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Filogenia Da Tribo Eristalini (Diptera, Syrphidae, Eristalinae) Inferida Por Caracteres Morfológicos

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Filogenia Da Tribo Eristalini (Diptera, Syrphidae, Eristalinae) Inferida Por Caracteres Morfológicos FFFiiilllooogggeeennniiiaaa dddaaa TTTrrriiibbbooo EEErrriiissstttaaallliiinnniii (((DDDiiipppttteeerrraaa,,, SSSyyyrrrppphhhiiidddaaaeee,,, EEErrriiissstttaaallliiinnnaaaeee))) iiinnnfffeeerrriiidddaaa pppooorrr cccaaarrraaacccttteeerrreeesss mmmooorrrfffooolllóóógggiiicccooosss... Mírian Nunes Morales Curitiba, Julho de 2011 MÍRIAN NUNES MORALES FILOGENIA DA TRIBO ERISTALINI (DIPTERA, SYRPHIDAE, ERISTALINAE) INFERIDA POR CARACTERES MORFOLÓGICOS Tese de Doutorado apresentada ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas, Área de concentração em Entomologia, da Universidade Federal do Paraná, como requisito parcial para a obtenção do título de Doutor em Ciências. Orientadora: Drª Luciane Marinoni. CURITIBA, JULHO DE 2011. ii “Without taxonomy to give shape to the bricks, and systematics to tell us how to put them together, the house of biological science is a meaningless jumble.” (Robert McCredie May) “I am almost convinced (quite contrary to opinion I started with) that species are not (it is like confessing a murder) immutable.” (Charles Darwin) Agradecimentos iii AGRADECIMENTOS Agradecer é admitir que existiram momentos em que se precisou de alguém, é reconhecer que o homem jamais poderá lograr para si o dom de ser auto-suficiente. Ninguém ou coisa alguma cresce sozinha. Sempre é preciso um olhar de apoio, uma palavra de incentivo, um gesto de compreensão e uma atitude de amor para prosseguir uma jornada superando-se obstáculos. A todas as pessoas que de diferentes formas colaboraram para a realização deste trabalho, expresso minha profunda gratidão e respeito. Ao meu marido Marcel Gustavo, por fazer parte da minha vida, pelo amor e tudo aquilo que possa estar contido nesta palavra. Por sempre ser companheiro em todos os nossos anos acadêmicos (desde sempre ‘entomológicos’) e pela compreensão nos momentos de cansaço desse caminho. AMO-TE muito! Aos meus queridos pais, Adelaide e Moslei, por sempre apoiarem minhas decisões, por compreenderem que a distância se fez necessária para meu crescimento profissional; às minhas irmãs Verônica e Débora por pelo carinho e por se orgulharem junto comigo daquilo que eu conquistei. A minha família toda pelo amor! Aos meus sogros por sempre serem tão carinhosos. À professora Luciane Marinoni pela orientação, confiança, dedicação, compreensão e principalmente pela amizade. Pela disponibilidade de infra-estrutura, pelo agradável ambiente de trabalho, por incentivar e oportunizar atividades as quais foram essenciais para meu crescimento profissional. Agradeço igualmente a Sionei R. Bonatto, pelo apoio e amizade dispensados inclusive fora de nosso convívio profissional. Aos professores do programa, em especial a Claudio de Carvalho pelas frequentes discussões ‘dipterológicas’, a Gabriel A. R. Melo pelos ‘auxílios filogenéticos’ e a Rodney R. Cavichioli pela amizade inclusive fora do convívio acadêmico. Ao Curso de Pós-Gradução em Ciências Biológicas, Área de Concentração em Entomologia, do Departamento de Zoologia da Universidade Federal do Paraná, pela infra-estrutura e oportunidade de realização do presente estudo. Ao Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) pela concessão da bolsa de doutorado sob processo número 141965/2007-0. A Christian Thompson e Wayne Mathis (Smithsonian Institution) pelo incentivo, auxílio e suporte financeiro em diversas etapas deste estudo, incluindo a este Samuel Wendell Williston Diptera Research Foundation. A Gunilla Ståhls (Finnish Museum of Natural History) pelas constantes discussões, auxílio bibliográfico e pela troca de informação não publicada. Ao Taxonline - Rede Paranaense de Coleções Biológicas e ao técnico Vitor Nardino pelas imagens geradas com o software Automontage. Muito obrigada aos que por diversas vezes gentilmente enviaram bibliografia necessária a este estudo: Heikki Hippa (Swedish Museum of Natural History) e Ximo Mengual (Smithsonian Institution). Aos curadores das coleções citados na seção ‘Material e Métodos’ que permitiram empréstimo de material entomológico, o qual foi valioso para o desenvolvimento deste estudo. Aos membros da banca examinadora, muito obrigada pela atenção e tempo dispensados para o enriquecimento deste trabalho. Aos grandes amigos: Andri, Amanda, Dani, Paschoal, Lica, Fred, Laércio e Léo. E as demais queridas amizades conquistadas durante os 6 anos de UFPR: Claudivã, Aline, Tonico, Pepê, Daniel, Leivas, Kleber, Mariana, Jana, Rodrigo, Nuno, Elaine, Fernando e Eduardo. E aos amigos de longa data do RS: Ricardo, Triba, Ciça, Mau Mau, Pri, Celli, Bety, Karlinha e Cris. Sumário iv SUMÁRIO AGRADECIMENTOS .......................................................................................................................... iii SUMÁRIO ........................................................................................................................................... iv LISTA DE TABELAS ............................................................................................................................. v LISTA DE FIGURAS ............................................................................................................................ vi RESUMO ........................................................................................................................................... ix ABSTRACT ......................................................................................................................................... x INTRODUÇÃO ..................................................................................................................................... 1 A família Syrphidae ..................................................................................................................................................1 Subfamília Eristalinae ...............................................................................................................................................4 Tribo Eristalini .......................................................................................................................................................4 MATERIAL E MÉTODOS ..................................................................................................................... 8 Amostragem taxonômica ........................................................................................................................................8 Estudo morfológico .............................................................................................................................................. 13 Identificação e terminologia .................................................................................................................................... 14 Delineamento e codificação dos caracteres e estados de caracteres .............................................................. 14 Análise de parcimônia ........................................................................................................................................... 15 RESULTADOS ................................................................................................................................... 17 Listagem dos caracteres e estados de caracteres ............................................................................................... 17 Cabeça ................................................................................................................................................................ 17 Tórax .................................................................................................................................................................. 20 Pernas ................................................................................................................................................................. 24 Asa ...................................................................................................................................................................... 25 Abdômen ........................................................................................................................................................... 27 Genitália do Macho .......................................................................................................................................... 28 Análise de parcimônia ........................................................................................................................................... 52 Hipótese filogenética para Eristalini sensu lato ................................................................................................... 56 DISCUSSÃO ....................................................................................................................................... 64 Clado Sericomyiina ................................................................................................................................................ 64 Clado Eristalini s.s. ................................................................................................................................................. 65 Keda Curran e Dissoptera Edwards .................................................................................................................... 66 Eristalis Latreille ................................................................................................................................................ 67 Axona Walker e Solenaspis Osten-Sacken......................................................................................................
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