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11-1-1988

The Library Development Review 1987-88

University of Tennessee Libraries

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Recommended Citation Lloyd, James (ed). The Library Development Review. Knoxville: University of Tennessee, 1987/1988.

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Charles Dickinson's death chamber. (Harper's Weekly, January 8, 1859, p. 21.) See story on page 3.

12 Library Development Review is issued annually as a means of informing friends and benefactors of the library's success in attracting new and important gifts. It is distributed to supportive faculty and alumni, contributors and potential contributors, and to a selected group of libraries across the country. The goal of the Library Development Program is to encourage gifts of books, manuscripts, and other appropriate items as well as funds for the purchase of such materials. The University of Tennessee Library is most grateful for all the many gifts, large and small, which it has received from generous donors. We are particularly appreciative of the strong support from the recent development campaign involving the University community. Such gifts enrich the resources of the library and help it realize its ambition of becoming a great research institution. With the new library building now open and so very heavily used, it is even more important that we encourage private support to help us attain collections of distinction. We hope that some of the unusual gifts described in this publication will spark an interest among readers and will persuade them to become and remain library donors. As Donald R. Hunt retires as Library Dean, it is most appropriate for us to pause to take note of the many important achievements he made during a twelve-year tenure at the University: the new John C. Hodges Library building, the introduction of computer technology to library functions, and a first-rate staff are only a few of the visible remind­ ers he leaves behind. Thanks to his efforts, the libraries are poised to strive for greatness. Present and future library users will be ever-grateful to him. The gifts described in these pages represent only some of the many important contributions the library received in 1987/88. The articles which follow focus largely on significant and expensive pieces presented by a few library benefactors. Our thanks extend beyond these few to all contributors.

Paula T. Kaufman Dean of Libraries

On Cover: Portrait of Sarah Sutherland Boyd, by Lloyd Branson (circa 1870). For information about the artist, see inside back cover. THE LIBRARY DEVELOPMENT REVIEW 1987/88

Edited by James B. Lloyd

The University ofTennessee, Knoxville does not discriminate on the basis of race, sex, color, religion, national origin, age, handicap, or veteran status in provision of educational opportunities or employment opportunities and benefits. UTK does not discriminate on the basis of sex or handicap in the education programs and activities which it operates, pursuant to requirements ofTitle IX of the Educational Amendments of 1972, Public Law 92-318; and Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973, Public Law 93-112, respectively. This policy extends both to employment by and admission to the University. Inquiries concerning Title IX and Section 504 should be directed to the Office of the Affirmative Action Director; 403-C Andy Holt Tower; The University of Tennessee, Knoxville; Knoxville, Tennessee 37996-0144; (615) 974-2498. Charges of violation of the above policy also should be directed to the Office of the Affirmative Action Director.

EO 1-60 10-004-89 A s I prepare ro take leave of the beauties of East Tennessee, the years of hard work realized, and the dream come true, I keep remembering that day in 1976 when my commitment to the University of Tennessee, Knoxville, began. It was then I heard the saga of]ohn C. Hodges and observed the thriving program for library development initiated by him. "The mark of a great university is an excellent library," he said, and, even before his retirement, set about gathering support to accomplish that ideal state. I find satisfaction in the truth that the "excellent library" continues to evolve in the magnificent new building bearing his name and holding the primary library collection of the University of Tennessee, and that I had a part in all of this. The name John C. Hodges-the name of a man I never met-has been an element of my Tennessee experience since the beginning, and it represents the most visible symbol of achievement within my tenure here. Proud as I am of the new John C. Hodges Library, I am equally proud of the maintenance of high,level assistance to faculty and students; the automation of many library func, tions and services and the establishment of new services; and the continuing attention to collection building, no easy task, considering the sinking dollar and the long,lasting dilution of inflation, detriments that still frustrate us. We look with hope to the current campaign for a substantial endowment to alleviate their effects and bring about an era of healthy and Donald R. Hunt, accelerated growth to the book and journal collections. Thus Dean of Libraries 1976-88 we will hasten the realization of Dr. Hodges' excellent library, and I offer my best wishes to those who will see it through, particularly the new President, the new Chancellor, and the new Dean of Libraries. To all those who have helped me during the completion of my professional career here, I am indeed grateful: to the excellent staff, to the university administration, to the fac, ulty for their interest and support, and particularly to the do, nors, patrons and benefactors whose loyalty to the Library Development Program we so gratefully cherish.

~r1?~ Donald R. Hunt Dean of Libraries Emeritus THE REVIEW 1987/88

Major John H. Eaton, painfully does my heart still reverberate the dreadful sound of that solemn word Duelist, Revisited which I have been again compelled to by James B. Lloyd, utter ... I can no more. Oh Tracy, Fare­ Special Collections Librarian well, Farewell," and to concentrate on the fact that this fiftiesh merchant has Some readers may remember that just spent the last several days engaged in in "The Petticoat War and the Court of "learning the Broad Sword Exercise" in King Andrew I" in last year's Develop­ the performance of his "military duty." ment Review, we followed Major John H. On August 3rd, 1819, we find Eaton, Jackson's Secretary of War, as he Clemm making preparation for an sent the other members of the cabinet "extended absence," and on the 4th he scurrying for cover when he invoked the leaves Augusta under a "great depression code duello in defense of his wife, whom of spirits" along with a Mr. C. Harris, a the wives of these gentlemen had found business associate whose company he socially unacceptable. This year again does not particularly relish, but whose through the generosity of Mr. and Mrs. presence is infinitely to be preferred to Richard Koella, the Special Collections traveling alone through such wild and Library has been able to acquire another unsettled country. Almost immediately item in which we find Major Eaton on misfortune befalls Clemm. His horse the dueling field. gives out after only one day on the trail. This piece, the manuscript journal John H. Eaton. His response to the situation' is illustra­ (Library CongTeSs) of Joseph Clemm, chronicles the trip of a of tive of the primitive nature of commerce merchant from Augusta through the at this time. He gives one Mr. Pittman, Indian nation to the Tennessee settle­ for the eyes of another, and he continues whom he has never seen before, his ments in the summer and fall of 1819. in his typical self-effacing and turgid personal note for forty dollars, the note is About Clemm we know only what can style, "if at any time I can have the con­ cosigned by Harris, and Clemm rides on be gleaned from the journal itself. A solation of knowing that I have afforded with a new horse. native of Baltimore, he fought in the the smallest gratification created one It develops that the pair are Revolutionary War, so he should be in new idea or awakened one pleasurable following the road from Augusta to his mid-fifties at this time. He is a dry emotion I shall have found an ample rec­ Nashville described by John Melish in goods merchant, unmarried, and active ompense." He then extols the virtues of 1822 in his Traveller's Directory Through in his church. And while his announced journal keeping at some length, and ends the United States. And one would think purpose for this trip is to collect an with the assertion that a journal "affords that given the time and place, accommo­ overdue debt, the actual situation is a bit a means of improvement to the mind dations along this route would be some­ more complicated than that. Clemm, it which cannot but be profitable both in what scarce. Such was not the case, turns out, has become enamoured with awakening an excitement to reflection however, as our travelers seem to be able the adolescent daughter of one Col. and facilitating the means by which our to pick from any number of stations Andrew Erwin, a business associate, thoughts may be embodied into expres­ along the way. The trouble is that all of founder, with James Patton, of Asheville, sion. For it is well known that the oper­ the choices are relatively squalid. Clemm North Carolina, and now a resident of ations of the mind like those of the body relates on the second night, "I found my Bedford County, Tennessee, and, inci­ may be improved and perfected by an bed so full of unpleasant companions as dentally, the arch-enemy of Andrew habitual application." to oblige to seek refuge on the floor, Jackson who, before our story is over will The journal thus is larded with which offered but little comfort to the swear to kill him. Clemm's position is typical nineteenth-century flights of the weary bones of a traveller, and left me complicated by the fact that he has kind of sentimentality that Mark Twain consequently but little refreshed in the turned his note over to the Colonel for would later ridicule in The Adventures of morning." collection, and the Colonel seems to Huckleberry Finn and which make it By the fourth day the pair has have misplaced the money. Thus fairly tough going for the modem reader. passed through Washington, Lexington, Clemm, who suspects that he may be too If, however, one can look beyond and Cherokee Comer and arrived at old for this, sets out with understandable Clemm's attempts to work his emotions Captain Harry's in Athens where Clemm trepidation for the wilds of Tennessee to to a fever pitch over mountain vistas, the spends another night on the floor "with a find true love and recoupe his failing anticipation of happiness, fear of disap­ blanket to rest on and a valise for ... [a] fortunes. pointment, etc., one finds events of pillow." From there they cross the He begins the journal by explain­ considerable interest going on in the Chestatee River on Monday, the 8th, ing that he intends to present it to the background. One learns to ignore, for enter the nation, and about ten o'clock friend who advised him to keep one. He instance, the following on his separation see "for the first time an Indian hut. is thus not writing just for himself, but from his friend, Tracy: "And oh how These are generally built on the margin 3 The next morning they breakfast females and wondered much at their on corn soup, "corn and milk boiled, the appearance until I discovered they were ROADS FROM. AUGUSTA. corn being first cut off and scraped from travellers. I did not learn their names but the cob and slowly intermingled with the could have easily judged them to be from Georgia by the rediculous ostentation they ARTICLE CLuu. milk whilst boiling." This they bolt down and continue on to the next stand where exhibited, one of them having suspended by her side, in full view, a very handsome gold they are to separate and where Clemm watch and powder enough on her face as meets a Mr. Hall, a missionary from would have sufficed if prepared for her Brainerd, the Presbyterian mission and breakfast. Indian School, who agrees to travel with him and invites him to spend the night That evening Clemm and Mr. Hall at the mission as it lies only two miles off arrive at Brainerd Mission, which the road. This stand, operated by a man unhappily Clemm does not describe. He named Saunders, Clemm finds "like all spends the night and the next day passes the other Indian Houses in the nation, by Ross', "one of the best stands in the dirty, and uncomfortable," but he likes nation," and continues on across the the Saunders children and plays the Tennessee River where he encounters "clarionet" for them. some drunken Indians, which causes him The next day our travelers pass to ride at a brisker pace than usual in through the Indian town of Cisuwatee case they are following him. He crosses which Clemm says "though containing the river, thus leaving the nation behind but few Houses, occupies the space of him, spends the night at one Col. several miles, being situated in a very Clark's, and arrives at dusk in Franklin Clemm's route from Augusta to Shelbyville. (Melish, John, The Traveller's Directory fertile vale formed by the Home Moun­ where he is "much pleased with the light Through the United States, Philadelphia: The tain.... This valley is surrounded by a and airy appearance which this little Author, 1822, p. 121. fence and worked in common, each In­ place presents.... It is handsomly habitant doing his proportion and situated and containing upward of 100 of some stream ... [next to] a small spot receiving a like proportion, which houses chiefly of hewn logs cemented of tillable land where they make their however abundant as it may be seldom with lime." sustenance which consists principally of serves them during the season, being Clemm spends the night in corn." squandered away most generally for Franklin and the next day continues on They spend the first night in the Whiskey." They push on, spend the to Col. Erwin's home, Oak Hall, which nation at the home of a Mr. Blackburn night uneventfully, and the next day lay about two miles outside of what is and in the morning set off for the next arrive at one Widow Wolfs in time for now Wartrace on the Duck River: stand fourteen miles away. At this point lunch where they encounter another pair conditions become more difficult. of travelers: With the general appearance of the place I Clemm relates: was at first dissappointed.... It was a large I was much and agreably surprised to perceive brick house situated on a small eminence In consequence of the excessively bad roads, on my entrance into the House two white immediately on the margin of a thick and the country being extremely broken, [we] did not arrive at Homage's until dark.... Oh what a disappointment [It was] a miser- able looking hovel before which by the light of some tourches were seated a number of dirty looking Indians.... The filthiness of the place and the crudity of the society we were in rendered it to me extremely disgusting.

Their hostess, a tall handsome Indian woman, presents them with supper, "a dish of fried meat of some kind or other ... a dish of fried chickens-but so disfigured by the process as to have lost their shape and summary, a plate of corn bread ... butter and a cup of milk." And thereafter they are conducted to their sleeping chamber, "an outhouse of logs about 15 feet by 10 feet and barely com­ modious enough to contain two beds of a still more wretched appearance than those we had seen, at the foor of which notwithstanding were extended four In­ dians, three men and an old woman with no other covering than their common Map ofClemm's route. (Melish, John, Southern Section of the United States Including Florida, dress, a loose coat reaching to the knees." & c., Philadelphia: John Melish, 1816.) 4 object of his affection, whom we know only as Miss A. greets him cordially, as SAVANNAH RIVER do Elvira Erwin, her daughter Amelia, who is married to William T. Yeatman, and young Jane, who will later marry BAY STR~ET Thomas Yeatman, a merchant from D I~~::~::I~D D D D D Nashville who made his fortune by ~ A EYNOLDS STREET intercepting the cotton prices in Phila­ delphia, riding night and day in order to D D;DDDDD beat the news to Nashville, and buying B ROAD ~ ST. 0 MARKET To CH"'''LIE~'''ON- before prices went up. The Col., however, is not at home, ~D~D~D~D~D!:I :~D'--- and Clemm journeys to Shelbyville in () - " Z lJI 2 1 Ic ;X ~ ~ -f ELLIS : ST~Ef!T g ~ search of his note, fearing all the while ~D~D-iD~D~DZD~D that he may be "destined to pecuniary misfortune." Of this village he left the rj ~D~D!D~~E~DSTREE~D~D following description: [It is] situated on a rising ground whose m ITl ~ ;ul I~ ~ ::: ~ ITl > :::TELFAIR ~ ST"EET -l .... surface was covered with loose stones, the I~ ~I ~I appearance of which together with a luxuri­ 11/ I I r---I II Ir-----,\ ant growth of weed which were permitted to SOUTH COMMONS flourish throughout the different lots pre­ sented an air of filth and uncleanliness by no Plan ofAugusta, c. 1780. (Richmond County Historical Society.) means agreeable to the traveller. The only thing remarkable for its neatness was the heavily timbered wood with which it is en­ had chosen, to which Charles Dickinson, Court House, which is handsomly built of compassed save a comparatively small space the son-in-law ofJoseph Erwin and the brick in the center of the town and encom­ which has been cleared and now under holder of the notes, objected. passed by a white railing round which were cultivation. The land around it very rich and Statements went back and forth planted Locust trees which gave it a pleasant fertile and offering a profitable reward to the and agreeable appearance. Like most of the laborer of a few years. between Jackson and Dickinson, who at twenty-seven was something of a dandy towns in this country the principle homes are and reputedly the best shot in T ennes­ built on a square in the center of which It appears to have been, in fact, the stands the courthouse. Here the chief business see, and the situation worsened. Other acquisition of this property which is done this being the center of gravity to aggravated the trouble between Erwin members of the rival factions began to which the material substance of trade is and Jackson, who in 1808 in what is quarrel and Jackson's friend General attracted. known as the "Allison affair" brokered a Coffee fought a duel with Nathaniel considerable amount of land, including McNairy, who fired on the count of two, He finds out nothing here, how­ 20,000 acres in Bedford County to not three, and hit Coffee in the leg. Cof­ ever, and continues on back to Franklin Erwin, with the assurance that the title fee then fired a wild shot and claimed to visit his brother whom he has not seen was clear. Later when because of a another as he insisted the impact of in four years. Why Clemm did not do confusion of jurisdiction this turned out McNairy's bullet had caused his shot. this when he first came through he does to be false, Jackson cleared the title on The seconds were unable to agree and not say, and one can only conjecture all the land he had sold, then dunned the principals cleared the field to make that he must have been in some hurry the purchasers after the fact for his room for Jackson and Dickinson, who indeed to reach the Col.'s not to have at services. Everyone paid except Erwin, shortly made their appearance. They least stopped in on his way. At any rate, who entered into lengthy litigation with agreed to meet on Friday, May 30, 1806, the Williamson County 1820 census lists Jackson, eventually lost in 1824, and, so at Harrison's Mills in Kentucky so as not one Amos S. Clemm in Franklin, whose the story goes, being unable to pay had to pollute the ground of Tennessee. household consists of three males under to send his wife, Elvira, to beg off the There, after being shot in the chest, ten, one male twenty-six-forty-five, one ten-thousand dollar judgement, to which Jackson managed to remain standing female under ten, and one female Jackson acceded. The enmity, however, long enough to kill Dickinson outright, sixteen-twenty-six (they are gone in went deeper than this. In the autumn of an act, some said, of vindictiveness the 1830 census). And Clemm spends 1805 a match race had been arranged at which followed him the rest of his life. several days with his brother, and his Clover Bottom between Jackson's horse, Thus the Erwins, at whose doorstep we wife, Caroline, before continuing on to Thruxton, and Andrew's son, Capt. left Joseph Clemm, were partly respon­ Nashville where he finds, through Mr. Joseph P. Erwin's horse, Plowboy, the sible for the two blights on Jackson's Yeatman, that the Col. is expected the stakes being $2,000 payable on the day of career, the "Allison affair" and the Dick­ next day. the race with an $800 forfeit payable in inson duel. He waits, but the Col. does not specified notes should any side cancel. Clemm, as he enters, runs head­ arrive and he learns "that a challenge Just before the race Plowboy pulled up long into several minor players in the had been passed from a Major Eaton to lame, Erw'n forfeited, and that should above drama, Mrs. John P. Erwin and a Col. Erwin and that a meeting was to have been that. However, gossip in "beautiful girl from Nashville," Elvira ensue in a few days." He says: Nashville had it that the notes offered Searcey, who on October 14, 1820, for payment were not the ones Jackson would marry Andrew Erwin, Jr. The I had on my first arrival in this country been 5 weighed these objections, but they have been "overruled by the thorough conviction that his death was the object sought after or if not that the ruin of his popularity which to him amounted to it." Besides, he says, he has a "perfect and thorough confidence in the justness of his cause." At this point, unfortunately, the journal ends, and we are left with Clemm quivering in trepidation while the Col. blasts away. That can not be the end of the story, however. Does he ever find his money, we ask. Does the Col. fight Eaton, and if so, to what outcome? And what about Miss A.? Does Clemm win her? Does she marry someone else, etc.? The answers to some of these questions we know, others we can guess at, and some we will never know. Clemm drops completely from sight, as does Miss A. No record of the marriage or death of either appears in the The Dickinson dueling ground, Hamson's Mills, Kentucky. (Harper's Weekly, January 8, 1859, p. 21.) existing sources. Clemm does not appear as a head of household in the 1820 made acquainted with the subject of their there appeared the same calm unruffled Georgia census or in any subsequent differences-which had arisen from a political collectedness which I had ever known as censuses in the southeast. One can only controversy.... I resolved at once to leave his prominent characteristic." The Col. Nashville on the following morning for Shel­ conjecture, but it seems unlikely that the is astonished that the note has not been pair got together or that Miss A. ever byville where I had some unsettled business paid, makes a search of his papers and and proceed thence immediately to the Col.'s married. house for the purpose of assisting the impend­ finds a memorandum stating that the About the Col. and Major Eaton, ing event. note had been deposited in the hands of however, we know a bit more. Eaton a "Mr. C." on the eleventh of August, goes on to grace the pages of history as In Shelbyville he finds that the affair is which means that Clemm must now go Jackson's friend, confident, Secretary of publicly known and according to the to Huntsville in search of it. War, and husband to the volatile Peggy "then prevelant rumor that it was to be But before he can leave he must Eaton, etc. Andrew Erwin continues to settled by muskets or rifles." Clemm dis­ see the Col. through the impending duel, author scurrilous anti-Jackson pamphlets covers from the lawyer he has employed which they discuss at length while Erwin and lead the Nashville opposition until that the Col. is supposed to have given is practicing with a rifle. This choice of his death at sixty-one on April 19, 1834. the note to his brother in Huntsville to weapons has caused some concern in And the duel? We do not know for sure be forwarded to Shelbyville. This has not Eaton's camp: "objections had been that it occurred. We do know however, occurred, it is now October, and the note made on the part of his opponent to the that the Eaton camp was indeed ex­ was due in August. And he also discovers mode he had preposed and ... this was tremely reluctant to allow him to face that it was a piece in the Shelbyville agreed to be left to references by which it the good CoL's rifle, as Jackson writes to paper, the Tennessee Herakl, edited by T. was decided in his the CoL's favor, but his friend, Captain Call, from the Hermi­ Bradford which brought matters to a allowing a space of ten days to practice." tage on September 9th (as published in head. This may be Some Accounts of Clemm contemplates the event with ill­ The Collector, April 1902, pp. 72-74): Some of the Bloody Deeds of General concealed self-interest: Jackson which was published in Franklin Captain Call: In prosecuting the business you in September, 1818, and reputed to be by I could not but shrink with horror at the idea have taken charge of, for your friend Major Andrew Erwin, but according to an un­ that so good a man and one on whom so Eaton. You must steadily keep in mind that published Jackson memo probably by much depended should be thus compelled to the man you have to deal with is unprin­ Bradford. risk his life by a mere compliance with what cipled. You will be guarded in all your acts, Clemm has a fairly low opinion of the world presumed to call rules of honor. I have everything in writing, and hold no this affair. He writes "what would I then had no idea I told him ... that there had conversation with him, unless in the presence been any obligation on his part to accept the have given for the power of preventing of some confidential person of good character. challenge.... His antagonist was a single He is mean and artful. It is possible from what it-but of this there.was no possible man without dependents.... He was now ad­ hope save by an arrest of the two parties I think of the man, that he will propose mus­ vanced in years with a large and numerous kets or rifles. These are not the weapons of in the event of their passing through family ... as well as creditors whose fortunes gentlemen, and cannot and ought not to be Shelbyville which was immediately would be jeopordized if not ruined by his yielded to. Pistols are the universal weapons determined hi his friends." He returns to death. (With one solitary exception) of fire arms the house on Duck River and there gentlemen use. These or swords ought to be finally finds the elusive Col. Erwin, The Col., however, remains unrepen­ selected, and as neither of those concerned whom he describes thusly: "in the Col. tant. He tells Clemm that he has are in the habit of using swords-the offend- 6 ing party will make choice of this weapon. Becoming The next choice in the opponent is dis­ tance-ten paces is the longest-and altho Southernized the defendant may choose as far as ten paces, by John Dobson, still if the offended is not as good a shot as the Special Collections Librarian Emeritus defendant, custom and justice will bring them to a distance that will put them on a perfect level or equality position-To prevent acci­ Articles about collections of letters dent-let them keep their Pistols suspended written by participants in the Civil War until after the word fire is given. The first rule appear frequently in this publication. If is to let each man, fire when he pleases-so such collections seem to be overempha­ that he fire one minute or two after the sized, it is not because there is an obses­ word-Charge your friend to preserve his sion with that lamentable conflict, it is fire-to keep his teeth firmly clenched, and his because in recent years the library has fingers in a position that if fired on and hit, his been fortunate in acquiring a number of fire may not be extorted-sometimes when notable groups of correspondence from the distance is long it is agreed that both or the war period. Researchers using manu­ either, may advance and fire. If this arrange­ ment is made, charge your friend to preserve script holdings will find that original his fire until he shoots his antagonist through resources relating to Tennessee in the the brain, for if he fires and does not kill his years 1861 through 1865 are now greatly antagonist, he leaves himself fully in his enriched. These resources have been power. Have every rule written down and mostly acquired through the use of gift signed by his friend, receive none but written funds. answers and all open, that you may inspect Among letters accessioned this and see that they are decorous-for this is the year are twenty-one pieces written by a friends duty to see that no paper that comes New York physician while serving with through him ought to contain indecorous expressions. I have been always of an opinion military forces in Kentucky and T ennes­ that a base man can never act bravely. The see. The physician, John Shrady, at the attack upon Major Eaton, was in the first outbreak of the war volunteered as a (National Cyclopedia of American Biogra­ place wanton, then throwing the author ship contract surgeon. The correspondence phy, Vol. 4, p. 195.) on a diminutive black guard printer, that no one posted from Nashville, Knoxville, and could notice-bridge should have to receipt for a large amount matters have not yet gotten into working washed away shortly after Confederate of property, which to say the least would order." forces withdrew in December. It is likely take a long time to 'turn over' to my suc­ The army doctor's letters to his that the hospital did not open until after cessor I begged leave to decline the wife were sometimes posted frequently another span was erected about two honor." About his experience in army and sometimes sporadically. Time lapses months later. Bridges were thrown up practice the doctor comments, "I am between communications may represent quickly by the U. S. Army Engineers. conscious of having overcome that periods of activity in which there was The pontoon bridge had been taken up timidity which careful men have in ap­ little opportunity for writing, or they at Loudon, transported on railroad cars, proaching a surgical operation. I have may mean that pieces are missing. and reassembled at Knoxville in the days become bolder ... I am conscious, There are two letters from Clinton between October 28 and November 1, however, of getting rusty about a good dated in March, 1864. One written on 1863. The military bridge replacing the many of the fine points of the profession March 27, Easter, is again filled with washed away structure was constructed and I will have to brush up some when I holiday sentiment and personal matters. in five weeks and opened about February get home. You know too that there are About his surroundings the surgeon 27, 1864. An account in Brownlow's many wide differences between army and remarks, "The country ... is getting Knoxville Whig and Rebel Ventilator for civil practice-I'm afraid, too, that I am poorer and poorer every day-the people March 5, 1864, described the new bridge parting with a good deal of my New York receive with gratitude the supplies sent across the Holston as nearly one thou­ city polish-in other words that I am them from the North-they think with sand feet in length. The builders were becoming Westernized in consequence of this little aid that they will be enabled to praised thusly: "The Yankees are a won­ contact with people from that portion of make out until Harvest time." On March derful people for energy, skill, and endur­ our 'great republic.' " 30, he wrote, "We still occupy the same ance. Whatever they undertake they While most of the text in Shrady's dilapidated town of Clinton." accomplish, and that quickly." The new correspondence is personal, many of the The letters then skip to July 11, bridge was downstream from the site of pieces contain comments and observa­ 1864, when he writes, "Address-Dr. the pontoon bridge, at the foot of State tions that provide an understanding for John Shrady, Asylum U.S.A. General Street. the period and setting in which they Hospital, Knoxville, Tenn. I have been Dr. Shrady's message to his wife on were written. A letter dated Holston promised the charge of the Officers July 16, 1864, announced, "I am now on U.S.A. General Hospital, July 28, 1864, Hospital here. I don't care about having duty at a new hospital just established reveals a political stand. The surgeon it-there will be a deal of trouble and and christened the 'Holston U.S.A. reassures his wife, "... have no fears of probable delay when the settlement General Hospital' near Knoxville-just my voting for McClellan for the Presi­ comes. I might have to stay some weeks across the Holston river connecting it to dency-I am not full in faith with regard after the muster-out. Then again, my the city by a rough board but substantial to his capacity or the policy he intends egotism sets down all these favors to the bridge. I could have had charge of either pursuing. I believe that Lincoln means to credit of tardy justice." This letter seems this Hospital or of the Asylum, but in put down the rebellion, that he is honest to indicate that Shrady was assigned to view of the rapid expiration of the term and I should certainly vote for him for Asylum General Hospital located in the of service for which the regiment had this reason if no other the rebels hate Deaf and Dumb Asylum. enlisted and the requirements that I him. They feel themselves conquered but In her book The French Broad­ Holston Country, Mary U. Rothrock states that during the siege of Knoxville a number of public buildings were pressed into use as hospitals. Among them were the Deaf and Dumb Asylum, several hotels (the Lamar House, Bell House, and Franklin House), the Court House, the Baptist, Methodist, and Presbyterian Churches, the buildings of East Tennessee Female Institute, and the buildings of East Tennessee University. She adds, "There was also a 'Holston Hospital' somewhere south of the river." The river at Knoxville was known as the Holston rather than the Tennessee until the 1880s. The Holston Hospital was probably not opened until after the siege. The pontoon bridge near the mouth of First Creek, which had been completed early in November, 1863, was used to supply General Burnside's forces throughout the siege. It also could have provided access to the Holston Hospital, but it is known from a John Watkins letter quoted in last The military bridge at Knoxville built in 1864. (Library ofCongress.)

8 their pride will not allow themselves to "In Dixie at Last": battles and several minor skirmishes. admit it. I say, let them be humbled for More Letters from One of the most informative once and evermore." A letter of July 31, components of Cushing's letters is the 1864, gives a feeling for the scene in Harry C. Cushing descriptions of the places that he visited. which Shrady lived and worked. He by Anne Bridges, When he arrived "in Dixie at last," he describes his surroundings in a few lines, Reference Librarian traveled through Harper's Ferry, stopping at "the famous place immortalized by old The weather though quite warm is in other One bad habit I have learned out here is to John Brown," inspecting the "famous respects unobjectionable-the streets of smoke and every evening fragrant clouds of engine house and the hole he made to Knoxvil1e are ofcourse not as busy as our incense ascend to the ridge poles while we fight through." That cold and windy own, but the whole town, to my eye, wears a discuss politics.... I am opposed to the insti­ night, as they camped on a high hill, the garrison-like aspect. Almost every pedestrian tution [of slavery] and would like to see it men sang "Dixie with all their might." is a soldier and every equestrian ditto. The done away with-But for Heavens sake! wait shops display Army staples, such as shoulder til1 we get the rebellion crushed.... Later in 1862, he made a few pungent straps, uniforms etc. in dazzling profusion. We comments about Kentucky towns have more than a sprinkling of Darkies in the wrote Harry C. Cushing, a Civil War through which he had traveled. Louis­ population but somehow or other we became Union officer, in an April 20th, 1862, ville was described as a "mean hole," accustomed to these things and don't notice letter to his father. This letter is one of a while Columbia was characterized as them.... At al1 events I flatter myself that I series written by Lt. Cushing at the front having "dirty inhabitants" and "the same could do very wel1 down here, if you should and addressed to his mother, father, and want of thrift that I have marked in Vir­ agree to become Southernized-since the friend Ned, back home in Providence, ginia only more so." people of East Tennessee think that there are no Doctors to be compared with those from Rhode Island. In an animated style, he As the battery moved further the army." described his views on life, the war, south, the scenery entranced Cushing. politics, the opposite sex, the scenery Of Charlestown, Virginia, he wrote: Although John Shrady's associa­ and the Southern people. tion with Knoxville was short and his An article in the 1986/87 Library The general characteristic of the country is a service in local hospitals was brief, his Development Review highlighted the fine rolIing plain interspersed with little letters shed light on conditions that letters written by Lt. Cushing from knolls on which are placed the mansion houses and dotted with groves of noble trees. prevailed after the area was restored to November, 1862, through November, 1864. Those letters, written while Cush­ Far away in the distance rise the blue hil1s of Union control. In spite of the fact that the Alleghenies and the misty tops of the the doctor resisted becoming "South­ ing served with the Federal army in Blue Ridge. ernized" and returned to Manhattan, he Tennessee, were purchased with gift contributed to the community by funds by the University of Tennessee Later in 1862, the "poetry of war" recording useful knowledge about his Library, Special Collections. In order to as Cushing called it again overtook him sojourn in the place. His comments obtain more information about Lt. Cush­ as he described the "magnificent scen­ verify information about postal service, ing, the library contacted the Rhode ery" near little Washington, Virginia: the location of the Holston Hospital, Island Historical Society and discovered and construction of the military bridge. that its director had purchased the Cush­ The mountains are piled one on another in They provide views related to medical ing Civil War letters that were written great masses and when the early risen sun care for the armed forces and civilian from October, 1861, through November, shines on them and bathes them in golden population, and they provide glimpses 1862, and from September, 1864, light the effect is indescribably grand.... The into commercial activity of the town. through January, 1865. Special Collec­ huge thunder clouds cover their tops and the The collection is of especial value tions and the Rhode Island Historical flashes of lightening dart from the black mass because the letters are written from the Society photocopied their respective sets overhead down on their rocky summits and of letters and exchanged the copies so illumine the gray crags.... The broad fields point of view of a medical officer and not which stretch far away to the bases of the hills that each institution would have a com­ of a combatant. These papers, as do and lose themselves in their woody coverings other groups of manuscripts, give plete set of Cushing's delightful and are spotted with tents and covered with researchers shards of knowledge that informative letters from the South front. maneuvering battalions and clattering battery when assembled, form a complete picture This article focuses on the Rhode at their evolutions. The music of the regi­ of a time and place in history. Island letters which were written at the mental bands at dress parade floats through beginning and the end of the war. The the still air as I sit now at my desk.... letters from 1861/2 were longer and more descriptive while those from the end of Cushing was interested in South­ the war were briefer. Cushing was opti­ ern people as well as Southern scenery. mistic at the start of the war. After the Sensitive to the Federal Army's role as Union victories in February of 1862, he an invading force, he was pleased that wrote his mother that "success seems to the people of Charlestown were finally perch on our banners" and that "our only "beginning to view us more in the light fears up here is that the rebels will not of human beings every day and they now give us a chance to lick at them." In con­ are quite polite to us." However, at one trast, at the end of the war, he com­ point, his patience wore thin, announc­ plained frequently of being bored and ing in a letter to his mother that "the seemed understandably battle-weary. In more I see of these rebels the more I hate the four years of conflict, he had partici­ them-Notwithstanding all efforts we pated in a total of twenty-three major make to convince them to the contrary 9 Union Anny Camp Scene. (Harper's Weekly, October 10, 1863, p. 653.) they still believe we are Abolitionists recommend to your consideration that were living on "the fat of the land and Murderers ... and they are so infer­ Adam's Express communicates with namely hardbread coffee pork." nal imprudent in their treason that it is Frederic and that they do not understand It was frequently necessary to enough to make one mad. They come up how to make pies in Maryland." He procure food from the neighboring farms, and ask a guard to protect their pigs and apparently was not disappointed as he much to the dislike of the local farmers. fowl etc and yet insult the very guard wrote December 27th, "when I returned When a farmer arrived in camp to com­ who watches over them." from [Washington] I found your box and plain about his missing pig or cow, in­ Since Cushing was in the service so surfeited myself with the luxuries both stead of treating him poorly and sending for the duration of the conflict, he spent gastronomical and intellectual. ..." him away angry, the officers wisely "in­ several holidays in camp. After his first As an army travels on its stomach, vite him to sit down and then we depre­ Thanksgiving in the service, he wrote to food was the subject of many of Cush­ cate the necessity we have of killing one his friend Ned, "... what wouldn't I ing's letters. In December of 1861, Cap­ of his cattle and tell him it grieves us to have given to have been out there tain Best's wife, "somewhat adipose and the heart to do so." They talk with him, [home] on Thanksgiving. Even I would unspirituelle in form but very handsome pay him, and "bow him out of the tent have consented to but one turkey to and lively," arrived to oversee the cook­ delighted with our kindness and vowing have been at the jovial place. I presume ing. Cushing was pleased because "we that we are the most admirable gentle­ that you gorged taffy all the evening with­ can have our meals served up without men he ever met with and promising out a thought of the undersigned...." that prodigal and somewhat too lavish that he will send us some eggs butter His last Thanksgiving in camp, that of proportion of dirt which unfortunately bread & chickens in the morning." 1864, was noteworthy in that the soldiers marred the cuisine of the old regime." Apparently, Cushing left a rather "glutted their unaccustomed appetite Apparently, the former "chef" displayed active social life behind in Providence. with poultry of every description" do­ "too much partiality for soiled digits and In one of his first letters to his friend nated by "the loyal people of the north." not being as particular as he should Ned, he asked him to "remember me to Christmas also was a time to think of with regard to the purity of his dish all the fair and joyous ones of the Pros­ home. Cushing wrote to his mother in cloths...." He must have looked back pect Hill set ... and pile on any other December of 1861 that "Christmas-I with fondness on those days when Mrs. poetry which you may deem necessary." beg to call attention to the fact is ten Best was in charge of the food. Later in In the same letter he advised Ned that a days within coming and I earnestly 1862 he wrote that after a battle they friend, Mary Earle, may "wave the pro- 10 prieties and write and I will not be of­ because her paternal progenitor forget­ and discussing "the use of the negro as fended or deem it unladylike. But with ting the intention to form a heroine pre­ soldiers or the policy of England and my customary gallantry I will write her sented her in her pratting youth with too giving vent to many sage and apostle re­ first and have already commenced one excessive amount of confectionary." marks." From the length and quantity of which will be a stunner. ..." Unfortu­ Although the poor teeth did not stop letters that he wrote, we also know that nately, his letters to Mary Earle have not Cushing from pursuing this young wom­ Cushing spent a significant portion of his survived in this collection. an, he seems to have met with limited spare time writing to his friends and In another letter, Cushing asked success. family. Ned to tell the "bright angels" in their Encountering a woman who did In the letters written during social group that he was "ever fondly not succumb to his charms depressed the 1964/5, Cushing frequently complained thinking of them and have to keep their usually buoyant Cushing, especially that he was bored by inactivity. To remembrances still fresh in my mind when the woman in question was in alleviate this boredom, the soldiers held named several of my Quartermasters' charge of his food. While camped at a horse race in December of 1864 be­ mules after some of them...." The mule Charlestown, Cushing reported encoun­ tween the 6th Corps and the Cavalry. drivers can be heard "expostulating with tering ladies who "are very bitter and the The Cavalry was the victor in the best 'Marian' and telling her to 'geet up' or strongest adherents of secession." One two out of three races. Afterwards, there gently chiding 'Josie' with the infallible was in charge of the cooking and gave were several "impromptu matches," and, logic of an oxhide whip." The responses them "coffee made of rye or com and Cushing wrote, "I had pleasure of beating of Marian and Josie, back home in Provi­ hardly any sugar in it...." Later in his a crack horse of Army Headquarters with dence, to this piece of information would stay in Charlestown, he apparently had a little grey horse of mine." be interesting to know. better luck as he wrote that he had found On a much more serious note, No matter the location, Cushing "an accommodating lady who sends me Cushing's early letters included very always had comments to make about the in every morning for my breakfast nice graphic battle descriptions. By the time local ladies. In a jest to his friend Ned in rolls and mild ham etc. Perhaps she has he had arrived in Tennessee, he had December of 1861, he wrote that Fred­ mixed it with slow poison and I may yet stopped these detailed descriptions, erick, Maryland was filled with "young dissolute. However I guess not." hinting that their inclusion was upset­ and blushing females! We have oceans of Between battles, the soldiers had to ting to his mother. But, while still in them-why I have got five now picketed find activities to occupy their free time. Virginia, he wrote two letters, one to his with lariat rope and pins in front of my At the beginning of the war, the officers mother and one to Ned, describing the tent door...." In a letter, again to Ned, held frequent drills and practices to ready March, 1862, battle at Manassas. In the dated the next spring, Cushing took the troops for fighting. Still, there was letter to his mother, he wrote that his several pages to describe the charms of a time for "parlor concerts" with Captain battery was "the first in the fight and was "fair Secesh" at whose house they Best on the flute and his son on the the most accurate in its fire." At the end camped. She conformed to all the re­ violin. After the nightly concert, "we of the battle, he visited the battlefield quirements of a heroine, "waving curls," draw up to the table and indulge in a and "saw any amount of dead secesh "lustrous eyes," and "swan like grace," lively game of euchre." To fill in other lying around in all sorts of positions with except for the teeth which did not "come spare moments, Cushing was fond of the all sorts of wounds." Hardly words to up to the regulation 'pearly' probably "contemplative luxury of a quiet smoke" calm a mother's fears for her son's safety. His letter to Ned was even more graphic as he described the field of battle:

As you advanced toward the scene of the infantry conflict the scene of destruction assumes a more fearful cast. Every fence was riddled with balls. Splinters of wood broken musket stocks cartridge boxes torn in frag­ ments lay around and every bush appeared as if some strong reaper with an immense scythe had been engaged in cutting them to pieces. But in this copse of wood is the most horrible sight of all-amid the rotten branches broken twigs roots rocks and stones lie thirty human beings flung out in every imaginable shape­ dead.

In June of the same year Cushing's battery was again involved in fighting near Winchester, Virginia. "We fought for three hours and a half during which we punished the rebels severely until they developed their force and almost surrounded us," he wrote to Ned. The regiment was forced to retreat, fording "We deprecate the necessity we have of killing one of his cattle and tell him it grieves us to the heart to do "the Potomac during which some of our so." (Harper's Weekly, November 14,1863, p. 733.) horses were drowned and we had to cut 11 Against the "Theiving Hordes of Lincoln" By Herbert Dieterich and Anne K. Chapman Herbert Dieterich is a Professor of History and American Studies at the University of Wyommg, and Ann K. Chapman is co­ donor of this collection ofCivil War material.

In one of the many hallowed sim­ plifications of Civil War history, East Tennessee was a stronghold of Unionist sentiment within the Confederacy. Per­ haps this was so in a general sense, but t~e fact remains that in the valleys and Villages along the Tennessee River south of Knoxville, many a yeoman farmer cast his lot with the secessionists. The rea­ sons were undoubtedly more cultural than political. Close ties of family and "We fought for three hours and a half during which we punished the rebels severely " (H ' Weekly, April 12, 1862,pp.232-33.) .... arpers neighborhood, common patterns of agri­ cultural subsistence, and the binding presence of tradition had created a loose and let the rest find their own way then proceeded to escort Cushing behind closely-woven social fabric of remarkable over having to leave the guns in the enemy lines to see Field. To his mother strength and durability in local commu­ river." In conclusion, he wrote: he wrote, "We rode away back in the ' nities like Maryville, Lenoir, Concord, rebel lines but could not find him and as and Loudon. Slavery, though not in its I marched my section 70 miles in two days we were going farther a rebel officer said classic plantation mode, was part of this with but one feed in the meanwhile for my that I must not be allowed so far in culture. Even so, it was remote as an horses was up for three days and three nights ~here...." Before they parted, Ferrell issue; for these rural white southerners with but five hours sleep in the meanwhile gave me a pIpe to remember him by and the Confederate cause was essentially a had three fights took nothing to eat [bur] a we had quite an amicable time he invit­ piece of bread and butter and one or two matter of friends, family, and regional ing me down to see him at the close of biscuits forded the Potomac seven times and loyalties. the war." After this brief interlude, it was had a rough time generally. A collection recently donated to back to war as usual. the University of Tennessee Library by In October of 1864, Cushing wrote It is easy to understand that time pres­ Elizabeth Fisher and Anne Chapman to his mother that he was presently in sures and the desire to spare family mem­ Iliummates the lives and attitudes of a Frederick, Maryland, visiting "many of bers and friends the details of battles group of these people. In some fifty myoid friends here who are quite sur­ would have forced Cushing to omit these letters, dating from June of 1861 to May prised at seeing me they presuming that I lengthy battle descriptions in later let­ of 1865, the Bogle and Saffell families was killed." Although he fought in doz­ ters. However, his powers of observation recorded the vicissitudes of military ens of battles and skirmishes, his most were so keen that it is a loss for us 125 service, local news of farm and commu­ serious medical problem appeared to years later. nity, and personal impressions of the have been a boil "in a place which ser­ . In August of 1862, Cushing was events of the day. Writing one another ious,~y impaired the comfort of my rid­ mvolved in an incident that exemplified to "keep in touch," their correspondence mg. In the fmal letter of the collection the tragic nature of civil war. During a amounts to a kind of grass-roots saga in dated January 1, 1865, Cushing reported battle, he lost one of his guns to the ene­ whICh the immediacy of their experience to his mother that he had been trans­ my. After an armistice had been declared compels attention and interest. More­ ferred from the 2nd Brigade to the Re­ to allow both sides time to bury the dead over, these letters document a particular serve Brigade which was composed of the Cushing rode over to the Confederate ' sort of Confederate allegiance, perhaps "Regular Cavalry and one or two of the Army to ascertain the location of the more common in East Tennessee than best Volunteer regiments." At this point, confiscated gun. He met a Colonel Fer­ historians have thought. we do not have any information about rell who informed him that Captain The manuscript census reports for Cushing's life after the end of the war. Pegram had the gun. So Cushing wrote a Blount County in 1860 establish some But his letters have contributed signifi­ note to the Captain telling him of the facts about the two families. Eldest of the cantly to our knowledge about life in a circumstances surrounding the capture of l~tter writers was John Bogle of Mary­ Civil War battery and the persistence of the gun and asking him "to take good. VIlle, thIrty years old and married to the human spirit when confronted by care of it as it was a favorite of mine...." Elizabeth Saffell Bogle, twenty. Bogle, a great tragedy. During his conversation with Ferrell surveyor and enterprising farmer, held Cushing discovered that a friend of his real and personal property recorded in brother Sam, a Captain Field from the amount of $14,000. From the sched­ Texas, was with the enemy army. Ferrell ule of slave ownership for the county we 12 but is listed along with younger brother possibility of a Union invasion of "our Sam as being a resident of Roane valley" back in Tennessee. In another County. According to these records, letter he advises his family to pay all their ages were twenty-five and twenty, debts with Confederate money and to respectively. From the letters, it is evi­ hold their cotton from the market. dent that Saffell was unmarried and Though he sent home several hundred farming near Concord when in the sum­ dollars from the Vicksburg assignment, mer of 1861 he joined the Confederate he was not optimistic: "If the post gets Army as a lieutenant in the 26th T en­ much more sickly than it is now," he nessee Volunteer Regiment. Saffell's wrote, "I think I will vacate and go letters to relatives in Maryville comprise home, tho I think it would not be much about a fourth of the collection. His unit better there than here, for the conscript was heavily engaged against Union [law] is very rigidly enforced now and I forces in Tennessee, and by March, presume my exemption papers would not 1864, he was a colonel commanding his save me tho if I could get a place in some regiment. office nearer home it would be much The letters from R. M. Boman more pleasant." He advised his family to indicate that this transplanted Ten­ rely on the neighbors for help with the nessean was with Lee's Army of North­ "corn, wheat, pork, and hay," and sent John Bogle. (Bogle-Saffell Collection.) ern Virginia (4th Texas Regiment) in his letters when he could by friends the spring of 1862. In three letters writ­ going back to Maryville. From his corre­ ten in the spring and early summer of spondence, Bogle emerges as a devout 1862 to his cousin, John Bogle, Boman man dedicated to his family and home­ recounted impressions of the Peninsular land and concerned with the war chiefly Campaign; later that year he spent a as it had disrupted a way of life he knew recuperative leave with relatives in and loved. Maryville. In the late summer of 1863 he His brother-in-law, bachelor R. M. wrote again to his cousins in Maryville Saffell, reacted very differently to the from Fredericksburg, Virginia, where his crisis. He appears first in this collection unit was regrouping after the Gettysburg writing to Bogle on June 11th, 1861. campaign. R. M. Saffell's last letter in Having started from home in Concord to the collection (March 12, 1864) men­ visit Bogle in Maryville, Saffell had been tions that Boman, and Saffell himself, sidetracked by neighbors who were con­ had survived the Battle of Chickamauga, sidering "raising a company." He himself and that Boman was then a captain with had "twenty men dead certain as soon as Longstreet's Army in East Tennessee. harvest is over to go in a horse company The central figures in this collec­ & if Thom Pope will join Henley and tion of letters are the Saffell brothers, myself we can get it up. Bill Hutton is Dick and Sam, and their brother-in-law not worth a damn. I hear he voted No Elizabeth Saffell Bogle. (Bogle-Saffell John Bogle. Of the trio, only Bogle Separation & if so he is worse than I ever Collection.) survived the war. He remained on the family farm except for a period of some see that Elizabeth brought five slaves to six months in 1863 when he was a con­ her marriage with Bogle. In 1860, the tract commissary agent for the Confeder­ couple is listed as having a year-old son, ate Army at Vicksburg. He arrived there Hugh. Living with the Bogies was in April of 1863 and describes daily ex­ Elizabeth's unmarried sister, Sarah periences in letters to his wife. Then, in Saffell, twenty-two, whose real and May, his letters cease. Other papers in personal holdings are listed at $12,500. the collection explain the silence when The census lists another of the clan, they tell of his capture at Vicksburg and twenty-two year old Sam Saffell, a parole back to Maryville. The letters brother of Elizabeth and Sarah. Married from Vicksburg suggest that Bogle's con­ with one child, Sam farmed in nearby fidence in the Confederate effort was Woods Hill; his personal property was measured at best. On May 11th, shortly valued a modest $500, with no real estate before being captured, he describes the listed. situation around the river stronghold to Unlisted in the census records for his wife, adding his own impressions; "As Blount County is R. M. "Dick" Saffell, to the final result, persons who ought to Sam's older brother. Nor is there census know feel confident of our ability, tho I, data on another of the letter writers, R. not being one of the knowing ones, can­ M. Boman, a cousin of the Bogies who not yet realise the good feeling resulting had left Tennessee shortly before the war from such a thing." Bogle reported on Richard M. "Dick" Saffell: "Camp life on the to farm in Texas. Dick Saffell does the "Maryville boys" whom he had seen whole is just the life for me." (Bogle-Saffell appear in state census records for 1860, in Vicksburg, and worried about the Collection.) 13 thought him." "Be sure and give me your bought in Bowling Green & what the views," he said; "We voted 68 separation sick soldiers get, are sent from home or votes at our precinct & will poll 400 in given up to them by their comrades in the County." arms who do without themselves." In one of the many letters during Saffell explained the supply prob­ the fall and winter of 1861, Lt. Dick lem to his sister in a long letter written Saffell, stationed with his regiment in November 24, part of which is as follows: Bowling Green, Kentucky, seems fired by the prospect of a fight with the "Lin­ Thousands ofdollars worth ofclothing have colnites." The officer relates that most of been sent our Boys which they could have got his men were "poor and have left wives in no other way, than through the charity of Southern Wrights folks at home. For no such and children at home, to support whom things are to be bought at any thing of a price it takes all of the pittance $11.00 a inside the bound of reason.... But in fact month which they receive for exposing such gifts are not charity but no more than their lives and health in trying to drive justice for those who remain at home & are the theiving hordes of Lincoln, from protected in their persons & property should J desecrating by their tread the soil of their see as a duty that the poor man who goes nation state." The young officer obvi­ forth to protect them does not die for want of ously relished military life despite the the bare necessaries with which to support fact that his unit spent most of its time life. W. S. T ullanay of Concord was here in drill and the construction of earth­ yesterday & says our company have a large lot "Gen. Pillow is a damned white livered coward, work fortifications. "Camplife on the of goods there awaiting shipment & I hope how soon they may come for all other com­ he sold us to save his own carcas & ran on the whole is just the life for me," he wrote. panies in the Reg have received theirs. battle field & hid behind a big poplar tree." "We have hardships true, but we have (Brigadier General Gideon). Pillow: National fun enough to make it all up. The By December Saffell was ready for Archives.) excitement is just what I like & we have a leave, though it did not come through: a lot of as clever officers as ever were in Columbus, Ohio. He was well treated "I think Old Hardee (General William out." Of Kentucky and Kentuckians, he and asked for news from the neighbor­ J.) ought to let me go home for two had little good to say; the women could hood. "Do the best you can and keep weeks anyhow now. But he is a damned "beat the world for Big-Ugly," and the things done up on the farm and make all Old Regular & no more soul than a men were "cowards." "I think Jeff Davis the money you can," he wrote. "Tell Sam lizard.... Regulars don't like Volunteers will have a hard bargain if he takes to farm it strong & try to make money." much anyhow & Volunteers hate Regu­ Kentucky over, let alone giving men and The Ft. Donelson episode was only lars like the Devil." money both, for the game ain't worth the the first of Saffell's battle experiences. In After six months Saffell finally got candle.... Our boys all hate the people a prisoner-of-war exchange he was re­ the action he had awaited. On February about here and say if they had known leased in the summer of 1862 and his 11th, 1862, he wrote to the Bogies that that they were going to be sent to defend regiment was reorganized at Chattanooga his unit was on its way to Ft. Donelson. such, they would have staid at home." In in September. He wrote again to his On the night of February 13th, Saffell's spite of his distaste for the locale and its brother-in-law for clothing and boots. In regiment boarded the steamer John A. inhabitants, Saffell's spirits were not early January of 1863, Saffell, having Fisher, at Cumberland City, on the Cum­ entirely daunted, according to friend and been recently promoted to Major, suf­ berland River, reached Fort Donelson fellow soldier Talbot Greene, who color­ fered a severe thigh wound in the Battle just before daylight the 14th, and was at fully recalled: of Murfreesboro and was again captured. once placed in line of battle. Under the This is evident from the letter of a fellow direction of Col. John M. Lillard, the I passed on, and on through the encampment, officer also from Maryville serving in the 26th Regiment fought gallantly until its till I reached the marquee ofCaptain Mc­ 26th Regiment who wrote the details to surrender to federal forces on February Clung, where I hear the strains of another the Bogle family. Another source men­ song, as it floated out on the evening air, and 16th. In a letter dated February 18th, tions the injury of color-bearer E. P. " settled like snow-flakes for at least a hundred Saffell writes home again, this time from Green in the same clash. The soldier was yards around. I paused to listen: it emanated a Union steamer bound for "some United initially thought to have received a fatal from my quaint and humorous friend, lieu­ States prison." His regiment had been chest wound, but as was soon discovered, tenant Dick Saffle. For the edification of the captured at Ft. Donelson and Saffell's the enemy projectile had not penetrated reader, I will give the words: "Gh who would company suffered sixteen men killed and his body. It had been blocked by an ob­ be a private, and wallow in the dirt, I'd rather wounded. Of the Confederate debacle he be a captain, and wear a speckled shirt." ject in his coat pocket. When an attend­ wrote bitterly: ing fellow soldier removed the life-saving From the letters it is clear that his obstacle, it turned out to be a daguer­ Gen. Pillow is a damned white livered volunteer unit relied heavily on relatives coward, he sold us to save his own carcas & reotype of Green's sweetheart. Others in and friends for many necessary items. ran on the battle field & hid behind a big Saffell's unit were not so lucky. The Bogies sent him blankets, under­ poplar tree. We could have cut our way out, A few months after his injury at clothes, shirts and a coat. "You have no but Pillow was too much of a coward to lead Murfreesboro, Saffell was paroled home idea as to the scarcity of everything in us & run and left us prisoners & as such we and shortly returned to active duty in the the way of army supples, such as clothing are likely to remain for some time. 26th Regiment. In September of 1863 he and blankets," he wrote to them. "There saw action again in the Battle of Chicka­ are not a single pair of blankets to be In March Saffell wrote from prison camp mauga where his regiment lost 117 killed 14 one point his brother-in-law chided him good-naturedly, "I think you must have forgotten how to write. If you have you can get the captain or some other man in your company who has larnin to write for you." Sam was still farming near Woods Hill in January of 1862 when he wrote Bogle about local affairs, including a plea; "I will have in a large crop of com and will need right smart of help." By March he too had joined a local volun­ teer company and in July he reported that they had elected "good officers." He added a note of advice to Bogle, "I un­ Fort Donelson as it appeared following the battle, which ended in a Confederate defeat and a long ride for derstand that the conscript law is a going Dick Saffell to "some United States prison." (Leslie's Illustrated, March 1, 1862.) to be enforced in E. Tenn. If that be the case you look up a substitute." The Mary­ and wounded out of a force of 332. He March of 1865 at the battle of Benton­ ville relative had already sent him coat describes the fearsome battle in a report ville, North Carolina-----{)ne of the last and pants trimmed for the military and of October 6, 1863, addressed to Captain battles of the Civil War. His stalwart Sam asked a further favor. "I want you to H. J. Cheney, Assistant Adjutant Gen­ attitude is reflected in fellow soldier send me fifty dollars by the first mail as eral. Saffell relates that after his unit William A. Mayo's diary entry of May we cannot draw any & I have to let the received orders to advance to the battle 10,1865: "Dick Saffles is dead. He boys have a little once & awhile." A year front, they soon refused to sign amnesty oath even in the later, from Camp Cumberland Gap, Sam face of defeat of the South." The officer wrote his sister asking for word of his came upon the enemy's main line, which had replacing Saffell as commander of the brother whom he knew to have been taken position upon the crest of a low ridge few surviving members that comprised wounded at Murfreesboro, adding a note running parallel to with our line of battle. the 26th Regiment was a lieutenant­ The enemy's whole line now opened fire of unconscious irony: "We have nothing colonel named A. F. Boggess. Records new here. a great deal of sickness in our upon us at a distance of about 150 yards. We reveal that Boggess had not been at the then received orders to fire upon him as we regt. 2 or 3 deaths a week sometimes as advanced, and the engagement now became helm long when he too was killed and, many in a day." From his brother's letter general and the fighting on both sides des­ for what must have been the sake of (March 12, 1864) we know that Sam was perate. Immediately in front of my regiment convenience, was buried alongside Saf­ by then a captain serving with General the enemy had planted a battery of small field fell in the same grave. Longstreet in East Tennessee. The last pieces, from which he was pouring a destruc­ The younger of the Saffell broth­ letter of the collection tells of Sam Saf­ tional fire into our ranks. We had nearly ers, Sam, was the poorest writer of the fell's death on June 27,1864. He suffered succeeded in reaching the top of the ridge group. His prose is adequately functional, a fatal gunshot wound in the Petersburg when the enemy's reserve line of fresh troops written in a labored scrawl. Letters were opened a most destructive fire upon us. Here campaign, the injury being described by clearly a chore for him and were brief the officer in charge of a field infirmary Colonel Lillard fell mortally wounded by the and apparently infrequent. About a explosion of a shell, and the command of the at Petersburg. regiment devolved upon me. dozen are included in the collection. At As the excerpts and commentary suggest, the Bogle-Saffell Collection Soon after this battle he was promoted to rarely speaks to the grander themes that Colonel in command of his regiment and have dominated Civil War history. some six weeks later was engaged in the There is some material here that will Lookout Mountain-Missionary Ridge interest the military historian, but the battle. He described both actions in a battlefield impressions are by participants letter to his sisters dated March 12th, who were themselves minor figures. On 1864. It is his final letter in the collec­ the other hand, the letters document a tion. His spirits remained high as he social dimension of wartime life, remind­ wrote, "The boys are now well over their ing one again and again that the prob­ scare [at Missionary Ridge] & Old Jo lems of Confederate supply were often Johnson is the man to win the next fight met at the family level. If the Southern whenever and wherever we meet the foe. effort seems to have been relatively loose This is only my prediction: but time will and unstructured, this was partly because tell & if we don't whip we will be the it depended so much upon the folks at most disappointed army that ever fought home. Among these East Tennessee a battle." But the tactical skills of Gen­ Confederates there was a kind of prag­ eral Johnson and the valor of his men, matic acceptance of the war. In some including Col. Dick Saffell, could only Sam Saffell: "We have nothing new here. a great cases, as with the Saffell brothers, the postpone the inevitable. Still fighting in deal ofsickness in our regt. 2 or 3 deaths a week farmer became a seasoned soldier. Their Johnson's army, Saffell, the farmer who sometimes as many in a day." (Bogle-Saffell brother-in-law John Bogle remained a found military life exciting, was killed in Collection.) civilian, tied to the farm and the impulse 15 to succeed in an economic way. The Rise and Fall In the final analysis, the collection is of greatest importance to the social of a Summer School historian interested in wartime attitudes by William B. Eigelsbach, of the common folk. One is able to share Senior Library Assistant in the immediate exasperation of young Lt. Dick Saffell when he writes from During the library's move last year Bowling Green, "You have no idea of the numerous file boxes offorgotten university way in which soldiers are imposed on records were discovered in a long unused here & in Nashville. The fact is we are at room of the old building. These records and the mercy of a set of thieves, sharpers & other material already in Archives and the speculators & just have to submit with Manuscript Section of Sj)ecial Collections the best grace possible." One can glimpse form the basis for the following article. a bit of the folklore of the time, as Bo­ man writes his cousin, "We are under "In my opinion, if we could have marching orders-my health is improved compelled the Summer Schools to greatly-I recvd the buckeye & am much close," George F. Peabody of the Gen­ obliged-I cant help but have some faith eral Education Board wrote in 1908 to in it." And one is amused when Bogle Philander P. Claxton, Superintendent of describes for his wife one of the minor the Summer School of the South, "we Philander P. Claxton, Superintendent of the Summer School of the South. (Archival Photo trials of Vicksburg life, "We drink cistern would have done a good thing." Had Collection.) water which is said to be the healthiest Claxton been of a mind with Peabody, though it is a well defined case of ani­ Southern public education would have found stupidity...." In a region in which mated nature, it being literally alive with been the poorer. For the Summer the average citizen received "only 3 years wiggle tails ... which gambol about School, now little remembered, was a of schooling of all kinds in his entire life" under your nose quite lively whilst you principal instrument in the improvement most pedagogs were "makeshift teach­ take a drink." of our region's educational system. From ers," little better educated than their These vivid excerpts from the let­ its inception in 1902 to its demise in students. ters of Confederate Tennesseans testify 1918 the Summer School of the South To Dabney the Summer School to the wealth and quality of content instructed some 32,000 teachers in the would change this directly and indirect­ present in the Bogle-Saffell Collection, art of education. ly, directly by improving the professional and hint at its research value. The letters That Southern teachers needed skills and increasing the knowledge of are a welcome addition to the library's significant improvement seems beyond attending teachers, and indirectly by ever-increasing Civil War manuscript dispute. The Summer School's founder, energizing teachers to sell school im­ holdings, especially so because they doc­ Charles W. Dabney, President of the provement when they returned home. In ument the experiences of Tennesseans. University of Tennessee, described in sum the school was to do double duty as another context the intellectual state of a summer college and as the equivalent the South as one of "almost insurmount­ of an Amway convention for teachers. able prejudice, narrowness, sectarianism, In addition to founding the school sectionalism, demogoguism, and pro- Dabney made two further major contri­ butions. First he provided it with a home by persuading the University of Ten­ nessee Board of Trustees to allow the Summer School free use of university buildings normally vacant over the sum­ mer and to also allow the school to erect its own buildings on university land. Second he picked P. P. Claxton, who was later to be U. S. Commissioner of Education and Provost of the University of Alabama, to organize and administer the new school. In picking him Dabney made the right choice, for Claxton was a man of enthusiasm and talent dedicated to educational improvement. Quickly he set about spreading the news of the new school. In a two month period in early 1902 Claxton toured some ten Southern states. He addressed state educational assemblies, enlisted the help of local superintendents, and talked Charles W. Dabney, President of the University to individual teachers by the score. At of Tennessee and founder of the Summer School one point it probably seemed that when of the South. (Archival Photo Collection.) two or more teachers gathered together 16 there was Claxton. As a buttress to these as school texts. In dropping his com­ practice can be seen in the following personal appeals, Claxton flooded the pany's faculty subsidy, A. N. Palmer, the extract from a letter by W. W. Charters, mails with over 100,000 brochures and famous handwriting expert, wrote in Dean of Education at the University of posters announcing the school's first explanation: Missouri: session. Expectations varied as to how ... I must consider my own finances, and I I should not rite to you wer it not for the fact many teachers would respond. Edward find that I have been very reckless in the past that the Kansas people hav put me down for Sanford, trustee and future Supreme in the expenditure of money for free instruc­ the week beginning July 6, and say that they Court Justice, thought attendance would tion in summer schools.... You know we can find sum little difficulty in making a change all chase the ideal too hard at times, and in from the 6th to the 20th as I suggested in be from 150 to 200. Dabney though felt this penmanship work I have sometimes done view of the fact that I mite possible cum to that the number would be closer to 600. this, ignoring the cold blooded business side Knoxville. Both considered Claxton's estimate of and have forgotten that people to whom I 800 to 900 overly optimistic. All three owe money are necessarily merciless when it I should like to kno at once whether or not men were confounded when the response comes time to pay. you wil need me, so that I may giv them the exceeded all three estimates. By the end date 6-10 unles you want it. of registration 2,019 students had Whatever the source of faculty enrolled. salaries the Summer School offered to But fortunately, as the above course lists What accounts for such a response? teachers a wide variety of instruction. In show, "Simplified Spelling" was an ex­ Certainly Claxton's enthusiasm played a his 1902 report to the State Superinten­ ception, not a rule, for teacher education part. Also some teachers were influenced dent of Schools President Dabney at the time. by the school's nominal cost and the divided the curriculum into three sec­ Formal classes did not exhaust the reduced fares offered by Southern rail­ tions. The first dealt with "common school's capacity for instruction. From roads to attending teachers. But more school subjects and methods." Instruc­ the Chatauqua Circuit and elsewhere important in generating initial atten­ tion covered courses about "Kindergar­ lecturers were carefully selected to pro­ dance was the high quality of the assem­ ten, Primary School Organization, vide improving and uplifting presenta­ bled faculty and the diversity of the Primary and Elementary Reading, Ex­ tions. These could range from Charles courses offered. In the beginning session pression, Arithmetic, Elementary Zueblin on civic reform through dra­ eight of the fifty-one faculty members Geometry, Geography, Grammar and matic readings by President John Dux­ were or had been university presidents. Rhetoric, United States History, and bury of the Manchester (England) Additionally, the faculty included the Civil Government." Two areas empha­ School of Elocution to a slide show with famous Southern novelist Walter H. sized in this section were Nature Study, accompanying lecture by explorer Page and prominent Northern editor as it relates to Botany, Zoology, Orni­ Charles Wellington Furlong. Albert Shaw. But probably most impor­ thology and Agriculture, and Manual To make up for the region's lack of tant to attending teachers was the oppor­ Training, including Drawing, Basketry, high culture, classic plays and music con­ tunity to be instructed by America's Weaving, and Sewing. Also taught stituted an important part of the school. leading educator, William T. Harris, U. within this section were courses on Charles Coburn and his troupe of al S. Commissioner of Education and leader Music and Physical Education. Section fresco players regularly appeared to per­ of the St. Louis Hegelians. In later ses­ two dealt with "high school and college form Greek and Shakespearean plays. sions the faculty level remained high, subjects." Here courses were taught in Maude Powell, "the world's greatest attracting such scholars as John Dewey, English Language and Literature, History woman violinist," was also a Summer Richard T. Ely, U. B. Phillips, and W. H. (Medieval, Reformation, English, and School regular. Among the many other Kilpatrick. Modem), Mathematics (Algebra, Plane artists who appeared on campus were Paying for such a faculty presented Geometry, and Calculus), Chemistry, contralto Margaret Keyes, soprano a continual difficulty. To charge a full­ Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis, Corinne Rider-Kelsey, and conductor market price to students would have Botany, Geology and Mineralogy, and Leopold Stokowski and the Cincinnati placed school fees beyond the fiscal ca­ the "Physiography of North America and Symphony Orchestra. pacity of most Southern teachers. That Distribution and Adaption of Plants and Relations between the Summer would have defeated the school's very Animals." Within section three courses School and the University were quite reason for existence. So the Summer related directly to the art of education cordial during the presidency of Charles School resorted to soliciting corporate proper. Dabney described it as "the Dabney. After all, while president of sponsors to pay some faculty salaries. professional school of the teacher." Here one, he was the founder of the other. But Usually the sponsor would be a textbook were taught courses on the History of with his departure to be President of the or school supply corporation seeking to Education, School Management and the University of Cincinnati tension advertise its wares to teachers. For exam­ Art of Teaching, Psychology, and the between the schools soon developed. ple, the Nashville artist L. W. George's Philosophy and Principles of Education. The following from a letter to Claxton salary was paid by a company dealing in Given the alleged lack of substance by Dabney's successor Dr. Brown Ayres art textbooks. in some teacher education today it is neatly provides one example: But such sponsorships were unsta­ quite easy to feel nostalgic for the Sum­ ble. For a variety of reasons corporate mer School's curriculum. But education ... I am very anxious that Ogden Hall should be removed before the opening of the session. then was not without flaws. It was, and sponsors would cease to fund a faculty I recall that you asked that the summer school position. Ginn and Company stopped still is, prone to fads. The fad then property be allowed to be stored in it until because company policy changed. sweeping education was for "Simplified your return from the campaign and to this I McMillan and Company did so because Spelling," the spelling of words as sup­ agreed, but on thinking the matter over I am Tennessee had not yet adopted its books posedly pronounced. What this meant in persuaded that it would be far better for us to 17 remove this building before the opening of Ayres' hostile assertions. His reply rested Caught in a clash between the the session. I think that it would be very hard upon the fundamental argument that President and the Superintendent, the' to prevent the students from tampering with Ayres did not know what he was talking Board of Trustees, some of whom were or or making a bonfire of the lumber if the about. Of course Claxton, who was also a had been on the Summer School's building were tom down while they are University department head, did not put Board, attempted to avoid the issue. A here.... Of course my solicitude in regard to the point so baldly. Instead he wrote: committee was appointed to study the the possible action of the students arises not only from a desire to protect the material question and to report back at some I think President Ayres has not quite under­ itself, but from the fear that any fire started by future date. Fortunately for the board's stood the character of the school and the them might communicate to the other build­ peace of mind the question answered nature of the features to which he offers ings or seriously injure the trees on the cam­ itself. Before the committee could report objections. This is no doubt due to the fact pus....We may be able to use the lumber in Dr. Claxton resigned to accept President that he has not been as intimately connected Ogden Hall in the construction ofseats on with it as I have. Taft's appointment as U. S. Commis­ the athletic field. sioner of Education. With Claxton's Principally Ayres' misunderstand­ departure, Ayres successfully urged upon Minor in itself, this and other points of ings related to the Special Lecturers, the the Trustees that the Summer School conflict hint at deeper and more trouble­ students, and the faculty. In regard to the should be taken over by the University. some problems between the schools. first, the Summer School did not possess Under University control the These problems came to a head in any "Chautauqua features" as properly character of the Summer School re­ 1911. Prior to that year the University understood. Special lecturers were not mained unchanged. Teacher education Board of Trustees had routinely granted "the ordinary popular and semi-sensa­ remained the principal emphasis. The three-year renewals of the Summer tional type given at the Chautauquas," so-called "Chautauqua features" that School's permission to use the campus. but instead dealt in "matter of a high President Ayres so abhorred not only re­ In that year at renewal time President type" presented "in a scholarly and mained but were soon supplemented Ayres launched a full-scale assault thoughtful way." In regard to the second, with the showing of silent films. Even against the Summer School of the South. Claxton ignored Ayres' bizarre charge Jefferson Hall had not a single board or In a presentation to the board, Ayres as­ that a school founded to improve plank disturbed. serted that the University gained noth­ teachers actually attracted teachers and In fact, the changes made were so ing and lost much as host to the Summer proceeded to defend the caliber and few that the reason for the President's School. "The character of the school is character of the school's students: attack takes on an air of mystery. Uni­ such," he wrote, "as to give rather a false versity historian James Montgomery ac­ impression of the ideals and standards of Among them have been the best and most counted for it by ascribing to him an the University itself." The "Chatauqua progressive teachers from all kinds and grades opposition to the teaching of education features" of the school and the emphasis of schools, from the kindergarten to the courses. Certainly the details of Ayres' on teacher education "filled up the college, scholarly and earnest men and indictment support Montgomery, but school mainly with elementary teachers, women of wide influence in their communi­ contradictory evidence exists. In his au­ mostly women," who formed "an unor­ ties. Most of them have been graduates of thoritative book on Tennessee educa­ ganized mob" that left "everything in a colleges, universities and normal schools of tion, The Struggle for A State System of good standing, and a large majority have delapidated and dirty condition." Further Public Schools in Tennessee 1903-1936, worked earnestly and intensely, fully as well the central building of the Summer as the average college student works during Dr. Andrew Holt credits Ayres, along School, Jefferson Hall, was an offense the regular season. with Dabney and Claxton, as a leader in against architectural beauty: "I do not the fight to improve public education. believe any university in America would And in regard to the third, Claxton That Ayres could in the context of the have consented to have its campus dis­ argued that the Summer School faculty time be such a leader and yet a prin­ figured for ten years by a structure of this were "the equal of any college faculty of cipled opponent of teaching education character. It makes an exceedingly irri­ like size in the country" and offered to seems a trifle difficult to believe. The tating feature of our landscape and places the students many courses "the uni­ mystery deepens. us in an apologetic attitude to all visi­ versity has not yet felt itself able to If Ayres' stated reasons were not tors." Should the Board decide to renew, provide." his real reasons, what then explains the Ayres recommended conditions be Where Claxton agreed with Ayres President's actions in 1911? Institutional attached. The most important of these was in the area of aesthetics. He too did factors provide a partial answer. Among were as follows: that the Summer School not find Jefferson Hall a pleasure to the the University faculty many resented and operate no dining hall on campus; that eye. But Claxton did advance a defense were hostile to the Summer School. Summer School students be banned from of the building, noting that, while not Ayres' attack can be understood as the the library; that no university employees beautiful, it was "very useful, both to the institutional manifestations of that have anything to do with the school's Summer School of the South and the faculty hostility and resentment. So business management; that Jefferson Hall University." As to the conditions Presi­ perhaps any president of the University be leveled immediately; that instruction dent Ayres wished to add to the renewal would sooner or later have done the be basically in the hands of University of agreement, Claxton estimated that these same, but Ayres, also, had a personal Tennessee professors. would result in a revenue loss close to motive to augment the institutional one. Fairness required President Ayres $17,000. Such a loss "would make it When Dabney departed in 1904, to provide Dr. Claxton with a copy of his impossible for the school to do much of Claxton had been his choice as succes­ presentation prior to placing it before the its most useful and valuable work," in sor. Though the Board of Trustees picked board. With such advance warning Clax­ which case Claxton stated that the Ayres, it is humanly understandable that ton composed for the Board a response to Summer School would be better closed. he would dislike seeing a rival running 18 Not a Lexicographer by John Dobson, Special Collections Librarian Emeritus

Although he is not mentioned in Tennessee Writers (a Tennessee Three Star book published by the Tennessee Historical Commission in cooperation with The University of Tennessee Press in 1981), most surveys of literary nota­ bles who were natives of Tennessee feature the name T. S. Stribling promi­ nently. The author, whose home was Clifton, Tennessee, was a Pulitzer Prize­ winning novelist. According to The World Almanac only two other Tennesse­ ans have had the distinction of being Arkansas teachers prepare for the Summer School's annual Fourth ofJuly parade. (Archival Photo chosen for the coveted fiction award. Collection.) They were James Agee for A Death in the Family in 1958, and Peter Taylor for A on his campus a school that had three riding a trolly, cut a deal with the Summons to Memphis in 1987. times the students and national publicity Anderson County Superintendent of Born in 1881, Thomas Sigismund as the University. So the best explana­ Schools for a group rate, E. E. Rall, the Stribling's career flourished in the period tion for Ayres' action may be that he was University's Superintendent of Normal between World War I and World War II. president and human. Studies at the Summer School, had to The Pulitzer award came to him in 1933 The story of the Summer School's have Executive Committee approval to for his novel, The Store, which was the years under university control can be allot an additional $50 to the Kindergar­ second volume of a trilogy about the quickly told, for the only significant ten Department. In a crisis requiring the South. The first volume, The Forge, event was the school's death. From the flexibility, intelligence, and energy of the published in 1931, told of the Civil War last session under Claxton to the year individual, of a Claxton, the University and Reconstruction. The final volume, 1916 the Summer School lost 719 responded with the inertia of a bureau­ Unfinished Cathedral, published in 1934, students or 28 percent of its enrollment. cracy. Given the degree of the challenge, was described by the author as "a story of Such a decline endangered the school's the University's summer school simply religion and preachers and the connec­ existence. The 48 percent decline from lacked the capacity to survive. tion between them." While The Forge, 1916 to 1918 ended it. Faced with large Several conclusions can be made published during the depression, was a losses, the Board of Trustees closed the about the Summer School of the South. failure in America, it was successful in Summer School of the South with its As one of the first and largest summer England. Prize winner, The Store, 1918 session. schools in the country it helped to enjoyed wide critical acclaim, and Various factors played a part in this pioneer among universities the concept Unfinished Cathedral helped the publish­ decline and death. The most obvious of summer education. Also, it had a ers, Doubleday, Doran to boast on a 1935 were increased competition and war. profound influence upon Southern dust jacket, "T. S. Stribling's tremendous Success brings competition and the suc­ teachers. For years afterward Claxton trilogy of the South: the story of Colonel cess of the Summer School of the South and the various presidents of the Univer­ Milt Varden told in three dramatic was no exception. With various summer sity received letters from teachers novels ... have been bought by 104,280 schools starting up across the South, expressing gratitude and fond remem­ Americans...." teachers could find a school nearer to brance for the contribution the school Between 1917 and 1938, fifteen of home than Knoxville. With the start of made to their careers and lives. But Stribling's novels were published, ten of Mr. Wilson's War in 1916 the govern­ perhaps it would be most fitting to let them by the well-known Doubleday ment took over the railroads and ended the final conclusion about the Summer publishing house. Following a policy of the reduced fares granted attending School of the South come from Dr. collecting the works of Tennessee teachers. This too helped influence po­ Claxton. In 1950 he described the school authors, the library has attempted to tential students to look closer to home as "not much money but a lot of fun." acquire his books in the first edition. All for a summer school. But these obvious With that nothing more need be said. of the fifteen titles are present in the factors simply provided the environ­ Special Collections division, but only mental context within which the school seven are first editions. The effort goes needed to survive. What they do not on to bring the author's published output explain is why the school failed to to the shelves. Efforts have also been survive. made through the years to acquire the The reason for the school's failure Stribling papers, which include much to respond to the challenge of war and unpublished material. competition was institutional. With In 1966 a scholar at a northern university control came university bu­ university brought the Stribling papers to reaucracy. Where Claxton could, while the attention of officials at the Univer- 19 sity. It was reported that Mrs. Stribling At this point, the Press director broached here as the report of a failure. had in her possesion a mass of papers advised the library that the time was ripe Instead it is a recolleciton of the library's that included manuscripts for several to inquire again about placement of the long-standing interest in the writer. The novels and short stories, an autobiogra­ papers. recollection was put in motion because phy, and other unprinted items. It was Since two approaches from the an original Stribling piece has at last further reported that Mrs. Stribling had library itself had proved ineffective, it been acquired for the manuscript not been responsive to invitations from seemed appropriate to change tactics. division. The piece, a signed typewritten two small universities, but that she might Why not issue an invitation from a high letter, was acquired from a western be receptive to an invitation to place the level in the University? About then, as it autograph dealer through the use of gift papers in a large university. Also men­ happened, there appeared on the scene a funds. The single letter is a far cry from tioned was the strange fact that a well­ former top official from a West Tennes­ the mass of papers sought from Mrs. respected Middle Tennessee institution see campus. This official, reassigned to Stribling, but it is significant in content had never shown an interest in the Knoxville, was provided with a loosely­ and is certainly worthy of attention. papers. Some say this was because the defined post and an executive office. In a The letter, dated Marianna, Agrarians and the Fugitives were associ­ search for meaningful pursuits, he offered Florida, January 21, 1938, to M. H. ated with it, and these literary groups assistance to the library and expressed a Kowan of Columbus, Ohio, is apparently deplored Stribling as a realist who denied particular concern for encouraging gifts in response to several questions about in print that there ever was a Southern of manuscript material. Here was an writing. It is uncertain what the ques­ ar istocracy. opportunity for a different tactic. The tions were, but from the answers clues Recognizing the importance of the new executive was furnished with back­ may be drawn. Stribling begins, "I am author's papers, the University's manu­ ground information surrounding the not a lexicographer and am not good on script curator in concert with an advisory cause of the Stribling collection and his definitions. If I wanted one I would go to committee, immediately approached help was solicited. A letter explaining Mr. Webster who has made something of Mrs. Stribling with an invitation to put the matters said in part, "This case is an a reputation for being if not correct, at the papers in the Knoxville respository. instance in which we would welcome least usable. However if you really are Nothing happened. Mrs. Stribling appar­ your assistance. If you can use your interested in a home made definition ently was not receptive to the University persuasive powers, your office, or your unblessed by Merriam and Co., here of Tennessee either. contacts in helping to convince Mrs. goes." Following are two statements of Four years later, in 1970, the invi­ Stribling to place her husband's papers meaning supplied by the novelist: tation to Mrs. Stribling was renewed. here, it would certainly be appreciated. This time there was an answer, but it was Perhaps you could accomplish the two­ Fiction-Facts, near facts, or fantasy based on inconclusive. The author's widow simply fold purpose of aiding the library and facts, taken out of its natural inchoate order acknowledged the library's approach, and furthering the publishing interests of UT (these two terms contradict each other but I stated that she had not disposed of the Press." Nothing happened. No response. hope you see what I mean) and simplified and rearranged until they convey a meaning papers. A closing statement indicated No help. touched with emotion. that she was still trying to collect copies Almost a year later a telephone of the early stories and articles. call came to the library from one of the Novel-One of the longer literary efforts to After ten years of silence, Mrs. editors of the Stribling autobiography. In create a world ofsome emotional unity and Stribling was heard from again. This an amicable conversation regarding the intellectual comprehensibility out of the time the lady from Clifton contacted the work, the editor suggested that an accep­ flotsam ofTime and Space. University of Tennessee Press. She tance of the autobiography for publica­ wanted to know whether the press would tion by the Press would probably bring In response to an apparent query be interested in publishing the autobiog­ about a favorable decision to place the about reasons for being a writer, Stribling raphy of her husband. The Press direc­ papers in the library. A follow-up letter answered, "Material gain and self enter­ tor's reply expressed an interest in on the subject indicated that Mrs. tainment. Also I want to paint a picture Stribling's account of his life, and asked Stribling, on further consideration, did of the world as I see it so that some for more information about the manu­ not wish to contribute the papers as an archeologist living a thousand years from script. In return correspondence to the exchange for publication of the autobi­ now could read over my works, if any of Press director, Mrs. Stribling suggested ography. She felt rather the the Press the paper hangs together that long, and that a representative of the Press might officials should accept the autobiography get some idea of what our world looked wish to visit Clifton to appraise the on its merit and "feel sincere about it like." Another interesting response had papers for possible publication. She being worthy of their most august atten­ to do with the elements of the novel. added, "There are several novels and also tion." The editor expressed an opinion Stribling's opinion was, "Elements of a short stories, a philosophy and much that a decision about publication did not novel arranged in respect to their great­ Theism, all unprinted." She further com­ govern placement of the papers. est importance to me: Philosophic mented that in the 60s and 70s she had Laughing Stock, the posthumous theme character ... plot ... hu- collected in the Eastern U.S. more than autobiography of T. S. Stribling, was not mor style ... but pervading all I two hundred copies of Stribling short published by the University of Tennessee would place sincerity ... if a writer stories. In regard to the autobiography, Press. It was issued in 1982 by St. Luke's hasn't honesty of philosophy, character, she explained it was written in two note­ Press of Memphis. The Stribling papers plot, humor and style he is nothing." A books about 1941, and had been edited were not given to the University of Ten­ final suggestion regarding important by two young Stribling enthusiasts. She nessee Library. steps in composition was simply, concluded, "I have not seen their final The topic of Stribling and a review "Rewriting." MS. It did not need much editing." of efforts to acquire his papers is not One letter written by Stribling may 20 The Archival Center for Radiation Studies: An Update by Stephen C. Wicks, Senior Library Assistant

Eighteen years have passed since the University of Tennessee established the Archival Center for Radiation Biology in the manuscript division of the Special Collections Library as a reflec­ tion of a common interest held by scientists from the University and from nearby Oak Ridge National Laboratory. It was created with the purpose of attracting a rich, comprehensive group of papers that would represent the broad field of radiation science and serve as a primary record of its evolution. The decision to locate the Center at the Knoxville campus, according to Dr. John Toner, Director of the Atomic Energy Commission Division of Biology and Medicine, "is most appropriate in view of the close proximity of the University to Oak Ridge, one of the world's largest centers of radiation biology, and the very close relationship of the University to these laboratories." With the assistance of the late director and radiation research pioneer Alexander Hollaender, it took little time for the archive to become rife with sig­ nificant research material. In January of 1971, less than three months after the archive's establishment, the papers of Louis Harold Gray were acquired. Gray (1905-1965), a distinguished British physicist and radiobiologist, was the first Director of the British Empire Cancer Campaign Research Unit in Radiobiol­ ogy, and, as his papers reflect, was actively involved in many other impor­ tant organizations in the field, most Cover design for Stribling's Pulitzer Prize-winning novel. not be worthy of extensive comment, but figures. There is a wish to actively in­ its acquisition does represent a small crease the stock of printed titles and success in expanding the scope of a manuscript items that are the work of literary collection. A more or less com­ notable writers on the national, regional, prehensive assemblage of the printed and local scenes. words of a renowned Tennessee author has been augmented by a unique un­ printed piece. While the hope of obtain­ ing the large group of materials that make up the Stribling papers has gone unrealized, a possibility of finding scat­ tered pieces from a variety of sources still exists. Alexander Hollaender, who was the guiding force A profile of the Stribling collec­ in the formation of the radiation archive, is tion being assembled in the library serves presented with the 1983 Enrico Ferini Award by as an example of practices followed in President Reagan for his scientific achievements. building up holdings of other literary (Alexander Hollaender Collection.) 21 de Hevesy, Alexander Hollaender, provided by the Radiation Research Antoine Lacassagne, Raymond Latarjet, Society, which supplied a generous fund Douglas E. Lea, Egon Lorenz, A. Douglas used to cover contributors' shipping McLaren, Otto Rahn, Roberts Rugh, costs. By eliminating such expenses, the Arnold H. Sparrow, Silvanus Thompson, library hoped to encourage gifts of Howard Vogel, and Karl G. Zimmer. material. Despite rapid growth and substan­ After a brief period of silence tial holdings, the Archival Center for following the mailing of the solicitation Radiation Biology's exclusive scope came letters, replies from the selected scientists to hinder its ability to fulfill the increas­ began to appear regularly in the library's ingly complex research needs of the mail. Considering the number of positive scientific community. In response to this responses and the volume and quality of situation, University representatives met material donated, the solicitation drive with the History Committee of the Ra­ was quickly deemed successful. The diation Research Society in 1986, and following scientists responded by offering decided to broaden the archive's range to to give some or all of their non-current include all facets of radiation science. files and a few arranged to send future Hence, the collection was officially shipments on a regular basis: M. M. rechristened, The Archival Center for Elkind, John L. Magee, E. L. Powers, Radiation Studies. Theodore T. Puck, Harald H. Rossi, Aware that much of the Robert S. Schuler, Warren K. Sinclair, Louis Harold "Hal" Gray, circa 1960. collection's material pertained to Lauriston S. Taylor, Paul Todd, Fred Occupying fifty linear shelf feet, his is the single radiation biology alone, University and Urbach, and H. Rodney Withers. largest collection in the archive. (Louis Harold History Committee delegates agreed that Previous donors Daniel BiIIen, Farring. Gray Collection) in order to create the diverse yet compre­ ton Daniels, and Raymond Latarjet also hensive archive desired, a new solicita­ replied to the appeal by sending new gifts notably, the British Institute of Radiol­ tion effort must be launched. A number of material. The size of this group of ogy, and the U. S. National Research of important scientists, including those contributors appears especially large Council. Occupying fifty linear feet of whose research would have fallen outside when one considers that it nearly equals shelf space, his is the single largest col­ the archive's previously narrow scope, the total number of scientists that had lection in the archive. It contains such were targeted to receive a written appeal donated papers to the archive in its items as reports and minutes of interna­ for donations. To consider responses to previous sixteen years of existence. This tional radiation science seminars and the solicitation, the University created a response would seem to indicate that the conferences, transcripts of various lec­ special local committee comprised of library is well on the way toward becom­ tures presented at conventions through­ several scientists from the Knoxville ing a radiation research center of out the world, manuscript copies of campus and the Oak Ridge National international importance, and in fact, publications, and hundreds of pieces of Laboratory. Financial support was nearly one-third of the thirty-three correspondence. In the latter category scientists whose papers comprise the are numerous items of special interest, collection hail from abroad. ranging from written exchanges with With the addition of these gifts, notable friends and colleagues, like Sir the archive now has substantial holdings James Chadwick, discoverer of the in a variety of radiation science disci­ neutron, and Ernest Rutherford, discov­ plines beyond radiation biology: photobi­ erer of the proton, to letters indicating ology, biophysics, radiation oncology, the considerable administrative compli­ radiological physics, photochemistry, cations in coordinating the international cytology, biochemistry, genetics, etc. exchange of scientific ideas during the The types of material donated have also Cold War. Complications of this sort are varied greatly in format: there are ex­ described in a diplomatic note explain­ periment notes and data, reports and ing refusal to grant travel privileges to an minutes of proceedings, scientific corre­ East German scientist because of the spondence, and other papers, as well as construction of the Berlin Wall. In relevant reprints, and photographs. The another letter, written on his return volume of recent donations has ex­ voyage from Canada to England, Gray panded the archive's holdings from just relates to a colleague that he made ar­ over 300 to nearly 400 linear shelf feet. rangements to store his radioactive In light of the archive's large size material in the ship's refrigerator instead and ever-increasing acquisitions rate, it of in the baggage compartment for fear of was timely and fortunate that the Special ruining tourists' film. In addition to Collections Library was recently awarded Gray's papers, the initial archive con­ An early photograph ofa beaming Antoine La­ additional space, part of which has been tained those of Zenon Marcel Bacq, cassagne. The radiation research pioneer's papers allocated for the manuscript division Daniel Billen, Harold F. Blum, Charles are among the earliest and most important in the containing this collection of scientific C. Congdon, Alan D. Conger, Farring­ radiation archive. (Antoine Lacassagne papers. It is hoped that the expansion ton Daniels, Charles L. Dunham, George Collection.) will enable the library to accommodate 22 manuscript gifts, such as those for the The last three symphonies were archive, for several years. written after the composer moved to The newly-obtained expansion Knoxville. The Third Symphony (origi­ space will be especially critical because nally called the Second) was composed the archive, with its broader scope, is over the three year period between 1955 now an appropriate repository for a and 1958. William Steinberg conducted potentially vast photobiology resource. the first performance with the Pittsburgh This material was brought to the atten­ Symphony in 1959. The fourth sym­ tion of the University's local committee phony for chorus and orchestra has the by Dr. John Jagger, past-president of the title Walden. Completed in March 1971, American Society for Photobiology it was performed two months later by the (ASP), who currently serves as its his­ Knoxville Symphony Orchestra and the torian. When gathered, the collection Maryville College Concert Choir with will most likely consist of the papers of Van Vactor conducting. The Fifth Sym­ many distinguished photobiologists, as phony, commissioned by the Tennessee well as the official files of the ASP. In Arts Commission as part of the obser­ essence, the merger would unite two of vance of the American Bicentennial, was the chief branches of radiation studies: composed in 1975 and first performed by the ionizing radiation branch, which is Arpad Joo conducting the Knoxville the focus of radiobiologists; and the non­ Symphony Orchestra. ionizing radiation branch, which is of Two orchestral works, regarded as concern to photobiologists. The value of David Van Vaccaro (The Knoxville Symphony his most outstanding compositions, are this body of photobiology material to the Orchestra, 1952/53, February 24, p. [IJ.) the Five Bagatelles for Strings of 1938 and University of Tennessee's Archival the Suite for Orchestra on Chilean Folk Center for Radiation Studies is assessed Composition Department at the Conser­ Tunes of 1963. There are numerous other in a letter ofJune 29,1987, to the Uni­ vatory of Music. Van Vactor speaks orchestral works including the Overture versity in which Dr. Jagger states, "Such Spanish fluently and, under the sponsor­ to a Comedy No.2, the composer's work a merger would, I believe, make that ship of the State Department, made four that has received the mos't performances. collection [the Archival Center] the South American tours as a member of a William Starr, violinist and former most comprehensive one in radiation woodwind quintet in 1941 and as guest University professor and department studies in the world." conductor of the orchestras of Rio de head, played the first performance of Janeiro and Santiago, Chile, in 1945, Violin Concerto in 1950 with the Knox­ 1946, and 1965. ville Symphony Orchestra. Van Vactor Van Vactor's gifts to the Special had earlier written two other concertos, Collections Library of scores, tape one for flute and the other for viola. David VanVactor recordings of Knoxville Symphony Or­ There are also other works for solo by Stuart Garrett, chestra performances, and his music instrument with orchestra. Music Cataloger manuscripts are exciting. The collection Van Vactor's style had been of his music manuscripts represents a life described as "medium modem, set in David Van Vactor-eomposer, of musical creativity begun in 1926. Van sophisticatedly enhanced tonalities and conductor, flutist, and teacher-has for Vactor's long-time colleague, George sparked with ingenious invention." He many years been a major part of the DeVine, has devoted many hours to is attracted to traditional forms­ musical life of Knoxville and the Uni­ organizing the manuscript collection. passacaglia, chaconne, fugue, sarabande, versity of Tennessee. For this reason it Mr. DeVine, a retired University music etc. Dance rhythms are prominent in his seems fitting that his papers, the docu­ professor, is most familiar with Van works and marches are often found as mentary record of his outstanding career, Vactor's career, and his assistance has last movements. He believes melodies have found a permanent home in the been invaluable. With DeVine's guid­ should be able to be whistled. Van Special Collections Library. ance, a catalog of the collection is being Vactor has been honored by the State Van Vactor came to Knoxville in prepared. Legislature by being named the "Com­ 1947 as conductor of the Knoxville Van Vactor has composed in a poser Laureate of Tennessee." Symphony Orchestra and head of the number of musical forms. Included in the The Knoxville Symphony Orches­ newly founded University of Tennessee collection are the five symphonies com­ tra, as previously mentioned, premiered a Fine Arts Department. Under his direc­ posed between 1937 and 1975. The first number of Van Vactor's works, and these tion the orchestra experienced a period symphony won a thousand-dollar prize in taped performances complete the gift to of growth and technical polish and made a competition sponsored by the New the Library. Taken together, the various its first professional recording for the York Philharmonic Orchestra and was forms of musical composition which CRI label. Before coming to Knoxville, premiered by that orchestra at Carnegie make up this collection offer significant Van Vactor was flutist with the Chicago Hall in 1939 with the composer conduct­ research opportunities for the music Symphony Orchestra for thirteen years, ing. The second symphony has the title scholar and insight into the career and taught theory at Northwestern Univer­ Music for the Marines and was commis­ life of one of Knoxville's foremost sity for seven years, and from 1943 to sioned by the Sixth Marine Corps. It was composers. 1946 was Assistant Conductor of the completed in 1943, in Evanston, Illinois, Kansas City Philharmonic Orchestra and first performed by the Indianapolis while serving as head of the Theory and Symphony in 1943. 23 LIBRARY EVENTS

Library Day After a one year hiatus Library Day 1988 was held on March 30th. The event, which celebrated the relationship between writers, readers, and librarians, featured the thirty-ninth Library Lecture by former governor and then future Uni­ versity System President Lamar Alexan­ der, who spoke on "Books and Writing in the Life of a Public Servant: Confessions of a Rookie Writer." Other speakers included Sue Ellen Bridgers, novelist from Sylva, North Carolina; Robert Drake, short story writer and member of the University's English Department; Jeff Daniel Marion, poet and faculty member at Carson-Newman College; and John Manchip White, novelist, poet, screen­ writer and Lindsay Young Professor of Left to right - Anne and George Palo chat with Professor Emeritus Kenneth Curry. English at the University. Reception Honoring More than two hundred people More than three hundred people Friends and Benefactors were present to partake of refreshments, enjoyed the library's and the University's to view the library, and to visit with hospitality. Most sessions occurred in the The annual Friends and Benefac­ friends, librarians, and colleagues. Name new library's auditorium, with receptions tors Reception was held on Monday, tags were provided at the entrance so being held in both the Library's Ground May 23, from 5:00 until 7:00 p.m. in the that those assembled could mingle with Floor Study Area and in the University Ground Floor Study Area of the John C. ease. Acting as hosts, library faculty and Center, which likewise hosted the Hodges Library. Guests enjoyed the op­ Chancellor's Associates circulated luncheon. portunity to view the new library. Some among guests and extended a cordial partook of the organized tours, while welcome to all. others preferred to wander about on their Keepsake programs, which for own. twelve years have been offered as The receptiop, hosted by the mementos of the event, were handed to Chancellor's Associates and the Univer­ each arrival. Keepsake program covers sity Library, is held each year as a means have featured reproductions of Special of recognizing donors and encouraging Collections prints holding historic additional gifts. Guests were greeted by interest. The view of Knoxville from Donald Hunt, Dean of Libraries, by across the Gay Street Bridge used this members of the Friends and Benefactors year appeared in an article entitled Reception Committee, and by Develop­ "Southern Mountain Rambles" in ment Office staff. Renda Burkhart, Scribner's Monthly, May, 1874, and is Chairman of the Chancellor's Associ­ reproduced here on the inside back ates, introduced Chancellor Jack Reese. cover. Limited numbers of programs for The Chancellor greeted the guests and this and past years are available from the expressed gratitude to friends and bene­ Special Collections Library. Entertain­ factors for their support and for their ment for the evening was provided by continued interest. He discussed the hammered dulcimer soloist Tim Klein, nascent Library Development Campaign, whose music filled the background with a then introduced Jim Haslam, who selection of soft and pleasing melodies. announced his agreement to lead the Members of the library committee public campaign, and Milton Klein, who and officials of the Development Office reported on the Family Campaign, which who organized the gathering felt that this Lamar Alexander, principal speaker on Library was restricted to University faculty, staff, year's social affair was another in a Day, 1988. students, and retirees. successful series. 24 Left to right - Reference Librarian Mary Frances Crawford visits with Mr. Renda Burkhart, 1987-88, Chairman of the UTK Chancellor's Associates, John Dobson, Special Collections Librarian Emeritus, and library patron welcomes the guests to the reception. Wallace Bowman.

Left to right - Professor Emeritus Milton Klein, Co-Chair of the Library Left to right - Mr. Ted Reynolds, library patron from Norman, Oklahoma is Family Campaign, visits with Mr. James Haslam, 11. pictured with Virginia Hunt, wife of Library Dean Emeritus Don Hunt. 25 THE LIBRARY FAMILY CAMPAIGN

University family-faculty, sity Family had committed Thomas Davies staff and retirees. over $450,000 to Library Lloyd J. DeCuir In order to give all mem­ endowments. Henry R. DeSelm bers of the University family As we initiate the public Joy T. DeSensi Donald J. Dessart the opportunity to participate portion of the campaign, the strong beginning made possi­ Allan O. Diefendorf in the campaign, we called Norman E. Dittrich upon many volunteers. Chan­ ble by our volunteers and Patricia Droppleman cellor Jack E. Reese asked pro­ donors will be extremely im­ Melinda Dukes fessor emeritus Dr. Milton portant. The following indi­ David L. Dungan Klein and architecture profes­ viduals deserve special Michael C. Ehrhardt sor Dr. Marian Moffett to co­ recognition for giving their Bill Eigelsbach chair the solicitation. They time, efforts and influence to Allison R. Ensor helped design the campaign the library. Ginger Evans structure and helped recruit an George A. Everett Felicia H. Felder-Hoehne additional 220 faculty volun­ Carolyn J. Ammons Charles J. Ferrell Paul G. Ashdown Dr. Marian Moffett, Co-Chair of the teers. Those faculty members Bruce D. Fisher Deborah A. Arthur Library Family Campaign represented every college on Homer Fisher Richard A. Austin the University campus. They Pat Fisher Kathleen Bailey asked over 1,500 other faculty Michael R. Fitzgerald The University of Ten­ Kaddie Barber members to consider making Cynthia G. Fleming nessee's movement toward Pauline Bayne William F. Fox gifts to the library. Our volun­ Susan Becker excellence has placed growing Charles Garrison teers were crucial for commu­ Patricia A. Beitel demands on our libraries. As Thomas W. George nicating with faculty to explain Barbara Bell we add Distinguished Profes­ Solon Georghiou fully the library's needs. Thomas L. Bell sors, Centers of Excellence, Kenneth C. Gilbert Edward Bennett and Chairs of Excellence, we Others helped us com­ Bob Gissel George Bitzas have more and more expecta­ municate with University Robert W. Glenn James A. Black tions of our collection. As our staff. A number of volunteers, Charles A. Glisson listed below, helped coordi­ Kermit J. Blank Dale H. Goodfellow university-based research con­ Mary D. Blanton tinues its tremendous growth, nate solicitation of all exempt Joe Goddard Thomas P. Boehm Nancy M. Goslee we must expand our entire staff members. The Chancellor Robert A. Bohm wrote personalized letters to LeRoy Graf information base to support Patricia Boling Bob Greenberg all non-exempt staff members. Mary Boynton that growth. In addition, the Maureen Groer The University Retirees Nancy Bright inflation in print material Jim Grubb costs and the devaluation of Association was especially William Britten Michael W. Guidry Edward R. Buckner the dollar have limited the helpful to the Family Cam­ Stephen J. Handel Alvin G. Burstein power of our budgets. paign. Members and officers, Dorothy M. Habel Earl Bush including Ms. Kaddie Barber, Charles H. Hargis Our State government William L. Butefish and campus administration Mr. Howard Lumsden, Dr. Leonard C. Harmon Thomas A. Callcott Mark A. Hector have supported the library LeRoy Graf and Dr. Bain Libby Campbell fully. Yet, virtually all the truly Stewart, led the effort to con­ Henry W. Herzog D. Allen Carroll Lewis R. Hodge great library collections were tact almost nine hundred for­ Sugg Carter mer faculty and staff members. Carolyn R. Hodges created with the help of Jack L. CasseII Darrell W. Holt private funds. Their efforts were very produc­ Brenda Childress Mary Jo Hoover We have a good collec­ tive. The Association itself Dale G. Cleaver Dolly C. Hough tion. But, first-rate professors gave $1,000 to the drive and Charles R. Cleland Roger Hudson and students expect and its individual members added Carroll B. Coakley Phyllis E. Huff deserve a first-rate collection. over $23,000. Sheldon M. Cohen Howard N. Hull For these reasons, we Even before the actual Tom Collins Donald R. Hunt Evelyn Connor have committed to a major start of the campaign, students Lawrence S. Husch Kelsey Cook fund-raising campaign. The led by the Panhellenic Coun­ Vernon R. Iredell Robert M. Cothran Karen Irving cil raised $5,000. A gift from campaign will create a large Christopher P. Craig C. Douglas Izard endowment earmarked only the Better English Fund of Mary Frances Crawford Joyce Jackson for library acquisitions. As the $50,000 added further to the Chalmers T. Cruthirds Charles W. Johnson first step in the campaign, in Family Fund total. As of Jo Lynn Cunningham Mary L. Jolly April, 1988, we turned to the August 31,1988, the Univer- Robert B. Cunningham Mary C. Jones 26 INVESTING IN THE FUTURE Karl J. Jost David Reaves Ohannes Karakashian Christy Reynolds Dennie R. Kelley Joy Rice Richard M. Kelso William S. Riggsby Sook Kim Shelly Robinson David T. King Rebecca Roller Private gifts have played an important role in the library Deborah King Robert K. Roney program of the University of Tennessee, Knoxville. State James Kirby C. Glennon Rowell appropriations simply cannot provide sufficient funds for us to Milton M. Klein Richard Sanders acquire the many materials and books which are needed to build N. Lester Knight John Scheb the level of quality we desire. Katherine H. Kopp James H. Scheiner Susan Kovac William S. Shell Listed below are a number of ways in which individuals, Sandra Leach Carol Curtis Sheridan Bobby J. Leggitt Phil Scheurer corporations and foundations may offer private support of our Suzanne M. Lenhart Gordon Sherman library programs. Karen D. Levy Ronald E. Shrieves Jean L. Lewis -Peggy Shute GIFTS OF CASH Marilyn Lewis Warren L. Slagle One of the most effective ways of assisting the library is an James N. Liles Wilber S. Slawson outright gift of cash or securities. An unrestricted gift of this Hardy Liston Judy Solberg nature enables us to apply the funds to the area of greatest need. James Lloyd Frank J. Spicuzza Ouida M. Lowry Keith G. Stanga Howard H. Lumsden Eugene Stansbury SECURITIES/REAL ESTATE Harold Luper Bain T. Stewart A gift of appreciated securities or real estate offers attrac­ Thura Mack Fletcher C. Stewart tive income tax benefits to the donor. Jeffrey A. MacCabe David R. Stutzenberger Robert C. Maddox Jean W. Taylor PLANNED GIFTS Ronald M. Magid Ronald E. Taylor Susan D. Martin Steve R. Thomas Included in the planned gift category are gifts by will, John Mayo Alton W. Tipps trusts and insurance. It is important to note that while planned Dave McClure Alan L. Tucker gifts do not accrue to the University until some date in the Mary Gene McCutchen Annie Underwood future, there are often immediate income tax benefits which can Norman T. Mertz Thomas Ungs be enjoyed by the donor. The Director of Development can offer Lorene Michalopoulos Thomas D. Van Hook detailed information to interested individuals. Robert L. Michel Frederick P. Venditti Julie Miller Peter D. Von Buelow Bill Miller William R. Wade, III GIFTS OF BOOKS Aubrey Mitchell Carl G. Wagner Of course, we are also interested in receiving gifts that will Frederick Moffatt Kenneth R. Walker enhance our collections or help fill out certain subject areas as Marian Moffett Albert H. Wallace required by the academic programs of the University. You are Kenneth J. Monty Jack R. Wasserman encouraged to get in touch with us if you are in doubt about the Barbara A. Moore J. Stroud Watson desirability of books you may want to contribute. Marcia Myers Judith D. Webster Alice Nicholls George Wheeler The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Office of Devel­ Richard M. Pagni William B. Wheeler Bobbie Dillon Painter Gary L. Whitson opment has the responsibility for working directly with all Paul W. Parmalee Patricia D. Wiley interested donors to ensure that their gifts are intelligently Gregory C. Petty David Wilson planned in light of current tax regulations. Anyone interested in Keith E. Phillips Richard S. Wirtz making a gift to the Library may use the business reply envelope Linda Phillips Flossie Wise included in the Review, or contact: Cheryn Picquet Richard Wisniewski Carl A. Pierce Ethel Wittenberg Director of Development Randall H. Pierce Clifton Woods, III 612 John C. Hodges Library Paul J. Pinckney Stephen E. Young The University of Tennessee, Knoxville Biddanda Ponnappa Knoxville, Tennessee 37996-1000 Janette Prescod Phone: (615) 974-4127 Gary R. Purcell Joe C. Rader Bairam S. Rajput Larry Ratner John R. Ray 27 LIBRARY ENIDWMENTS

Over the years, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Valley Fidelity Bank Library Endowment Library has enjoyed a steady growth in the number and size of Bill Wallace Memorial Library Endowment named endowments. There are currently fifty-two endowments Walters Library Endowment Fund with a total value of nearly $1,300,000. Each fund is invested by Frank B. Ward Library Endowment the University with the income dedicated to purchase materials White Stores Library Endowment for the library. The value of these endowments may increase in Ronald H. Wolf Library Endowment two ways ... through additional gifts from the donors and/or Guy C. Youngerman Library Endowment Fund through the reinvestment of a small portion of the annual income, thereby increasing the value of the principal. SPECIAL COLLECTIONS Listed below are the private endowments which support the University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Libraries. This unique section of the library houses rare books, manuscripts, maps, prints and historical ephemera. Special Agriculture Veterinary Medicine Library Development Fund Collections is of vital importance to the research collection and Anonymous Library Development Fund to the scholar, but often must give way to the needs of the Lalla Block Arnstein Library Endowment instructional program and may suffer disproportionately in time Margaret G. Blanton Library Endowment of budgetary stress. James Douglas Bruce Endowment Fund Several friends of the library have made generous contri­ William Waller Carson Library Endowment butions to the Special Collections Library specifically to be used Ira Chiles Library Endowment-Higher Education for the purchase of items of Tennesseana which, because of Kenneth Curry Library Endowment Fund budgetary constraints, could not otherwise be obtained. This Durant Daponte Memorial Library Endowment fund allows the Special Collections librarian the opportunity to Richard Beale Davis Humanities Library Endowment purchase materials which appear on the open market. Specified Frank M. Dryzer Endowment Fund funds serve to bring rare pieces of Tennesseana to our holdings. Ellis & Ernest Library Endowment Harold S. Fink Library Endowment-History THOSE THOSE Stanley J. Folmsbee Library Endowment Fund Armour T. Granger Library Endowment Fund MEMORIALIZED HONORED Henry Haensler Library Endowment Betty Kizer Adams Kenneth Curry Hamilton National Bank Library Endowment Helen McCarty Altman John Dobson Hodges Books for English Endowment Calvin A. Buehler Donald Hunt William Chaney John C. Hodges-Alumni Library Endowment James B. Lloyd Ira Chiles Jack E. Reese Paul & Evelyn Howard Humanities Library Endowment Richard B. Davis Meredith Smoke Human Ecology Library Development Endowment James Dobson Stepehen C. Wicks Thomas L. James Library Endowment Fund John Duncan William H. Jesse-Library Staff Endowment Frank M. Dryzer Mamie C. Johnston Library Endowment Harriette A. Farrar Angelyn & Richard Koella Historical Documents Fund Lucy E. Fay Law Library Endowment Harold S. Fink Wayne and Alberta Longmire Library Endowment Stanley C. Folmsbee Edwin R. Lutz Memorial Library Endowment Fenton Alan Sevier Gentry John A. Hansen, Jr. Edward J. McMillan Library Endowment Fund John C. Hodges Stuart Maher Memorial Endowment-Technical Library Andrew Holt, Jr. Flora Belle and Bessie Abigail Moss Endowment Fund William H. Jesse Angie Warren Perkins Library Endowment Madelyn Jones John L. Rhea Foundation Library Endowment Fund Louis Amos McDaniel Lawrence C. Roach Library Endowment R.H. Minkel Norman B. Sayne Library Endowment Fund Florence Morris Dr. C. D. Sherbakoff Library Endowment Fund Oscar F. Norman Judge Robert White Smartt Law Library Endowment John L. Rhea McGregor Smith Library Endowment Fund Frances Scott Social Work Alumni Library Endowment Gena Sharp June C. Silcox J. Allen Smith Endowment Fund Tom Siler Dr. and Mrs. Walter Stiefel Library Endowment Steve Speer Florence B. and Ray B. Striegel Library Endowment Walter E. Stiefel Tennessee Tomorrow/Humanities Library Endowment Fund Molly Tucker Charles A. Trentham Library Endowment Frank B. Ward United Foods Humanities Endowment Paul R. Watts 28 .~~..,. A view of Knoxville across the Gay Street Bridge, from an article entitled, "Southern Mountain Rambles" appearing in Scribner's Monthly, May, 1874. (Friends and Benefactors Keepsake Program, 1988. Copies of the Keepsake Programs, which are suitable for framing, can be obtained upon request at the Special Collections Library. A limited number of these programs from past years are also available.)

About the cover artist: Lloyd Branson dents, private citizens, and historical was a painter of some note. His work has scenes. Among other places, his works in recent years attracted new attention in hang at the Lawson-McGhee Library in the art market. He was born in 1854 in Knoxville. Seven of his portraits hang in Union County, Tennessee, and was the Special Collections Library and educated there and in Knoxville. As a several others can be seen in Andy Holt youth, Branson was encouraged to study Tower. The Special Collections paintings art by Dr. John Boyd, a prominent are of Sarah Sutherland Boyd, Horace Knoxville physician. Perhaps it was be­ Maynard, Charles Coffin, John Bell, cause of Dr. Boyd's influence that one of J.G.M. Ramsey, James Robertson, and Branson's earliest portraits was of Sarah Isaac Shelby. Sutherland Boyd. In 1873 the young artist went to New York to study at the Na­ tional Academy of Design. He received first prize at the Academy in 1875. Later he went abroad and visited the art centers Back Cover: of Europe. Branson returned to Knoxville Hauling Marble, by Lloyd Branson, 1910. This in 1878, where he lived and worked until painting, winner ofa gold medal at the Appala­ his death in 1925. Subjects of his paint­ chian Exposition in 1910, now graces the office of ings were political figures, college presi- University ofTennessee President Lamar Alexander. Lloyd Branson. (Print Collection.) NOVEMBER,1988 Designed by Greta Eichel, UT Publications Services Non-Profit Org. Pasteup by Betty Clift U.S. Postage Production by Tammy Pickens, UT Publications Services PAID Printed by Quality Printers, Bristol, TN The Univ. ofTenn. Knoxville