Una Década De Cambios: De La Guerra De Irak a La Evolución De La Primavera Árabe

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Una Década De Cambios: De La Guerra De Irak a La Evolución De La Primavera Árabe UNA DÉCADA DE CAMBIOS: DE LA GUERRA DE IRAK A LA EVOLUCIÓN DE LA PRIMAVERA ÁRABE (2003-2013) Manuela Fernández Rodríguez David Bravo Díaz Leandro Martínez Peñas (coords.) 1 Asociación Veritas para el estudio de la Historia, el Derecho y las Instituciones ISBN 978-84-616-6280-7 ESTA PUBLICACIÓN RECOGE LAS PONENCIAS PRESENTADAS AL II CONGRESO DE HISTORIA, DERECHO E INSTITUCIONES “UNA DÉCADA DE CAMBIOS: DE LA GUERRA DE IRAK AL MUNDO ACTUAL” EL CONGRESO FUE ORGANIZADO POR LA ASOCIACIÓN VERITAS PARA EL ESTUDIO DE LA HISTORIA, EL DERECHO Y LAS INSTITUCIONES Y POR EL INTERNATIONAL RESEARCH GROUP FOR CONFLICT, BORDERLANDS AND MINORITIES. EL CONGRESO SE CELEBRÓ EN VALLADOLID, EL DÍA 25 DE OCTUBRE DE 2013 3 Asociación Veritas para el estudio de la Historia, el Derecho y las Instituciones ISBN 978-84-616-6280-7 ÍNDICE Presentación: una década histórica ......................... ……………. p. 7 David Bravo Díaz , Asociación Veritas para el Estudio de la Historia, el Derecho y las Instituciones 2001-2013. Paradigma y errores en la GWOT ........................... p. 9 Alejandro Adán , International Research Group for Conflict, Borderlands and Minorities La Educación en Irak, ¿esperanza o devastación? ................... p. 35 Noelia Fernández y Aroa Ordóñez , Universidad Rey Juan Carlos Cooperación judicial penal comunitaria. La orden de detención europea: Primer instrumento del principio de reconocimiento mutuo de decisiones …………………………………………… p. 61 Manuela Fernández Rodríguez , Universidad Rey Juan Carlos La noche más oscura y el proceso inquisitorial ........................ p. 83 Eduardo Galván Rodríguez , Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria La educación en la India contemporánea ................................. p. 99 Sara Novillo Martos , Universidad Rey Juan Carlos Marruecos (2003-2013): entre el cambio y la continuidad .... p. 111 Rocío Velasco de Castro , Universidad de Extremadura 5 Asociación Veritas para el estudio de la Historia, el Derecho y las Instituciones ISBN 978-84-616-6280-7 Argelia y la guerra contra el terror, ¿una vacuna para la primavera árabe?... ................................................................ p. 169 Ana Torres García , Universidad de Sevilla La revueltas de Libia de 2011 a través de la mirada de los periodistas de TVE: ¿Una cambio de paradigma sobre la cobertura sobre la región MENA………. ................................ p. 183 Carmen Marina Vidal Valiña , Universidad Complutense de Madrid La constituzione irachena: un profilo histórico giudirico ...... p. 201 Stefano Vinci , Universidad Aldo Moro de Bari 6 Asociación Veritas para el estudio de la Historia, el Derecho y las Instituciones ISBN 978-84-616-6280-7 PRESENTACIÓN: UNA DÉCADA HISTÓRICA David Bravo Diaz. Vicepresidente de la Asociación Veritas. Desde el final de la Guerra Fría allá por 1991, hasta el atentado del 11-S, los países desarrollados experimentaron una época de bonanza económica y bienestar social como no se había conocido en muchos años. Pero el atentado de las Torres Gemelas de 2001 cambió la realidad geopolítica, y por ende, la socioeconómica. En 2003 comenzó la Guerra de Iraq, un conflicto derivado del atentado y su consiguiente Guerra Mundial contra el Terror. Tras el éxito a primera vista de la Guerra en Afganistán, el presidente de los EEUU George W. Bush decidió dar un paso más y atacar al país asiático, iniciando así una política que no estaba muy claramente legitimada, y que se convirtió en una guerra de desgaste y ocupación. A partir de aquí, aparecieron una serie de cambios en las estrategia geográficas de las potencias, teniendo como centro el mundo del próximo oriente. Tanto la sociedad como la economía acusaron y se empaparon de este nuevo punto neurálgico de la política occidental. El mundo islámico fue el centro de atención durante la primera mitad de estos diez años en los que se ha centrado el II CEHDI. Pero en 2008 un nuevo cambio sacudió al mundo. La crisis financiera iniciada de nuevo en el territorio estadounidense, y que rápidamente se extendió al resto de países, propició una nueva serie de 7 Asociación Veritas para el estudio de la Historia, el Derecho y las Instituciones ISBN 978-84-616-6280-7 cambios, desde políticos a sociales, que han hecho posible el mundo que conocemos hoy. De entre estos cambios cabe destacar, sin duda alguna, los acontecimientos denominados como “primavera árabe”, los cuales aun no han terminado como se puede observar en Egipto y Siria, y que tuvieron sus secuelas en Europa con los “movimientos indignados” de España y Grecia principalmente. Así pues, y dentro de este marco contextual, el congreso organizado por la Asociación Veritas se ha centrado en cuestiones de gran importancia nacidas de esta época de cambios. La guerra contra el terror es una de ellas. A través del cuadro conceptual sobre qué es la GWTO y cuáles han sido sus fallos, pasando por la comparación histórica de los métodos usados en esta guerra y los utilizados en épocas inquisitoriales, sin olvidarnos de sus fórmulas aplicadas a un caso concreto como es el de Argelia, se ha podido analizar más en profundidad esta nueva lucha antiterrorista. Otra cuestión de suma importancia ha sido el cambio político- legal que se ha generado en estos años de lucha contra el terrorismo. La nueva constitución iraquí es un ejemplo claro de cómo la legalidad ha cambiado en este país invadido y que apoyo al mundo terrorista, pero también lo es el nuevo marco jurídico creado por la Unión Europea a través de la Euroorden, sin duda influida por los ataques terroristas a sus países miembros. E incluso los cambios producidos en un país a caballo entre el mundo occidental y el islámico como es Marruecos. La última cuestión a destacar es el ámbito cultural. Temas tan importantes como la nueva educación en Iraq, pasando por la educación en la India, son de gran ayuda para comprender estos diez años. E incluso la visión que se ha dado del mundo en productos 8 Asociación Veritas para el estudio de la Historia, el Derecho y las Instituciones ISBN 978-84-616-6280-7 culturales como los juegos o el formato periodístico radiotelevisivo son clave para conocer hasta que punto, esta década de 2003 a 2013 ha transformado nuestro mundo, por lo que, en años venideros será considerada como una de las décadas más interesantes de la Historia. 9 Asociación Veritas para el estudio de la Historia, el Derecho y las Instituciones ISBN 978-84-616-6280-7 2001-2013, PARADIGMA Y ERRORES EN LA GWOT Alejandro Adán Pascua IRG-CBM “Si buscas resultados distintos, no hagas siempre lo mismo” Albert Einstein 1.- Contexto actual Actualmente vivimos momentos de inestabilidad y cambio en todo el mundo, siendo especialmente virulento en el mundo musulmán. La Primavera Árabe ha provocado la explosión de todos los conflictos internos, subyacentes y frustraciones de unas sociedades que claman cambios respecto a lo vivido durante este joven siglo XXI. De todas formas no podemos analizar estos sucesos desde la perspectiva de antiguas problemáticas (étnicas, religiosas, sociales, etc.), es necesario no perder de vista la influencia que la “Guerra contra el terrorismo” (GWOT son sus siglas en inglés) ha tenido en este suceso. 2.- Quinta etapa yihadismo Síntesis etapas anteriores No puede entenderse la situación actual si no se realiza algo de retrospectiva con un interés autocrítico y constructivo. Actualmente se ha dividido la historia de Al-Qaeda en 5 etapas: Paradigma y errores de la GWOT / Alejandro Adán • El primer periodo comprende desde el nacimiento del fenómeno hasta la década de los noventa. Es este momento los grupos yihadistas centran sus objetivos en una agenda nacional, combaten principalmente a los gobiernos de sus países originarios para en un futuro derrocarlos del poder e instaurar regímenes de tipos islamista de corte salafistasen: Egipto, Siria, Jordania, Arabia Saudí, Yemen, Marruecos, Túnez, Libia, Argelia, etc. Como detalle, para estas redes Europa es un refugio y donde coordinar el apoyo a la insurrección armada en sus países de origen. La mayor parte de los grupos yihadistas eran de tamaño reducido y con escasos recursos. • El segundo periodo es el paso del yihadismo nacional a la yihad global, su enemigo es EEUU y sus aliados. Este cambio estratégico se decidió durante la estancia de la cúpula de Al-Qaeda en Sudán (1992-1996). Debido al apoyo de los occidentales a los regímenes enemigos se llegó al convencimiento de que la derrota de Occidente era un requisito previo al restablecimiento del califato en el mundo musulmán. Gracias a la guerra de Afganistán se crearon relaciones y vínculos entre numerosas redes yihadistas que mejoraron su capacidad organizativa y de reclutamiento, incluso se crearon nuevos grupos. • La Tercera etapa empieza con los atentados del 11 de septiembre de 2001 y se considera termina en 2008. El yihadismo se expande y se descentraliza, aparecen nuevas redes y células que atacan con virulencia Europa y otras partes del mundo. La respuesta es la intervención militar de EEUU y otras democracias en diversos escenarios. Un ciclo que retroalimenta la fijación de Al-Qaeda en combatir a occidente de manera prioritaria estratégica. • Se considera que existe una cuarta etapa desde 2008 hasta la primavera árabe, es una fase de declive del movimiento yihadista. En la cual Al-Qaeda y sus grupos afines redujeron drásticamente sus atentados y operaciones en Europa y EEUU. En 12 Asociación Veritas para el estudio de la Historia, el Derecho y las Instituciones ISBN 978-84-616-6280-7 Paradigma y errores de la GWOT / Alejandro Adán parte por la buena labor de las fuerzas de seguridad y en parte por la situación de crisis económica que empezaba a aparecer en 2008. Sin embargo los atentados en países africanos y asiáticos se incrementó, especialmente sangrientos en los países musulmanes con el objetivo evidente de desestabilizarlos. También es importante mencionar que, para muchos, la primavera árabe mostraba el declive de Al-Qaeda.
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