Amit WINDOWS

A Microsoft Window is an Operating system marketed by Microsoft Corporation, U.S.A.

There are different versions of Ms-Windows: - The most popular are: ♦ Ms-windows NT ♦ Ms-windows 95/98/2000/Me/XP

What is Windows? Windows is the area on the screen having the border on all four sides, to perform a specific work. Ms-windows execute one computer program within one Window. Therefore several programs can be executed at the same time, each in its own window. The windows can be enlarged to fill the entire screen or can be sized and moved to any part of the screen.

General features of Ms-Windows - ♦ GUI - A Graphical User Interface is a means by which the computer be given commands very easily by the user. The commands, which are to be performed, are displayed on the screen in the form of pictures (icons). The user has to execute the icon to do a particular work . ♦ CLIPBOARD (cut and paste)- Clipboard is an area in the computer’s memory where Ms –windows temporarily stores the copied data. The clipboard is a facility to transfer the data between two dissimilar or similar programs. The clipboard supports cut and paste or sharing between programs. When different application are running. The data is one application can be copied or moved to another application (picture form Ms-paint) can be moved to word pad file using the clipboard . ♦ OLE - (Object –Linking and Embedding ) -OLE is a method where is an object from one application can be pasted to another application any changes in the original picture can be brought to the pasted picture also. There

1 Windows Amit is a provision also by opening the application in which it was originally created . ♦ MULTITASKING - Ms-Windows allows executing more than one program at a time, each program will work in its own window and the user can switch to any program without closing the previous program. The windows can be displayed side by side or one behind the other. ♦ WYSIWYG - (what you see is what you get ) -when the document is printed on the paper, the printout will look exactly like the document is displayed on the screen. That is the text will be printed using the same character size, text formatting, alignment and pictures if any included in the file will be printed at the position it is displayed on the screen.

SPECIAL FEATURES OF MS-WINDOWS ♦ It will execute Ms-Dos application, Windows application and some Window- NT 32 bit applications. ♦ It is a combination of Ms- dos and Windows operating system. ♦ It is a promptive multi-tasking operating system. Earlier version of Ms- windows was a co-operating system. Where windows and applications controlled multingtasking were tasking up much of the CPU time. But the current version of Windows is the OS itself without giving it to the application will retain a promptive multitasking OS.The control of the CPU time. Therefore the application executed in Ms-Windows 95 and later versions will be faster. ♦ Executable file name is Win.com. Allows the user to place document icons and folders on the windows desktop. A taskbar will be always available on the screen. This task lists the currently running application and makes switching between applications easier. ♦ Supports long file names, 8 * 3 file name of DOS are replaced by the file name of upto 255 characters long including spaces. ♦ It stores a bulk quantity of hardware settings, system settings, and application setting and user rights in a registry. ♦ Supports 32 bit applications.

2 Windows Amit ♦ Introduces built in pair to pair networking like windows for workgroup. ♦ In corporate OLE versions 2.0 thus facilitating easier incorporation of graphs, charts, music, video, clipart etc. in word processing document. ♦ Application can be executed and documents can be opened easily through folder. ♦ Supports plug–n-plug .It automatically finds the new hardware inserted and takes it into account. ♦ Supports a new mail system called Microsoft Exchange such as E-mail, Internet.

WINDOWS-98 Windows 98 is a graphical user operating system, which provide and interface between graphical and pictorial form. In this windows environment the user use both keyboard and mouse. It provides an interface between the user and computer and help in controlling all the resources of the entire computer.

It has following advantages: - ♦ It is very easy to learn. ♦ It has a facility to run multiple applications simultaneously. ♦ It runs in a protected mode. ♦ It works on a 32-bit processor. ♦ All the icons in the Windows-98 are identified by it Victorial look. OPENING SCREEN OF MS-WINDOWS:

My Computer Network Neighborhood Recylebin Desktop Inbox My Briefcase Mouse START 12:45 Pointer

3 Windows Amit PARTS OF MS- WINDOWS SCREEN -:

♦ DESKTOP :- The Screen . ♦ ICONS :- A small graphical picture on the screen is called an Icon . The appearance of icon gives some hints regarding the work that can be done through the work can be done through the icon. The icons are displayed at the left side of desktop present icons are –My computer, Network Neighborhood, Recycle Bin, Inbox, My Briefcase. Mainly there are three types of icons.

• FOLDER ICONS - A directory or a sub directory is called as a folder in Ms-Windows. Generally it contains its own set of icons. The contents of the folder will be displayed, when double clicked on the folder icon. • PROGRAM ICON - The program icon represent an application or executable program. When double clicked on it represents will be executed. • DOCUMENT ICON - The files created by the user (letters, Picture, worksheets, etc.) are treated as a document in Ms-windows and later versions. Document icon represents a document that can be generally printed. The icon will have the icon like folded pages on the upper right corner of it. Double clicking on the document will automatically opens the program that is required and opens the documents.

♦ TASK BAR - The task bar is position at the bottom of desktop by default. Its position can be changed. It contains start buttons at the left side and time indicator at the right side. The name of application currently working with will be displayed on the taskbar. ♦ START BUTTON - The start button is positioned at the left side of Task Bar by default. It is used to execute the applications to shut down the computer. ♦ TIME INDICATOR - The time Indicator display the system time. It will also display the date, when the mouse pointer is positioned on the time indicator. To set the current time and today’s date. Double click on the indicator.

4 Windows Amit ♦ MOUSE POINTER - The arrow moves on the screen, when moving the mouse. ♦ MOUSE - Mouse is a pointing device. It is also the primary input device for Ms-Windows. There are two three types of Mouse. ♦ IBM -All three buttons are used. (Three button mouse). ♦ MICROSOFT -Only two buttons are used. (Two button mouse). • SINGLE CLICK • DOUBLE CLICK • LEFT BUTTON • Single Click - Single click of a mouse is generally used to select the items or icons and open the menu available in the Desktop area. • Double Click -Left button double click is the mouse key, on the icon items is available in right icons or placing the mouse pointer on a particular icon or item and pressing the primary mouse button (left button) twice rapidly used to execute the program • RIGHT BUTTON - Right click of the mouse button is a special use, or placing the mouse pointer on a particular icon or item and pressing the right mouse button once. Used to display the short –cut mouse. ♦ ICONS -There is five icons or application in Window-98 Operating System . A small graphical picture on the screen is called an icon. • MY COMPUTER -My computer is a system icon, which gives us complete information about the items available inside your computer. Switches are : - A: -FLOPPY DISK C: -HARD DISK D: -CDROM-Drive CONTROL PANEL ADD PRINTER This icons is one of the most important icons in Windows-98 5 Windows Amit • NETWORK NEIGHBOORHOOD -is use to connect one computer with another it gives the complete information about the other user working on the network-connected computers.

• RECYCLE BIN - is use to store all the deleted files and folders for temporarily and if a user delete the files in Recycle Bin, Than the files is permanently deleted which commands. We recovered by default; the capacity in the recycle bin is to store deleted files is 10% of the Hard disk space. (a) Select the items +Delete Key =Temporary delete

(b) Select the item + Shift Key and Delete Key =Permanently delete (c) Select the item +Right click +delete option.

• INBOX -In box icon is use to store messages which come through the network.

• MY BRIEFCASE-My briefcase is also one of the most important icon is the Win-98 which helps the easier in transferring important files from one computer to another. This icon is use to copy the system files to one in location to another location because it carry it safely.

♦ START MENU PROGRAM DOCUMENT SETTING FIND HELP RUN SHUT DOWN

♦ PROGRAM -Various applications are present. ♦ DOCUMENT -Recently used file are available with file name. 6 Windows Amit ♦ SETTINGS -Setting is use to control the resources of computer. ♦ FIND -To search a file in a Hard disk. ♦ HELP -To get some help of windows 98. ♦ RUN - Run is a special application. ♦ SHUT DOWN -To properly switch off the computer are available.

♦ CLOSING THE APPLICATION WINDOWS. - To close the application Windows one of the methods can be followed - ♦ Click on the close button. ♦ Select Exit from file menu. ♦ Press ALT + F4

♦ UNDO THE EARLIER WORK -To undo the latest work, Press CTRL + Z or select undo from edit menu.

♦ TYPES OF WINDOWS . • APPLICATION WINDOWS. • FOLDER WINDOW.

♦ PARTS OF WINDOW ♦ CONTROL BOX -It will be displayed at the top of the window. When clicked on the control box. Control menu will be displayed on the screen ♦ TITLE BOX -Title bar will be displayed the file name and the name of application ♦ MINIMIZE BUTTON - It is used to minimize the active window. ♦ MAXIMIZE BOTTON - It is used to maximize the action window. It will not be displayed. If the window is maximized ♦ RESTORE BUTTON - It is used to restore the window to its previous size. It will be displayed. Only if the window is maximized. ♦ CLOSE BUTTON - It is used to close the active application.

7 Windows Amit ♦ APPLICATION WORKSPACE - It is the space occupied by the application windows ♦ WINDOW BORDER - All windows will have four borders on its side window will also have four loners. ♦ SCROLL BAR -Generally, application windows will have two scroll bars, one at the bottom and the other at the right side. The scroll bar at the bottom of windows is called as the horizontal scroll bar and the scroll bar at the right is called as the vertical scroll bar. The scroll bars have the scroll buttons and a scroll bar. Scroll bars help in faster movement from one part of the document to the other. ♦ MENU BAR -The menu bar will be displayed below the title bar. ♦ STATUS BAR -The status bar will be displayed at the bottom of the window, below the horizontal scroll bar.

SIZING A WINDOWS: - To increase or decrease the size of windows –drag the window border or corner.

MOVING THE WINDOWS: - To move the window, drag the title bar of the window.

UNDO THE EARLIER WORK - To undo the latest work, press or select Undo from Ctrl+z or select undo from edit menu.

♦ IMAZING Windows 98 has graphic file editors, Windows paint and Imazing for windows. For windows provided by Kodak allows the user to view, annotate, print, manage, store and share images that have been created from faxes, scanned documents, or computerized images. It also has the ability to control scanner file format include TIFF, BMP, PCX, JPEG, GIF, FAX documents.

8 Windows Amit LOCATION: - C:/Window/Kodaking.exe START- PROGRAMS - ACCESSORIES -IMAZING

Imaging for windows runs in two modes Read Only Editing Mode .The document should be saved under the TIFF or BMP formats for editing the images.

♦ NOTEPAD Notepad is a text editor available under Ms-Windows. It allows typing and editing of text. As it is a text editor, text can only be typed and cannot be formatted. It features like changing the fonts, bold, underline, Italics etc.cannot be included for the text written in Notepad. Notepad likes much less memory than WordPad and start quick notes whenever needed. Notepad can save and open text only files. These files are also known as Plane text files or ASCII files or simply text files. The default extension given to the files saved under Notepad is .TXT. ♦ STARTING NOTEPAD To start notepad select- START- PROGRAM- ACCESSORIES- NOTEPAD To executable filename of is Notepad.exe LOCATION: - C:/>Windows \Notepad.exe Entering and editing text : - ♦ Word wrap -To type the text just go on entering the text, whatever text is entered will be entered in the single line itself. To change the line, press enters, but the text can be wrapped to the next line by selecting word wrap from edit menu. The text will be adjusted inside the present window itself . ♦ Date / Time - To insert the current Date and Time into the file, select Date /Time from Edit menu, or press the key F5 . ♦ Find /Search - To search for a particular a word or left in the file. Select menu or press the function key F3 , Type the text to be search and click on find next. The direction of search can be specified either up or down. ♦ Page setup - The margins, header and footer can be specified to a Notepad file by selecting page setup from file menu. Type the appropriate left, right, top and bottom margins in inches. 9 Windows Amit To specify the header and footer the following codes can be used -

CODE EFFECT $d Include the current date pd Include the page no. $f Include the file name $l Makes the subsequent text left align the margin $r Makes the subsequent text right align the margin $c Center the subsequent text. $t Includes the time of printing ♦ Limitations of Notepad ♦ It has no paragraph or character formatting capability but it is capable of wrapping lines of text to fit to the size of the windows. ♦ Files are limited to text only. ♦ The size of each file is limited to about 50K. ♦ It does not have any pagination option like page break.

♦ WORDPAD WordPad is a document mode word processor available in MS-Windows. The default extension given to the files saved under WordPad is. DOC.

Features -: 1. Files can be saved in 4 different formats, they are - ♦ Word for window 6.0 ♦ Rich Text Format (RTF) ♦ Text Document MS-DOS format. ♦ Text Document 2. Display the tool bar, formula bar, status bar and the ruler. ♦ Margin, tabs and indents can be set easily.

10 Windows Amit ♦ Allow print preview. ♦ Different fonts types and font sizes can be used in the document. ♦ Bold, italics, underline and text coloring features are available. ♦ Left, center and right alignments are available. ♦ Bullets marker can be applied for the paragraphs. ♦ Time and date can be included in the document. ♦ Pictures can be inserted or pictures can be drawn.

EXECUTED WORDPAD , Select - START- PROGRAM- ACCESSORIES- WORDPAD Moving the cursor using keyboard Executable file Name: WordPad.exe

Demerits ♦ Header and footer cannot be included in the documents. ♦ Justified alignment is not available. ♦ Double and one and half line spacing is not available. ♦ Decimal tab position cannot be set. ♦ Specify check feature is not available. ♦ Subscript and Super script character format are not available.

PARTS OF WORDPAD WINDOW ♦ WordPad application window will have a control box; Title bar (if the file is not named, the title bar displays document), minimize and maximize button, close button, menu bar and application workspace. ♦ Toolbar is displayed below the number containing eleven 11 graphical symbol called icons (Under file and edit menu). The toolbar can be moved any where on the screen and can be turned on or off by selecting toolbar from view menu. ♦ Format bar contains a set of graphical icons and 2 dropdown list boxes font size & Type- bold, italic underline, Text color, Alignments and bullet. The format bar from view menu.

11 Windows Amit ♦ Ruler is displayed below the format bar. It is used to set the tab stop, left, first line and right indents. ♦ Status bar is displayed at the bottom of WordPad window messages are displayed at the left and Caps lock, Numlock indication are displayed at the right.

Moving the cursor-using keyboard. - Up one line - Down one line - Left one character - Right one character Ctrl+ - Left one word. Ctrl+ - Right one word ^ Home - Beginning of Document ^ End - End of Document ^ Page up - Top left corner of the window ^ Page Down - Bottom right corner of the window .

♦ Paragraph Alignment - There are three types of alignment for paragraph in WordPad. They are left, center and right. Left is the default alignment. ♦ Paragraph Box: - Indents -indents is of three types. They are left, first line and right indents. Indents can be set on the ruler or though the menu. Type the left, first line or right indent measurement in inches and click on O.K ♦ Bulleted paragraph -Bulleted paragraphs mean a bullet symbol will be appear at the left side of the Paragraph and the paragraph is indented at the left side bulleted paragraph serves the following purpose: • Calling attention to the content of the paragraph. • Using a set of option. The bullet style command work as a toggle. ♦ TAB STOPS -A maximum of 32 tab stops can be set through the ruler or by using the tab dialog box, when a tab stop is set a “L” will be displayed on the

12 Windows Amit ruler. Dragging “L” left or right to adjust its placement can change the tab position. To display the tabs dialog box select tab…from the format menu. Type the tab stop position in inches and click on set. After setting the desired tab stops, click on O.K. To remove any tab stops, click on the number and click or clear. ♦ FIND & REPLACE A WORD/TEXT -To find a word or text in the document. Click on the Find button in the tool bar or press ^F or select find from Edit menu. To find a word or text and replace it will any other word or text Press ^H or select Replace from Edit menu.

♦ MS-PAINT - Microsoft Paint is a program used to draw the images. A large number of drawings took and different colurs are available to create any good picture. The pictures created inns-paint are bit-napped graphics .A Bitmap is a collection of bits (pixels or pets on the Screen) of information that created or images when assigned (mapped) dots on the screen. The files created in paint will have the extension .BMP.But images with extension .PCX and .TIF can also be opened in Paint by translating them to .BMP format with the conversion software. EXECUTED PAINT , Select - START- PROGRAM- ACCESSORIES- PAINT

Executable file for Paint is: Ms-Paint.exe LOCATION: -C:/>Program Files\Accessories\Paint Different drawing tools are displayed at the left side. At the bottom of the screen is the color box. The middle empty area is the drawing area. The status line is displayed below the color bar. The color bar allows selection of different colors when drawing the pictures. To selects the foreground color (drawing color) click on the color and to select the background color (fill color) right click on the color. ♦ TOOL BOX -: The Toolbox contains various tools used to draw the images. The tools are left side.

13 Windows Amit ♦ SCISSORS (free form select) -It is used to select any area of the picture by drawing a free hand line around the area to be selected. ♦ ERASER -It used with left mouse button it is an eraser or it used with right mouse button. It is a color eraser (used to eraser only a particular color in drawing). The size of eraser can be changed and any background color can be selected. ♦ PICK COLOR -It is used to select a particular color, which is used in the picture. ♦ PENCIL -The Pencil works much like the brush for freehand art, except that it only paints lines one pixel wide. To draw straight vertical, horizontal or diagonal lines, while drawing hold the shift key. ♦ AIR BRUSH -Line tool is used to draw the lines in angle of 45 o, 90 o and 135 o etc, hold shift key while drawing the line. ♦ RECTANGLE -It is used to draw the boxes and rectangles. Three-typeof boxes can be drawn 1. Hollow boxes with borders only – Used to draw the simple boxes or rectangles. 2. Filled bordered boxes -Used to draw the box with a solid color interior and a surrounding border .The solid interior appears in the currently selected background colors and the border appears with the foreground color. 3. Solid boxes without borders - Used to draw a solid rectangle with currently selected background color. To draw a box, place the mouse pointer at the top left side of the box, click and drag till the bottom right corner of the box (hold shift key to draw perfect squares. ♦ ECLLIPSE -It is used to draw the circle or eclipse .To draw a circle, hold the shift key. When drawing the eclipse the rules regarding the fill and border colors of boxes apply to eclipse also. ♦ PICK -It is used to select a rectangular portion of the drawing .It is the easiest way to select the picture.

14 Windows Amit ♦ PAINT CAN -It is used to fill any enclosed area with the foreground color. An enclosed area can be defined by any line or curse in the drawing area. ♦ MAGNIFIER -This tool is used to zoom into a particular part of the picture after selecting this tool. The mouse pointer display, the area at 400% magnification. Different magnification level can also be selected from the tool options area at the bottom of the toolbox. When the picture is magnified to restore it to normal. Select the magnifier tool and click anywhere in the drawing area. ♦ BRUSH -It is the basic painting tool .It works like a pen or brush. This tool can be used to create a free hand art. Using this tool, selecting any color, to draw the free hand design, click and drag inside the drawing area. Different sizes can be changed from tools options area in the bottom of the toolbox ♦ TEXT -The text is used to type the text inside the picture. Before typing text define a rectangular transfer the text. The text can be written in two (2) styles. (a) TRANSPARENT STYLE -Only text is included in the frame and only the characters entered in the frame will be included in the picture. (b) OPEQUE STYLE -The text will appear on a solid rectangular background that corers up whatever us therein the picture. Draw the text frame and type the text using the font, size and styles for the text using the test tool bar. The text can also be bold, Italic or underline. ♦ CURVE -It is used to draw the curves draw a straight line by click and drag. Move the mouse pointer to one side of the line, drag the mouse pointer away from the line (left right, top or bottom). If the curve already looks right, finish it by clicking on the end point (end position of the line drawn). To make some modification still, drag from any side of the line with the mouse again. It will draw a curve. ♦ POLYGON - It is used to create an endless variety of polygon shapes, to draw a polygon, draw a line and click at different positions. To end the polygon, double click at the last point.

15 Windows Amit ♦ ROUNDED BOX - It works like the regular box tool, but it create box with rounded corners rather than crisp right angles.

Moving / copying selected are: - To move a part of picture, select the position of picture using pick tool or scissors tool. Place the mouse pointer inside the selected area and drag the mouse pointer to a new position and release the mouse button. To removes the selection marks. Click the selected area, hold ctrl key while dragging the picture after selecting a portion of it.

Using the Picture as MS-Windows wallpaper: - Picture displayed on the desktop is called Wallpaper . Wallpaper improves the appearance of the desktop. The picture created in Ms- Paint can be directly put to wallpaper .To use the picture drawn in paint as wallpaper. Save the picture and select Set as Wallpaper (Tiled)To have several copies of the Picture (if the picture is smaller) on the desktop or file set as wallpaper (centered) To have one picture only at the center of the desktop.

♦ CALCULATOR The calculator is used to perform simple or complex calculation.

There are two types of calculator 1.Stantard Calculator 2.Scientific Calculator . To start calculator Program Accessories Calculator

EXECUTABLE FILE Name is Calc.exe. LOCATION C:\>WINDOWS\CALC.EXE.

16 Windows Amit USING THE CALCULATOR: - Clear the calculator’s display by pressing ESC or clicking on C button. Enter the number by typing through keyboard or clicking on the numbers through the mouse. If any mistake is done while typing any number press the backspace key or click on back button. To clear the calculator and to start calculator again, click on C button. To clear only the current entry by pressing the previous result, click on CE button. Click on the operators (+, -. %, *) etc, and types other numbers. To get the answer, Press enter or click on = button .

USING THE MEMORY KEYS: - When the calculators memory contains a value, an M appear in the small area just above the MC button .If no value is in the memory this area is empty. BUTTONS FUNCTIONS MS Store the displayed no .in memory. MR Recalls the memory value and Displays it to use in calculation. M+ Add this current display value to the existing memory value. MC Clears the memory value is resetting it to 0.

COMPUTING THE SQUARE ROOT : To find the square root of a number, type the number and click on sure button. The square root of the number will be immediately displayed and clicking on = button is not necessary.

♦ CHARACTER MAP Character map is used to select special character such as foreign character or currency symbols and character from same specialized fonts such as symbol, wingdings etc. It is special application, which is not having a menu bar. The character map displays 224 characters in the selected font (default font is wingdings) to select any symbol, first select the fonts; the character available

17 Windows Amit in that font will be displayed in the character map. The size of character map window is fixed that means the size cannot be changed or maximize. To select any character or click on the character and click on select button. After selecting the characters, click on copy button to copy the selected character to the clipboard (Memory). Open the file in which the selected character to be inserted and paste f rom edit menu or press ^v.

TO START CHARACTER MAP Start Program Accessories System tools Character Map

EXECUTABLE FILE Name is Charmap.exe. LOCATION C:\>WINDOWS\CHARMAP.EXE. ♦ PHONE DIALER Phone dialer is a simple application used to make telephone calls from the computer using a modem. For using phone dialer, a telephone number must be typed or can be selected from the speed dial list and dial. After dialing the call, phone dialer connects the line through the telephone set plugged into the phone jack on the modem that the receiver can be picked up and start talking.

TO START PHONE DIALER SELECT Start Program Accessories Phone dialer

EXECUTABLE FILE Name is Dialer.exe. LOCATION- C:\>WINDOWS\DIALER.EXE.

MAKING A CALL Dialing a number with phone dialer is exactly same from the telephone. Therefore the STD or ISD codes and the phone number must be written exactly as prescribed by the telephone department. To make a call, make sure that the modem and modem cables are connected correctly. Type the phone number in dialable format or international format in the number to dial box and click on dial button. 18 Windows Amit In dialable format (local calls) .The number can be directly written.

CREATING A SPEED DIAL LIST: - The important call on the calls, which are made frequently, can be stored in the speed dial list. If any number is stored in the speed dial list, the phone number need to be remembered to make the calls, there is a provision to type up to eight- phone number in the speed dial list. The eight entries in the speed dial list are push button. To type a phone number in the speed dial box, click on only one empty speed dial push button. Type the name and telephone and click on save button to save the name and phone number entered will be displayed in the speed dial list.

♦ CONTROL PANEL Major window settings can be done, using the control panel. The screen color, Mouse speed, Setting the primary mouse, Adding and removing printers, Fonts setting, The date and time formats etc.can be done through the control panel.

TO OPEN CONTROL PANEL, SELECT Start Settings Control Panel EXECUTABLE FILE Name is Control.exe. Each icon in the control panel represent a little program called an applets that will be executed when double click on it.

The following are some of the applets of the control Panel . ♦ Accessibility options - It allows us to set the keyboard, Mouse, Sound, Display and general Ms-Windows options. ♦ Add new hardware - It is used to install or remove, Sound, CD-ROM video, hard and floppy disk controllers, display adapters, Printers, modem, and other device drivers. ♦ Add/Remove Programs-It is used to add or remove different modules of MS- Windows and also allows the user create a start-up disk.

19 Windows Amit ♦ Date/Time -Allows use to sit the current date and time based on the time zone selected. ♦ Display -It is used to set the colors and fonts of different parts of windows screens, title bars etc. desk top patterns or wall paper can be changed, allows to select any screen saver display drivers, screen resolution etc. ♦ Fonts -Used to add or remove the fonts. ♦ Keyboard -Used to set the rate at which keys repeat, cursor blink rate, language to be used for the character etc. ♦ Mouse - Used to add, remove or set the properties of the modem connected to the computer. ♦ Multimedia - Used to change the audio MIDI, CD music and other multimedia device drivers, properties and settings. ♦ Network - Used to configure the support of network and the manner in which the access must be given to share the resources on the network link printers, folders, fax, etc. ♦ Password -Used to set or change the logon passwords, allows remote administration of the computer etc. ♦ Power -Used to set advanced power management in case of a battery powered portable computer to view the current condition of the battery change. ♦ Printer -Used to display the printers installed to change the properties of the installed printers to display and manage the print queue for each of the installed printers. ♦ Regional Settings -Used to set the time, date, number and currency formats. ♦ Sounds -Turns off and on the computers beeps or adds sounds to various system events if the computer is having the built in sound capability. ♦ System -Displays the computer devices, RAM, type of Processors etc.

20 Windows Amit ♦ CONTROL PANEL –Display - The desktop pattern, Wallpaper, Screen Savers, Colors of different Screen element etc, can be set using display from control Panel. By double clicking on desktop icon in Control –Panel, Displayed on the screen. Display properties dialog box has four tabbed buttons. They are Background, Appearance, Screen Saver and Settings.

BACKGROUND The pattern and Wallpaper used for the desktop background is controlled from the background tab. Desktop pattern is the design displayed on the desktop. To make the changes is the pattern. Select any pattern and click on edit pattern The exiting pattern will be displayed for editing. Make the editing as required by clicking on different boxes and type a new name for the pattern crated in the name box click on add button and click on ok. The picture display on the desktop is called wallpaper . Any wallpaper can be displayed on the desk top either in the tile mode (to cover the entire desk top) or at the center of the desktop. A wallpaper files are bitmap image stored in files with extensions bmp. By default, the .BMP files are in windows directory displayed in the list of wallpaper names. If the BMP files are stored in any other directory, click on browser and select the appropriate name from the desired folder.

SCREEN SAVER PROPERTIES Screen saver can prevent a static image being displayed constantly on the Screen i.e. if the user has stared windows but is not using the computer than the screen blank or display some moving images. The screen saver starts automatically, if the computer is idle for specified number of minutes (can be from 1 to 60). The screen saver files will have the extension. Screen to select screen saver, select screen saver from Desktop in control panel.

21 Windows Amit By default, the screen saver named flying windows available under windows. If additional screen savers are needed, they must be installed separately.

APPEARANCE PROPERTIES The dialog display current appearance of the screen and allows the user to change the color, size, font, etc. of selected item. Scheme options in the appearance dialog list the available schemes that can be selected to change the appearance of windows dialog boxes and message boxes. Windows standard in the default color scheme, item the option allows the user to select element like active title bar, Menu bar, Icon, Desktop etc. To change its size, color, fonts, bold, italic etc.

♦ MOUSE PROPERTIES Mouse properties are used to change the primary mouse button (left or right), time gap needed to double click. Select the mouse pointers for different operations, Mouse tracking speed. Display the mouse trails or not etc. Mouse properties dialog box will be displayed containing 4 tabs. They are Buttons, Pointers, Motion and general. Button Configuration - The default mouse button configuration is right-handed mouse, i.e. .The left button will be the default button for clicking double clicking and dragging. Double click speed - Specifying the double click speed can configure the time gap required to double click .by default double click. By default double click speed is medium. To test whether the double click is working perfectly or not, Double click in the test area. Some mark will be displayed when double click on test area once and double clicking on the same will remove the mark. Mouse Pointers - The pointers tab allows the user to change the appearance of the mouse pointer. Different mouse pointer can be selected from .CUR or ANI files.

22 Windows Amit Mouse Pointer movement- The mouse pointer speed (tracking Speed) is set through the motion tab by default the pointer speed is medium. The mouse pointer movement can be traced by the mouse trail (useful in LCD (liquid crystal display) screens. To specify the mouse trail, click on the check box of show pointer trail, and click on the check box of show pointer trail .If the pointer trail is present, whether to have a long trail or short trail can be specified.

♦ KEYBOARD PROPERTIES : - The language to use when typing the text. The speed at which the cursor has to blink, the speed at which the characters to be repeated etc.can be specified in the keyboard properties. The amount of fine that elapses before characters being repeating when holding a key can be specified with repeat delay in speed tab. In order to repeat the characters faster, to repeat delay is kept at short. The time gap can be identified only between the first and second keystroke of the character repeated specifying long will take a long time to repeat a character. To adjust the speed, at which each character repeats when holding a key adjust the repeats rate. Default is medium speed .To repeat the character faster more the scrollbar towards fast. The speed at which the cursor has to blink can be specified in cursor blink rate. ♦ ADDITIONAL LANGUAGES - By default, typing the text is done in American English language. To type in any other language such a language tab in keyboard properties dialog. To add a language click on add button. Click on the required language and click on ok. To display the language indicator on tank bar cheek box. When typing the text any language can be selected by clicking on the language indicator in the taskbar.

23 Windows Amit To switch between the languages using the keyboard, specify which key combination to be used. ♦ REGIONAL SETTINGS: - The regional settings in control panel allows the user to set the system default for language country, number, currency, time and date formatting. The language to be used can selected from the regional setting tab. Default is English. In this format time available is in 12 hours format and A.M, P.M. can be selected. If English language is selected. The time available is in 24 hours format and A.M, P.M. cannot be selected. ♦ NUMBER FORMATTING : - The number tab in regional are used to specify the manner in which the negative and positive numbers to be displayed number of decimal places, group separator etc. which as the number tab and the number format dialog is displayed. The following options are available : - Decimal symbol : - Allows the user to specify the decimal symbol. Default decimal symbol is a period . No. Of digits after Decimal : - Specifies how many No. Will be placed to the right of the decimate point . Default is 2 Digit Grouping symbol : - Used to define the symbol that will group the digits into a lager number. Default is comma for Example: - 9,999,999,999. Negative sign symbol : - Used to define the symbol used to show the negative number default is minus sign (-) No. Of digits in-group : - Used to specify how many number will be grouped together into larger number. Default is 3. Measurement system : -Determine weather the system of measurement will be U.S or metric.

♦ PRINTING : - The files created in M S– WordPad, MS-paint, Notepad etc can be printed through MS-windows. Printing through all MS-window 95 24 Windows Amit applications or higher version is similar and easier. But printing cannot be done until the printer, which is used for printing the file is installed properly and its name must be added in the printer’s list . ADDING A PRINTER : -To add a printer, select – START SETTINGS PRINTER.

The printer’s window will be displayed with the icon, Add printer and already added printers if any. Double click on add printer icon .A message will be displayed to install a printer. Read the message and click on next. Select local printer and click on next. Add the printer wizard will be displayed. Select the name of the manufacture from the list (e.g. HP) .the responding printer names will be displayed on the right side. Select the name of printer from the right side (e.g. HP LaserJet III). If the printer is to be installed from the floppy click on Have disk click on next the available ports will be displayed on the screen select the appropriate port (e.g. LPT-1) and click on next the name of the printer will be displayed.

If any correction is to be made, it can be made, when installing additional printers; an additional option will be displayed to set the printer to be installed as a default printer or not click on next. A question will be displayed on the screen asking to print a test page or not. If the printer is properly connected, switch on and papers are inserted, select yes, if the printer is not connected or not switched on, select NO and click on finish. The printer will be added into printer’s list .

Note : - An already installed printer can be deleted from the list .To do on click on the of the printer names that is to be deleted and press delete key. After adding a printer any file can be printed .In order to print open the file in specific application. Specify the number of pages to be printed. Number of copies etc…and click on OK. To start printing the file .If the printing is not done after waiting for a long time you can see the printer 25 Windows Amit status. To see the printer status double clicks on the printer icon in the task bar. To delete the print job, after double clicking on the printer icon in the task bar, click on the name of the file listed and press delete key. The job will be deleted.

♦ FINDING FILES AND FOLDER Generally the files are stored in different folders. Tofind the location of a file select

Start -> finds file or folders , The find: - All files dialog box, contains three labs.

They are : - Name & Location -: Named drop down box is used to type the name of the file or folder to be searched in the writer computer. The name can be written in full or wild card expression ? And * can be used. The wild card expression ? Can be used to represent one unknown character and * to represent any number of unknown character. To find the files and folders starting with the character M, containing any extension, type m*. *.The recent searches performed will be stored in the named drop down list and can be selected by clicking on the down arrows of this box. If the location of the file, which is to be searched is known, it can be written look in drop down box. To look for the file or folder in specific drive, select the drive letter from the drop down box. The path, where the file to be searched. Can be typed directly in this box. To search for the file subfolders also, select the cheek box include subfolders. To begin searching the file or folder click or find now. To give a new search command again, click on new search.

♦ DATE MODIFIED – To search for a file, which is created or edited on a specific date, it can be mentioned using the date-modified tab. To searches for all files in the specified path for desired file or folder select the option all files. To restrict

26 Windows Amit searching the file between two specified dates. Choose between and type from and to dates in the desired manner in between and boxes. The restrict searching the file, which is created or edited during the previous specified number of months, specify 1,2 etc. in during the previous months box. To restrict searching the file, which is created or edited during the previous specified manner of days specify.

♦ MY COMPUTER -- My computer is a tool to browse all disk (floppy disk, Hard disk and CD) connected to; the computer folders and files in any drive can be accessed from the my computer icon. To start win’95… My computer icon is located at the top left corner on the desktop to start my computer. A window appears displaying the icons for floppy disk, HDD, CDD, control panel and printers.

♦ My computer can be used to do the following operations :

• To see what is on the disk in a particular drive, double click on the drive icon. • To see what is a folder, double click on the folder icon. • To see the contents of a file, double click on the file icon. • To close anything that is opened click on close button.

CHANGING THE VIEW IN MY COMPUTER – By default, my computer displays the icons in large icon view .To choose these views, click on view menu and click on the appropriate view (or click on the appropriate button in the top right side of the Tool bar.)

ARRANGING MY COMPUTER CONTENTS – In addition to deciding the size of icons in my computer window .The order in which they can be displayed can also be specified. The normal order is displaying all folders file in alphabetical order .To change the order.

27 Windows Amit

♦ Select Arrange Icons from View menu ♦ Select any one of the following options By name : -To displays the folder and files in alphabetical order of name. By type : - To display the folders and file by type (extension) By size: - To organise every thing by size (Smallest to largest) By date : - Organize files by last modified time and dat5e, with most recently modified file list first. To display the files and folder in details view select, details from view menu. To sort any column. Click on that column heading once. To reverse the sort order click on the same Column heading for the second time .To arrange the folder and files by time and date, click on the column heading modified.

♦ RECYCLE BIN

All deleted folder and files in win’95, 98…(not the file deleted at the command prompt or from a floppy disk) will be stored in the Recycle bin a holding place for the deleted files. These files are not actually deleted from the hard disk until the Recycle bin is emptied. Therefore, there are possibilities of getting the files back, which are deleted by mistake. Once the Recycle Bin is emptied, the deleted items cannot be recovered.

EMPTING THE RECYCLE BIM: - Just deleting the items will not tree up the disk space as the deleted files are put in Recycle bin .The tree up disk space, the Recycle bin must be emptied periodically.

To empty recycle bin double click on the recycle bin icon in desktop.

Examine carefully, whether, anything needed from Recycle bin then select empty recycle bin from file menu. To confirm multiple file delete dialog box will be displayed click on yes, to empty the recycle bin.

28 Windows Amit ♦ WINDOWS EXPLORER-

Instead of displaying various icons through my computer, a hierarcy of folders (tree) can be displayed using window explorer. The contents of each drive or folder (directory) in the computer can be easily seen though window explorer. To display window explorer select.

Start- Program-Window explorer .

Window Explorer can also be execute by right clicking on my computer icon and select explorer from the short cut menu

Executable file name:-Explorer.Exe.

LOCATION: C:/Windows/explorer.exe

The window explorer window is divided into two parts .The lift side of windows displays the disk drive and folders .The right side displays the contents of the item selected in the lift side. The files and folders are displayed in alphabetical order .If any folder has at sign –it indicates that it has a sub folder in it .To remove the listing of Sub folder, click on –Sign.

On the right side of window explorer window, the contents displayed by default as a list .The details can be displayed as large icon. Small icons list or details by selecting appropriate option from view menu. To open a document or to execute a program, double click on the appropriate document or program in the right side of the window explorer.

By default, all files in the folder will be displayed on the right side of the window explorer window .If hidden file, system file etc (file with extension DLL, Sys, Vsd, Drv) should not be displayed in the right side, select options from view menu and select the option button.

♦ CREATING A FOLDER To create a Folder on desktop - ♦ Right click on the Desktop 29 Windows Amit ♦ In shortcut menu, select new and then folder. The new Folder appears with the text. New folder its name is highlighted and it is ready for editing. ♦ Type a new name for the folder. To finish it clicks some where outside the folder.

♦ TO RENAME THE FOLDER To rename a folder click on the folder icon, and then click on the folder name (not double click) type a new name or edit the existing name and click outside the folder icon.

♦ TO OPEN THE FOLDER To open the Folder, Double click on it, To create sub folder in existing folders. Open it by double clicking. Then right click on an empty area inside the folder window and select .New and the folder type the name of folder and click somewhere outside the folder icon.

♦ DELETING A FILE IN THE FOLDER To delete a file in the folder, select a file by opening the folder, (The file can also be selected at the desktop.). Drag the item to the Recycle Bin icon in the desktop or press delete key or right click on the selected file and then select delete from the shortcut menu. ♦ DELETING A FOLDER To delete a folder, Drag the folder to Recycle Bin or select the folder and press delete key.

♦ SYSTEM TOOLS There are some important tools in Windows. -: ♦ SCAN DISK Scan disk allows you to analyze and repair problems with your disk. Although it is common to use it on your hard disk, you can use it on removable disk too. ♦ Clicks on scandisk fro start button, Programs, Accessories system Tools or run it from disk properties.

30 Windows Amit ♦ Click to highlight the disk to scan. ♦ Select other option as explained below . The standard test will perform basic checks like looking for lost file fragments – over time files can became fragmented on a disk and so different parts are linked together by pointers. If these pointers are corrupted, then some parts of a file cannot be retrieved. Scan disk can find these fragments and either delete them from the disk to free up space or create special files to write them into. You can try and recover the fragments lost from these files but more often than not you will not be successful . Another standard checks is for cross–linked files. This is when, there are two pointers addressing the same file block. Pointer have to be unique so this condition in an error. It is worth opting to make copies of the file block that has two pointers is the hope that at least one of the files can be rescued. Select this and other options from the advanced button and the subsequent dialog box. The thorough scan option performs a disk surface scan too. This reads and writes back each cluster scan too this reads and writs back each cluster [or allocation unit] on disk to ensure that there are no problems. If DriveSpace had compressed the disk it will also check that data can be decompressed form it . The surface scan can fix errors by trying to write data from bad sectors found on disk to another area on the disk. ♦ Remember - The default options shown are recommended. ♦ Handy tip -Although a through scan takes longer, it is worth running it frequently on your important disk .

♦ DISK DEFRAGMENTER

A file is not always stored in a single contiguous disk location. It may be spilt and stored in different areas of the disk, particularly if you are frequency updating and deleting your files. This fragmentation doesn’t damage the files but when you want to access them, it takes longer. This is because first of all, at the end of each file fragment, a printer needs to be read to give the address of where the next fragment is stored on disk. Then, the disk heads may 31 Windows Amit need to move to an entirely different part of the disk to retrieve the chained fragment. This process can continue depending on now fragment a particular file has become, making the access inefficient and slow. You can reorganize your disk so that each file stored is read and then written back is continuous storage location. This will speed up access to your entire file when you need to use them again.

1. Click on disk defragmenter from start button. Programs, accessories, system tools. Or run it from disk properties. 2. Select the drive. Then clean on ok.

2.

Select Drive ? X Which drive do you want to defragment? Drive C Drive C Drive D Drive E

EXIT SETTING 3. Click to see defragmenter working

Defragmenting Drive C

2% Complete

Stop pause detail

32 Windows Amit 4. Click here Disk Defragmenter ? Defragmentation of Drive c is Complete Do you want to quiet Disk? Defragmenter?

Yes No

REMEMBER : - Your main hard disk drive will take at least half an hour to Defragment, depending on. ♦ How fragmented it is. ♦ Its size. ♦ The speed of your computer.

WINDOWS UPDATE You can use windows update to download the latest drivers and system updates/enhancements, thus ensuring that your Pc’s windows installation is always up-to-date. Windows update automatically accesses a centralized, World Wide Web site. 1.Click on window update…from start button settings. 2.Click on the relevant links and follow the on-screen instructions. Beware -To use windows update you must have a line Internet connection

Handy tip -Windows update also provides product assistance information. Click on start, programs, Accessories, System information, click on update wizard uninstall in the Tools menu. Follow the on screen instructions.

♦ SYSTEM FILE CHECKER System file checker is utility which: 33 Windows Amit ♦ Verifies your System files. ♦ Automatically reinstates any tiles, which are corrupted. (1.) Click on start, program, Accessories, System, Tools, System information, click on system file checker in the Tools menu. (2.) In the system file checker dialog, ensure scan for altered files is selected. Then click on start. System file checker scans your system for altered/corrupted/deleted files (3.) Complete this dialog. Select Restore file to have windows replace the flagged file. (4.) Click on OK. (5.) Ensure the Location of the correct file is shown here.

System file checker restores the file, and continues searching. When the Search is complete.

Finished

System file checker has finished Scanning your system Files

OK Details

7.Click on OK. 8.Click on close in the system file checker dialog.

• SYSTEM INFORMATION Using the system information utility, you can gather detailed configuration information into one convenient file. This provides a lot of technical data about the way your system is set up.

34 Windows Amit In the illustration below, the system information utility is supplying basic information about the display adapts fitted. 1.Click on Start, Program, Accessories, System Tools. Then click on system information. 2.Click on a topic to display the relevant details. The window reports Tool. You can use a Special tool within System information to create a file, which can be emailed to your technical S upport Contact. This file contains all relevant System Settings /configuration of your computer to help the technician. Click on windows Report Tool in the Tool menu. Handy tip - When you’ve finished using System information, press Alt+ F4 to close it. Remember - By default windows Report Tools files art Saved (with the extension: CAB) in the following folder:

\ Windows \ Helpdesk\ Winrep Handy tip - The windows report Tool includes your system files in the CAB file it procedures.

35 Windows Amit SOME IMPORTANT TERMS

♦ Administrator - The person or persons responsible for managing a local area network. Sometimes called the network administrator or network supervisor. ♦ ALU - Arithmetic Logic Unit of a computer, which is used to perform arithmetic and logic operations. ♦ Application Program . –Software designed to perform tasks such as word processing, billing, or inventory control. ♦ Arithmetic-Logic Unit -The part of a computing system containing the circuit that does the adding, subtracting, multiplying, dividing and comparing. ♦ ASCII - American Standard Code for Information Interchange , The code used by most PC’s to communicate. ASCII codes are used internally by the computer and they are used in communications between computers in most cases. ♦ Assembly Language -A means of communicating with a computer at a low level. This language lies between high-level languages (such as BASIC and COBOL) and machine language (the 1’s and 0’s the computer understands). ♦ ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode)-A method of transmitting messages between computers in a LAN or a WAN. It breaks up the message into fixed size packets each 53 bytes long (called cells) and finds a fixed path from source to destination through which all cells of the message travel. It is particularly suited for transmitting multimedia data. ♦ Backup -The copying of information to provide a means of recovery from lost or corrupt data. ♦ BASIC -(Beginners All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code) . A high –level interactive programming language frequently used with personal computers and in timesharing environments. ♦ Binary Digit -Either of the characters 0 or 1,abbreviated bit. ♦ Binary Number System-A number system with a base or radix of two. ♦ Broadband -The transmission of signal using modulation. That permits many simultaneous signals on the same medium.

36 Windows Amit ♦ Buffer - A storage device used to compensate for the difference in rates of flow of data from one device to another –e.g., from an I/O device to the computer. ♦ Bus - Circuits that provide a communication path between two or more devices such as between a CPU, storage and peripherals. ♦ Byte - A set of (normally) 8 digits (BIT) ♦ C. - A high – level programming language whose feature allows one to write efficient programs. A general – purpose programming language that also allows users to write low – level machine instructions that approach in density and efficiency. They are coded in a machine language. ♦ C++ - An object oriented version of c. ♦ Cathode Ray Tube - An electronic tube with a screen upon which information may be displayed. ♦ Chip - A tiny silver (usually made of silicon) on which integrated electronic components are deposited. ♦ Client server - A model for a particular type of network database management system that splits processing between the workstation and a specialized server called a database server. ♦ COBOL - (Common Business Oriented Language ) a high level language developed for business data processing applications. ♦ Code - A set of rules outlining the way in which data may be represented; also, rules used to convert data from one representation to another. To write a program or routine. ♦ Codec - Stands for Coder/Decoder. A device for converting analog signals to digital signals. ♦ Collisions - An anomaly that occurs when more than one packet of data is present on a network such as Ethernet at the same time. When a collision occurs, the data is lost and must be resent by the sending workstation or server. In today’s implementation of Ethernet, such collision potential is detected and usually avoided. ♦ COM - ( Computer Output Microfilm ). A technology that permits the output information produced by computers to be stored on microfilm. 37 Windows Amit ♦ Communication Protocol- Common agreed rules followed to interconnect and communicate between computers. ♦ Compiler - A computer program that produces a machine – language program written in a high level language by a programmer. The compiler is capable of replacing single source program statements with a series of machine –language instructions or with a subroutine. ♦ Computer graphics - The area is concerned with the generation, manipulation and display of pictures with the aid of a computer. ♦ Computer Network - A processing complex consisting of two or more interconnected computers. ♦ Computer Operator - One whose duties include setting of two or more interconnected computers. Starting the program run, checking on processor operation and unloaded equipment at the end of a run. ♦ Control Bus - A set of wires used to transmit signals to control the operation of various units of a computer. ♦ Control Unit -The section of the CPU that selects, interprets and sees to the execution of program instructions. ♦ Cursor -A symbol on a visual display screen that highlights the location(s) to be affected by the next character or command that is entered. ♦ Cylinder -All tracks on magnetic disks that are accessible by a single movement of the access mechanism. ♦ Data Base -A stored collection of the libraries of data that are needed by organizations and individuals to meet their information processing and retrieval requirements. ♦ Data Base Management System (DBMS)-The comprehensive software\re system that builds, maintains, and provides access to a database. Unlike a file management system, a DBMS can access appropriate records from two or more files at once. ♦ Data Compression -A technique that saves storage space by eliminating gaps, empty fields redundancies or unnecessary data to shorten the length of records or blocks. ♦ Data processing -One or more operations performed data to achieve a desired objective. 38 Windows Amit ♦ Digital Channel - A communication medium through which information in binary (digit) form is transmitted. ♦ Disk - A revolving platter upon which data and programs are stored. ♦ Diskette -A floppy disk. A low –cost magnetic medium used for I/O and secondary storage purposes. ♦ Distributed Computers-A configuration in which several workstations of PCs are interconnected by a fast communication network. ♦ Ethernet -A type of LAN that uses a simple twisted pair cable to connect the computers in the network. ♦ Fibre Optics Cable -A cable made of glass fibres used to transmit light signals. ♦ File Transfer Protocol (FTP)-Rules used in a computer network to copy large files (Mbytes) from remote compute to a requestor’s computer. ♦ Flowchart -A diagram that used symbols and inter connecting lines to show (1) a system of processing to achieve objectives (system flowchart) or (2) the logic and sequence of specific program operation (program flowchart). ♦ FORTRAN -(FOR mula TRAN slator) A high-level language used to perform mathematical computations.

♦ Gateway - A device which links two or more networks, or a network and a computer, which use different protocols or have different characteristics which prevent normal connection via a bridge.

♦ HIPO Chart -(Hierarchy plus Input /Process/Output Charts ). Chart used in the analysis, design and programming of computer applications.

♦ IBG -Inter Block Gap . The gap left in a magnetic tape store between blocks of data.

♦ IC -Integrated circuit . An electronic circuit fabricated on a single chip of silicon.

♦ Information -Meaning assigned to data is humans. 39 Windows Amit ♦ Input Unit -A part of a computer used to feed programs and data.

♦ Instruction -A set of characters used to direct a data processing system in the performance of an operation-i.e, an operation is signaled and the values or locations of the instruction operands are specified.

♦ Internal Storage -The addressable storage in a digital computer directly under the control of the CPU.

♦ Internet -A worldwide network of computers. Several thousands of individual computer networks are interconnected to form the Internet. Internet provides electronic mail, telnet (remote logic to computer), file transfer services and enormous amount of information through various discussion groups and information retrieval facilities.

♦ Intranet -A network of computers within an organization, which follows the same, protocol as the Internet and provides the same services as the Internet.

♦ Item -A group of related characters treated as a unit. (A record is a group of related items, and a file is a group of related records).

♦ Job -A collection of specific tasks constituting a unit of work for a computer.

♦ Job Control Language -A special purpose language used to describe to a computer’s operating system the resource requirements of programs fed to the computer. A job control program written in this language can be translated into requests for action that can be executed by the computer.

♦ Joy Stick -A stick mounted on a spherical ball, which moves in a socket. Used to move the cursor on the screen of a display device.

♦ Language - A set of rules of conventions used to convey information.

40 Windows Amit ♦ LISP - A list programming language. This high –level language is used in applications such as theorem proving, game playing, etc.

♦ Logo - A programming language with easy – to- learn graphics features that is often used to teach children problem –solving skills.

♦ Master File - A file containing relatively permanent data. This file is often updated by records in a transaction file.

♦ Microprogram - A Sequence of an elementary instruction that is translated by a micro logic subsystem residing in the processor.

♦ Microsecond - One-Millionth of a second.

♦ Millisecond - One-thousandth of a second.

♦ Multiprocessor - A Computer network consisting of two or more central processors under a common control.

♦ Narrow Bandwidth Channels - Communication channel that can only transmit data at slow speeds-e.g., Telegraph channels.

♦ Node - An end point of a branch in a network, or a common junction of two or more network branches.

♦ Network Topology - The structure of interconnection of nodes of a computer network.

♦ Object oriented program -A programming language having facilities to model objects and methods to involve objects.

♦ Octal -pertaining to a number system with a base of eight.

♦ Operating system - An organized collection of software that controls the overall operations of a computer.

♦ Optical disk - A medium used with laser reading /writing devices to store huge quantities of data.

41 Windows Amit ♦ Output unit - A group of a computer used to print or display computer results.

♦ Pascal - A popular high - level programming language that facilitates the use of structured programming techniques.

♦ Peripherals - The input /output devices and auxiliary storage units of a computer system.

♦ Pico-second - one –thousandth of nano-second.

♦ Plotter - A device that converted computer output into a graphic, hard copy form.

♦ Pointer - A data item in one record that contains the location address of another logical related record.

♦ Program (1) - A plain to achieve a problem solution; (2) to design, write and test one or more routines; (3) a set of sequenced instruction to cause a computer to perform particular operations.

♦ Programmer - One who designs, writes, tests, and maintains computer programs.

♦ Programming language - A language used to express programs.

♦ Register - A devise capable of storing a specific amount of data.

♦ Response time - The time elapsed between entering a command and getting the result of computation (normally) on a terminal in a time-shared computer system.

♦ Routine - An ordered set of general use instructions.

♦ Run time -The time required to complete a single, continuous execution of an object program.

42 Windows Amit ♦ Router - It is a circuit, which steers messages through multiple LANs and ensures that the least congested routine is taken by messages.

♦ Software - A set of programs, documents, procedures, and routines associated with the operation of computer system.

♦ Storage - Descriptive of a device or medium that can accept data, hold them, and deliver them on demand at a later time.

♦ System - (1) A grouping of integrated methods and procedures united to form an organized entity;(2) an organized grouping of people, methods, machines, and materials collected together to accomplish a set of specific objectives.

♦ System analyst - One who studies the activities, methods, procedures, and techniques of organizational system in order to determine what actions need to be taken and how these actions can best be accomplished.

♦ System software packages - Collections of complex programs designed to operate, and extend the processing capabilities of the computer itself.

♦ TCP/IP - A protocol used to interconnect computer networks. This protocol is used by Internet and includes standards for common applications such as electronic main, remote login (telnet) and file transfer (ftp).

♦ Timesharing. - The use of specific hardware by a number of other devises, or people simultaneously in such a way as to provide quick response to each of the users. The interleaved use of the time of time of a device.

♦ Transistor - A controlled electronic switch fabricated using a semiconductor.

♦ Visual Display Terminal. - A device capable of displaying keyed input and processor output on a screen. 43 Windows Amit ♦ Volatile storage. - A storage medium that lose its contents in the event of a power interruption.

♦ World length. - The number of characters or bits in a world.

44 Windows