Original Article Lack of Pharmacological Basis of Substitution of an Endangered Plant Group “Ashtawarga”- A Significant Ingredient of Polyherbal Formulations Jaswinder Kaur Virk1, Vikas Gupta1, Sanjiv Kumar2, Ranjit Singh3 and Parveen Bansal*1

1University Centre of Excellence in Research, BFUHS, Faridkot, Punjab, India 2National Medicinal Plants Board, Department of AYUSH, New Delhi, India 3Shobhit University, Meerut, India

ABSTRACT Objective: Ashtawarga plants have been included among 560 plants

appearing in the red list of endangered species. To overcome problem of scarcity of endangered species Department of AYUSH, Govt. of India has permitted the substitution of rare herbal drugs with available substitutes on the basis of Ayurvedic concepts. Metadata analysis has been carried out to find out the basis of substitution of the original Ashtawarga plants by similar plants. Methods: The review on substitution of Ashtawarga plants was initiated by accumulating and analyzing the data presented on internet search engines, WHO and ancient Ayurveda texts Bhavaprakasha Nighantu, Sushruta Samhita and Charaka Samhita etc. In this review, Rasa, Guna, Virya Vipaka, Doshic (Rasapanchakas) and pharmacological actions of original Ashtawarga drugs and substitutes have been evaluated. Result: The investigation of review indicates that only forty percent Address for of total parameters of Rasapanchakas and pharmacological actions of Ashtawarga plants and their substitutes are similar whereas 60% of Correspondence total parameters do not match with each other. Dr. Parveen Bansal, Conclusion: Our survey reflects that basis of substitution of Joint Director individual herbs is neither based on pharmacological actions nor University Centre of based on Ayurvedic philosophy of drug action. It seems that Excellence in substitution of Ashtawarga plants is on the basis of some Guna- Research, BFUHS, Karma similarities which are not clinically effective. As the Faridkot, Punjab, India Rasapanchakas are inter- related to each other, so any change in Guna-Karma property shall alter the therapeutic action of the drug. E-mail: This basis of substitution has been found irrational and seems to play [email protected] with the eternity and medical importance of Ayurveda at International level.

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Keywords: Herbal drugs, Ashtawarga plants, Substitution, Pratinidhi dravya. INTRODUCTION Humankind has always been question. These suppliers incapable to meet attracted towards plants since time the increasing demand opt for adulteration immemorial as source of food, shelter and with other plants. Literature analysis has medicine. Medicinal plants are the major been carried out to find out the Ayurvedic basis of Ayurvedic and allopathic medicine. and pharmacological basis of substitution of In India a major part of rural population the original Ashtawarga plants by other depends on traditional medicine system like plants. Ayurveda, Unani, Siddha and Homeopathy. Although after a publication of data Ayurvedic concept of therapeutic indicating high levels of heavy metals in /pharmacological action certain Ayurvedic preparations in JAMA in 2004 and 2008, the Ayurvedic drugs faced a Dravya (drug) setback yet their usage is gaining popularity Dravya is defined as a substance among the common people due to long which possesses properties (Guna) and proven safety and natural origin1,2. actions (karma) together with an inherent Ayurvedic preparations generally constitute relation. It is the place for the activities of a mixture of herbs where the availability of Rasa, Guna, Virya, Vipaka and Karma some ingredients is difficult and (Badhanta Nagarjuna). Charaka stated that a uneconomical. However to bring the product drug is like a fabric material and its to a competitive lower price the properties and action are like the yarn of the manufacturers make substitution/ fabric. As per Ayurveda, physiological and adulteration with other freely available biochemical effects of drugs and their cheaper plant species. This substitution is mechanism of action in the body can be playing with the drug standards, credibility illustrated by pharmacodynamic principles and sanctity of Ayurvedic system as well as namely Panchamahabhutas (penta- medicines3. elements) i.e. Rasa, Guna, Virya, Vipaka Moreover, there is a steep decline in and Prabhava, in terms of bodily in human expertise capable of recognizing components like Tridosha (Vata, Pitta and the various medicinal plants. The earliest Kapha), sapta dhatu (different tissues), mala sages recommended that the authentic plants (morbid factors including urine, feces etc.), were identified with the help of hermits, srotas (channels both macro vessels and shepherds and tribal. During the olden days micro vessels) and agni (enzymes & physicians themselves used to collect the hormones)4. herbs, prepare and administer the medicine whereas majority of modern Ayurvedic Rasa physicians are dependent on preformed Rasa is the unique intelligence of the Ayurvedic drugs in the market without tongue or taste buds (Rasana or knowledge of the constituents of herbal Rasanendriya) or is something experienced preparations preparations. As a result, by an individual while consuming a drug. It professional plant collectors have taken over is the instant taste on the tongue and the the floor and the industry is forced to accept instant instant occurrence of how that the herbs they bring on their terms without particular taste influences the body. As per

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modern physiology, taste is the direct action has an energetic effect on digestion, creating of a drug on the nerve endings in the either a heating or a cooling sensation mucous membrane of the mouth. Ayurveda known as Virya that refers to potency felt classifies Rasa into six types and attributes immediately or some time later after tasting its make up to five elements that comprise a drug. Virya is classified into Sheeta (cold the ether, air, fire, water & earth. Short-term and decreases secretions and digestion, effect of Rasa has a direct influence on stabilizes excretion, stops bleeding, Vata, Pitta and Kapha. (Table.1) Rasa plays promotes vigour and vitality) and Ushna an important role in restoring the balance of (hot and helps in storage of internal energy, the Doshas5. increase digestion and thirst10. (Table.1)

Guna Vipaka Charaka defined Guna as the Vipaka is defined as the last stage of physical property which will remain in a transformation of drug after digestion/ drug with inherent relationship. Drugs may metabolism through the action of Jataragni have 41 Gunas and act either by Guna (digestive enzymes)11. Taste has effect on Prabhava (influence of attributes) or Dravya metabolism after digestion is complete Prabhava (inexplicable nature of drug) or which lasts long and all the nutrients have both. Each drug is linked with some Gunas. been incorporated in the tissues. This effect Acharya Sushruta declared that Gunas can is known as Vipaka which refers to the state be detected through their action6. Gunas are of biotransformation of ingested drugs susceptible to changes when undergoes to which occurs in dhatu / tissues and initiates unusual Samskaras (rite of passage or biochemical reaction (oxidative & non- processing) which obviously imitate the oxidative) that helps in generation of concept of Nipata (ingestion/ application), molecule and different actions1. It is directly Vipaka (metabolism) and Virya related to Rasa. When the effect of Rasa is (concentration of the drug in tissues) till its immediate, local, physiological and excretion from the body7. Certain Gunas on psychological and quite perceivable then contact with tongue are subjected to initial Vipaka action is delayed, systemic, digestion and exert certain actions that are physiological and inferable but not- attributed to Rasa. Gunas when further perceivable. Vipaka is of three types i.e. subjected to digestion and metabolism Madhura (sweet -deeply nutritive and induce certain activities by virtue of their building), Amla (sour enhances digestive concentration in different bodily structures. fire) and Katu (pungent increases In final stage, the drug molecules are elimination). Effect of Vipaka on Tridosha synthesized which commence important is depicted in Table 15,9,10. actions that produced by release of effective Gunas named as Virya which can be Prabhava attributed to Vipaka thus modifying The peculiar action of a drug is principle of drug activity8. known as Prabhava and is characterized by specific actions of substances that cannot be Virya explained in terms of the pharmacological Virya is considered as the most actions of various constituents of drug potent quality of a drug/active principle or a considered individually in relation to each factor which is responsible for drug other. Chakrapani considered Prabhava as action/pharmacological action9. Each taste unpredictable and its effect is not

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comparable to the effects expected generally union for conservation of nature and natural from the constituents of a drug.13. resources (Red List of Threatened species) in which 247 species are in the threatened Inter-relationship of Rasapanchakas category which requires conservation Acharya Sushruta primarily strategies for protection18 and today suggested that Rasa, Virya, Vipaka and drug Ashtawarga plants also come under this are mutually dependent. Hence, drug is category due to limited distribution in their considered as the most vital and others natural habitats. Because of endangered (Rasa, Virya, and Vipaka) are dependent on condition, today substitutes of Ashtawarga it. According to Sushruta, Virya stimulates plants (Table 2, 3 & 4) are commonly used Vipaka which is based on Guna (like Guru in Ayurvedic formulations to meet the and Laghu) but Charaka preferred Rasa market pressure, and the demand of oriented Vipaka theory and stated that Rasa cultivation of Ashtawarga plants is also is responsible for formation of Virya. declined because the deficiency of these Charaka and Sushruta have mentioned that plants is filled by their substitutes and this each Rasa consists of three Gunas (Madhura situation directly leads to substitution and Rasa possessing Snigdha, Sheeta and guru adulteration19. Gunas). Charaka and Sushruta also declared that the Gunas cannot act as base for another Concept of Pratinidhi drugs (substitute) as Guna but Gunas attributed to Rasa. This per official books shows that all these attributes are inter- Some drugs which are available in related (Table 1) and decides, complement, the insufficient quantity within local area supplement or antagonize action of each were rationally replaced by other drugs to other. get similar therapeutic properties in the absence of original drug known as Ashtawarga plants Pratinidhi drugs and used in pharmacy Ashtawarga plants (Ashta means practice because of easy availability and eight and Warga means group) are a group relatively low cost. Substitutes can be legal of eight plants i.e. Kakoli, Kshirakakoli, (official) that is scientifically proved (the Jeevaka, Rishbhaka, Meda, Mahameda, drug has the similar properties to the Riddhi and Vriddhi being widely used as a original one) whereas illegal (commercial) vital ingredient of many Ayurvedic means the drug has been used instead of the formulations14. One of most widely used original drug and is not scientifically proved OTC product is chyawanprash which is but otherwise is commercially beneficial to acknowledged to revitalize the body of Rishi the adulterator or drug dealer20. Chayawan and restored his youth.. These The concept of substitute has been plants have health promoting and immense given by Bhavmishra (16th Century A.D.). cell regeneration properties which work as It is clear that number of substituted plants antioxidants in the body and strengthen the in Ayurveda has been increased e.g. > 60 immune system11. Ashtawarga plants are Pratinidhi drugs in Bhavaprakasha, > 70 in also reported to restore health instantly and Yogaratnakara, about 75 in Bhaishajya their requirement is rising day-by-day but Ratnavali and > 110 Pratinidhi drugs are accessibility of genuine drug is not in tune mentioned in Ayurveda Sarasamgraha with the demand13. while, actual concept of Pratinidhi drugs Five hundred sixty plants in total of was ignored18. According to Pharmacy, the India have been included in the International concept of substitution is usually preferred

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when original drugs are not available or in case of leafy drug), even though they are available in small quantity20. As per derived from the authentic plant. Based on Pharmacognosy, the substitution refers to a these standards, adulterated drug (whether, part of adulteration which may be deliberate intentional or unintentional) should be or accidental and this includes substitution rejected27. As per GMP rules & act in of original crude drug partially or fully with schedules-T for Ayurvedic, Siddha and other substances which is either free from or Unani (ASU) drugs in the section 33EEA, inferior in chemical and therapeutic ASU drugs are deemed to be spurious if it is properties21. Ayurveda recommended that substitute for another drug or if it has been the functionally similar substitute having substituted by other drug28. similar Guna-Karma properties can be used in the absence of original medicinal herb Reasons for the use of Pratinidhi drugs and also states that Rasa (taste) of an herb depends upon its pharmacological action Lack of knowledge of the authentic source (Karma)22. Yogaratnakara stated that if In Ayurvedic textbooks, many plants Rasa, Virya, Vipaka of one drug is similar to were not described and these plants were another, then it may be selected as a identified on the basis of characters like substitute23. The foremost Acharyas like morphology e.g. Shatavari (Root of Charaka and Sushruta have not given direct Asparagus racemosus) is used in place of reference or listing of substitute while Meda and Mahameda. One more illustration charaka has emphasized on the Prashasta is Vidari kand that is being second-hand to Bheshaja (ideal drug) which have following Jeevaka and Rishbhaka and its botanical aspects for therapeutic use like Bahuta source is Pueraria tuberosa although it has (readily available & in abundance), been substituted by another plant i.e. Yogyatva (eligible for therapeutic Kshiravidari (Ipomoea digitata) while uses),Anekvidha Kalpana (capacity to be market samples are collected from another formulated in varied type) and Sampat endangered gymnosperm Cycas circinalis (potential). which is sold as Vidari kand because Acharya Vagbhata have declared that cultivars,suppliers and vendors are in the non-availability of any particular unqualified and they are not familiar with drug, one should try to get another similarly authentic source20,29. potent drug having similar Rasa (Taste), Guna (Quality), Virya (Potency) and Confusion in Vernacular Names Vipaka24,25,26. Acharya Bhavamishra has In Ayurveda, Habenaria intermedia stated that if original drug is not available refer to Riddhi but as per available literature then another drug which is similar to it in survey, Habenaria intermedia refers to Rasapanchakas may be selected by the Vriddhi. Another example is Kshirakakoli physician and used as substitute. Bhaishajya i.e. also known as Kshira and Kakoli in Ratnavali has declared that the main drug in Hindi. As per Ayurvedic pharmacopoeia of any formulation cannot be substituted but India, Fritillaria roylei and Lilium only the accessory drugs in the formulation polyphyllum are the botanical names of can be substituted by appropriate Pratinidhi Kshirakakoli and Kakoli, respectively but drugs20. However, World Health research literature listed Lilium polyphyllum Organization has recommended the rejection and Roscoea purpurea as Kshirakakoli and of raw material, having more than 5% of any Kakoli, respectively. Due to the similar or other plant part of the same plant (e.g. stem

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controversial names, the herbs are often are similar whereas 60% of total parameters interchanged or adulterated30,31,32. do not match with each other. Rasapanchakas are inter-related to each Regional substitute other so when one of Guna- Karma property Under one name, a variety of drugs changes then therapeutic action of the drug is used in different regions due to incorrect also changes. This shows that there is no identification e.g. Jeevaka is known as scientific basis of substitution. Jeevakamu in Telugu but Jeevakamu is also used as common name in Telugu for another DISCUSSION eight plants i.e. Riddhi, Elavalukam, Himsara, Khubkalan, Medasaka, From the metadata analysis Rumimastagi, Tailaparnah and Vanda31. performed by authors following inferences can be drawn: Non-availability of authentic plant In case of non-availability of Kakoli I. Single Ashtawarga plant but more than (rhizomes) and Kshirakakoli (bulbs), two substitutes Ashwagandha (root) is used as substitute33. One Ashtawarga plant has 2 or 3 substitutes but Rasa, Guna, Virya, Vipaka Other part of same or different plant and Doshic actions of substitutes are Easy or bulk availability of other dissimilar from each other. How and on parts of same or different plant may lead to what basis 2 or 3 plants are selected as substitution e.g. tuberous root of Lilium substitute for single Ashtawarga plant is not polyphyllum is approved by API but clear? rhizomes of this plant are widely used today The basic Ayurvedic characteristics for preparation of formulations15,32. (Rasa Guna, Virya, Vipaka etc) that decide the pharmacological action of any drug do METHODS not match with each other. For example, Riddhi has been substituted by varahi kand, The review on substitution of Bala and Chiriya musli (Table 3). Even Ashtawarga plants was done by though the fact that Riddhi, Bala and Chiriya accumulating and analyzing the data musli have Madhura rasa but Varahi kand available on internet, WHO and ancient have Madhura, Katu and Tikta Ayurveda texts (Bhavaprakasha Nighantu, Rasas.Ayurveda recognized that Madhura Sushruta Samhita and Charaka Samhita) etc. Rasa pacifies Pitta and Vata but aggravates In this study, Rasa, Guna, Virya Vipaka, Kapha. Katu Rasa decreases Kapha, Doshic and pharmacological actions of increases Vata and Pitta. Tikta Rasa original Ashtawarga plants and their increases Vata, decreases Pitta and Kapha. substitutes have been analyzed for their Riddhi, Bala and Chiriya musli have Guru similarity that is basis of substitution as per and Snigdha Gunas but Varahi kand have ancient and modern texts. Laghu Guna. Virya of Riddhi, Bala and Chiriya musli is Sheeta but of Varahi kand is RESULT Ushna. Riddhi, Bala and Chiriya musli have Madhura Vipaka while Varahi kand have The analysis of data indicates that Katu Vipaka. Doshic action of Riddhi is only forty percent of total parameters of Tridoshahar Pittahar, Varahi kand have Rasapanchakas and pharmacological actions Kapha-Vatahar Pittakar doshic action but of Ashtawarga plants and their substitutes Bala and Chiriya musli pacify Vata-Pitta.

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Pharmacological actions of Riddhi, Bala, that pair by single plant drug seems to be Chiriya musli and Varahi kand are also not irrational and unscientific. super-imposable. Varahi kand is totally different from Riddhi in the aspects of Rasa, III. Ashtawarga pair have single official Guna, Virya, Vipaka, Doshic and substitute but different other substitutes pharmacological actions. Similarly, Bala and Another important observation that Chiriya musli do not have similar Doshic came out of this metadata analysis is and pharmacological actions (Table 3). So, substitution of substitutes. Pair of how Bala, Chiriya musli and Varahi kand Ashtawarga plants have single official are regarded as substitutes for Riddhi? substitute but other substitutes, which have been used in the absence of official II. Pairs of Ashtawarga plants have single substitute, are different by their therapeutic official substitute and pharmacological actions e.g. in the Ashtawarga plants are divided into absence of Ashwagandha, Kali musli and four pairs and their similarities in Ayurvedic Safed musli are used as substitute of and pharmacological parameters are given in Ashwagandha. Ultimately, Kali musli and table (Table 5). Gunas and pharmacological Safed musli are regarded as substitutes for actions of these pairs do not match with each Kakoli and Kshirakakoli, respectively. Kali other. Pairs of Ashtawarga plants are only musli and Safed musli are also different different in one attribute of Rasapanchakas plants with different morphological and i.e. Guna but pharmacological actions of the pharmacological profile then how both are drugs is of paramount importance for the accepted as substitute for single plant i.e. selection of substitute. As selection criteria Ashwagandha. Kali musli is used as of Pratinidhi drugs clearly states that not substitute for Kakoli and Safed musli for only overall Rasapanchakas similarities are Kshirakakoli in the absence of to be considered but also therapeutic Ashwagandha. efficacy. Both the drugs for each pair have If Ashwagandha can be used as first different pharmacological profile but substitute for both Kakoli and Kshirakakoli substitute of each pair is single plant (Table then why one type of musli cannot be used 5) which is officially accepted i.e. as substitute for both Kakoli and Ashwagandha for Kakoli & Kshirakakoli; Kshirakakoli in place of Ashwagandha? Vidari kand for Jeevaka & Rishbhaka; Shatavari for Meda & Mahameda; Varahi IV. Basis of substitution kand for Riddhi and Vriddhi, which perhaps conserve two valuable plants. The selection Substitution on the basis of Ayurvedic of single plant as substitute for two plants principles having different pharmacological profile and One important basis of the different Guna property seems to be substitution could be the Ayurvedic controversial. Another question that principles like Rasa, Guna, Virya, Vipaka immediately floats is that if one plant can and Doshic action but this does not seem substitute two different plants then there was true (Table 2, 3, & 4) because more than no basis of choosing these pairs for 50% substitutes (Pratinidhi drugs) of therapeutic action? If there was any Ashtawarga plants do not show similarities relevance in the selection of these pairs in in Rasa, Guna, Virya, Vipaka and Doshic ancient times, then there must be a scientific actions except with similarity of one or two basis for that selection and substitution of attributes (Fig 1) e.g. Vipaka of Kakoli and

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its substitutes is Madhura i.e. similar but CONCLUSION Rasa, Guna, Virya and Doshic action of Kakoli and substitutes are not super- Ayurvedic principles suggests that imposable. This indicates that Ayurvedic use of suitable locally available plant that principles were not followed while selecting are easy to obtain and in abundance on the Pratinidhi drugs for Ashtawarga plants. basis of their Guna-Karma properties but substitution of Ashtawarga plants do not Substitution on the basis of modern follow Ayurvedic principles exactly except pharmacology some similarities in Rasa, Guna, Virya, The other most important Vipaka and Doshic action. This is an era of criteria for substitution could be the evidence based medicine and the most pharmacological action and it seems that it important criterion for selection of was also not considered selecting substitute. Pratinidhi drugs is pharmacological actions Chemical constituents and pharmacological rather than similarities in Ayurvedic actions of the Ashtawarga plants and their parameters. In case of Ashtawarga, substitutes are given in the tables (Table 2, 3 pharmacological profile of Ashtawarga % 4) and similarities of pharmacological plants and their substitutes is totally actions are shown in Fig 1. Chemical different. From this study it may be composition and pharmacological activities concluded that substitution of Ashtawarga of Kshirakakoli are totally different from its plants done by various agencies and by substitutes i.e. Ashwagandha and Safed Department of AYUSH, Ministry of musli. Another example is Jeevaka which AYUSH, Govt. of India is neither based on also possess different pharmacological pharmacological basis nor based on profile from their substitutes (Guduchi, Ayurvedic principles and there is no Vidari kand and Safed behman). This scientific rational behind substitution. Due suggests that in case of Ashtawarga plants to this, quality of herbal products are finally and the substitutes are not selected on the effected which may cause great loss to basis of modern pharmacological consumers worldwide due to continuous use parameters. of herbal drugs without desired medicinal value. This may also create a bad impression Substitution on the basis of taxonomy towards efficacy and sanctity of Ashtawarga Among all Pratinidhi drugs of based Ayurvedic/traditional medicine and Ashtawarga plants, it is evident that the system as a whole. Thus, it is different plant part used in 75% cases while prerequisite to compare the drugs with an only in 25% cases similar plant part used. entire aspect, which goes in hand by hand Abhava Pratinidhi drugs are dissimilar with a holistic approach of Ayurveda that is taxonomically as they belong to different “Treat the man as whole - Take the drug as families or species. e.g. Vriddhi belongs to whole". family Orchidaceae but its substitutes belongs to Dioscoreaceae and Malvaceae ACKNOWLEDGMENT families (Table 3). This shows that there is Authors express sincere thanks to no taxonomical basis behind this National Medicinal Plants Board, substitution. Department of AYUSH, New Delhi for providing financial support for the project (Project no: R&D/CH-01/2012).

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50. Bafna AR, Mishra SH. 2006. Immuno- /preserving health and longevity. stimulatory effect of methanol extract of http://www.nutritionfoundationofindia.res.in/ Curculigo orchioides on immuno-suppressed FetchSchriptpdf/festschrift%20%20for%20% mice. J Ethnopharmacol 2006; 104(1-2):1-4. 20Dr%20Gopalan/Section%201scientific%20 51. Venkatesh P, Mukherjee PK, Kumar SN, papers/Satyavati% 204.11.pdf [cited Nema NK, Bandyopadhyay A, Fukui 03/01/2015]. H, Mizuguchi H. Mast cell stabilization and 62. Caius JF. The medicinal and poisonous plants antihistaminic potentials of Curculigo of India. Jodhpur, India: Scientific Publisher; orchioides rhizomes. J Ethnopharmacol 2009; 1986. 126(3):434-6. 63. Pullaiah T. Encyclopaedia of World 52. Yadav B, Bajaj A, Saxena M, Saxena AK. In Medicinal Plants, Volume 1. New delhi: vitro anticancer activity of the root, stem and Regency publications; 2006. leaves of Withania Somnifera against Various 64. Renugadevi T. Development of a chemo Human Cancer Cell Lines. Indian J Pharm profile and HPTLC finger print for Sci 2010; 72(5):659–663. commercial products containing Withania 53. Shaheen H, Shinwari ZK, Qureshi RA, Ullah somnifera as an ingredient. 2012. Z. Indigenous plant resources and their http://www.withanomics.org/students%20thes utilization practices in village populations of is/msc%20thesis/renugadevi2012.pdf [cited Kashmir Himalayas. Pakistan J Bot 2012; 17/08/2014]. 44(2): 739-745. 65. Pandey GS, Chunekar KC, Vidari K. Bhav 54. Warrier PK, Nambiar VPK, Ramankutty C. Prakash Nighantu. Varanasi: Chaukambha Indian Medicinal Plants: A compendium of Vidya Bhavan.;1998: 388–9. 500 species (3). Orient Longman; 54. 66. Tripathi YB, Nagwani S, Mishra P, Jha A, 55. Saidulu CH, Venkateshwar C, Rao SG, Rai SP. Protective effect of Pueraria Vardhan TA. In-vitro antimicrobial activity of tuberosa DC. embedded biscuit on cisplatin- Withania somnifera leaf and root extracts induced nephrotoxicity in mice. J Nat Med grown in heavy metal toxic soils. IJAPBC 2012; 66: 109–18. 2014; 3(4): 872-79. 67. Pandey N, Chaurasia JK, Tiwari OP, Tripathi 56. Panda SK, Si SC, Bhatnagar SP. Studies on YB. Antioxidant properties of different hypoglycaemic and analgesic activities of fractions of tubers from Pueraria Chlorophytum borivilianum Sant & Ferz. J tuberosa Linn. Food Chem 2007; 105: 19–22. Nat Remedies 2007; 7(1): 31–36. 68. Tanwar YS, Goyal S, Ramawat KG. 57. Manta T, Shukla YN, Tandon M. Hypolipidemic effects of tubers of Indian Phytoconstituents of Asparagus adsce- Kudzu (Pueraria tuberosa) J Herb Med ndens, Chlorophytum arundinaceum and Toxicol 2008; 2: 21–5. Curculigo orchioides: A review. Curr Res 69. Sharma PV, Charaka S. Varanasi, India: Med Aromat Plants 1995; 17: 42–50. Chaukhambha orientalis; 2001:7–14. 58. Nambiar PK, Warrier PK, Ramankutty C. 70. Sairam KS, Priyambada NC, Goel RK. Indian Medicinal Plants: A Compendium of Gastroduodenal ulcer protective activity 500 Species Vol 4. Kottakkal, Kerala, India: of Asparagus racemosus. An experimental, Orient Longman Publishing; 1997. biochemical and histological study. J 59. Chougule P, Joshi Y, Jain A. Protective effect Ethnopharmacol 2003; 86(1):1–10. of ethanol extract of Centaurea behen linn in 71. Khare CP. Indian Medicinal Plants: An carbon tetra chloride-induced hepatitis in rats. Illustrated Dictionary. New Delhi: Springer- Int J Pharm Pharm Sci 2014; 6(8): 197-200. Verlag Berlin/Heidelberg; 2007. 60. Irshad S, Singh J, Jain SP. Khanuja SPS. 72. Pant S, Rinchen T. Dactylorhiza hatagirea: Curculigo orchioides Gaertn. (Kali Musali): A high value medicinal orchid. J Med Plants An endangered medicinal plant of commercial Res 2012; 6(19): 3522-3524. value. Nat Prod Rep 2006; 5(5): 369-372. 73. Soni RK, Irchhaiya R, Dixit V, Alok S. 61. Satyavati GV. Ayurvedic concepts of Paederia foetida Linn: phytochemistry, nutrition and dietary guidelines for promoting

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Table-1: Inter-relationship of Panchamahabhutas (Rasas, Gunas, Virya and Vipaka) and their effect on Tridosha57

Panchama Sub-types of Panchamahabhutas and their effect on Tridosha habhutas Rasa Madhura Lavana Amla Katu Tikta Kashaya (Taste) (Sweet) (Salty) (Sour) (Pungent) (Bitter) (Astringent) Aggravates Kapha Kapha, Pitta Kapha, Pitta Vata, Pitta Vata Vata Alleviates Vata, Pitta Vata Vata Kapha Kapha, Pitta Kapha, Pitta Guna Sheeta Guru Snig dha Ushna Lagh u Snigd ha Ushn a Lagh u Snigd Ushna Lagh u Ruks ha Sheeta Guru Ruk sha Sheeta Guru Ruks ha ha Vata, Pitta, Pitta, Vata, Pitta, Vata, Vata, Aggravates Kaph a Pitta Vata, Pitta Pitta Pitta Vata, Pitta Vata Kapha Vata Kapha Vata Kapha Kaph a Kaph a Pitta Kapha Kapha Kapha Vata, Vata, Vata, Kap Pitta, Pitt a, Kap Vata, Pitta, Alleviates Pitta Vata, Pitta Vata Kapha Vata Kapha Vata Kapha Pitta Vata, Pitta Pitta Kaph a Kapha ha Kapha ha Pitta Kaph a

Table- 2: Description of Ashtawarga plants (Kakoli, Kshirakakoli, Meda and Rishbhaka) and their substitutes

Description Ashtawarga plants Substitutes of Ashtawarga plants

Common name Kakoli Ashwagandha Kali musli Other names Kakoli (Hindi) Asgandh (Hindi) Musli safed (Punjabi) Name as per Ayurveda &/or Kakoli Asvagandha Talamuli API Botanical name Lilium polyphyllum D. Don Withania somnifera Dunal. Curculigo orchioides Gaertn. Family Liliaceae Solanaceae Amaryllidaceae Sugars, flavonoids, alkaloid, Chemical saponins, glycosides, tannins, Alkaloids and withanolides30 Tannin, resin, sapogenin and alkaloid29 constituents phenolic compounds11,27 Pharmacological Antirheumatic, immunostimulant, Antirheumatic, immunostimulant, Immunostimulant, diuretic, aphrodisiac, action diuretic, aphrodisiac, antipyretic, diuretic, aphrodisiac, antioxidant, antioxidant, anabolic, antiinflammatory, anabolic, febrifuge, galactogauge, anabolic, antiinflammatory, hepatoprotective, hypoglycemic, anticancer,

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sweet, bitter haemostatic, hepatoprotective, hypoglycemic, spasmolytic, demulcent, antipyretic, antidiarrhoel, refrigerant, expectorant, tonic, anticancer, psychotropic, adaptogenic, analgesic restorative, spermatogenic, cooling11,33 antistress, anticonvulsant, narcotic, antiasthmatic, antihistaminic, tonic42-48,56 antibiotic, hypnotic, antibacterial, antifungal, macrophage activator, tonic galactogogue, alterative33,38-,41,52 Part used Tuberous root Roots Rhizome Rasa Madhura Tikta, Kashaya Madhura, Tikta Guna Sheeta, Guru Laghu Guru, Picchila Virya Sheeta Ushna Ushna Vipaka Madhura Madhura Madhura Doshic action Pitta-Vatahar Kaphakar Vata Pitta pacifying Vata Pitta pacifying – Kapha aggravating Common name Kshirakakoli Ashwagandha Safed musli Other names Kshira, Kakoli (Hindi) Asgandh (Hindi) Mushli (Sanskrit) Name as per Ayurveda &/or Ksirakakoli Asvagandha Not mentioned in API API Botanical name Fritillaria roylei Hook. Withania somnifera Dunal. Chlorophytum horivilianum Sant & F. Family Liliaceae Solanaceae Liliaceae Alkaloids, withanolides, amino acids, steroids, Steroidal Lactones, volatile oil, alkaloids, carbohydrates, vitamins, proteins, Chemical Alkaloids, terpene alcohols, starch, reducing sugars, glycosides, steroids, saponins, sugars, mineral, phenol, resins, constituents steroidal glycosides26,11 alkane, sugar alcohol, withaniol, an acid mucilage9 and a neutral compound30,60 Part used Bulb Roots Roots Rasa Madhura Tikta, Kashaya Madhura, Tikta Guna Guru, Snigdha Laghu Snigdha, Picchila, Guru Virya Sheeta Ushna Ushna Vipaka Madhura Madhura Madhura Doshic action Vata Pitta pacifying Vata Pitta pacifying ------Antirheumatic, diuretic, Antirheumatic, immunostimulant, Antiarthritic, immunomodulator, diuretic, Pharmacological aphrodisiac, antitubercular, diuretic, aphrodisiac, antioxidant, aphrodisiac, antioxidant, hypoglycaemic, action antiasthamatic, expectorant, anabolic, antiinflammatory, antitumour, adaptogenic, antistress,

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antipyretic, oxytocic, tonic, sweet, hepatoprotective, hypoglycemic, antimicrobial, larvicidal, antiulcer, anthelmintic, bitter, refrigerant, hyperdipsia, anticancer, Psychotropic, adaptogenic, anxiolytic, analgesic53,54 haematemesis, rheumatalgia, antistress, anticonvulsant, narcotic, galactogauge, useful in disorders antibiotic, hypnotic, sedative, like general debility, agalactia, antibacterial, antifungal, macrophage cough, bronchitis, vitiated activator, galactogogue, alterative, conditions of pitta, burning tonic33,38-41,52 sensation, seminal weakness, strangury50,51 Common name Rishbhaka Vidari kand Lal behman Other names ------Vidareekand (Hindi) ------Name as per Ayurveda &/or Not mentioned in API Vidarikanda Not mentioned in API API Botanical name Microstylis muscifera (Lindl.) Ridl. Pueraria tuberose DC. Centaurium roxburghii (D. Don) Druce. Family Orchidaceae Fabaceae Gentianaceae Bitter alkaloids, glycoside, Chemical Pterocarpan, pterocarpanone, flavonoids with active derivate Alkaloids68 constituents pterocarpenes, isoflavones, coumestan26 compounds. Part used Psuedobulb Tuber ------Rasa Madhura Madhura ------Guna Guru, Snigdha Guru, Snigdha ------Virya Sheeta Sheeta ------Vipaka Madhura Madhura ------Doshic action Vata Pitta pacifying Vata Pitta pacifying ------Aphrodisiac, antidiarrhoeal, Anti-inflammatory, antispasmodic, antidysentric, antipyretic, sterility, hepatoprotective, antioxidant, vitiated conditions of vatta and Pharmacological cardioprotective, antihyperglycemic, Bitter tonic, useful in the loss of appetite and pitta, seminal weakness, tonic, action hypolipidemic, peptic discomfort68 styptic, cooling, internal and anti-ageing, for the treatment of fertility external haemorrhage, in disorders & general weakness61-65 dysentery, febrifuge, emaciation,

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haemostatic, burning sensation, general debility, sweet, refrigerant11,59 Common name Meda Shatavari Salam mishri Other names Satavar, Satamul (Hindi) ------Name as per Ayurveda &/or Not mentioned in API Satavari ------API Polygonatum verticillatum (Linn.) Botanical name Asparagus racemosus Willd. Eulophia campestris Wall. Allioni Family Liliaceae Liliaceae Orchidaceae Chemical Amino acid, sterol, steroid saponin, Sugar, Glycosides, Saponin and sterol. ------constituents sugar Part used Rhizomes Tuberous roots ------Rasa Madhura Madhura, Tikta ------Guna Guru Guru, Snigdha ------Virya Sheeta Sheeta ------Vipaka Madhura Madhura ------Doshic action Vata Pitta pacifying Vata Pitta pacifying ------Antitumour, immunomodulator and Aphrodisiac, diuretic, analgesic, galactogauge, antidiarrhoel, anti- pyrexia, in burning sensation, inflammatory, useful in disorders like Pharmacological Antioxidant, appetizer, anthelmintic, aphrodisaic, phthisis and weakness, tonic, nervous disorders, dyspepsia, dysentry, action stomachic, tonic, cough, cardioonic, discrasia73 galactogauge, emollient and hyperdipsia, neuropathy, hepatopathy, appetizer11 cough, bronchitis, hyperacidity, certain infectious diseases66,67

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Table- 3: Description of Ashtawarga plants (Jeevaka, Vriddhi, Riddhi) and their substitutes

Common name Jeevaka Vidari kand Safed behman Giloe Other names Jeevak (English, Hindi) Vidareekand (Hindi) Guduchi (Official name) Name as per Ayurveda &/or Jivakah Vidarikanda Not mentioned in API Guduci API Malaxis acuminata D. Don. syn. Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) Botanical name Pueraria tuberosa DC. Centaurea behen Linn. Microstylis wallichii Lindl. Miers. Family Orchidaceae Fabaceae Compositae Menispermaceae Alcohol, sugars, diterpenes, alkaloid, glycoside, flavonoids, O- Pterocarpan, pterocarpanone, Chemical methylbatatasin, 1, 8-cineole, Saponins, steroids and pterocarpenes, isoflavones, Terpenoids and alkaloids30 constituents sterol, coline, monoterpenoid, alkaloids11 coumestan26 phenylpropanoid, cyclic terpene, monoterpene26,34,35,58 Part used Psuedobulb Tuber Roots Stem Rasa Madhura Madhura ------Tikta, Kashaya Guna Picchila, Snigdha Guru, Snigdha ------Laghu Virya Sheeta Sheeta ------Ushna Vipaka Madhura Madhura ------Madhura Doshic action Vata Pitta pacifying Vata Pitta pacifying ------Tridoshic Antirheumatic, antiinflammatory, aphrodisiac, antioxidant, Antirheumatic, anti-inflammatory, Antiinflammatory, antispasmodic, antitubercular aphrodisiac, analgesic, aphrodisiac, antioxidant, Antiinflammatory, hepatoprotective, diuretic, antitubercular, useful in disorders hepatoprotective, hepatoprotective, diuretic, cardioprotective, laxative, Pharmacological like bleeding diathesis, burning cardiaotonic, antianxiety, antiulcerogenic, anticancer, contraceptive sweet, refrigerant, action sensation, phthisis, haematesis, exhilarant, effective in antistress, immunomodulator, emollient, galactogogue, emetic, fever, seminal, dipsia, weakness, improving memory, hypoglycemic, antiallergic, expectorant, febrifuge, used for burning sensation, emaciation, relieves sexual debility, antimicrobial, expectorant the treatment of general debility thickens seminal fluid55 hepatosplenomegaly, leprosy, dyspepsia, spermatorrhoea &

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cough

Common name Riddhi Varahi kand Bala Chiriya musli Varahi kanda (Hindi), Other names ------Varahikanda (Sanskrit) Name as per Ayurveda &/or Riddhi Varahi Not mentioned in API Not mentioned in API API Botanical name Habenaria intermedia D. Don Dioscorea bulbifera Linn. Sida cordifolia Linn. Asparagus filicinus

Family Orchidaceae Dioscoreaceae Malvaceae Asparagaceae Saponins, steroidsal saponins, Steroidal saponins and Saponins, Alkaloid, amino acid, amine shatavarins, immunoside, spiroconazole A, phenanthrene, derivative, Ephedrine, sarsapogenin, glycosides of 2,7-dihydroxy-4- pseudoephedrine, quercetin, rutin, hyperoside and methoxyphenanthrene, sterculic, diosgenin, quercetin 3- Starch, minerals with bitter flavonoids as quercetin, betaphenethylamine, Chemical glucuronide, sitosterol, substances and phenolic quercetin-3-O-β-D- saponine, hypaphorine, constituents stigmasterol along with their compounds glucopyranoside, and quercetin- ecdysterone, indole glucosides, spirostanolic and 3-O-β-D-galactopyranoside, and alkaloids, palmitic, stearic furostanolic saponins, seven clerodane diterpenoids and β – sitosterol, malvalic sapogenin, polycyclic namely, bafoudiosbulbins A, B, C, and coronaric acid, fatty alkaloid, asparagamine, D, E, F, and G29 acids74 disaccharide75 Part used Tuber Rhizome ------Tubers

Rasa Madhura Madhura, Katu, Tikta Madhura Madhura

Guna Guru, Picchila, Snigdha Laghu Guru, Snigdha, Picchila Guru, Snigdha

Virya Sheeta Ushna Sheeta Sheeta

Vipaka Madhura Katu Madhura Madhura

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Doshic action Tridoshahar Piitahar Vata Pitta pacifying Vata Pitta pacifying Vata Pitta pacifying Analgesic, CNS depressant, Cooling, brain tonic, emollient, Analgesic, antidiabetic, antiinflammatory, Antitumour, hypoglycemic, blood purifier, appetizer, rasayan, cardiotonic, cytotoxic, hypotensive, immunomodulator, antiviral, tonic, asthma, gout, leprosy, skin antiinflammatory, gastroprotecti hepatoprotective, Anti galactogauge, antioxidant, Pharmacological diseases, worms anorexia, general ve, cytotoxic, diuretic, microbial, antiparkinson, antiabortifacient , spasmodic to action debility, fever, burning sensation, anthelmintic, antibacterial, useful antimicrobial, uterus, antioxytoxic, excessive thirst, cough, for the treatment of leprosy, sore hypoglycemic, hypertensive, anticoagulant, emaciation11 throat, struma72 adaptogenic, antioxidant, antidysenteric75 hypotensive, antiasthma74 Common name Vriddhi Varahi kand Salam panja Maha bala Varahi kanda (Hindi), Pitabala (Hindi), Khurunti Other names ------Varahikanda (Sanskrit) (Punjabi) Name as per Not mentioned in API Ayurveda &/or Varahi Not mentioned in API Mahabala

API Habenaria edgeworthii Hook. Dactylorhiza hatagirea (D. Botanical name Dioscorea bulbifera Linn. Sida rhombifolia Linn. f. ex Collet Don) Soo Family Orchidaceae Dioscoreaceae Orchidaceae Malvaceae Steroidal saponins and Saponins, spiroconazole A, phenanthrene, 2,7-dihydroxy-4- methoxyphenanthrene, Dactylorhins A to E, flavonoids as quercetin, dactyloses A and B, lipids Chemical Starch, minerals with bitter quercetin-3-O-β-D- glucoside, starch, mucilage, Alkaloids27 constituents substances & taxol glucopyranoside, and quercetin- albumen, volatile oil, ash 3-O-β-D-galactopyranoside, and and bitter substance69 seven clerodane diterpenoids namely, bafoudiosbulbins A, B, C, D, E, F, and G29 Part used Tubers Rhizome Tubers Roots

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Rasa Madhura Madhura, Katu, Tikta ------Madhura

Guna Guru, Snigdha Laghu ------Guru, Snigdha, Picchila

Virya Sheeta Ushna ------Sheeta

Vipaka Madhura Katu ------Madhura

Doshic action Tridoshahar Piitahar Vata Pitta pacifying ------Cooling, emollient, brain tonic, Analgesic, antidiabetic, Antibacterial, aphrodisiac, blood purifier, gout appetizer, cardiotonic, cytotoxic, antidiarrhoel, In the rasayan, tonic, in asthma, leprosy, antiinflammatory, gastroprotecti treatment of dysentery, Pharmacological skin diseases, anorexia, worms, ve, cytotoxic, diuretic, chronic fever, cough, ------action general debility, burning anthelmintic, antibacterial, useful stomachache, wounds, sensation, excessive thirst, fever, for the treatment of leprosy, sore cuts, burns, fractures, cough, emaciation, spermopiotic11 throat, struma72 general weakness69

Table- 4: Description of Ashtawarga plant (Mahameda) and their substitutes

Common name Mahameda Shatavari Prasarani Nagabala Shakakul mishri

Other names Mahameda Satavar, Satamul (Hindi) Gandha Prasarini (Hindi) Black haired Mr. He Name as per Mahameda Satavari Prasarini Not mentioned in API Not mentioned in API Ayurveda &/or

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API

Polygonatum Sida himilis Car syn. Sida Polygontatum Botanical name cirrhifolium (Wall.) Asparagus racemosus Willd. Paederia foetida Linn. veronicaeolia Lam. multiflorum (Linn.) All. Royle Family Liliaceae Liliaceae Rubiaceae Malvaceae Polygonaceae Alkaloids, volatile Oil, asperuloside, paederosidic Alkaloids, phytosterols, acid, phenolic compounds, carbohydrates, sitosterols, stigmasterol, flavanoids, fatty acids, Chemical sugar (API), steroidal Sugar, Glycosides, Saponin and campesterol, ellagic acid, aminoacids, ------constituents saponins sterol. lignans, iridoids, hydrocarbons, alcohol, methylinedioxy compound, coumarins, phenolic tannins, triterpenoids, urosil acids acid, epifriedelinol70 Part used Rhizomes and root Tuberous roots Whole plant ------Rasa Madhura Madhura, Tikta Tikta Madhhura ------Guna Guru, Snigdha Guru, Snigdha Guru, Sara Guru, Snigdha ------Virya Sheeta Sheeta Ushna Sheeta ------Vipaka Madhura Madhura Katu Madhura ------Doshic action Vata Pitta pacifying Vata Pitta pacifying Vata Pitta pacifying ------Anti-inflammatory, Antiaging, Antitumour, immunomodulator antiarrthritic, antioxidant, Cooling, mild antiapoptotic, and galactogauge, antidiarrhoel, antirhematic, laxative, antineurotoxicity, anti-inflammatory, useful in antihyperglycemic, galactogauge, antihepatic cancer, disorders like nervous disorders, antimicrobial, cytotoxic, Pharmacological aphrodisiac, cholestasis, breast dyspepsia, dysentry, antinociceptive, ------action depurative, wound cancer, hair growth, hyperdipsia, neuropathy, antiulcer, antiulcer, healer, febrifuge, antioxidant, hepatopathy, cough, bronchitis, antidiarrhoeal, expectorant, tonic Alzheimer's disease, hyperacidity, certain infectious antihyperglycemic, antitussive, and fungicidal11 Parkinson's disease and diseases66,67 anthelmintic, hepatoprotective, vascular dementia71 in the traetment of colitis70

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Table- 5: Pair of Ashtawarga plants and their similarities in Ayurvedic and pharmacological parameters

Similarity in Pairs of Single official substitute Different substitutes for Sr. No. Doshic Pharmacological Ashtawarga plants Rasa Guna Virya Vipaka for two different drugs single drug action action Kakoli and Kali musli & Safed 1. √ × √ √ × Ashwagandha Kshirakakoli musli Jeevaka and Safed behman & Lal 2. √ × √ √ √ × Vidari kand Rishbhaka behman 3. Meda and √ × √ √ √ × Shatavari Salam mishri &

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.

Fig. 1: % Similarities of Ashtawarga plants with their substitutes

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