DOCSLIB.ORG

Sándor Nagy INTRODUCTION to NUCLEAR SCIENCE (For the Non-Physicist)

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Sándor Nagy INTRODUCTION to NUCLEAR SCIENCE (For the Non-Physicist) Seconds > 10+15 10-01 10+10 10-02 10+07 10-03 10+05 10-04 10+04 10-05 10+03 10-06 10+02 10-07 10+01 10-15 10+00 < 10-15 Stable EC+β+ β- α p n SF Sándor Nagy INTRODUCTION TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE (for the non-physicist) THE LATEST VERSION OF THIS TEXT CAN BE DOWNLOADED FROM: http://nagysandor.eu/lne/ The charts of nuclides that the author used for the decoration of the cover are taken from this site under general permission: http://www.nndc.bnl.gov/nudat2/ To the best of my knowledge, the internet links in this text are harmless. However any site can be hacked. Use them at your own risk! For Évika COMPLETE LIST OF TEXTS BY THE AUTHOR ON THE DOWNLOAD PAGE: Bevezetés a nukleáris tudományba (the Hungarian version of this text) Introduction to Nuclear Science (this text) Kinetics of Radioactive Deacay and Growth (in English only) Nukleáris mérések és berendezések sztochasztikája (the Hungarian version of the next one) Stochastics and Nuclear Measurements RELATED MATERIAL ON THE INTERNET BY THE AUTHOR: Nukleáris Glosszárium (http://nagysandor.eu/nuklearis/glosszarium.html) Nuclear dictionary (http://nagysandor.eu/nuklearis/kisszotar/) Asimov Téka (http://nagysandor.eu/AsimovTeka/) (simulations) LIBRARY OF NAGY’S E-BOOKS ELTE, KI, Budapest, 2010 © Nagy Sándor Bantu_e_121215 ln e = 1 Sándor Nagy: Introduction to Nuclear Science ln e Contents INTRODUCTORY STUFF ................................................................................................................................... 4 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ................................................................................................................................... 5 1. RADIOCHEMISTRY AND NUCLEAR CHEMISTRY (RC&NC) .......................................................... 6 1.1. RC&NC AS AN INTERDISCIPLINARY FIELD OF SCIENCE ............................................................................. 6 1.2. THE BEGINNINGS OF RC&NC AND THE TIMELINE OF NUCLEAR SCIENCE ................................................ 7 1.3. RC&NC—OUTLOOK .............................................................................................................................. 10 2. NUCLIDES AND NUCLEI—ISOTOPES, ISOBARS, ISOTONES, AND ISOMERS .......................... 13 2.1. THE BUILDING BLOCKS OF ATOMS AND NUCLEI ..................................................................................... 14 2.2. NUCLIDES—ATOMIC SPECIES DETERMINED BY THEIR NUCLEI ............................................................... 15 2.3. NUCLIDIC NOTATION WITH EXAMPLES ................................................................................................... 17 3. MASS AND ENERGY—BASIC QUANTITIES AND UNITS ................................................................ 20 3.1. THE ELECTRON VOLT—THE ENERGY UNIT IN NUCLEAR SCIENCE ......................................................... 20 3.2. ENERGY AND TEMPERATURE .................................................................................................................. 20 3.3. THE NUCLIDIC MASS AND THE UNIFIED ATOMIC MASS UNIT ................................................................. 21 3.4. QUANTITIES CHARACTERIZING STABILITY AND INSTABILITY ................................................................. 23 3.4.1. The Q-value and the criterion for spontaneity ................................................................................ 23 3.4.2. The Binding Energy of the Nucleus and the B/A Value .................................................................. 25 3.4.3. The Mass Excess ............................................................................................................................. 27 3.4.4. Nucleon Separation Energies ......................................................................................................... 29 4. PARTICLES AND FORCES—THE STANDARD MODEL IN A NUTSHELL ................................... 31 4.1. THE ORIGIN OF NUCLEAR FORCE ............................................................................................................ 31 4.2. CLASSIFICATION OF PARTICLES AND FORCES .......................................................................................... 32 4.3. THE COLOR CHARGE ............................................................................................................................... 36 5. CHARACTERIZATION OF THE ATOMIC NUCLEUS ....................................................................... 38 5.1. NUCLEAR RADIUS AND MASS DENSITY .................................................................................................. 38 5.2. NUCLEAR SPIN, ELECTRIC AND MAGNETIC PROPERTIES OF NUCLEI ....................................................... 40 5.3. THE ONE-NUCLEON SHELL MODEL OF THE NUCLEUS ............................................................................. 47 6. TOPOLOGY OF THE VALLEY/CONTINENT OF STABILITY ......................................................... 51 6.1. SYSTEMATICS OF STABLE ELEMENTS AND NUCLIDES ............................................................................. 51 6.2. DEPENDENCE OF THE AVERAGE BINDING ENERGY PER NUCLEON ON THE MASS NUMBER ..................... 55 6.3. THE WEIZSÄCKER FORMULA AND THE LIQUID DROP MODEL ................................................................. 57 7. INTRODUCTION TO NUCLEAR REACTIONS .................................................................................... 63 7.1. TYPES OF NUCLEAR REACTIONS ............................................................................................................. 63 7.2. REACTIONS INDUCED BY NEUTRONS AND POSITIVE IONS ....................................................................... 65 7.2.1. Geometrical Cross Section of the Nucleus ..................................................................................... 65 7.2.2. The Nucleus as Felt by a Neutron and a Proton ............................................................................. 66 7.2.3. Reaction Cross Section Systematics ............................................................................................... 66 8. RADIOACTIVITY-RELATED CONCEPTS ............................................................................................ 70 8.1. CHARACTERIZATION OF THE MAIN DECAY MODES AND RADIATIONS .................................................... 70 8.2. RADIOACTIVE DECAY VS. CHEMICAL AND NUCLEAR REACTIONS .......................................................... 73 8.3. CHARACTERIZATION OF RADIOACTIVE SAMPLES—DECAY RATE AND COUNT RATE ............................. 75 8.4. HALF-LIFE, MEAN LIFE, DECAY CONSTANT AND THE EXPONENTIAL LAW OF DECAY............................ 76 8.5. DECAY CHAIN, EQUILIBRIUM, BRANCHING, AND DECAY SCHEMES ........................................................ 77 8.6. RADIONUCLIDES ON EARTH .................................................................................................................... 79 9. TOWARDS GREATER STABILITY—RADIOACTIVE DECAY ........................................................ 81 9.1. RADIOACTIVE DECAY AND THE CHART OF NUCLIDES ............................................................................. 81 9.2. INVESTIGATION OF THE SPONTANEITY OF BETA AND ALPHA DECAY ...................................................... 83 9.3. GAMMA DECAY....................................................................................................................................... 90 2 Sándor Nagy: Introduction to Nuclear Science ln e 9.4. FISSION ................................................................................................................................................... 92 9.5. EXOTIC AND RARE DECAY MODES ......................................................................................................... 97 10. KINETICS OF RADIOACTIVE DECAY AND ACTIVATION ......................................................... 99 10.1. RADIOACTIVE DECAY AND GROWTH .................................................................................................. 99 10.2. DECAY FOLLOWING ACTIVATION ..................................................................................................... 104 10.3. PARALLEL DECAY PROCESSES .......................................................................................................... 105 11. AFTEREFFECTS OF RADIOACTIVE DECAY AND NUCLEAR REACTIONS ........................ 106 11.1. RECOIL .............................................................................................................................................. 106 11.2. INNER BREMSSTRAHLUNG, X-RAYS AND AUGER EFFECT ................................................................. 110 12. INTERACTION OF NUCLEAR RADIATIONS WITH MATTER ................................................. 112 12.1. DOSIMETRIC CONCEPTS .................................................................................................................... 113 12.2. INTERACTIONS OF ALPHA RADIATION (HEAVY IONS) ....................................................................... 115 12.3. INTERACTIONS OF BETA RADIATION (LIGHT IONIZING PARTICLES) .................................................. 118 12.4. INTERACTIONS OF GAMMA RADIATION (HIGH-ENERGY PHOTONS) .................................................. 128 12.5. INTERACTIONS OF NEUTRONS ........................................................................................................... 134 13. NUCLEOSYNTHESIS ..........................................................................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • © in This Web Service Cambridge University
    Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-64247-8 - Fellows of Trinity College, Cambridge Compiled by H. McLeod Innes Index More information FELLOWS 1561 AND LATER Peter Kapitza 1925 Charles Alfred Coulson 1934 Francis Crawford Burkitt 26 Douglas Edward Lea 34 Alexander Pearce Higgins 26 John Enoch Powell 34 Robert Mantle Rattenbury 26 Eduard David Mortier Fraenkel 34 Llewellyn Hilleth Thomas 26 Hans Arnold Heilbronn 35 James Cochran Stevenson Arthur John Terence Dibben Runciman 27, 32 Wisdom 35 Francis Henry Sandbach 27 Hugh Cary Gilson 35 Arthur Geoffrey Neale Cross 27 Nathaniel Mayer Victor Reginald Pepys Winnington- Rothschild 35 Ingram 28 David Arthur Gilbert Hinks 35 Norman Adrian de Bruyne 28 Harry Work Melville 35 William Leonard Edge 28 Alan Lloyd Hodgkin 36 Carl Frederick Abel Pantin 29 Thomas Thomson Paterson 36 Maurice Black 29, 34 Arthur Dale Trendall (el. 1936) 37 Norman Feather 29, 36 Arthur Christopher Moule 37 John Arthur Gaunt 29 Maurice Henry Lecorney Harold Douglas Ursell 29 Pryce (el. 1936) 37 Arthur Harold John Knight 30 Gerald Salmon Gough 37 John Waddingham Brunyate 30 Douglas William Logan 37 Louis Harold Gray 30 Clement Henry Bamford 37 Raymond Edward Alan Victor Gordon Kiernan 37 Christopher Paley 30 Douglas Malcolm Aufrere Patrick Du Val 30 Leggett 37 Abram Samoilovitch John Sinclair Morrison 37 Besicovitch 30 William Albert Hugh Rushton 38 Ludwig Josef Johann John Michal Kenneth Vyvyan 38 Wittgenstein 30, 39 Denis John Bauer 38 Frederick George Mann 31 Eric Russell Love 38 Laurence Chisholm Young 31 William Charles Price 38 Harold Scott Macdonald Coxeter 31 Michael Grant 38 Walter Hamilton 31 Piero Sraffa 39 Anthony Frederick Blunt 32 Gordon Leonard Clark 39 Harold Davenport 32 Mark Gillachrist Marlborough Glenn Allan Millikan (el.
    [Show full text]
  • Named Units of Measurement
    Dr. John Andraos, http://www.careerchem.com/NAMED/Named-Units.pdf 1 NAMED UNITS OF MEASUREMENT © Dr. John Andraos, 2000 - 2013 Department of Chemistry, York University 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, ONTARIO M3J 1P3, CANADA For suggestions, corrections, additional information, and comments please send e-mails to [email protected] http://www.chem.yorku.ca/NAMED/ Atomic mass unit (u, Da) John Dalton 6 September 1766 - 27 July 1844 British, b. Eaglesfield, near Cockermouth, Cumberland, England Dalton (1/12th mass of C12 atom) Dalton's atomic theory Dalton, J., A New System of Chemical Philosophy , R. Bickerstaff: London, 1808 - 1827. Biographical References: Daintith, J.; Mitchell, S.; Tootill, E.; Gjersten, D ., Biographical Encyclopedia of Dr. John Andraos, http://www.careerchem.com/NAMED/Named-Units.pdf 2 Scientists , Institute of Physics Publishing: Bristol, UK, 1994 Farber, Eduard (ed.), Great Chemists , Interscience Publishers: New York, 1961 Maurer, James F. (ed.) Concise Dictionary of Scientific Biography , Charles Scribner's Sons: New York, 1981 Abbott, David (ed.), The Biographical Dictionary of Scientists: Chemists , Peter Bedrick Books: New York, 1983 Partington, J.R., A History of Chemistry , Vol. III, Macmillan and Co., Ltd.: London, 1962, p. 755 Greenaway, F. Endeavour 1966 , 25 , 73 Proc. Roy. Soc. London 1844 , 60 , 528-530 Thackray, A. in Gillispie, Charles Coulston (ed.), Dictionary of Scientific Biography , Charles Scribner & Sons: New York, 1973, Vol. 3, 573 Clarification on symbols used: personal communication on April 26, 2013 from Prof. O. David Sparkman, Pacific Mass Spectrometry Facility, University of the Pacific, Stockton, CA. Capacitance (Farads, F) Michael Faraday 22 September 1791 - 25 August 1867 British, b.
    [Show full text]
  • Applications of Radiation in Medicine
    APPLICATIONS OF RADIATION IN MEDICINE Kirstin Murray BSc (Hons) Radiotherapy & Oncology CONTENTS • Principles of Radiation Therapy • Radiobiology • Radiotherapy Treatment Modalities • Special Techniques • Nuclear Medicine X-RAYS • 1895 Professor Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen discovered x-rays by accident • Experimented with x-rays using vacuum tubes and saw the could pass through wood, paper, skin etc. • Took 1st x-ray of his wife’s hand using photographic plate • 1896 Henri Becquerel discovered radioactivity • 1898 Marie Curie discovered radium • X-rays widely used as essential diagnostic tool in medicine, but also in cancer treatment WHAT IS CANCER? • Cancer describes disease characterised by uncontrolled and unregulated cell division that invades healthy tissues and affect their function • Cancer can be malignant or benign (do not spread to distant parts) • Malignant cells can spread locally or to distant parts of the body via the bloodstream or lymphatic system • Treated with surgery, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, hormone treatments (conventional medicine)or in combination e.g.. Pre or post surgery PRINCIPLES OF RADIOTHERAPY • Deliver maximum radiation dose to tumour to achieve cell death whilst minimising dose to neighbouring healthy tissues • Approximately 50% cancer patients treated with radiotherapy • Royal College of Radiologists estimates that 40% of all long term cancer survivors owe their cure to radiotherapy • High doses of radiation needed for tumour control • Sensitivity of tumour vs. sensitivity of normal tissue= Therapeutic Ratio
    [Show full text]
  • The Library Development Review 1987-88
    University of Tennessee, Knoxville TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange Other Library Materials (Newsletters, Reports, Library Development Review Etc.) 11-1-1988 The Library Development Review 1987-88 University of Tennessee Libraries Follow this and additional works at: https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_libdevel Part of the Arts and Humanities Commons Recommended Citation Lloyd, James (ed). The Library Development Review. Knoxville: University of Tennessee, 1987/1988. This Review is brought to you for free and open access by the Other Library Materials (Newsletters, Reports, Etc.) at TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. It has been accepted for inclusion in Library Development Review by an authorized administrator of TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Charles Dickinson's death chamber. (Harper's Weekly, January 8, 1859, p. 21.) See story on page 3. 12 Library Development Review is issued annually as a means of informing friends and benefactors of the library's success in attracting new and important gifts. It is distributed to supportive faculty and alumni, contributors and potential contributors, and to a selected group of libraries across the country. The goal of the Library Development Program is to encourage gifts of books, manuscripts, and other appropriate items as well as funds for the purchase of such materials. The University of Tennessee Library is most grateful for all the many gifts, large and small, which it has received from generous donors. We are particularly appreciative of the strong support from the recent development campaign involving the University community. Such gifts enrich the resources of the library and help it realize its ambition of becoming a great research institution.
    [Show full text]
  • 34. Nagy László Fizikaverseny 2019
    Szalézi Szent Ferenc Gimnázium, Kazincbarcika 34. NAGY LÁSZLÓ FIZIKAVERSENY 2019. február 21 − 22. TESZTKÉRDÉSEK 10. osztály Karikázza be a helyes válaszok betűjelét! 1. 335 évvel ezelőtt halt meg az a francia fizikus, növényfiziológus, aki felfedezte azt a törvényt, amely kimondja, hogy a gázok térfogata a nyomásukkal fordított arányban változik, ha a hőmérsékletük és anyagmennyiségük állandó. Római katolikus pap, a Saint-Martin-sous-Beaune perjele volt, 1666-ban Párizsban egyike a Tudományos Akadémia alapítóinak. Discours de la nature de l'air (Értekezés a levegő természetéről; 1676) című művében, amelyben egyebek mellett a barométer szót is megalkotta, kimondta a fent említett törvényt. Tanulmányozta a növényi nedvek nyomását, és azt az állatok vérnyomásához hasonlította. Az Histoire et mémoires de l'Académie (Az Akadémia története és jegyzőkönyvei; 1733) első kötete a folyadékok mozgásával, a szín természetével és a trombita hangjával foglalkozó dolgozatait tartalmazza. (Dijon, Franciaország, 1620 körül – Párizs, Franciaország, 1684. május 12.) A) Jaques CHARLES B) Edme MARIOTTE C) François ARAGO 2. 185 évvel ezelőtt született az az orosz vegyész, aki a szentpétervári egyetemen tanult, majd itt is tanított. 1859-ben ösztöndíjjal két évre Heidelbergbe küldték, ahol Bunsen mellett dolgozott. Hazatérése után a kémiai tanszék vezetője lett. 1869-ben jelent meg leghíresebb műve, a "Kémia alapelvei". Ebben vázolta fel azt a híres rendszert, melyben a kémiai elemeket foglalta törvényszerűségeik alapján egységes táblázatba. Egy hasonló rendszert vele körülbelül azonos időben a német Lothar Meyer is kidolgozott, Ő azonban néhány hónappal korábban publikálta eredményeit. Táblázata alapján megjósolta egyes, még nem ismert elemek létezését és tulajdonságait. A rendszer helyessége 1875-ben, a gallium felfedezésével igazolódott. Még számos fontos felfedezése volt, többek között a kőolaj- és a kőszénbányászattal kapcsolatban.
    [Show full text]
  • Rolf Maximilian Sievert (1896-1966)
    V. simpozij HDZZ, Stubičke Toplice, 2 HR0300030 ROLF MAXIMILIAN SIEVERT (1896-1966) Ivan Tomljenović Prirodnomatematički fakultet Banja Luka, M Stojanovića 2, Banja Luka, Bosna i Hercegovina e-mail: [email protected] UVOD CGPM (Conference General de Poids et Mesures), odnosno Generalna konferencija za utege i mjere, na svom XVI-tom zasjedanju 1979. god. donijela je odluku da se jedinica za ekvivalentnu dozu nazove sivert, oznaka Sv, u čast švedskog fizičara Rolf Maximilian Siverta. Ta jedinica je dio SI jedinica. Ideja članka je da se metrolozi i dozimetristi upoznaju sa životom i radom ovog zaslužnog naučnog radnika u oblasti radiološke zaštite. DEFINICA JEDINICE Prema ICRU (International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements) i ICRP (International Commission on Radiological Protection) ekvivalentna doza (H) je produkt apsorbirane doze (D) i faktora modifikacije (Q, DF, N). N = Q'N'D = Q'D (1) gdje je: Q (quality factor) faktor kvaliteta, čija je vrijednost određena za svaku pojedinu vrstu zračenja, DF (distribution factor) faktor distribucije, N geometrijski faktor koji se uzima da je jednak jedinici. Pošto su faktori modifikacije bezdimenzioni, onda se i ekvivalentna doza izražava u jedinicama kao i apsorbirana doza, J/kg. Jedinici je dato ime sivert, Sv. l Sv = l J/kg (T) Jedinica pripada međunarodnom sustavu jedinica (SI). Ranije se koristila jedinica rem, roentgen equivalent man, (rentgen ekvivalentan čovjeku). Veza stare i nove jedinice je: l Sv = 100 rem (3) Ovom jedinicom se mjere također i kolektivna ekvivalentna doza SK, uslovna doza Hc, vezana ekvivalentna doza HSO i efektivna doza E. 49 V. simpozij HDZZ, Stubičke Toplice, 2003 STRUČNI ŽIVOTOPIS Švedski naučnik, zdravstveni fizičar Rolf Maximilian Sievert rođen je 6.
    [Show full text]
  • Radioaktivität (Ionisierende Strahlung)
    Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich Institut für Verhaltenswissenschaft und Departement Physik Radioaktivität (Ionisierende Strahlung) Ein Leitprogramm Verfasst von: Rainer Ender, Michael Fix, Roger Iten, Marcel Pilloud, Caroline Rusch, Anna Stampanoni-Panariello, Daniel Zurmühle Betreuung: Martin Zgraggen Herausgegeben durch Hans Peter Dreyer © Die Rechte für die Nutzung dieses Leitprogramms liegen bei der ETH Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule in Zürich Lehrerinnen und Lehrer in der Schweiz können dieses Lernmaterial für den Gebrauch in ihrer Klasse kopieren. Anderweitige Nutzungsrechte, auch auszugsweise, sind auf schriftliche Anfrage erhältlich durch: Prof. Dr. K. Frey, ETH Institut für Verhaltenswissenschaft, Turnerstr. 1, ETH-Zentrum, CH-8092 Zürich Einführung Bei einer oberflächlichen Betrachtung scheint jede Materie verschieden zu sein, was Farbe, Form, Geschmack, Festigkeit und Aggregatzustand betrifft. Eis, Dampf und Regen sind zum Beispiel drei mögliche Erscheinungen des Wassers. Der griechische Philosoph Demokrit (ca. 460-370 v. Chr.) erklärte diese Tatsache mit folgendem Modell. Obwohl die Materie uns als Kontinuum erscheint, besteht sie aus winzigen Teilchen. Die verschiedenen Eigenschaften der Körper hängen von der gegenseitigen Anordnung dieser Teilchen im Körper ab und von den Bindungen, die sie zueinander haben. Demokrit war der Vorläufer des modernen Atomwissenschaftlers. Er dachte also, dass alle Körper aus winzigen, endlichen Teilchen aufgebaut sind. Diese Teilchen seien, wie er sagte, unteilbar, auf Griechisch ατοµος (átomos). So entstand die Bezeichnung Atom. Heute wissen wir, dass Atome selbst teilbar sind. Sie bestehen aus noch kleineren Bausteinen. Einige Atomkerne sind instabil und zerfallen in andere Atomkerne. Bei diesen Zerfällen werden oft Teilchen und in vielen Fällen elektromagnetische Strahlung emittiert. Dieser Effekt ist bekannt als Radioaktivität. Die Untersuchung der Radioaktivität und ihre Anwendung in der Forschung und in anderen Gebieten (z.
    [Show full text]
  • Radioactivity and X-Rays
    Radioactivity and X-rays Applications and health effects by Thormod Henriksen Preface The present book is an update and extension of three previous books from groups of scientists at the University of Oslo. The books are: I. Radioaktivitet – Stråling – Helse Written by; Thormod Henriksen, Finn Ingebretsen, Anders Storruste and Erling Stranden. Universitetsforlaget AS 1987 ISBN 82-00-03339-2 I would like to thank my coauthors for all discussions and for all the data used in this book. The book was released only a few months after the Chernobyl accident. II. Stråling og Helse Written by Thormod Henriksen, Finn Ingebretsen, Anders Storruste, Terje Strand, Tove Svendby and Per Wethe. Institute of Physics, University of Oslo 1993 and 1995 ISBN 82-992073-2-0 This book was an update of the book above. It has been used in several courses at The University of Oslo. Furthermore, the book was again up- dated in 1998 and published on the Internet. The address is: www.afl.hitos.no/mfysikk/rad/straling_innh.htm III. Radiation and Health Written by Thormod Henriksen and H. David Maillie Taylor & Francis 2003 ISBN 0-415-27162-2 This English written book was mainly a translation from the books above. I would like to take this opportunity to thank David for all help with the translation. The three books concentrated to a large extent on the basic properties of ionizing radiation. Efforts were made to describe the background ra- diation as well as the release of radioactivity from reactor accidents and fallout from nuclear explosions in the atmosphere. These subjects were of high interest in the aftermath of the Chernobyl accident.
    [Show full text]
  • University-Industry Partnership in the Vanguard of Knowledge-Driven Economy Others As Dialectic/Logic, Grammar, Rhetoric Belonged to Trivium (Three Programs)
    Journal of Modern Education Review, ISSN 2155-7993, USA July 2014, Volume 4, No. 7, pp. 480–509 Doi: 10.15341/jmer(2155-7993)/07.04.2014/002 Academic Star Publishing Company, 2014 http://www.academicstar.us University-industry Partnership in the Vanguard of Knowledge-Driven Economy László Szentirmai, László Radács (Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Miskolc, Hungary) Abstract: The words volt, ampere and watt are named after emblematic figures of university and industry and are in common parlance among people. And what is more, the current International System of Units gave many great names to derived measuring units. The 5–10 year-long strategic partnership is top priority for elite universities. This most creative and promising collaboration ensures big and common strategic goals, and shared research vision. New knowledge generated by alliance modernizes university role and industry long-term strategy. Diverse engineering culture serves as brake but could be overcome by both parties when criterion is excellence. Trend is twofold: either richer benefits are given to fewer universities and/or universities in emerging economies are also to flourish. Operational partnerships — the second type — are based on joint research projects utilizing both the core academic strengths of universities and the core research competence of industry. Research projects on professors’ own initiatives and students’ individual research projects all pave the way for achieving strategic partnership. Transactional partnership — the third type — puts significant impact on teaching and learning. Key criteria include multidisciplinary institute on campus with industry contribution, even culture and curriculum and multidisciplinary approach to research. These criteria together with industrial practice for academics and students lead also this link to strategic collaboration.
    [Show full text]
  • Physics Book
    MESSAGE FROM PHYSICS Physics has a great influence on the society in all fields. It reveals our nature and inherent characteristics. It conveys messages for us to follow, so that we can become a good human to work in harmony with nature. Personalities are to be carved Physics education is incomplete without solving the problems related to various physical situations. This problem solving character plays a major indirect role in carving one’s personality. It helps to induce rational thinking and youth enthusiasm. The training that physics gives is so important for developing a good personality to lead a happy life. Tension is essential for creativity In physics tension is required for producing vibration in strings and other medium. There is a limit to bear the tension that varies from system to system. If one breaks the limit, breakdown occurs. Thus physics gives us a message that learn about your potential and bear the tension that can induce creativity, but at the same time it cautions not to be over stressed as it is dangerous and may lead to breakdown. Conflicts are inevitable but can be resolved The differences that are apparent in lower dimensional world disappear in the higher dimensional world. Think of a simple pendulum, it executes simple harmonic motion; it oscillates between two extreme opposite to each other. This simple harmonic motion is the motion in one-dimensional world. If the same motion is expressed in two- dimensional world, then it becomes a circular motion. Mathematical form remains the same but the apparent differences disappear. Our apparent differences and oppositeness too indicate that we actually live in lower dimensional emotional world.
    [Show full text]
  • Radiation Safety Culture in Medicine AFROSAFE
    Radiation Safety Culture in Medicine AFROSAFERAD Dr. Rose Nyabanda Consultant Radiologist Kenyatta National Hospital 03/27/2017 Ionizing radiation -Ionizing radiation carries sufficient energy to free electrons from atoms or molecules - X-rays and Gamma rays are ionizing - Radio waves, infrared and visible light are non ionizing History The discovery of X-rays in 1895 • The dangers of radioactivity and radiation were not immediately recognized. Taking an X-ray image with early Crookes tube apparatus in 1896 Prof Sievert Louis Harold Gray Medical physicists who had major contribution in the study of the biological effects of radiation • Becquerel first person to discover evidence of radioactivity, who shared a Nobel Prize for physics in 1903 with Marie and Pierre Curie Atomic bombs/ Nuclear accidents • 1945- Japanese atomic bomb studies began in 1950 and have formed the basis of radiation protection guidelines ever since. • 1986- Chernobyl nuclear accident • 2011 – Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster Global increase in the use of radiation Diagnostic Nuclear Radiotherapy radiology medicine 5.1 million radiotherapy treatment courses 3.6 billion procedures 33.5 million procedures annually* annually* (incl. dental) annually* * UNSCEAR 2008 Report The increasing medical exposure UNSCEAR 1993 Global annual per caput effective dose The increasing medical exposure UNSCEAR 2008 Global annual per caput effective dose The increasing medical exposure NCRP160 2009 U.S. annual per caput effective dose Mechanisms of biological effects Ionizing radiation
    [Show full text]
  • Nuclear Glossary 2007-06
    Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe Technik und Umwelt GLOSSARY OF NUCLEAR TERMS Winfried Koelzer © Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe GmbH, Karlsruhe, April 2001 Postfach 3640 · 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany Original title: Lexikon zur Kernenergie, ISBN 3-923704-32-1 Translation by Informationskreis KernEnergie The reproduction of trade names, identifications, etc. in this glossary does not justify the assumption that such names may be considered free in the sense- of the laws regulating the protection of trade marks and brands and that therefore they may be used by everyone. No guarantee is given for the correctness of numerical data. Pictures by: Argonne National Lab., Argonne Aulis-Verlag Deubner & Co., Cologne Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe, Karlsruhe Informationskreis Kernenergie, Bonn A Absorbed dose The absorbed dose D is the quotient of the average energy transferred to the matter in a volume element by ionizing radiation and the mass of the matter in this volume element: _ d ε D = . dm The unit of the absorbed dose is joule divided by kilogram (J·kg-1) and its special unit name is gray (Gy). The former unit name was rad (symbol: rd or rad).1 Gy = 100 rd; 1 rd = 1/100 Gy. Absorbed dose rate Quotient of absorbed dose per unit of time. Unit: Gy/h. Absorber Any material "stopping" ionizing radiation. Alpha radiation can already be totally absorbed by a sheet of paper; beta radiation is absorbed by a few centimetres of plastic material or 1 cm of aluminium. Materials with a high →atomic number and high density are used for gamma radiation absorbers (lead, steel, concrete, partially with special additions). Neutron absorbers such as boron, hafnium and cadmium are used in control rods for reactors.
    [Show full text]