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Ministério Da Educação EVERTON NEI LOPES RODRIGUES COMPOSIÇÃO E ESTRUTURA DA FAUNA ARANEOLÓGICA (ARACHNIDA, ARANEAE) ASSOCIADA AO ESTRATO ARBÓREO-ARBUSTIVO DE MATAS CILIARES E SEUS MICROAMBIENTES NO RIO GRANDE DO SUL, BRASIL Tese apresentada ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Animal, Instituto de Biociências da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, como requisito parcial à obtenção do título de Doutor em Biologia Animal. Área de concentração: Biodiversidade Linha de Pesquisa: Estudos de comunidades Orientador: Prof. Dr. Milton de Souza Mendonça Jr. UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DO RIO GRANDE DO SUL PORTO ALEGRE 2011 COMPOSIÇÃO E ESTRUTURA DA FAUNA ARANEOLÓGICA (ARACHNIDA, ARANEAE) ASSOCIADA AO ESTRATO ARBÓREO-ARBUSTIVO DE MATAS CILIARES E SEUS MICROAMBIENTES NO RIO GRANDE DO SUL, BRASIL EVERTON NEI LOPES RODRIGUES Aprovada em 28 de março de 2011. _________________________________________ Dr. Milton de Souza Mendonça Júnior (orientador) Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia, UFRGS _________________________________________ Dr. Luiz Ernesto Costa-Schmidt Departamento de Ecologia, Instituto de Biociências, USP _________________________________________ Dra. Sandra Maria Hartz Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia, UFRGS _________________________________________ Dra. Helena Piccoli Romanowski Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Animal, UFRGS i Dedico À Patrícia E. da Silva Rodrigues & À memória de Matilde, Nei e Marina. ii AGRADECIMENTOS Aos meus familiares, que mesmo distantes, sempre me auxiliaram o máximo possível. Aos meus pais Dirnei e Rute, ―meus ídolos‖, por todo o incentivo e amizade e por serem pessoas fantásticas: ―tá prá nasce igual!!!‖. Às minhas irmãs Tatiane e Gabriela e meus sobrinhos Kalissa e Adrian por todo o apoio. Mais uma vez... valeu pessoal!!! À Patrícia E. da Silva Rodrigues por todo o carinho e afeto nas horas de dificuldade, pela paciência e por todos os momentos juntos; também por todo o auxílio nas coletas ao longo dos dois anos de ―peleia‖ por todo o Rio Grande!!! Ao Dr. Milton de Souza Mendonça Jr. pela orientação e ao Dr. Ricardo Ott pela co- orientação. Às pesquisadoras da Fundação Zoobotânica Erica Helena Buckup e Maria Aparecida de Leão Marques por toda amizade neste período em que estive na Aracnologia do Museu de Ciências Naturais. Obrigado por todo o conhecimento que me foi repassado sobre a fauna de aranhas do Rio Grande do Sul. À direção do Museu de Ciências Naturais da Fundação Zoobotânica do Rio Grande do Sul pelo uso das dependências e equipamentos e a todos os colegas do Museu. À curadora da coleção de aranhas do Museu de Ciências Naturais Erica Helena Buckup por disponibilizar o acesso à coleção de aranhas e a bibliografia especializada. À pesquisadora Maria Aparecida de Leão Marques pelo auxílio em determinar as aranhas da família Theridiidae. Aos membros da banca Dr. Luiz Ernesto Costa-Schmidt, Dra. Helena Piccoli Romanowski e a Dra. Sandra Maria Hartz pela participação no processo de avaliação, pelas críticas e sugestões apresentadas. Ao Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) pela concessão da bolsa de doutorado. Ao José Vanderlei Feltrim por disponibilizar a área de estudo no rio Maquiné e pelas informações prestadas sobre a mesma. Sua ―paixão‖ pela biodiversidade, tão ameaçada, nos trechos de Mata Atlântica da região do Vale do rio Maquiné é contagiante!!! Aos funcionários e administradores da Fazenda Corticeiras Empreendimentos e Participações LTDA, em Cristal, por permitir o acesso a área de estudo. ―Valeu pelo trator para desatolar o carro‖!!! iii Ao Tiago C. de Marchi e João Andre Jarenkow (PPG Botânica, UFRGS) pelas informações sobre a vegetação e a área de mata ciliar do Rio Camaquã. Ao Instituto Nacional de Meteorologia (INMET), 8º Distrito de Meteorologia, 8º DISME, Porto Alegre e a Fundação Estadual de Pesquisa Agropecuária (FEPAGRO), Centro de Meteorologia Aplicada, Porto Alegre, pelo fornecimento dos dados abióticos dos dois anos de amostragem paras as diferentes localidades. Aos ―amigos‖ Nemo e Boby pela ―companhia‖ e pelas longas conversas nos inúmeros dias na frente do computador analisando dados e escrevendo a tese, assim como aos ―camaradas‖ Steve Harris, Bruce Dickinson, Dave Murray, Adrian Smith, Janick Gers & Nicko McBrain pelo ―incentivo‖. A todos que de alguma forma auxiliaram nesta pesquisa, mas devido ―a correria‖ de um final de doutorado, foram esquecidos... muito obrigado!!!!! iv SUMÁRIO Resumo.............................................................................................................................. 1 Abstract............................................................................................................................. 2 1. Introdução..................................................................................................................... 3 1.1. Apresentação........................................................................................................ 3 1.2. Biodiversidade: inventários e a fauna de aranhas................................................ 4 1.3. Aspectos das matas ciliares.................................................................................. 6 1.4. Revisão bibliográfica: estudos sobre a biodiversidade de aranhas....................... 8 1.4.1. Estudos da araneofauna em matas ciliares ou similares....................... 8 1.4.2. Inventários sobre a fauna de aranhas em outros ambientes naturais.... 12 1.5. Gradientes ambientais.......................................................................................... 14 1.5. Hipóteses e justificativa do trabalho.................................................................... 16 2. Objetivos........................................................................................................................ 19 2.1. Objetivo geral....................................................................................................... 19 2.2. Objetivos específicos........................................................................................... 19 3. Resultados gerais.......................................................................................................... 21 4. Referências Bibliográficas........................................................................................... 25 5. Capítulos (artigos)........................................................................................................ 33 5.1. Capitulo I – Artigo 1. Araneofauna do estrato arbóreo-arbustivo em matas ciliares e seus microambientes no sul do Brasil: composição e lista de espécies....................................................................................................................... 34 5.1.1. Introdução............................................................................................. 35 5.1.2. Métodos................................................................................................ 36 5.1.3. Resultados e discussão......................................................................... 41 5.1.4. Agradecimentos................................................................................... 53 5.1.5. Literatura citada................................................................................... 53 5.2. Capitulo II – Artigo 2. Diversidade e a influência de fatores ambientais sobre a assembléia de aranhas em diferentes microambientes de matas ciliares no sul do Brasil.......................................................................................................... 74 5.2.1. Introdução............................................................................................. 75 5.2.2. Métodos................................................................................................ 76 5.2.3. Resultados............................................................................................. 83 5.2.4. Discussão.............................................................................................. 88 v 5.2.5. Agradecimentos.................................................................................... 99 5.2.6. Referências........................................................................................... 99 5.3. Capitulo III – Artigo 3. Mudanças sazonais na diversidade de aranhas em matas ciliares no sul do Brasil: Quais fatores influenciam na sazonalidade da araneofauna?............................................................................................................. 115 5.3.1. Introdução............................................................................................. 115 5.3.2. Material e métodos............................................................................... 117 5.3.3. Resultados e discussão......................................................................... 121 5.3.4. Agradecimentos................................................................................... 132 5.3.5. Referências........................................................................................... 132 5.4. Capitulo IV – Artigo 4. Spider guilds (Arachnida, Araneae) in the tree- shrub strata of riparian forests in southern Brazil................................................ 153 5.1.1. Introdution............................................................................................ 155 5.1.2. Methods................................................................................................ 156 5.1.3. Results.................................................................................................
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