Skandinavias Første Jihadister "

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Skandinavias Første Jihadister ! SKANDINAVIAS FØRSTE JIHADISTER " Nyoppdagede primærkilder viser et skandinavisk innslag blant afghanaraberne i 1980-årene. Jihadismen i nord er antakelig eldre enn tidligere antatt. thomas hegghammer Når kom egentlig jihadismen til Skandinavia? en idé om at den voldelige aktiviteten ikke er be- Fenomenet kan fremstå som relativt nytt, siden grenset til aktørens opprinnelsesland. Typiske det kun er de siste ti årene vi har sett islamistiske eksempler på transnasjonal jihadisme er fremmed- terrorangrep og høye antall fremmedkrigere. De krigervirksomhet, voldsangrep utenfor kon- spesielt interesserte vet at jihadistnettverkene i fiktsoner (slik som terrorangrep i Vesten) og Skandinavia er noe eldre og at det allerede i 1990- støttearbeid til slike aktiviteter.2 I denne sammen- årene ble avdekket militante miljøer i både hengen vil derfor ikke-afghanske muslimers Danmark og Sverige. I denne artikkelen skal vi se fremmedkrigerreiser og støttevirksomhet til at jihadismens nordiske røtter går enda lenger til- Afghanistan-krigen falle innenfor begrepet, mens bake, til 1980-årene og krigen i Afghanistan. Nye eksilafghaneres aktiviteter havner utenfor. primærkilder viser at det var kontakt mellom Studien er et biprodukt av et større forsknings- muslimer i Skandinavia og det arabiske fremmed- prosjekt om afghanarabernes historie i 1980- krigermiljøet i Peshawar så langt tilbake som til årene, hvor jeg gikk systematisk gjennom en stor 1985 og at et lite antall personer reiste til Afghani- mengde arabiske primærkilder, slik som bøkene, stan for å sloss. Dette viser at den transnasjonale tidsskrifene og reiseskildringene til de arabiske jihadistbevegelsen nådde Skandinavia relativt tid- fremmedkrigerne i Afghanistan.3 Underveis lig og at miljøene som ble avdekket her i 1990- noterte jeg alle henvisninger til Skandinavia, og årene ikke oppsto i et vakuum. det er disse jeg presenterer her. Jeg har i tillegg gått Artikkelen undersøker i hvilken grad ikke- gjennom sekundærlitteraturen om islamisme i afghanske muslimer i Skandinavia var involvert i Skandinavia, søkt i Retriever på norsk pressedek- Afghanistan-krigen i 1980-årene, med sikte på å ning av Afghanistan i 1980-årene, og intervjuet et belyse spørsmålet om når og hvordan jihadismen lite antall personer som var aktive i det muslimske først kom til uttrykk i Skandinavia. Jeg bruker be- miljøet i Norge på samme tid. Studien er ikke ut- grepet «jihadisme» i betydningen transnasjonal fyllende, og den har et norsk bias i kildetilfanget, voldelig islamisme.1 I ordet «transnasjonal» ligger men den er et første steg i en utforsking av jiha- 174 dismens tidlige historie i Skandinavia, en tematikk Profetens Umma i Norge og Kaldet til islam i som til nå nesten ikke har vært behandlet i forsk- Danmark. Dette var organisasjoner som markerte ningslitteraturen. Artikkelen består av fre deler: seg ofentlig med radikal retorikk, men som ikke en litteraturgjennomgang, en beskrivelse av den planla angrep og derfor unngikk lovens lange arm. politiske konteksten, en presentasjon av de nye De tiltrakk seg en ny generasjon innvandrerung- kildene og en diskusjon av deres betydning. dom som hadde vokst opp i Skandinavia og kon- vertitter. Mange av dem inngikk senere blant de JIHADISMENS HISTORIE I SKANDINAVIA over 500 skandinaviske muslimene som reiste til Jihadismens historie i Skandinavia er under- Syria som fremmedkrigere mellom 2012 og 2015. studert, men noe vet vi.4 I grove trekk skisserer Senere kom fere angrep inspirert av Den islamske litteraturen et fenomen som startet i 1990-årene staten, blant annet i København i 2015 og i Stock- med støttevirksomhet til militante grupper i ut- holm i 2017. I dag har strenge mottiltak stoppet landet.5 Danmark var først ute. Tidlig i 1990-årene reisevirksomheten og svekket gateway-gruppene, hadde et miljø på fere titalls personer tilknyttet men nettverkene har overlevd, særlig i Sverige, den egyptiske gruppen al-Gama‘a al-Islamiyya hvor sikkerhetstjenesten säpo følger et miljø på (gi).6 Sverige fkk i midten av 1990-årene et over 700 personer.13 liknende nettverk som drev omfattende støttevirk- Men hvordan oppsto de første jihadist- somhet for den algeriske gruppen Groupe Is- miljøene? Takket være Matias Seidelins bok Allahs lamique Armé (gia).7 Begge miljøene inngikk i danske krigere vet vi mest om det danske al- større internasjonale nettverk med forgreninger Gama‘a al-Islamiyya-nettverket i København og til andre grupper, og gjennom hele 1990-årene Aarhus.14 Det vokste for alvor fram etter 1992 da sendte de folk til treningsleirer i Afghanistan.8 Tal‘at Fu’ad Qasim (Abu Talal) og et titalls andre Noen få personer skal også ha reist som fremmed- egyptiske gi-veteraner kom som asylsøkere fra krigere i 1990-årene til Bosnia, Tsjetsjenia og Peshawar i Pakistan til Danmark. Der knyttet de muligens Kasjmir.9 seg til et radikalt miljø rundt den palestinske På 2000-tallet begynte angrepsaktiviteten på imamen Ahmed Abu Laban i Tawba-moskéen i skandinavisk jord.10 Karikaturstriden genererte København. Vi vet mindre om opphavet til gia- særlig mye aktivitet i Danmark med Glostrup- miljøet rundt Brandbergen-moskéen i Haninge saken (2005), Vollsmose-plottet (2006), Glasvej- utenfor Stockholm, men sannsynligvis spilte saken (2007), samt fere angrepsplott mot nyankomne militante en rolle også her. En av de Jyllandsposten og et økseangrep på karikaturteg- sentrale personene i miljøet, algerieren neren Kurt Westergaard.11 Svenske jihadister an- Abdelkarim Deneche, hadde kommet til Sverige i grep lite hjemme, men var aktive i al-Qaida- 1992, sannsynligvis som allerede aktiv fis- eller nettverk i utlandet, spesielt i Irak. Likevel kom gia-medlem. Men det har vært uklart i hvilken Sverige nær en tragedie med Stockholm-angrepet grad det fantes et radikalt vertsmiljø der fra før. i 2010.12 Gjennom 2000-tallet fortsatte også støt- Ser vi nøyere på litteraturen, fnner vi enkelte tevirksomheten og fremmedkrigervirksomheten indikasjoner på at det var radikale islamistmiljøer til steder som Irak, Pakistan og Somalia. i Skandinavia allerede i 1980-årene. Ifølge Seidelin I 2010-årene ble miljøene større og fkk en hadde Tawba-moskéen i København fått en mer sterkere lokal forankring, ikke minst på grunn av utpreget islamistisk profl på slutten av 1980- fremveksten av såkalte «gateway groups», slik som årene. Personer fra miljøet demonstrerte utenfor 175 thomas hegghammer den sovjetiske ambassaden i København hver års- Azzams gjestehus i Peshawar.21 Som vi skal se var dag for invasjonen av Afghanistan, og de samlet Ahmed og Hamza ikke alene, men først litt om inn penger til de afghanske Mujahidin fra senest den politiske konteksten på denne tiden. 1987.15 Et av medlemmene, den senere kjente danske jihadisten Said Mansour, skal på denne AFGHANISTAN OG SKANDINAVIA I 1980-ÅRENE tiden ha samlet inn penger til Mujahidin-lederen I desember 1979 invaderte Sovjetunionen Af- Abd Rabb al-Rasul Sayyaf og trykket Afghanistan- ghanistan for å berge det vaklende kommunistiske relatert jihadistlitteratur på et eget lite forlag kalt regimet i Kabul. Det ble starten på en lang og al-Nour.16 Og i 1990 kom gis åndelige leder, den blodig krig. Den røde armé trakk seg ut i 1989, såkalte «blinde sjeiken» Omar Abd al-Rahman, til men krigen fortsatte til det afghanske kommunist- Danmark for å holde forelesninger etter invitasjon regimet ble styrtet våren 1992. Den afghanske fra Ahmed Abu Laban og Tawba-moskéen. I motstandsbevegelsen, kjent som Mujahidin, nøt Norge må det også ha vært interesse for Afghani- stor folkelig sympati fra både den muslimske stan-krigen i 1980-årene, fordi Mohammed verden og Vesten, og mottok betydelig økonomisk Bouras, daværende leder i Islamsk råd i Norge, støtte fra stater som Saudi-Arabia og usa. Motiva- fremviste i en bok fra 1998 detaljert kunnskap om sjonen for den eksterne støtten varierte: Vestlige afghanaraberne idet han omtalte «Abdallah stater så på konfikten som en anledning til å Azzam, Abu Othman, Abu Hamzah, Yahya skade Sovjetunionen, den vestlige venstresiden så Sanyor, Abdus-Samad Mefah, Abu Dajjanah og den som en kamp mot imperialismen, mens mus- mange andre som forlot sine kjære og kom til limske stater og organisasjoner var opptatt av å Afghanistan for å hjelpe.»17 Om Sverige vet vi vise solidaritet med andre lidende muslimer. Det mindre, men ifølge Jonas Otterbeck inneholdt det var bred konsensus i den muslimske verden om at svenskspråklige islamske tidsskrifet Salaam motstandskampen utgjorde en legitim jihad, og [Fred] artikler om Afghanistan på denne tiden.18 krigen ble omtalt som sådan av muslimske geist- Vi fnner også hint i litteraturen om fremmed- lige så vel som statsledere. krigerreiser fra Skandinavia til Afghanistan i Islamister i den arabiske verden så det som en 1980-årene. Michael Taarnby skriver at «et ukjent religiøs plikt å støtte kampen, og de engasjerte seg antall danske statsborgere eller personer med opp- tungt i støttevirksomheten for Mujahidin og hold i Danmark reiste til Afghanistan på 1980- hjelpearbeid for den afghanske sivilbefolkningen. tallet for å delta i jihad mot den sovjetiske Enkelte ideologer, spesielt palestineren Abdallah okkupasjonen.»19 Seidelin nevner at det i Tawba- Azzam, gikk lengre og mente at muslimer var moskéen tidlig i 1990-årene var «omkring ti pliktet til å sloss ved afghanernes side. Azzam veteraner fra Afghanistankrigen som alltid satt og fyttet selv til Pakistan i 1981 og opprettet i 1984 en ba for seg selv i et hjørne.» Brynjar Lia og Petter organisasjon i Peshawar kalt Tjenestekontoret Nesser skriver at «fere kilder hevder at en som tilrettela for utenlandske krigsfrivillige. Dette håndfull norske statsborgere befant seg i konfikt- gjorde han sammen med Osama bin Laden, som området på [1980-tallet]».20 Det mest håndfaste fnansierte gildet. Fram til sin død i et attentat i beviset så langt er Marco Nilssons intervju med to 1989 drev Azzam aktiv internasjonal rekruttering personer i Sverige, «Ahmed» og «Hamza», som sa av fremmedkrigere gjennom egne bøker, tids- de hadde kjempet i Afghanistan i 1980-årene og skrifet al-Jihad og omfattende foredragsvirk- at førstnevnte hadde tilbragt tid i Abdallah somhet i Midtøsten, Europa og usa.
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