and r d1±1±1, d 0-p1±2. Abdomen locality or date, B. Rambo, 1& (MNRJ ex- length 6.65, width 4.80. Spiracle±epigastri- 41661), 5& (MNRJ 41959). URUGUAY: um 2.87, spiracle±spinnerets 1.53. Color (®g. Departamento Montevideo: Prado, 125A): yellow, with dark small dots, small 8.X.1973, R. Capocasale, 1( (CAS). AR- reddish brown spots. Chelicerae with longi- GENTINA: Misiones: FracraÂn, 23.XI.1948, tudinal anterior dark line. Abdomen paler M. BirabeÂn, 1( 3& 2 immatures (MLP); Re- (ovigerous), with anterior dark dot. Venter fugio PinÄalito, XI.1954, R. Schiapelli, M.E. pale. Epigyne (®g. 128F, G) on sclerotized Galiano, 1& (MACN-Ar); Santa MarõÂa, area with rectangular anterior border, anterior XII.1947, J.M. Viana, 1& (MACN-Ar 2558). pouch wide, almost without cavity, median Entre RõÂos: Gualeguay, 20.VIII.1989, M. ®eld slightly elevated behind and at sides of RamõÂrez, 3& (MACN-Ar, photo MJR 227); anterior pouch. El Palmar Natl. Park, 14.X.1984, M. RamõÂ- MALE (Punta Lara, MACN-Ar 9803): To- rez, 4& (MACN-Ar). Buenos Aires: Ciudad tal length 7.32. Carapace length 3.30, width de Buenos Aires, 1993, M. RamõÂrez, 1( 2.63. Length of tibia/metatarsus: I, 5.19/4.20; (MACN-Ar); Delta, estacioÂn experimental II, 4.26/3.27; III, 2.60/2.37; IV, 3.30/3.36. INTA, VII.1968, A. Bachmann, 1( 1& Chelicerae slightly larger than those of fe- (MACN-Ar); Delta, Arroyo Carreras, male, with ®ve teeth on retromargin. Ster- VIII.1941, F. MonroÂs, 2( 1& (MACN-Ar); num length 1.67, width 1.30. Spines as in Delta, Canal Arias, VI.1941, F. MonroÂs, 1( female, except: leg I, femur p 0-d1-1-d1, r (MACN-Ar); Delta, intersection of ParanaÂde 0-d1-d1; tibia d r1bas. II ϭ I. III, metatarsus Las Palmas with Canal 6, VII.1968, A. Bach- v 2±0±2, apicals shorter. IV, metatarsus p 0± mann, 1& (MACN-Ar); Delta, RõÂo GaÂlvez, 1±1. Abdomen length 4.00, width 2.00, spi- IX.1941, F. MonroÂs, 1( 1& (MACN-Ar racle±epigastrium 1.53, spiracle±spinnerets 918); Delta, Tigre, RõÂo LujaÂn and Arroyo 0.73. Color as in female, but slightly darker. GuayracaÂ, VI.1982, M. RamõÂrez, 1& Palp (®g. 128A±D): tibia length/width 0.54. (MACN-Ar); Dique LujaÂn, 26.IX.1982, P. Copulatory bulb similar to that of T. parce- Goloboff and M. RamõÂrez, 1& (MACN-Ar); punctata. Paramedian apophysis with curved Escobar, 23.VII.1984, M. RamõÂrez, 2( tip. Sperm duct with pronounced spiral be- (MACN-Ar); Hudson, 1.V.1984, M. RamõÂ- fore reaching embolus. Primary conductor rez, 2( 1& (MACN-Ar); Isla MartõÂn GarcõÂa, concave, rounded. Secondary conductor 25.V.1990, M. RamõÂrez, 15( 1& 1 immature large, anterior border slightly elevated, ven- (MACN-Ar), and 1( 1& misidenti®ed as T. tral side weakly sclerotized (®g. 128C). parcepunctata in RamõÂrez (1995a); Laguna VARIABILITY: Five or six teeth on chelic- de los Padres, talar, 29.V.1989, J. Farina, 2( eral retromargin (rarely seven). Spines: meta- 1& (MMLS); La Plata, 1942, 1& (MLP); 25 tarsus III, v 2±0±2 (rarely 2±2±2), IV, p 0± km S Magdalena, 13±14.VIII.1983, P. Go- 1±1. loboff and M. RamõÂrez, 1& (MACN-Ar); NATURAL HISTORY: This species builds re- Otamendi, 7.X.1979, P. Goloboff, 1& treats on foliage. (MACN-Ar); Reserva Otamendi, DISTRIBUTION: Southeastern Brazil, Uru- 10.VI.1997, M. RamõÂrez, L. Compagnucci, guay, and northeastern Argentina, in Buenos C. Grismado, F. Uehara, 2( (MACN-Ar); Aires, Entre RõÂos, and Misiones provinces. Partido de LujaÂn, 24.V.1981, M. RamõÂrez, Except for the Brazilian and Misiones re- 1( 1& (MACN-Ar); Pontevedra, 19.V.1979, cords, this species is sympatric with Tasata P. Goloboff, 2( (MACN-Ar); Punta Lara, parcepunctata in much of its distribution. Ensenada, VIII.1972, M.E. Galiano, 3( OTHER MATERIAL EXAMINED: BRASIL: (MACN-Ar); 25.IV.1984, M.E. Galiano, C. SaÄo Paulo: Capital, Ipiranga, 30.V.1942, A. Scioscia, 5( 3& (MACN-Ar), 10.X.1984, Zoppei, 1& penultimate (MZUSP 14056); M.E. Galiano, 1( 1& (MACN-Ar), 2003 RAMIÂREZ: SPIDER SUBFAMILY AMAUROBIOIDINAE 235

Fig. 128. Tasata variolosa Mello-LeitaÄo. A. Male copulatory bulb, ventral view (Buenos Aires, Punta Lara, MACN-Ar 9803). B. Same, retrolateral view. C. Same, apical view. D. Same, detail prolateral, cleared. E. Female left chelicera, ventral view (MACN-Ar 9803). F. Epigyne, ventral view (syntype). G. Same, cleared. Scale bars ϭ A±C, E, F, 0.5 mm; D, G, 0.2 mm. (E ϭ embolus; T ϭ tegulum.) 236 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY NO. 277

18.IX.1986, M. RamõÂrez, 2& 1( (MACN- stripes of white guanine reticulum. Sternum Ar); 28.XI.1985, M.E. Galiano, C. Scioscia, and venter pale. Chelicerae with anterior lon- 3& without legs, in nest of wasp Auplopus gitudinal brown line. Epigyne (®g. 129G, H): sp., det. J. Genise (MACN-Ar); IV.1986, lateral lobes close to each other anterior of M.E. Galiano, C. Scioscia, 4( (MACN-Ar); anterior pouch, which has triangular opening. V.1986, C. Scioscia, 1( 1& (MACN-Ar), Copulatory ducts describing ample loop be- 16.VII.1989, M. RamõÂrez, 2( 1& (MACN- fore entering spermathecae. Ar 9803, photo MJR 280±282); Tigre, Rin- MALE (lectotype): Carapace length 2.60, coÂn de Milberg, 5.III.1981, M. RamõÂrez, 1& width 2.25, wider on legs II±III. Length of (MACN-Ar). tibia/metatarsus: I, 4.85/2.25; II, 4.05/3.60; III, 2.65/2.40; IV, 3.40/3.70. Chelicerae Tasata unipunctata (Simon), slightly longer and narrower than those of new combination female. Spines as in female, except: leg I, Figure 129 tibia d r1-0-1-0. II, femur r 0-d1-d1; tibia ϭ I. III, tibia v p1±2±2. IV, femur ϭ III. Color Oxysoma unipunctatum Simon, 1896b: 505 (male (®g. 129A) as in female. Palp (®g. 129C±E): lectotype, male, female and immature, and a fe- tibia long, width/length 0.48. Sperm duct male of Wul®la sp., all paralectotypes here des- with loop approximating anterior ventral ignated, from Venezuela, Caracas, in MHNP 8161, examined). Mello-LeitaÄo, 1922: 20. margin of tegulum, slight spiral before reaching embolus. Embolus very thin, without NOTE: The variant described by Simon basal process, membranous area ample. Para- (1896b) is a male from Brazil, Minas Gerais, median apophysis thick, elongate, with acute Matozinhos. According to my preliminary tip. Primary conductor concave, rounded. revisions of Brazilian collections, several Secondary conductor large, prolateral portion species may occur in Brazil, all very similar with denticles on apical margin; retrolateral and dif®cult to distinguish, with subtle vari- portion weakly sclerotized on proximal part, ation in genitalia. It is still not clear how with tiny denticules on central concavity. much of this variation re¯ects true interspe- VARIABILITY: The male from SaÄo Paulo has ci®c differences. reddish dorsal pattern on carapace and ab- DIAGNOSIS: Provisionally distinguished by domen. the combination of very small AME (®g. NATURAL HISTORY: Unknown. 129F), a small retrolateral ridge on male DISTRIBUTION: Known only from type lo- paramedian apophysis, the triangular shape cality, and probably also from Minas Gerais of epigynal anterior pouch, and the ample and SaÄo Paulo. loop described by the copulatory ducts, be- OTHER MATERIAL EXAMINED: One male fore the spermathecae. and two females from Brazil, SaÄo Paulo, SaÄo FEMALE (paralectotype): Carapace length JoseÂ do Barreiro, Serra da BocaõÂna, 1960 m, 2.80, width 2.45. Length of tibia/metatarsus: XI.1968, M. Alvarenga (AMNH), and one I, 3.90/3.50; II, 3.40/3.10; III, 2.35/2.1; IV, male from Brazil, Minas Gerais, Matozinhos 3.00/3.40. Chelicerae with two teeth on re- (MHNP 8163), described as a variant by Si- tromargin. Spines: leg I, femur d 1±1±1, p 0- mon (1896b), have slight differences with the d1-d1, r d1ap; tibia v 2±2±2, p and r 1±1; types, but might well be conspeci®c. metatarsus v 2bas, p and r 1±0, d 0-p1-0-2. II ϭ I. III, femur d 1±1±1, p and r d1ap; Tasata taim, new species patella 0; tibia v 0±2±2, p and r 1±1, d r1-0- Figure 130 1-0; metatarsus v 2±0±2, p 0-d1±1, r d1±1± 1, d 0-p1±2. IV, femur ϭ III; patella r d1; TYPES: Male holotype and penultimate fe- tibia v p1±2±2, p and r 1±1, d r1-0-1-0; meta- male paratype from Brazil, State of Rio tarsus v 2±2±2, p and r d1±1±1, d 0-p1±2. Grande do Sul, Santa VitoÂria do Palmar, Es- Color (®g. 129B): quite faded, yellow. Legs tacËaÄo EcoloÂgica do Taim, ca. 33Њ31ЈS, with small, elongate, brownish violet spots at 53Њ21ЈW, 12.IX.1991, A. Lise, in MCTP base of some tibial spines, including ventrals. 0992. The female was close to ecdysis, and Abdomen with anterior dark dot, lateral the genitalia could be dissected. 2003 RAMIÂREZ: SPIDER SUBFAMILY AMAUROBIOIDINAE 237

ETYMOLOGY: The speci®c name is a noun num, labium, endites yellow, each with lon- in apposition taken from the type locality. gitudinal stripe of irregular dark spots, darker DIAGNOSIS: Distinguished from other Tas- on anterior, posterior ends of sternum. Dor- ata by having a greenish, extremely elongate sum of abdomen with white guanine reticu- abdomen, and a ¯attened carapace with white lum (except on cardiac area and posterior hairs at the sides. end), wide grayish band, from posterior half FEMALE (penultimate, paratype): Abdomen of cardiac area to anal tubercle; sides grayish. extremely elongate, legs very long, including Venter with white guanine reticulum, two leg III. Total length 7.58. Carapace length longitudinal stripes from epigastrium to spin- 2.50, width 1.87, wider on legs II±III. Length nerets, touching corners of tracheal spiracle. of tibia/metatarsus: I, 2.87/2.50; II, 2.80/ Epigastrium with two longitudinal spots, at 2.43; III, 1.90/1.83; IV, 2.63/2.93. Palpal tar- internal margins of pulmonary plates. Palp sus length 1.00. Chelicerae with four teeth (®g. 130B±E): tibia long, width/length 0.47. on promargin, three on retromargin, apical Sperm duct with loop approximating anterior one smaller. Sternum length 1.27, width 1.07. ventral margin of tegulum, slight spiral be- Spines (long on anterior legs): leg I, femur fore reaching the embolus. Embolus very d 1±1±1, p 0-d1-1-0-d1, r 0-d1-d1; tibia v 2- thin, without basal process, membranous area p1-2-0-2 (x-p1-x-x-x abnormal, absent in ample, concave, projecting dorsally. Para- other female and male), p d1-d1-1-0 or d1± median apophysis sinuous, with acute tip. 1, r d1±1; metatarsus v 2bas, p and r d1±1± Primary conductor concave, rounded, apex in 0, d 0-p1-0-2. II, femur d 1±1±1, p and r 0- contact with lobe on prolateral portion of d1-d1; tibia v 2±2±2, p and r d1±1; metatar- secondary conductor. Prolateral portion of sus ϭ I. III, femur ϭ II; patella r d1; tibia v secondary conductor with denticles at apical 2±2±2, p and r 1±1, d r1-0-1-0; metatarsus v margin; retrolateral portion with tiny denti- 2±2±2, p and r d1±1±1, d 0-p1±2. IV ϭ III. cles. Abdomen length 5.45, width 2.00, spiracle± VARIABILITY: Female MCTP 6852 has an epigastrium 2.40, spiracle±spinnerets 1.57. additional, smaller distal tooth on the chelic- Color as in male. Epigyne (not sclerotized, eral promargin. The differences in the sper- disected from immature, similar to that of mathecae are presumably because of incom- mature female, ®g. 130F, G): lateral lobes plete development of the paratype. separate, anterior pouch ample. Copulatory NATURAL HISTORY: Unknown. openings close to epigastric furrow, copula- DISTRIBUTION: Known only from type lo- tory ducts thin (most probably because of be- cality. ing unsclerotized), ducts of accessory bulbs OTHER MATERIAL EXAMINED: BRASIL: long (but short in adult female). Spermathe- Rio Grande do Sul: Porto Alegre, cae unmodi®ed, spherical (collapsed in clove 22.I.1995, W. Guevell, 1& (MCTP 6852). oil). MALE (holotype): Total length 8.25. Car- Tasata chiloensis, new species apace length 2.90, width 2.10. Length of tib- Figures 131, 132 ia/metatarsus: I, 4.99/4.66; II, 4.52/4.12; III, 3.07/2.93; IV, 4.12/4.39. Left chelicera with TYPES: Female holotype and male paratype two teeth on retromargin, apical one missing, from Chile, RegioÂn X, ChiloeÂ province, Cor- right normal. Sternum length 1.50, width dillera de San Pedro, Piroquina, 500 m, 10± 1.23. Spines as in female, except: leg I, tibia 11.III.1987, L. PenÄa, deposited in AMNH. v 2±2±2, p 1±1. III, metatarsus v 2-r1±2. Ab- ETYMOLOGY: The speci®c name refers to domen length 5.60, width 1.73, spiracle±epi- the type locality. gastrium 2.23, spiracle±spinnerets 1.83. Col- DIAGNOSIS: Distinguished by having semi- or (®g. 130A): carapace pale grayish with circular anterior epigynal ridges, combined three longitudinal dark bands, one median, with a wide, posteriorly displaced anterior two laterals. Many white hairs covering clyp- pouch (®g. 132F) and a transversely striated eus, margins of carapace, its pale stripes, pale embolar base (®g. 132E). areas of sternum, coxae. Legs grayish with FEMALE (holotype, ®g. 132A): Total length small dark dots, contrasting on femora. Ster- 7.71. Carapace length 3.13, width 2.43, wid- 238 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY NO. 277 2003 RAMIÂREZ: SPIDER SUBFAMILY AMAUROBIOIDINAE 239 er on legs II±III. Length of tibia/metatarsus: apophysis. Embolus very thin, base with I, 3.86/2.93; II, 3.59/2.67; III, 2.17/1.83; IV, transverse anterior striae (®g. 132E), basal 2.70/2.50. Palpal tarsus length 1.20. Chelic- process absent, membranous area prolonged erae with two teeth on retromargin. Sternum in lobe. Median apophysis long. Paramedian length 1.57, width 1.20. Spines: leg I, femur apophysis with retrolateral curved tip, one d 1±1±1, p 0-0-d1-1-d1, r 0-d1-d1; tibia v 2± ventral/prolateral shorter projection. Primary 2±2, p and r 1±1; metatarsus v 2bas, p and r conductor absent, only sclerotized stripe re- 1±0, d 2ap. II ϭ I. III, femur d 1±1±1, p and mains. Secondary conductor with two lateral r 0-d1-d1; tibia v p1±2±2, p and r d1±1, d prongs, one at each side of end of canal; pro- r1±1; metatarsus v 2±0-p1 and group of api- lateral portion with rounded lobe ®tting un- cal hairs, p and r 0±1±1, d 0-p1-r1-2. IV, der embolus; canal ending in pointed projec- femur d 1±1±1, p and r d1ap; patella r 1; tibia tion, with prolateral, rugose prong; retrola- ϭ III; metatarsus v 2-p1-p1 and group of api- teral portion large, weakly sclerotized, mem- cal hairs, p and r d1±1±1, d 0-p1±2. Abdo- branous at apical/retrolateral side, with basal men length 4.52, width 2.00, spiracle±epi- elevated prong. gastrium 2.07, spiracle±spinnerets 0.80. Col- VARIABILITY: The three cheliceral teeth on or: yellow with small brown dots on legs I right retromargin of paratype are abnormal. and II, patellae III and IV with dorsal apical Spines: metatarsus IV v 2±2-p1, p 0±1±1. spot. Dorsum with pattern of darker dots, ab- NATURAL HISTORY: This species builds re- domen with white guanine reticulum on treats on foliage, most commonly on ``coli- sides, and ventral median dark band from hue'' bamboos (Chusquea spp., ®g. 131A, epigastrium to tracheal spiracle. Epigyne (®g. B). 132F, G): lateral lobes separate, median ®eld DISTRIBUTION: Humid forests in Chile, in rugose, slightly elevated at sides of anterior Osorno, Llanquihue and ChiloeÂ provinces. pouch. Anterior pouch wide, surrounded by OTHER MATERIAL EXAMINED: ARGENTI- U-shaped suture, posterior border reaching NA: NeuqueÂn: Puerto Blest, 7±20.I.2000, L. epigastric furrow. Margins of lateral lobes Lopardo and A. Quaglino, 2 immatures continued into semicircular anterior carinae. (MACN-Ar). CHILE: RegioÂn X (Los La- Copulatory ducts surrounding spermathecae. gos): Osorno: El Mirador, 45 km W La MALE (paratype): Total length 7.71. Cara- UnioÂn, 900 m, 1±2.III.1987, L. PenÄa, 4( 3& pace length 3.33, width 2.60. Length of tibia/ (AMNH); Puyehue Natl. Park: 700 m, metatarsus: I, 6.12/4.92; II, 5.65/4.26; III, 9.XII.1994, L. PenÄa, 1& (AMNH); 480 m, 3.46/2.60; IV, 4.12/3.46. Chelicerae as those 40Њ44ЈS, 72Њ18ЈW, 21.XI.1993, N. Platnick, of the female, right retromargin with three K. Catley, M. RamõÂrez, T. Allen, 2& teeth (apical one smaller). Sternum length (AMNH, eggsac in MACN-Ar, photo MJR 1.63, width 1.27. Spines as in female, except: 1411±1413), 1&, 1 eggsac, 1 immature leg I, tibia d r1-0-1-0. II, tibia ϭ I. III, femur (MACN-Ar); 12 km SE Aguas Calientes, p 0-d1-1-d1; patella r d1; metatarsus d 0-p1± 700 m, 21.XI.1993, N. Platnick, K. Catley, 2. IV, metatarsus p 0±1±1. Abdomen length M. RamõÂrez, T. Allen, 1& (AMNH); Aguas 4.52, width 1.85, spiracle±epigastrium 2.03, Calientes, 13±17.XII.1998, M. RamõÂrez, L. spiracle±spinnerets 0.67. Color as in female. Compagnucci, C. Grismado, L. Lopardo, 4 Palp (®g. 132B±E): tibia width/length 0.75, immatures (MACN-Ar). Llanquihue: Alerce cymbium relatively large. Sperm duct with Andino Natl. Park, elev. 100 m, 41Њ35ЈS, loop approximating anterior ventral margin 72Њ41ЈS, 23.XI.1993, N. Platnick, K. Catley, of tegulum, which projects over paramedian M. RamõÂrez, T. Allen, 1& (AMNH).

← Fig. 129. Tasata unipunctata (Simon). A. Male (lectotype). B. Female (paralectotype). C. Male palp, ventral view (lectotype). D. Same, retrolateral view. E. Detail of copulatory bulb, prolateral view, cleared (SaÄo Paulo, Bocaina). F. Male eyes, anterior view (lectotype). G. Epigyne, ventral view (paralectotype). H. Same, cleared. Scale bars ϭ A, B, 2 mm; C, D, F, 0.5 mm; E, 0.2 mm; G, H, 0.1 mm. (E ϭ embolus; St ϭ subtegulum; T ϭ tegulum.) 240 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY NO. 277

Fig. 130. Tasata taim,n.sp.A. Male (holotype). B. Male palp, ventral view. C. Same, retrolateral view. D. Copulatory bulb, retrolateral-ventral view. E. Same, cleared, detail prolateral. F. Cleared epigyne, ventral view (paratype, spermathecae collapsed during clearing). G. Cleared epigyne, ventral view (MCTP 6852). Scale bars ϭ A, 1 mm; B, C, 0.25 mm; D, E 0.2 mm; F, G, 0.1 mm. (E ϭ embolus; St ϭ subtegulum; T ϭ tegulum.)

Tasata centralis, new species Tasata by having a bi®d male paramedian Figures 133, 134 apophysis (®g. 133B), and by the ¯attened anterior projections at the sides of the epi- TYPES: Male holotype from Argentina, CoÂrdoba province, Calamuchita, ca. 31Њ55ЈS, gynal anterior pouch (®g. 134C). 64Њ38ЈW, XII.1941, J.M. Viana, deposited in FEMALE (Tilcara, not type): Total length MACN-Ar 9804. 5.20. Carapace length 1.93, width 1.45, wid- ETYMOLOGY: The speci®c name refers to er on legs II±III. AME 2/3 ALE. Length of its distribution through central Argentina. tibia/metatarsus: I, 1.97/1.75; II, 1.57/1.38; DIAGNOSIS: Distinguished from all other III, 1.03/1.15; IV, 1.62/1.83. Palpal tarsus 2003 RAMIÂREZ: SPIDER SUBFAMILY AMAUROBIOIDINAE 241

Fig. 131. Tasata chiloensis, n. sp. (Osorno, Puyehue, photos MJR 1411, 1413). A. Retreat on bamboo. B. Same, female guarding eggsac.

length 0.70. Chelicerae with ®ve small teeth width/length 0.75. Sperm duct with loop ap- on retromargin. Sternum length 1.03, width proximating anterior ventral margin of te- 0.85. Spines: leg I, femur d 1±1±1, p (1- gulum, evident spiral loop before reaching d1)ap, r d1ap; tibia v 2±2±2, p and r d1±1; embolus. Embolus with membranous ventral metatarsus v 2bas, p and r 1±0, d 0-p1±2. II, area, without basal process. Median apoph- femur d 1±1±1, p and r d1ap; tibia and meta- ysis with short splinters at base. Paramedian tarsus ϭ I. III, femur d 1±1±1, p and r 0-d1- apophysis bi®d, retrolateral tip pointed, pro- d1; patella r d1; tibia v p1±2±2, p and r d1± lateral tip ¯attened, rounded. Primary con- 1, d r1-0-1-0; metatarsus v 2±2±2, p and r ductor elongate, pointed. Secondary conduc- d1±1±1, d 0-p1±2. IV, femur ϭ II; patella r tor totally divided by narrow membranous d1; tibia and metatarsus ϭ III. Abdomen area (®g. 133A); prolateral portion with two length 3.17, width 2.27, spiracle±epigastrium projections, one median bearing canal, anoth- 1.50, spiracle±spinnerets 0.53. Color: cara- er prolateral beak-shaped, arising from ¯at- pace pale grayish with dark ocular area and tened process; canal not evident, because en- lateral dark stripes with some radial darker tire central area membranous; retrolateral lines. Legs pale grayish with many dark dots portion complex, with internal concavity. on femora, spots on other segments. Sternum VARIABILITY: Some specimens have a dor- grayish with center yellow. Abdomen yellow, sal abdominal dark band, wider behind car- dorsum with tenuous median longitudinal diac area. pattern, venter yellow with some dark dots. NATURAL HISTORY: Unknown. Epigyne (®g. 134C): lateral lobes well sep- DISTRIBUTION: Argentina, from Jujuy to arated, projecting anteriorly at sides of pouch; anterior pouch wide, deeply notched, Chubut provinces. median ®eld slightly elevated at sides of the OTHER MATERIAL EXAMINED: ARGENTI- anterior pouch. NA: Jujuy: Tilcara, V.1983, P. Goloboff, 1& MALE (holotype): Total length 4.65. Car- (MACN-Ar). CoÂrdoba: Calamuchita, ``El apace length 2.13, width 1.60. Length of tib- Sauce'', XII.1941, 2 immatures (MACN-Ar); ia/metatarsus: I, 2.97/2.27; II, 1.87/1.67; III, Huerta Grande, II.1943, collector unknown, 1.22/1.30; IV, 2.43/2.03. Chelicerae slightly 1( (MACN-Ar). Buenos Aires: Carmen de longer than those of female. Sternum length Patagones, II.1937, J.M. Viana, 2& (MACN- 1.13, width 0.90. Spines as in female, except: Ar 250); N Lavalle, Salina Las Barrancas, leg III, tibia v 2±2±2. IV, tibia v 2±2±2. Ab- 28.V.1951, B.S. Gerschman, 1( (MACN-Ar domen length 2.17, width 1.27, spiracle±epi- 3295). La Pampa: Laguna Luro, 8.IV.1962, gastrium 1.10, spiracle±spinnerets 0.37. Col- collector's name illegible, 1( (MACN-Ar or as in female, but abdomen with white gua- 9805). NeuqueÂn: ciudad de NeuqueÂn, no nine reticulum, dorsal pattern grayish violet, date, O. de Ferrariis, 1& (MACN-Ar); De- wider behind cardiac area, with very dark an- partamento Limay, Mahuida, 20.VIII± terior dot. Palp (®gs. 133, 134A, B): tibia 7.IX.1963, J.M. Gallardo, 1& (MACN-Ar). 242 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY NO. 277

Fig. 132. Tasata chiloensis, n. sp., female holotype, male from Osorno, El Mirador. A. Female. B. Male palp, ventral view. C. Same, retrolateral view. D. Male copulatory bulb, retrolateral view. E. Same, apical view. F. Epigyne, ventral view. G. Same, cleared. Scale bars ϭ A, 1 mm; B, C, 0.5 mm; D±G, 0.2 mm.

Chubut: PenõÂnsula de Valdez, Punta Norte, Synonymized with Oxysoma Nicolet by Simon, 2.VIII.1972, M. Rumboll, 1& (MACN-Ar). 1897a: 30, 92, 96, 100.

DIAGNOSIS: The single known species re- PHIDYLE SIMON sembles Monapia and some Oxysoma in hav- Table 28 ing a membranous area dividing the second- Phidyle Simon, 1880: 228, 286 (type species by ary conductor (®g. 135D), but it can be dis- monotypy Sparassus punctipes Nicolet, 1849). tinguished by having a narrow, elevated epi- 2003 RAMIÂREZ: SPIDER SUBFAMILY AMAUROBIOIDINAE 243

Fig. 133. Tasata centralis, n. sp., male copulatory bulb (Buenos Aires, Salina Las Barrancas). A. Apical view: arrow points to membranous area dividing C2. B. Retrolateral view. (C2p ϭ prolateral portion of C2; C2r ϭ retrolateral portion of C2; E ϭ embolus; MA ϭ median apophysis; PMA ϭ paramedian apophysis.) gynal median ®eld (®g. 135B), greatly rior ventral margin of tegulum, then running modi®ed secondary conductor, and by lack- through tegular margin before entering em- ing the synapomorphies of those genera. bolus (®g. 137C). Embolar base with longi- DESCRIPTION: Chelicerae with three teeth tudinal projecting ridge, without basal pro- on promargin, two on retromargin, similar in cess, with small ventral membranous area male and female. Legs spinose in both sexes. (®g. 135C). Apex of paramedian apophysis Tracheal spiracle closer to spinnerets than to with retrolateral curved projection, prolateral epigastrium. Male palpal tibia long, about blunt cusp. Primary conductor wide, well two times longer than wide (®g. 137B). sclerotized. Secondary conductor totally di- Sperm duct with curve approximating ante- vided by membranous area (®g. 135D), well

Fig. 134. Tasata centralis,n.sp.A. Male copulatory bulb, ventral view (La Pampa, MACN-Ar 9805). B. Same, retrolateral view. C. Cleared epigyne, ventral view (Jujuy, Tilcara). Scale bars ϭ 0.2 mm. 244 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY NO. 277

TABLE 28 dark small spots. Legs with small spots at Autapomorphies of Phidyle punctipes bases of spines and setae, dorsal apical spot on tarsi. Sternum with small spot in front of each coxae, those of coxa IV contiguous. Ab- domen with dorsal pattern of dark spots, dots, pale stripe surrounding cardiac area and dorsal pattern. Venter with small spots, two larger at sides of tracheal spiracle. Epigyne: see generic description. MALE (Fray Jorge): Total length 5.05. Car- separated from anterior margin of tegulum apace length 2.17, width 1.73. Length of tib- by membranous area (sperm duct describing ia/metatarsus: I, 3.46/2.73; II, 2.87/2.33; III, curve bordering this area); prolateral portion 1.87/1.80; IV, 2.40/2.53. Chelicerae similar with canal vestigial, fused to anterior dorsal to those of female. Sternum length 1.22, margin of tegulum; retrolateral portion com- width 0.97. Spines as in female, except: legs plex, with several projections, one acute, I and II, metatarsus v 2-r1±0. III, IV, meta- with sort of longitudinal canal. Epigyne (®gs. tarsus v 2-(p1±2)-2 (normally 2±2±2). Ab- 135B, 137E±G): median ®eld elongate, ele- domen length 2.83, width 1.83, spiracle±epi- vated, anterior pouch well de®ned. Copula- gastrium 1.33, spiracle±spinnerets 0.42. Col- tory openings at sides of anterior pouch. or as in female. Palp: see generic description. Copulatory ducts approximately parallel, NATURAL HISTORY: This species builds re- close to suture between lateral lobes and me- treats on foliage of trees or shrubs. dian ®eld. Ducts of accessory bulbs short. VARIABILITY: Many specimens with abdo- COMPOSITION: Only the type species. men dark at all sides, pale dorsally, sometimes with four dorsal dark spots on the pale Phidyle punctipes (Nicolet) area. Some females with narrower epigynal Figures 135B±D, 136, 137 median ®eld and small notch on anterior Sparassus punctipes Nicolet, 1849: 418 (female pouch (compare ®g. 137E and G). holotype from Chile, Valdivia, in MHNP, ex- DISTRIBUTION: Southern forests and chap- amined). arrals in Chile, from the relict forest in Fray Sparassa punctipes: Simon, 1864: 396. Jorge to Palena and ChiloeÂ provinces. Phidyle punctipes: Simon, 1880: 287. OTHER MATERIAL EXAMINED: CHILE: Re- Oxysoma punctipes (not O. p. Nicolet, 1849: 512): gioÂn IV (Coquimbo): LimarõÂ: Fray Jorge Simon, 1897a: 100. Natl. Park, 579 m, valdivian forest relic, pit- DIAGNOSIS: See generic diagnosis. falls, 3.XI.1981, N. Platnick and R. Schuh, FEMALE (Fray Jorge): Total length 6.65. 1( (AMNH); elev. 580 m, 10.XI.1993, Carapace length 2.90, width 2.23, wider on 30Њ40ЈS, 71Њ41ЈW, N. Platnick, K. Catley, M. legs II±III. Length of tibia/metatarsus: I, RamõÂrez, T. Allen, 2( 2&,1& (AMNH, pho- 3.27/2.53; II, 2.87/1.97; III, 2.00/1.87; IV, tos MJR 1306±1308), 1( 1& (MACN-Ar), 2.53/2.73. Palpal tarsus length 0.73. Chelic- 1( 1& (MHNS). Choapa: El Bato (farm in erae unmodi®ed, with two teeth on retromar- mountains), E Illapel, 10.X.1985, L. PenÄa, gin. Sternum length 1.50, width 1.17. Spines: 3& (AMNH); 22 mi N Los Vilos, leg I, femur d 1±1±1, p and r 0-d1-d1; tibia 13.XII.1950, Ross and Michelbacher, 1& v 2±2±2, p and r d1±1, d r1-0-1-0; metatarsus (CAS); 25.IX.1971, J. Solervicens, 1( (UC); v 2bas, p and r d1±1±1, d 0-p1±2. II, femur N Los Vilos, 3.X.1990, L. PenÄa, 1& d 1±1±1, p 0-0-d1-1-d1, r 0-d1-d1; tibia ϭ I; (AMNH); Los Vilos, Cariloleu, 11.X.1994, metatarsus ϭ I. III, femur ϭ II; patella r d1; L. PenÄa, 2& (AMNH); Pichidangui, 32Њ08ЈS, tibia ϭ I; metatarsus ϭ I, but v 2-p1±2. IV, 71Њ32ЈW, 12.VIII.1966, E. Schlinger, 1&,2( femur d 1±1±1, p 0-d1-d1, r d1ap; patella r (CAS). Coquimbo: Fundo Palo Colorado, d1; tibia ϭI; metatarsus ϭ I, but v 2±2±2. QuilimarõÂ, 9.VIII.1971, R. CalderoÂn, 1& Abdomen length 4.25, width 2.65, spiracle± (UC). RegioÂn V (ValparaõÂso): Petorca: Pe- epigastrium 1.67, spiracle±spinnerets 0.73. torca, 8.X.1986, L.E. PenÄa, 1& (AMNH); Color (®g. 136): pale grayish yellow, with Zapallar, 27.XI.1950, Ross and Michelbach- 2003 RAMIÂREZ: SPIDER SUBFAMILY AMAUROBIOIDINAE 245

Fig. 135. A. Tasata parcepunctata Simon, epigyne, ventral view (Buenos Aires, Isla MartõÂn GarcõÂa). B±D. Phidyle punctipes (Nicolet) (LimarõÂ, Fray Jorge). B. Epigyne, ventral view. C. Male copulatory bulb, ventral-retrolateral view. D. Same, apical view: arrow points to membranous area dividing C2. Scale bars ϭ 0.1 mm. (C2p ϭ prolateral portion of C2; C2r ϭ retrolateral portion of C2; E ϭ embolus; MA ϭ median apophysis; PMA ϭ paramedian apophysis.) er, 1&,1&,1&,1& (CAS). Quillota: Cuesta 14.XII.1980, L. PenÄa, 2( (AMNH). San An- El MeloÂn, nr. La Calera, 15.XI.1985, L. tonio: Quebrada de CoÂrdoba, nr. El Tabo, 1± PenÄa, 1& (AMNH); Cuesta La Dormida, 4.XI.1985, L. PenÄa, 2& (AMNH), 15± 26.IX.1995, A. Ugarte, 1& (AMNH). Val- 20.II.1979, L. PenÄa, 1( 1& (AMNH). Re- paraõÂso: 10 mi N ConcoÂn, 16.XII.1950, Ross gioÂn Metropolitana (Santiago): Santiago: and Michelbacher, 1& (CAS); central Coast Ciudad de Santiago (habitacioÂn), 16.V.1961, (no speci®c locality), 31.X.1982, no collec- R. Donoso, 1( (AMNH); Melipilla, La Vil- tor, 3( (AMNH); Cuesta El MeloÂn, uma, 13±14.V.1980, L. PenÄa, 1(,1& 3.XI.1981, L. PenÄa, 1( (AMNH); Quintero, (AMNH); Quilicura, V.1979, L. PenÄa, 1& 11±12.V.1961, R. Donoso and A. Archer, 6( (AMNH). RegioÂn VII (Maule): CuricoÂ: El 1& (AMNH); pitfalls in relict forest, Coigo, Cordillera CuricoÂ, 23.III.1983, L. 12.VIII.1968, R. CalderoÂn G., 1(,1& PenÄa, 1( (AMNH). Cauquenes: Agua Bue- (AMNH), 12.XII.1980, L. PenÄa, 1& na, 12.VI.1984, L. Irrazaval, 1& (AMNH); (AMNH); relict forest, 21.XII.1988, V. and Tregualemu, 520 m, 6±7.XI.1993, L. PenÄa B. Roth, 1( (CAS); ValparaõÂso, and A. Ugarte, 1& (AMNH). RegioÂn VIII 15.VIII.1961, J. Kothmann, 1( (AMNH). (BiobõÂo): NÄ uble: Cobquecura, 8±9.XI.1993, San Felipe de Aconcagua: Cachagua, L. PenÄa, 1& (AMNH); Las Cabras, 26± 246 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY NO. 277

20.XI.1994, L. PenÄa, 2& (AMNH); N Ralco/ Trapa-Trapa, 21±22.XI.1994, P. PenÄa, 1& (AMNH); W Ralco, Santa BaÂrbara, 400 m, 22±23.XI.1994, L. PenÄa, 2& (AMNH). Re- gioÂn IX (AraucanõÂa): Malleco: El Manzano (Arauco/Malleco Provs.), Cordillera Nahuel- buta, 3±5.III.1986, L. PenÄa, 1( (AMNH). CautõÂn: 5.III.1986, L. PenÄa, 1( (AMNH); PucoÂn, 15.XI±2.XII.1980, Malaise trap in peninsula, S.A. Marshall, 1 vial (number of specimens not recorded) (AMNH); lakeshore, dung traps, 15.XI±XII.1989, S.A. Marshall, 1& (AMNH); pan trap under Mal- aise on point, 8±13.Xi.1989, S.A. Marshall, 1& (AMNH); Tolten (coastal town), 27.II.1979, L. PenÄa, 2( (AMNH). RegioÂn X (Los Lagos): Valdivia: Huachocopihue, 7.III.1965, H. Levi, 1( (MCZ); Isla Teja, Fig. 136. Phidyle punctipes (Nicolet), female farmland, 6.III.1965, H. Levi, 1( (MCZ); (LimarõÂ, Fray Jorge, photo MJR 1307). Santo Domingo, 19.IX.1976, E. Krahmer, 2& (AMNH); Valdivia, 12.X.1976, E. Krahmer, 8& (AMNH); XI±XII.1982, E. Krahmer, 3& 28.XII.1986, L. UmanÄa, 2& (AMNH); Los (MHNS 700), 1983, E. Krahmer, 2( (MHNS Lleuques, 5±20.XII.1985, L. UmanÄa, 1& 827). Osorno: hills S MaicolpueÂ, 64 km W (AMNH). ConcepcioÂn: Agua Larga, Osorno, elev. 50 m, 19.II.1992, M. RamõÂrez, 23.III.1996, T. Cekalovic, 1& (AMNH); road N. Platnick, P. Goloboff, 1& (AMNH); An- Chome-Ramuntcho, 8.XI.1996, T. Cekalovic, ticura, 26±31.VII, 1±5.VIII.1983, L. PenÄa, 5& (AMNH); Cerro Caracol, ConcepcioÂn, 6& (AMNH), 19±29.X.1985, L. PenÄa, 1& elev. 200 m, 36Њ51ЈS, 73Њ02ЈW, 17.XI.1993, (AMNH); Osorno, VIII.1977, A. Tobar, 1& N. Platnick, K. Catley, M. RamõÂrez, T. Allen, (AMNH); 10 km E Puyehue, 24.I.1951, Ross 1& (MACN-Ar, photos MJR 1379, 1380), and Michelbacher, 1& (CAS); Puyehue Natl. EscuadroÂn, 18.XI.1996, 1&, 3.IV.1988, TC- Park, Anticura, 1.XI.1982, 1& (MHNS 705); 205, 2(, 10.IV.1988, 2( 1&,1(, 3.IX.1988, Pucatrihue, I±III.1968, L. PenÄa, 1& penulti- 1&, T. Cekalovic (AMNH); Estero NongueÂn, mate, 1& (MCZ); 26±28.III.1968, L. PenÄa, 14.III.2001, T. Cekalovic, 1( (AMNH); Fun- 3(,1(,1( (MCZ), 12.IV.1986, L. PenÄa, 1& do El Manzano, 8.XI.1992, T. Cekalovic, 1& (MCZ). Llanquihue: Cerro Derrumbe, (AMNH); HualpeÂn, 16.V.1975, Quesada, 1& 14.III.1974, R. CalderoÂn, 2( (UC); Corren- (AMNH); 7.VI.1996, T. Cekalovic, 2( 13& toso, XII.1969, L. PenÄa, 2& (MCZ); N Cor- (AMNH); Penco, 18.IX.1986, T. Cekalovic, rentoso, IV±V.1989, 1(, VI±VII.1989, 1( 2& (AMNH); PenõÂnsula Tumbes, Playa Bra- 6&, L. PenÄa (AMNH); N Correntoso, NE va, 3.X.1983, T. Cekalovic, 1& (AMNH); Puerto Montt, VIII.IX.1989, L. PenÄa, 2& Periquillo, 4.IV.1994, 1(, 16.IX.1996, 1& (AMNH); Chamisa, 13.XII.1968, L. PenÄa, penultimate, 21.XII.1996, 1&, 10.IV.1997, 1& (MCZ); Cerro Hornohuinco, Correntoso, 2(, 22.III.1997, 1(, T. Cekalovic (AMNH); XII.1968, L. PenÄa, 1& (MCZ); 4 km S Los Laguna San Pedro, 23.XI.1994, T. Cekalovic, Muermos, 170 m, Nothofagus-Podocarpus 2& (AMNH); Lagunillas, 6.XI.1993, T. Cek- assoc., 12.XI.1966, E. Schlinger, M. Irwin, alovic, TC-366, 1& (AMNH). Arauco: Villa 1& (CAS); Vicente PeÂrez Rosales Natl. Park, Melilla, Lago Lanalhue, 12.IV.1997, T. Cek- Cayutue, road to Calbutue, 19.III.1974, 3& alovic, 6(,1& (AMNH). BiobõÂo: Caledonia, (UC); PetrohueÂ, 29.III.1968, L. PenÄa, 2( E Mulchen, 700 m, 10±15.II.1981, L.E. (MCZ). ChiloeÂ: Isla de ChiloeÂ: Canan, PenÄa, 1& (AMNH); Lenga, Teta Norte, 26.II.1972, T. Cekalovic, TC-38, 1& 12.III.1979, M. Casanueva, 1( (UC); Los (AMNH); Dalcahue, 3.IV.1967, L. PenÄa, Morongos, E Los Niches, 600 m, 17± 10( (MCZ), 1±4.IV.1968, L. PenÄa, 1( 2003 RAMIÂREZ: SPIDER SUBFAMILY AMAUROBIOIDINAE 247

Fig. 137. Phidyle punctipes (Nicolet). A. Female (holotype). B. Male palp, retrolateral view (LimarõÂ, Fray Jorge). C. Same, copulatory bulb, ventral view. D. Same, retrolateral view. E. Epigyne, ventral view (Fray Jorge). F. Cleared epigyne, ventral view (holotype). G. Same, dorsal view. Scale bars ϭ A, 2 mm; B, 0.4 mm; C±E, 0.2 mm; F, G, 0.1 mm.

(MCZ); Terao, S Chonchi, 10±20.III.1988, Simon, 1897). Gerschman and Schiapelli, 1970: 1( 2& 18±21.I.1990, 1&, L. PenÄa (AMNH). 131±135. RamõÂrez, 1995a: 366, 381, 1995b: 78. Palena: ChaiteÂn, XII.1985, L. PenÄa, 9& Revised by RamõÂrez, 1995b, 1999. (AMNH). Locality Not Found: Cuesta las DIAGNOSIS: Resembles Oxysoma, Phidyle, Siete Vueltas, 29.IV.1980, R. CalderoÂn, 1( Tasata, and Araiya in having spinose meta- (UC). No Locality: Coll. G. Mann F. (pre- tarsi of legs I and II (in both sexes, and im- sumably from Chile), 50±6, 1( (MHNS). matures), but it can be distinguished by hav- Mistaken Locality: Santiago Prov., Malleco, ing a transverse epigynal anterior pouch and XI.1979, L. PenÄa, 2&,2&,1& (AMNH) (see a median depression between the lateral RamõÂrez, 1995b: 83). lobes, which is ®lled by a copulatory plug in mated females. Two species with greatly MONAPIA SIMON modi®ed epigyne (Monapia lutea and Mon- Table 29 apia huaria) have only a vestige of the an- Monapia Simon, 1897a: 93, 96, 97, 101 (type spe- terior pouch, with the median depression no cies by original designation Monapia atomaria longer recognizable (as well as most of the 248 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY NO. 277

TABLE 29 Synapomorphies of Monapia and Internal Clades 2003 RAMIÂREZ: SPIDER SUBFAMILY AMAUROBIOIDINAE 249

Fig. 138. Females of Monapia spp. A. Monapia dilaticollis (Nicolet) (NÄ uble, Recinto, photo MJR 37). B. M. pichinahuel RamõÂrez (Talca, Vilches, photo MJR 1374). C. M. ®erro RamõÂrez (Buenos Aires, Sierra de la Ventana, photo MJR 1). D. M. vittata (Simon) (Osorno, VolcaÂn Casablanca, photo MJR 1421). E. M. guenoana RamõÂrez (Entre RõÂos, Gualeguay, photo MJR 305). median ®eld), and lack copulatory plugs; amined) are unrecognizable, being probably they are however easily distinguished by Monapia. having an ample, median copulatory open- TYPES NOT EXAMINED: Monapia moreirae ing. Three species (clade 152) with elongate Mello LeitaÄo, 1915 (male and female syn- body and spinose forelegs (e.g., ®g. 138E) types, presumably in MNRJ, not found). resemble some Oxysoma and Tasata. DESCRIPTION: See RamõÂrez (1995b, 1999). Monapia vittata (Simon) NOTE: The hypotheses of relationships be- Figure 138D tween Monapia species remain the same as proposed in RamõÂrez (1995b, 1999), except Tomopisthes vittatus Simon, 1884: 135. Monapia vittata: RamõÂrez, 1995b: 81, 1999: 418. for the further resolution in the placement of Monapia alupuran. DESCRIPTION AND DIAGNOSIS: See RamõÂrez DISTRIBUTION: Southern Chile, Argentina, (1995b, 1999). Additional data are provided and Uruguay. below. COMPOSITION: Thirteen species detailed be- FEMALE: Spines: leg I, femur d 1±1±1, p low and in RamõÂrez (1999). and r 0-d1-d1; tibia v 2±2±2, p and r d1±1; NOMEN DUBIUM: Specimens of Clubiona metatarsus v 2bas, p and r 1, d 0-p1±2. II ϭ citrina Nicolet, 1849 (three immature syn- I. III, femurϭI; patella r d1; tibia v p1±2±2 types badly preserved, in MHNP 4227, ex- or 2±2±2, p and r d1±1, d r1-0-1-0; metatar- 250 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY NO. 277 sus v 2±2±2, p and r d1±1±1, d 0-p1±2. IV 1& (USNM), same, in rotten wood, 1(, ϭ III. (USNM). MALE: Spines as in female. NOTE: The female recorded from Santiago, NEW RECORDS: ARGENTINA: NeuqueÂn: far north from the known distribution of the Lago NompehueÂn, NW AlumineÂ, 12.I.1985, species, is quite similar to the high-altitude E. Maury and A. Toth, 1& penultimate variants from NeuqueÂn and Osorno (®g. (MACN-Ar); San MartõÂn de los Andes, Cerro 138D; RamõÂrez, 1995b: ®gs. 46, 50). Chapelco, 1700 m, II.1961, M. Galiano, 5& (MACN-Ar 5292). RõÂo Negro: Lago Nahuel Monapia alupuran RamõÂrez Huapi, Havrylenko, 1950, 4( 10& (MACN- Monapia alupuran RamõÂrez, 1995b: 82, 1999: Ar 5507); San Carlos de Bariloche, II.1954, 418. M.E. Galiano, 2( 1& (MACN-Ar 5413). DESCRIPTION AND DIAGNOSIS: See RamõÂrez Chubut: El Hoyo, VIII.1964, M. BirabeÂn, (1995b, 1999). Additional data are provided 1( 1& (MACN-Ar); El MaiteÂn, 20.VI.1962, below. A. KovaÂcs, 3( 5& 3 immatures (AMNH); FEMALE: Spines: leg I, femur d 1±1±1, p IX.1961, 14( 17& (MLP); Leleque, 0±1-d1, r d1ap; tibia v 2±2±2, p and r d1±1; 71Њ06ЈW, 4 2 Њ28ЈW, 12.II.1965, A. KovaÂcs, metatarsus v 2bas, p and r 1, d 2ap. II, femur 1& (AMNH); Esquel, road to La Hoya, d 1±1±1, p and r d1ap; tibia and metatarsus 16.XI.1988, V.D. Roth, 1& (CAS). Santa ϭ I. III, femur ϭ II; patella d r1; tibia v p1± Cruz: Calafate, II.1963, E. Maury, 1& 2±2, p and r d1±1, d r1-0-1-0; metatarsus v (MACN-Ar); IX.1996, G. Schmidt, 3& 2±0±2, p and r d1±1±1 or 0±1±1, d 0-p1±2. (SMF), 16.I.1980, P.A. Goloboff, 1( 1& IV, femur ϭ II; patella r d1; tibia ϭ III; (MACN-Ar); Lago San MartõÂn, X.1939, S. metatarsus v 2-p1±2 or 2±2±2, p and r d1± Radone, 1( (MACN-Ar 599); Los Cerros, 1±1 or 0±1±1, d 0-p1±2. Tres Lagos, 9.III.1948, M. BirabeÂn, 6& MALE: Same as in female, but III, meta- (MLP); IV.1949, Waring, 2( 4&,1&,2( 2& tarsus v 2-p1±2. (MLP). CHILE: RegioÂn Metropolitana NEW RECORDS: CHILE: RegioÂn VII (Santiago): Santiago: Farellones, 2500 m, (Maule): Talca: Alto de Vilches, 17± III.1983, M. Elgueta, (MHNS 735). RegioÂn 24.X.1964, L. PenÄa, 8( 6& (MCZ), 18± X (Los Lagos): Osorno: Paso Puyehue, 25.X.1964, L. PenÄa, 1& 1& penultimate 1200 m, 19.I.1969, L. PenÄa, 16& (MCZ); (MCZ). RegioÂn VIII (BiobõÂo): NÄ uble: Las Puyehue Natl. Park: Antillanca, 40Њ46Ј30ЉS, Trancas, 1200 m, 24±27.XI.1994, L. PenÄa, 72Њ11Ј30ЉW, 1050±1350 m, alpine meadow, 2( (AMNH); Las Trancas, E ChillaÂn, 29± piftall 57T1, 12±15.XII.2000, J. Miller, I. 30.XI.1990, L. PenÄa, 1& (AMNH). BiobõÂo: Agnarsson, Alvarez, J. Coddington, G. Hor- N Ralco/Trapa-Trapa, 21±22.XI.1994, P. miga, 1& (USNM), same, pitfall 56T1, 1& PenÄa, 1( (AMNH). RegioÂn X (Los Lagos): (USNM). RegioÂn XII (Magallanes y AntaÂr- Osorno: Puyehue Natl. Park, 700 m, tica): Ultima Esperanza: Torres del Paine 9.XII.1994, 2& (AMNH). Natl. Park: Laguna Larga, 51Њ1Ј30ЉS, 72Њ52Ј45ЉW, 300 m, 7.XII.2000, under rocks Monapia dilaticollis (Nicolet) in steppe, J. Miller, I. Agnarsson, 1& Figure 138A (USNM), Lago Sarmiento de Gamboa, Clubiona dilaticollis Nicolet, 1849: 436. 51Њ2Ј0ЉS, 72Њ46Ј15ЉW, 100 m, 6±9.XII.2000, Monapia dilaticollis: RamõÂrez, 1995b: 78, 1999: steppe, J. Miller, I. Agnarsson, 1&,1& 418. (USNM). Magallanes: Cerro Castillo, Na- Oxysoma del®ni: Berland, 1924: 435 (misidenti- tales, 13.XII.1960, L. PenÄa, 1& (MCZ); Isla ®cation). Navarino, Puerto Williams, 6.I.1963, P. Dar- NOTE: Simon (1905a) described Oxysoma lington, 2& (MCZ); PenõÂnsula Hardy, Isla del®ni for an immature female from the Juan Hoste, BahõÂa Orange, 2±3.I.1963, P.J. Dar- FernaÂndez Islands (type not found). Berland lington, 1& (MCZ); Laguna Parrillar Natl. (1924) identi®ed a female from Mas a Tierra Res., 53Њ24Ј15ЉS, 71Њ15Ј45ЉW, bog, 1± as belonging to that species, but it belongs 10.XII.2000, 350 m, J. Miller, I. Agnarsson, to Monapia dilaticollis (specimen in NRS, 2003 RAMIÂREZ: SPIDER SUBFAMILY AMAUROBIOIDINAE 251 examined). However, according to Simon's bara, 400 m, 22±23.XI.1994, L. PenÄa, 1( 2& original description, the PME are two times (AMNH); Fundo El Roble, Chacabuco, larger than the AME in O. del®ni, while in 17.XI.1992, L. PenÄa, 1& (AMNH). Concep- M. dilaticollis they are only slightly larger. cioÂn: Caleta Chome, 7.XII.1995, T. Cekalov- DESCRIPTION AND DIAGNOSIS: See RamõÂrez ic, 1& (AMNH); Curinam, 20.I.1996, T. Cek- (1995b, 1999). Additional data are provided alovic, 1( 1& (AMNH); Estero NongueÂn, below. 2.XI.1996, 1( 1&, 11.XI.1996, 4&, FEMALE: Spines: leg I, femur d 1±1±1, p 13.I.1997, 1&, T. Cekalovic (AMNH); Fundo 0±1-d1, r 0-d1-d1; tibia v 2±2±2, p d1±1, r El Manzano, 29.XI.1996, 7.XII.1996, T. Cek- 0±1, metatarsus v 2bas, p and r 1, d 2ap. II, alovic, 1& (AMNH); Lomas Coloradas, femur d 1±1±1, p and r 0-d1-d1; tibia and 15.X.1961, A. Archer, 2& (AMNH); metatarsus ϭ I. III, femur ϭ II; patella d r1; 24.XI.1996, T. Cekalovic, 5& (AMNH); Mi- tibia v p1±2±2 or 2±2±2, p and r d1±1, d r1- trihue, 29.XII.1996, T. Cekalovic, 2& 0-1-0; metatarsus v 2-p1±2, p and r d1±1±1, (AMNH); Palo Grande, road to Santa Juana, d 0-p1±2. IV, femur d 1±1±1, p 0-d1-d1, r 29.XII.1996, T. Cekalovic, 1& (AMNH); d1ap; patella and tibia ϭ III; metatarsus v 2± Periquillo, 7.X.1994, 1( 19&, 8.XII.1994, 2±2, p and r d1±1±1, d 0-p1±2. 4&, 13.X.1995, 1( 3&, 16.IX.1996, 2( 2&, MALE: Spines as in female. 3.XI.1996, 4&, 21.XII.1996, 2&, 22.III.1997, NEW RECORDS: ARGENTINA: NeuqueÂn: 1(, 29.XII.2000, 3&, T. Cekalovic (AMNH); LanõÂn Natl. Park: Lago Lolog, 6 km N San Quilacoya, 9.X.1993, T. Cekalovic, 2& MartõÂn de los Andes, Masner-Malaise (wet), (AMNH); Laguna Chica de San Pedro, clearing, Nothofagus (lenga), ca. 950 m, 5.XII.1994, T. Cekalovic, 4& (AMNH). Ar- Gentili property, 23.XI±1.XII.1989, S.A. auco: 2 km S Cruce Camino ColicoÂ Norte, Marshall, 1( (AMNH). CHILE: RegioÂn IV 20.X.1996, T. Cekalovic, 2& (AMNH); 5 km (Coquimbo): Choapa: CeÂspedes, Illapel, N Curanilahue, 20.X.1996, T. Cekalovic, 3& 1150 m, 13±15.X.1994, L. PenÄa, 1&, 1100 2 immatures (AMNH). BiobõÂo: W Ralco, m, 13±14.X.1990, L. PenÄa, 3( 1& (AMNH); Santa BaÂrbara, 400 m, 22±23.XI.1994, L. Los Vilos, Cariloleu, 11.X.1994, L. PenÄa, 3& PenÄa, 6& (AMNH). RegioÂn IX (Arauca- (AMNH). RegioÂn V (ValparaõÂso): Quillota: nõÂa): CautõÂn: 30 km NE Villarrica, 1± Cuesta La Dormida, 6.IX.1995, 1&,1&, 30.I.1965, L. PenÄa, 2&,1& (MCZ). RegioÂn 22.IX.1995, 1&,2( 1& 1 immature, X (Los Lagos): Valdivia: Valdivia, 26.IX.1995, 1(,1&,2( 2& 2 immatures, 12.X.1976, E. Krahmer, 1& (AMNH). Mis- 1( 1&, 20.X.1995, 1&, A. Ugarte (AMNH). taken Locality: Prov. Santiago, Malleco, RegioÂn Metropolitana (Santiago): Santia- XI.1979, L.E. PenÄa, 1( (AMNH) (see Ra- go: Bucalemi, San Antonio, 23±24.X.1994, mõÂrez, 1995b: 83). L. PenÄa, 1( 2& (AMNH); Melipilla, La Vil- uma, 13±14.V.1980, L. PenÄa, 6( 1& Monapia silvatica RamõÂrez (AMNH). Cordillera: RõÂo Clarillo Natl. Monapia silvatica RamõÂrez, 1995b: 84, 1999: 418. Res., 940 m, 26.XI.1993, 33Њ44ЈS, 70Њ28ЈW, N. Platnick, K. Catley, M. RamõÂrez, T. Allen, DESCRIPTION AND DIAGNOSIS: See RamõÂrez 2& (AMNH). RegioÂn VII (Maule): Talca: (1995b, 1999). Additional data are provided Alto de Vilches, 17±24.X.1964, L. PenÄa, 2& below. (MCZ); Las Placetas, San Clemente, 800 m, FEMALE: Spines: leg I, femur d 1±1±1, p 19±20.XI.1994, L. PenÄa, 1( (AMNH). Lin- 0±1-d1, r d1ap; tibia v 2±2±2, p and r d1±1; ares: Bullileo, Parral, 5±8.XII.1990, L. PenÄa, metatarsus v 2bas, p and r 1, d 2ap. II, femur 1( 5& (AMNH); 700 m, 5±9.XII.1990, L. d 1±1±1, p and r d1ap; tibia and metatarsus PenÄa, 2& (AMNH). Cauquenes: Treguale- ϭ I. III, femur ϭ II; patella d r1; tibia v p1± mu, 4±5.XI.1993, L. PenÄa, A. Ugarte, 1& 2±2, p and r d1±1, d r1-0-1-0; metatarsus v (AMNH); 520 m, 6±7.XI.1993, L. PenÄa and 2±0±2, p and r 0±1±1, d 0-p1±2. IV, femur A. Ugarte, 2( (AMNH). RegioÂn VIII (Bio- ϭ II; patella r d1; tibia ϭ III; metatarsus v bõÂo): NÄ uble: ChillaÂn, 2.I.1976, G. Moreno, 2-p1±2, p 0±1±1, r d1±1±1 or 0±1±1, d 0- 2& (AMNH); Cobquecura, 8±9.XI.1993, L. p1±2. PenÄa, 2( 1& (AMNH); W Ralco, Santa BaÂr- MALE: Spines as in female. 252 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY NO. 277

NEW RECORDS: CHILE: RegioÂn VII 1( (CAS). RegioÂn X (Los Lagos): Valdi- (Maule): Talca: Alto de Vilches, 17± via: Valdivia, XI±XII.1982, E. Krahmer, 1( 24.X.1964, L. PenÄa, 1& (MCZ). RegioÂn penultimate (MHNS 700). VIII (BiobõÂo): BiobõÂo: N Ralco/Trapa-Trapa, 21±22.XI.1994, P. PenÄa, 2& (AMNH). Re- Monapia huaria RamõÂrez gioÂn IX (AraucanõÂa): CautõÂn: Flor del Lago Monapia huaria RamõÂrez, 1995b: 85, 1999: 418. Ranch, Villarrica, Polo Field, 39Њ12.300ЈS, 72Њ08.367ЈW, 282 m, canopy fogging GT DESCRIPTION AND DIAGNOSIS: See RamõÂrez Nothofagus obliqua roble, 13.XII.2001, Ari- (1995b, 1999). Additional data are provided as et al., 4( 8& 8 immatures (UCB), 2& below. (AMNH), 2( 2& (MACN). RegioÂn X (Los FEMALE: Spines: leg I, femur d 1±1±1, p Lagos): Valdivia: 12.X.1976, E. Krahmer, 0±1-d1, r d1ap; tibia v 2±2±2, p and r d1±1; 1& (AMNH), 1984, E. Krahmer, 2 imma- metatarsus v 2bas, p and r 1, d 2ap. II, femur tures (MHNS 848). Mistaken Locality: Prov. d 1±1±1, p and r d1ap; tibia and metatarsus Santiago, Malleco, XI.1979, L.E. PenÄa, 2( ϭ I. III, femur ϭ II; patella d r1; tibia v p1± penultimates (AMNH) (see RamõÂrez, 1995b: 2±2 or 2±2±2, p and r d1±1, d r1-0-1-0; 83). metatarsus v 2-p1±2, p and r 0±1±1, d 0-p1± 2. IV, femur ϭ II; patella r d1; tibia ϭ III; Monapia pichinahuel RamõÂrez metatarsus v 2±2±2, p 0±1±1, r d1±1±1 or Figure 138B 0±1±1, d 0-p1±2. MALE: Spines as in female. Monapia pichinahuel RamõÂrez, 1995b: 83, 1999: 418. NEW RECORDS: CHILE: RegioÂn IV (Co- quimbo): Elqui: NÄ agueÂ, 26.IX.1980, L. DESCRIPTION AND DIAGNOSIS: See RamõÂrez PenÄa, 1& (AMNH); N. Los Vilos, 3.X.1990, (1995b, 1999). Additional data are provided L. PenÄa, 2( (AMNH). Choapa: BahõÂa Man- below. sa, N HuenteluqueÂn, 2±3.X.1993, L. PenÄa, FEMALE: Spines: leg I, femur d 1±1±1, p 1& (AMNH). 0±1-d1, r d1ap; tibia v 2±2±2, p and r d1±1; metatarsus v 2bas, p and r 1, d 2ap. II, femur Monapia lutea (Nicolet) d 1±1±1, p and r d1ap; tibia and metatarsus ϭ I. III, femur ϭ II; patella d r1; tibia v p1± Clubiona lutea Nicolet, 1849: 429. Monapia lutea: RamõÂrez, 1995b: 86, 1999: 418. 2±2, p and r d1±1, d r1-0-1-0; metatarsus v 2±0±2, p and r 0±1±1, d 0-p1±2. IV, femur DESCRIPTION AND DIAGNOSIS: See RamõÂrez ϭ II; patella r d1; tibia ϭ III; metatarsus v (1995b, 1999). Additional data are provided 2±2±2 or 2-p1±2, p 0±1±1 or d1±1±1, r d1± below. 1±1 or 0±1±1, d 0-p1±2. FEMALE: Spines: leg I, femur d 1±1±1, p MALE: Spines as in female, except leg III, 0±1-d1, r d1ap; tibia v 2±2±2, p and r d1±1; metatarsus v 2-p1±2. metatarsus v 2bas, p and r 1, d 2ap. II, femur NEW RECORDS: CHILE: RegioÂn VII d 1±1±1, p and r d1ap; tibia and metatarsus (Maule): Cauquenes: Tregualemu, 4± ϭ I. III, femur ϭ II; patella d r1; tibia v p1± 5.XI.1993, L. PenÄa, A. Ugarte, 1& (AMNH). 2±2 or 0-p1±2, p and r d1±1, d r1-0-1-0; Talca: Alto de Vilches, 17±24.X.1964, L. metatarsus v 2±0±2, p and r 0±1±1, d 0-p1± PenÄa, 7( 4& (MCZ). RegioÂn VIII (BiobõÂo): 2. IV, femur ϭ II; patella r d1; tibia v p1± NÄ uble: Las Trancas, E ChillaÂn, 29± 2±2 or p1-p1±2, p and r d1±1, d r1-0-1-0; 30.XI.1990, L. PenÄa, 4& (AMNH); Las Tran- metatarsus v 2-p1±2 or 2±2±2, p 0±1±1, r cas, II.1987, L. PenÄa, 5& (AMNH), 1200 m, d1±1±1 or 0±1±1, d 0-p1±2. 24±27.XI.1994, L. PenÄa, 12( 17& (AMNH); MALE: Spines as in female. Las Trancas, Cordillera de ChillaÂn, NEW RECORDS: ARGENTINA: RõÂo Ne- 20.XI.1976, G. Moreno, 1( (AMNH), 1± gro: El BolsoÂn, 24.XI.1962, BirabeÂn, many 10.XII.1965, L. PenÄa, 1(,1& (MCZ). Re- & (MACN-Ar), 2( 16& (MLP); 21.II.1963, gioÂn IX (AraucanõÂa): Malleco: Nahuelbuta 4( 14& (MLP); 25.IX.1962, A. KovaÂcs, Natl. Park, 1200 m, Nothofagus-Araucaria many specimens (AMNH). Chubut: El assoc., 5.XI.1966, M. Irwin and E. Schlinger, Hoyo, 1.I.1962, A. KovaÂcs, 2& (AMNH); 2003 RAMIÂREZ: SPIDER SUBFAMILY AMAUROBIOIDINAE 253

Lago Puelo Natl. Park, 20.XI.1965, A. Ko- Natl. Park: Aguas Calientes, 13±17.XII.1998, vaÂcs, 7& 1( (AMNH). CHILE: RegioÂn VII M. RamõÂrez, L. Compagnucci, C. Grismado, (Maule): Cauquenes: Tregualemu, 50 m, 4± L. Lopardo, 1& (MACN-Ar), 2& (MHNS), 5.XI.1993, L. PenÄa, A. Ugarte, 3& (AMNH); Anticura, Osorno, 12.X.1967, A. Tobar, 1& 500 m, 7.XI.1993, L. PenÄa, 1( (AMNH). (AMNH), Anticura, 40Њ40Ј0ЉS, 72Њ10Ј30ЉW, Linares: Fundo Malcho, Andes in Parral, 350 m, 13.XII.2000±2.I.2001, forest, J. Mill- 10±11.XI.1993, L. PenÄa, 2& (AMNH). Re- er, Alvarez, J. Coddington, G. Hormiga, 1& gioÂn VIII (BiobõÂo): NÄ uble: Cobquecura, 8± (USNM). Llanquihue: Lago Chapo, 9.XI.1993, L. PenÄa, 2( 2& (AMNH). Con- 14.II.1996, T. Cekalovic, 1& (AMNH); cepcioÂn: road Chome-Ramuntcho, Puerto Montt, RõÂo Blanco, 24±19.I.1983, G. 8.XI.1996, T. Cekalovic, 1&,2( (AMNH); Arriagada, 1& (MHNS 718). ChiloeÂ: Isla de Caleta Chome, 14.X.1995, T. Cekalovic, 1( ChiloeÂ: Pid-Pid, 19.II.1996, T. Cekalovic, 1& 3& (AMNH), 10.I.1997, T. Cekalovic, 1& (AMNH), 17.II.1997, T. Cekalovic, 1& (AMNH); Curinam, 14.XII.1996, T. Ceka- (AMNH); Terao, 5 km SW Chonchi, lovic, 2& (AMNH); EscuadroÂn, 18.XI.1996, 19.II.1997, 1&, 2.II.2001, 1&, T. Cekalovic T. Cekalovic, 9( (AMNH); Estero NongueÂn, (AMNH); Isla Quinchao, Hullar Alto, 14.III.2001, T. Cekalovic, 1& (AMNH); Fun- 10.II.1994, T. Cekalovic, 1& (AMNH); do El Manzano, 12.X.1996, 1&, 18.XI.1996, ``camino a yladad'', 8.II.1994, T. Cekalovic, 2&, 7.XII.1996, 3( 4&, 23.IX.1996, 1( 2&, 1& (AMNH); Isla Lemuy, Aldachildo, 29.XI.1996, 3&, T. Cekalovic (AMNH); road 20.II.1996, T. Cekalovic, 1& (AMNH). No intersection HualpeÂn-Ramuntcho, 17.X.1998, Locality: 36, 1& (IG 15765, IRSN). T. Cekalovic, 2& (AMNH); Laguna La Po- sada, 15.XII.1994, T. Cekalovic, 1( 5& Monapia ®erro RamõÂrez (AMNH); Lomas Coloradas, 15.X.1961, A. Figure 138C Archer, 3( 4 immatures (AMNH); Monapia ®erro RamõÂrez, 1999: 423. 24.XI.1996, T. Cekalovic, 4& (AMNH); Mi- trihue, 29.XII.1996, T. Cekalovic, 1& DESCRIPTION AND DIAGNOSIS: See RamõÂrez (AMNH); Periquillo, 20.IX.1999, T. Ceka- (1999). lovic, 2& (AMNH). BiobõÂo: N Ralco/Trapa- VARIABILITY: Spines: III, metatarsus v 2- Trapa, 21±22.XI.1994, P. PenÄa, 1& (AMNH); p1±2. W Ralco, Santa BaÂrbara, 400 m, 22± NEW RECORDS: ARGENTINA: Buenos 23.XI.1994, L. PenÄa, 3( 11& (AMNH). Re- Aires: Ciudad de Buenos Aires, 1952, B.S. gioÂn IX (AraucanõÂa): Malleco: Monumento Gerschman, 1& (MACN-Ar), 1966, Pallares, Natural Contulmo, 340 m, 38Њ01ЈS, 73Њ11ЈW, 1& (MACN-Ar); Orense, 10.XI.1969, C. Re- 18.XI.1993, N. Platnick, K. Catley, M. Ra- bollo, 1& (MACN-Ar); Punta lara, Ensena- mõÂrez, T. Allen, 1& (AMNH), 19± da, III.1943, A. Moreno, 1& (MLP); RõÂo Lu- 21.XII.1998, M. RamõÂrez, L. Compagnucci, jaÂn, estacioÂn FCGM, pastizal, 5.X.1993, M. C. Grismado, L. Lopardo, 1& (MACN-Ar) RamõÂrez and A. PeÂrez, 1& (MACN-Ar); Ro- CautõÂn: Flor del Lago Ranch, Villarrica, sas, F.C.G.S., date and collector unknown, Polo Field, 39Њ12.300ЈS, 72Њ08.367ЈW, 282 3& (MACN-Ar). m, canopy fogging GT Nothofagus obliqua roble, 13.XII.2001, Arias et al., 1( 2& Monapia carolina RamõÂrez (UCB), 1( 1& (MACN); Monte Verde, Ca- Figure 139A±D vahue, 31.I.1993, L. PenÄa, 3& (AMNH); Pu- Monapia carolina RamõÂrez, 1999: 427. coÂn lakeshore, dung traps, 15.XI±5.XII.1989, S.A. Marshall, 1& (AMNH). RegioÂn X (Los DIAGNOSIS: See RamõÂrez (1999). Males are Lagos): Valdivia: Nancul, Fundo ``El very similar to those of Monapia ®erro in Lingue'', 8.II.1993, T. Cekalovic, 1& genitalia, but they can be distinguished by (AMNH); Mashue (?), on leaves, 11± having a longer tip on the paramedian apoph- 15.II.1974, L. Alvarez, 2& (AMNH); Valdi- ysis. via, 12.X.1976, E. Krahmer, 3( 1& FEMALE: See RamõÂrez (1999). (AMNH), 1984, E. Krahmer, 1( 1& 1 im- MALE (Pampa de Achala): Total length mature (MHNS 848). Osorno: Puyehue 5.32. Carapace length 2.63, width 2.03. 254 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY NO. 277

Length of tibia/metatarsus: I, 1.97/1.70; II, DIAGNOSIS: See RamõÂrez (1999). Males re- 1.70/1.50; III, 1.50/1.50; IV, 2.07/2.47. Che- semble those of Monapia guenoana in hav- licerae slightly narrower than those of fe- ing an anterior cheliceral spine, but can be male. Sternum length 1.47, width 1.10. distinguished by having a thicker embolus. Spines: leg I, femur d 1±1±1, p 0-0-1-d1, r FEMALE: See RamõÂrez (1999). 1ap; tibia with two rows of ventral spines, MALE (San Isidro): Total length ca. 6.15. six prolateral, ®ve retrolateral, approximately Carapace length 2.17, width 1.37. Length of 2-2-2-2-p1-2 (left) and 2-2-2-p1-0-2 (right), tibia/metatarsus: I, 3.86/3.10; II, 2.53/1.97; p and r 1±1; metatarsus v 2bas, p and r 1, d III, 1.35/1.10; IV, 3.59/2.67. Chelicerae 0-p1±2. II, femur d 1±1±1, p and r 0-d1-d1; small, narrow, anterior face with black spot, tibia v 2-2-2-0-2, p and r 1±1; metatarsus ϭ thick spine close to clypeus. Sternum length I. III, femur ϭ II; patella r d1; tibia v 2±2± 1.25, width 0.87. Spines: leg I, femur d 1± 2 (the r1bas smaller), p and r 1±1; metatarsus 1±1, p 0-0-v1-d1 and an oblique apical line v 2±0±2, p and r d1±1±1, d 0-p1±2. IV, fe- of thick bristles, r 1ap; tibia v 2-2-2-2-0, d mur d 1±1±1, p and r 1ap; patella and tibia r1±1 bristles; metatarsus v 2±2±2(probably ϭ III; metatarsus v 2±2±2, p and r d1±1±1, the p and r displaced)-0±0, d 2-p1-r1-0-2. II, d 0-p1±2. Abdomen length 2.73, width 1.63, femur d 1±1±1, p and r d1ap; tibia v 2-r1-2- spiracle±epigastrium 1.07, spiracle spinnerets r1-2 (both x-r1-x-r1-x are probably the r d1± 0.43. Color as in female. Palp (®g. 139A±D): 1 displaced), p d1±1, d r1±1 bristles; meta- tibia width/length 0.79. Retrolateral margin tarsus v 2-r1(probably the r displaced)-r1±0, of cymbium with slight basal notch. Sperm p 1±0, d p1±2. III, femur d 1±1±1, p 0-d1- duct with anterior ventral loop not evident. d1, r d1ap; tibia v p1-p1±0, p and r d1±1, d Embolus thick, sinuous. Apex of paramedian r1±1; metatarsus v 2±0±1 or 2bas, p 0-d1±1, apophysis thin, hook-shaped. Primary con- r 0-v1-v1, d p1±2. IV, femur d 1±1±1; tibia ductor triangular. Secondary conductor di- v 2±2±2, p and r d1±1, d r1±1; metatarsus v vided by membranous area with blunt lobe 2-(p1-r1)-1, p d1±1±1, r d1±1±1 (very large), close to retrolateral portion; prolateral por- d 0-p1±2. Abdomen length ca. 2.40, width tion curved, ¯attened; canal wide, crossed by 0.90 (wrinkled and curved), spiracle±epigas- diagonal sclerotized stripe; retrolateral por- trium ca. 0.80, spiracle spinnerets ca. 0.73. tion with thick base, long, ¯attened apex; re- Color as in female. Palp (®g. 139E±H): tibia trolateral portion separated from anterior very long, width/length 0.38. Copulatory margin of tegulum by suture, prolateral por- bulb partially distended (specimen recently tion separated by membranous area. moulted). Sperm duct passing through ante- NATURAL HISTORY: All specimens from rior ventral margin of tegulum. Embolus Pampa de Achala were collected on grasses; very thick, suddenly narrowed distally, me- at that time (31 August, winter) the nine dial ventral portion not sclerotized. Parame- adult females collected were ovigerous. dian apophysis poorly developed, tip curved, NEW RECORDS: ARGENTINA: CoÂrdoba: hook-shaped. Primary conductor absent. Sec- Pampa de Achala, 15 km W El CoÂndor, ondary conductor totally divided by mem- 31.VII.1999, L. Lopardo and M. RamõÂrez, branous area, both portions well separated 1( 9& 4 immatures (MACN-Ar). from anterior margin of tegulum, prolateral NOTE: I am indebted to Lara Lopardo portion quite reduced; base of retrolateral (MACN-Ar) for collecting the only known portion thin, deeply notched; area corre- male. sponding to canal wide, not sclerotized. NEW RECORDS: ARGENTINA: Buenos Monapia angusta (Mello-LeitaÄo) Aires: RõÂo LujaÂn, estacioÂn FCGM, marsh Figure 139E±H with ``espadanÄa'', 5.X.1993, M. RamõÂrez and Arachosia angusta Mello-LeitaÄo, 1944: 357 (ho- A. PeÂrez, 3 immatures 1( penultimate lotype immature from Argentina, Buenos Aires (MACN-Ar); San Isidro, Reserva Ribera province, Tigre, RõÂo GuayracaÂ, in MLP 16100, Norte, 16.II.1999, M. Pandol®, 1( (MACN- not reexamined). Ar). Monapia angusta: RamõÂrez, 1999: 422. NOTE: I am indebted to MatõÂas Pandol® 2003 RAMIÂREZ: SPIDER SUBFAMILY AMAUROBIOIDINAE 255

Fig. 139. A±D. Monapia carolina RamõÂrez, male (CoÂrdoba, Pampa de Achala). A. Palp, retrolateral view. B. Same, ventral view. C. Copulatory bulb, retrolateral view. D. Same, apical view. E±H. Monapia angusta (Mello-LeitaÄo), male (Buenos Aires, San Isidro). E. Palp, retrolateral view. F. Cop- ulatory bulb, ventral view. G. Same, retrolateral view. H. Same, apical view. Scale bar A, E ϭ 0.4 mm, all other, 0.2 mm. 256 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY NO. 277

(University of Buenos Aires) for collecting Habana), Norman Platnick, Kefyn Catley and the only known male. Tommy Allen (AMNH), Ernesto Mingrone, Ariel Cordero, Fernando Miranda, Patricio GonzaÂlez, and Mariela Schzwarsberg. Luis ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Fourcade and Ewa Stackelberg were ex- I thank the curators of the institutions for tremely friendly in Stockholm, and helped loans of specimens, and to those who re- with photographing techniques. ceived me in their laboratories during differ- Some of the collections were studied ent stages of this research: TorbjoÈrn Krones- thanks to study grants from the California tedt (NRS), Jacqueline Heurtault (MHNP), Academy of Sciences, American Museum of Henrik Enghoff and Nikolaj Scharff (ZMK), Natural History, and Smithsonian Institution. LeÂon Baert (IRSN), John Kochalka (IBNP), The Fund for Arachnological Research of the Norman Platnick (AMNH), Pablo Goloboff American Arachnological Society provided (IML), Gisella Rack and Otto Kraus (ZMH), support for many of the scanning micro- TomaÂs Cekalovic (UC), Ariel Camousseight graphs; Patricia Sarmiento (Servicio de Mi- and Mario Elgueta (MHNS), Antonio Bres- croscopõÂa, MLP), Angela Klaus, and Kevin covit (IBSP), Charles Griswold (CAS), Arno Frischmann (AMNH) helped with scanning Lise (MCTP), Erica Buckup (MCN), Ricardo operation. The Argentinean National Park Arrozpide, Luis Pereira and Carol Sutton Administration supported and assisted many (MLP), and Jonathan Coddington (USNM). of my ®eld trips; Paula Cichero, from the MarõÂa Elena Galiano, Cristina Scioscia, Emi- DireccioÂn de ConservacioÂn y Manejo, was lio Maury, Axel Bachmann, Susana Ledes- especially helpful. Different stages of this re- ma, Lara Lopardo, Luis Compagnucci, and search were supported by funds EXO085, Cristian Grismado (MACN-Ar) and my fam- TX024, and X019 from UBA, a Fessenden ily and friends helped in more ways than I Research Fellowship from the American Mu- could express here. seum of Natural History, and a postdoctoral Norman Platnick, Lara Lopardo, Pablo fellowship from CONICET. Goloboff, Jan Boesselaers, Mark Harvey, Robert Raven, Antonio Brescovit, Alexandre REFERENCES Bonaldo, Arturo Roig, and Axel Bachmann kindly reviewed versions of the manuscript Baert, L., P. Lehtinen, and K. Desender. 1997. The and provided helpful corrections and sugges- spiders (Araneae) of rapa Nui (Easter Island). tions. John Kochalka, the only person pre- Bulletin van het Koninklijk Belgisch Instituut viously to try a revision of the Amaurobioi- voor Natuurwetenschappen Entomologie 67: dinae, generously cooperated with data and 9±32. discussions. Pablo Goloboff, Lone Aagesen, Banks, N. 1905. Synopses of North American in- vertebrates. XX. Families and genera of Ara- JuliaÂn Faivovich, and Diego Pol provided neida. American Naturalist 39: 293±323. suggestions and ideas on cladistic method- Banks, N. 1907. A preliminary list of the Arach- ology. Part of this study was presented as a nida of Indiana, with keys to families and gen- Doctoral thesis at the Buenos Aires Univer- era of spiders. Report Indiana Geological Sur- sity (UBA). I thank Juan Carlos Giacchi and vey 31: 715±747. Graciela Esnal (UBA) for their support and Banks, N. 1909a. Arachnida from Costa Rica. con®dence during my graduate and under- Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sci- graduate research. ences of Philadelphia 61: 194±234. For help in ®eld work, I have to thank my Banks, N. 1909b. Arachnida of Cuba. EstacioÂn colleagues and friends Pablo Goloboff, Clau- Central AgronoÂmica de Cuba, Second Report dia Szumik, Fernando Navarro, Adriana 2: 150±174. Barnes, R.D. 1953. Report on a collection of spi- Chalup and Gustavo Scrocchi (IML), Emilio ders from the coast of North Carolina. Ameri- Maury, Cristina Scioscia, JuliaÂn Faivovich, can Museum Novitates 1632: 1±21. Luis Compagnucci, Cristian Grismado, Lara Berland, L. 1913. AraigneÂes. In Service GeÂograp- Lopardo and Florencia Uehara (MACN-Ar), hique de l'ArmeÂe. Mission du Service GeÂo- Fernando PeÂrez-Miles (Facultad de Ciencias, graphique de l'ArmeÂe pour la mesure d'un arc Montevideo), Abel PeÂrez (Universidad de La du meÂridien eÂquatorial en AmeÂrique du Sud 2003 RAMIÂREZ: SPIDER SUBFAMILY AMAUROBIOIDINAE 257

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INDEX OF VALID SPECIFIC AND GENERIC NAMES Acanthoceto Mello-LeitaÄo, 74 Aysenia Tullgren, 60 acupicta (Nicolet) (Acanthoceto), 77 Aysenoides, n. gen., 67 africana Hewitt (Amaurobioides), 55 backhauseni (Simon) (Sanogasta), 162 alticola (Simon) (Sanogasta), 152 bergi (Simon) (Arachosia), 139 alupuran RamõÂrez (Monapia), 250 calilegua, n. sp. (Josa), 114 Amaurobioides O.P.-Cambridge, 52 campanensis, n. sp. (Coptoprepes), 87 Amaurobioidinae Hickman, 41 carolina RamõÂrez (Monapia), 253 Amaurobioidini Hickman, 51 centralis, n. sp. (Tasata), 240 americana Nicolet (Gayenna), 121 chilensis (Nicolet) (Amaurobioides), 56 amoena (Simon) (Philisca), 187 chiloensis, n. sp. (Tasata), 237 angusta (Mello-LeitaÄo) (Monapia), 254 cinerea (Tullgren) (Acanthoceto), 76 Anyphaenidae Bertkau, 38 coccinea (Simon) (Araiya), 212 Anyphaeninae Bertkau, 39 coccinea (Mello-LeitaÄo) (Negayan), 103 anyphaenoides O.P.-Cambridge (Arachosia), 131 colecole, n. sp. (Aysenoides), 70 approximata (Tullgren) (Sanogasta), 172 Coptoprepes Simon, 79 Arachosia O.P.-Cambridge, 130 cubana (Banks) (Arachosia), 142 Araiya, n. gen., 210 cylindrica, n. sp. (Aysenia), 64 araucana, n. sp. (Aysenia), 65 dilaticollis (Nicolet) (Monapia), 250 Axyracrus Simon, 57 doilu (RamõÂrez) (Philisca), 191 262 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY NO. 277 echinata Tullgren (Ferrieria), 79 ornata Berland (Philisca), 181 elegans Simon (Axyracrus), 58 Oxysoma Nicolet, 214 elongata Tullgren (Aysenia), 61 paduana (Karsch) (Negayan), 100 Ferrieria Tullgren, 78 pallida (Tullgren) (Araiya), 211 ®erro RamõÂrez (Monapia), 253 parcepunctata Simon (Tasata), 230 ¯avopilosus Simon (Coptoprepes), 81 parvus, n. sp. (Aysenoides), 72 Gamakia, n. gen., 91 pehuenche, n. sp. (Sanogasta), 175 Gayenna Nicolet, 120 personata (Simon) (Josa), 114 Gayennini, new rank, 120 Phidyle Simon, 242 Gayennoides, n. gen., 125 Philisca Simon, 176 hahni Simon (Philisca), 178 pichi RamõÂrez (Acanthoceto), 74 hirsuta, n. sp. (Gamakia), 92 pichinahuel RamõÂrez (Monapia), 252 honesta Keyserling (Arachosia), 137 praesignis (Keyserling) (Arachosia), 131 horrendus (Nicolet) (Tomopisthes), 193 puconensis, n. sp. (Philisca), 191 huapi, n. sp. (Philisca), 183 puma, n. sp. (Sanogasta), 168 huaria RamõÂrez (Monapia), 252 punctatum Nicolet (Oxysoma), 215 hyadesi (Simon) (Philisca), 186 punctipes (Nicolet) (Phidyle), 244 itambezinho, n. sp. (Oxysoma), 225 pusillus (Nicolet) (Tomopisthes), 206 Josa Keyserling, 108 riogrande RamõÂrez (Acanthoceto), 78 ladormida RamõÂrez (Acanthoceto), 76 riveti (Berland) (Josa), 111 longiventre (Nicolet) (Oxysoma), 222 saccatum (Tullgren) (Oxysoma), 225 losvilos, n. sp. (Gayennoides), 128 Sanogasta Mello-LeitaÄo, 142 lutea (Keyserling) (Josa), 109 segestrioides, n. sp. (Aysenia), 62 Selknamia, n. gen., 105 lutea (Nicolet) (Monapia), 252 silvatica RamõÂrez (Monapia), 251 maculatipes (Keyserling) (Sanogasta), 144 striata (Keyserling) (Arachosia), 136 maculosa (Nicolet) (Sanogasta), 154 taim, n. sp. (Tasata), 236 Malenellinae RamõÂrez, 38 Tasata Simon, 229 mandibularis, n. sp. (Sanogasta), 153 tenuis, n. sp. (Sanogasta), 170 marina RamõÂrez (Acanthoceto), 76 terricola, n. sp. (Aysenoides), 67 maritima O.P.-Cambridge (Amaurobioides), 53 Tomopisthes Simon, 192 minima, n. sp. (Selknamia), 105 tridentata (Simon) (Negayan), 97 minuta (Keyserling) (Sanogasta), 167 tripunctata (Nicolet) (Philisca), 189 molles, n. sp. (Gayennoides), 125 unipunctata (Simon) (Tasata), 236 Monapia Simon, 247 valdiviensis, n. sp. (Coptoprepes), 90 nahuelbuta, n. sp. (Coptoprepes), 85 variolosa Mello-LeitaÄo (Tasata), 233 nana RamõÂrez (Malenella), 39 varius Simon (Tomopisthes), 202 Negayan, n. gen., 96 vittata (Simon) (Monapia), 249 nigrifrons (Simon) (Josa), 117 x-signata (Keyserling) (Sanogasta), 166