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Optimizing Shade Tree Species Recommendation Through the Mobilization of Local Ecological Knowledge

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Optimizing Shade Tree Species Recommendation Through the Mobilization of Local Ecological Knowledge UNIVERSITY OF COPENHAGEN DEPARTMENT OF FOOD AND RESOURCE ECONOMICS (IFRO) MSC. I N AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT Optimizing shade tree species recommendation through the mobilization of local ecological knowledge. Experience from the small-scale coffee agroforestry systems in Matagalpa Department, Nicaragua. Author: Anaïs Carpente Supervisors: Aske Skovmand Bosselmann and Lars Holger Schmidt Submitted on: 11 March 2020 Jury: Jakob Kronik, Aske Skovmand Bosselmann and Lars Holger Schmidt 2 ABSTRACT In agroforestry systems, shade trees can provide coffee farmers with a range of ecosystem services which can enhance agricultural production and increase households’ food security and economic resilience against price volatility and extreme climatic events. In order to optimize the composition of shade tree species in the coffee agroforestry systems, the heterogeneity of small-scale coffee production systems and the diversity of their needs and constraints need to be acknowledged. This study mobilizes farmers’ local ecological knowledge of shade tree species and the ecosystem services they provide to improve recommendations of shade trees in small-scale coffee agroforestry systems in Matagalpa, Nicaragua. Taking a mixed-method approach, household surveys, tree inventories and 65 tree ranking exercises were conducted across three villages in order to grasp the local context and farmers’ local knowledge. The results confirm that coffee smallholders have adopted and retained a high diversity of shade trees in their systems, with 106 species listed, and display a wide knowledge of individual species. Respondents identified 13 ecosystem services and 7 disservices from shade trees. Gendered differences appear in both individual species knowledge and ecosystem services preferences, indicating that local initiatives should focus on including both genders. Farmers were willing to further increase the diversity of their systems to obtain specific ecosystem services, e.g., provision of food, soil fertility enhancement. However, one quarter of the surveyed farmers wish to reduce or abandon coffee production due to high maintenance costs and low profitability, representing a threat against tree diversity in the landscape. Local initiatives should facilitate access to seedlings and market opportunities in order to help farmers to improve and diversify their agroforestry income sources. 3 PREFACE First, I would like to state that the basis for this research stems from my passion for bottom-up approaches to local development. My interdisciplinary background in agriculture and social sciences led me to think that farmer’s local knowledge of their farm and its environment is too often disregarded at present. In my opinion, local development projects should acknowledge the importance of local knowledge and put project beneficiaries at the heart of project’s objectives definition. I believe that such participatory projects, which also benefit from the mobilization of scientific knowledge, represent the best way to ensure positive results in the long run. Overall, the aim of this study is to contribute to an improved understanding of the possible barriers, challenges and incentives for smallholder adoption or use of different shade tree species. On a more practical note, it is expected to support the activity of my host organization, the NicaFrance Foundation, which conducts socially oriented projects related to the development of agroforestry practices and community development. In effect, this report aims to help the NicaFrance Foundation to fulfill its objective of involving farmers in the decision-making process for shade tree selection and management by providing them with an in-depth analysis which seeks to understand the underlying causes behind farmer’s preferences and disliking. When completed with the scientific knowledge that years of experience and research have given to the Foundation, these results will allow for an informed selection of the most appropriate shade tree species in the different climatic zones studied. In addition, this study falls under the frame of the BREEDCAFS project whose objectives are to devise new ways of tree breeding in order to improve the sustainability of perennial tree crop agroforestry systems in terms of production and profitability at farmer and industry level. More specifically, the results of this study will contribute to the construction of a data base created under the BREEDCAFS project for the realization of an online decision tool for shade tree selection in coffee (and cacao) agroforestry systems, the Shade Tree Advice Tool (www.shadetreeadvice.org). This data base compiles local knowledge on shade trees adapted to local biophysical conditions and end-user’s preferences from different regions of the world. Ultimately, this project aims to promote coffee AFS as a more sustainable and resilient alternative to full-sun cultivation. I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my two supervisors, Aske Skovmand Bosselmann and Lars Holger Schmidt, for their patience and continuous support throughout the past 12 months. Thank you for always being there when I needed you the most, for giving me great advice and reassuring me regardless of the kilometers between us, and for believing in my capacity to lead this project to a term. Moreover, I would like to thank Philippe Vaast and Clément Rigal who are part of CIRAD and the BREDDCAFS project. Thank you for your indispensable support and feedback throughout this project and for helping me when I was struggling with R. 4 I would also like to thank the NicaFrance Foundation for making my fieldwork possible and in particular to Mélanie Bordeaux for her precious help and support before and during my fieldwork. I would like to thank the staff from the NicaFrance Foundation for being so kind to me and answering all my questions. A special thank you to Jonny, Abner and Yader for your invaluable friendship, for your help and for making my Nicaraguan stay so much more enjoyable. I also would like to express my sincere gratitude to my host families, without who this all project could not have been carried out. Thank you for letting me be part of your family for these few weeks. I would also like to give a warm thank you to all the people who participated in this study and shared their knowledge with me. I would like to thank my parents for being an infinite source of encouragements and motivation. Thank you to my boyfriend, roommates, friends and fellow thesis students for giving me great advices, letting me share my ups and downs with you and cheering me up when I needed it Thank you to the Oticon Foundation for the financial support for this fieldwork. 5 TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLES 9 ABBREVIATIONS 11 CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION 13 CHAPTER II: BACKGROUND 17 2.A. PRESENTATION OF THE STUDY CONTEXT 17 2.A.1. LAND TENURE AND THE POLITICAL CONTEXT 17 2.A.2. THE VOLATILITY OF COFFEE PRICES 18 2.A.3. NICARAGUAN COFFEE POLICY 19 2.B. COFFEA ARABICA, THE GOLDEN BEAN 20 2.B.1. GROWING CONDITIONS 20 2.B.2. CURRENT DEBATE ON THE EFFECT OF SHADE 20 2.B.3. CLIMATE CHANGE AND THE FUTURE OF COFFEE PRODUCTION 22 2.C. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK 22 2.C.1. LOCAL ECOLOGICAL KNOWLEDGE 22 2.C.2. ECOSYSTEM SERVICES AND DISSERVICIES 23 2.C.3. ADOPTABILITY OF AGROFORESTRY 24 2.C.4. AGROFORESTRY AND GENDER 26 CHAPTER III: METHOD SECTION 28 3.A. RESEARCH DESIGN 28 3.B. PRESENTATION OF THE STUDY PARTICIPANTS 29 3.B.1. DESCRIPTION OF THE STUDY AREA 29 3.B.2. DESCRIPTION OF THE RESPONDENTS 33 3.C. RESEARCH METHODS 35 3.C.1. QUESTIONNAIRES 35 3.C.2. TREE INVENTORY 36 3.C.3. GPS MAPPING 37 3.C.4. RANKING EXERCISES 37 3.C.5. PARTICIPANT OBSERVATION 39 3.C.6. INFORMAL CONVERSATION AND DIRECT OBSERVATION 39 3.C.7. FIELD ASSISTANTS 40 3.D. DATA ANALYSIS 41 6 CHAPTER IV: RESULTS 44 4.A. DESCRIPTION OF THE COFFEE AGROFRORESTRY SYSTEMS 44 4.A.1 CHARACTERIZATION OF COFFEE SMALLHOLDERS 44 4.A.2 FARM DESCRIPTION 49 4.A.3 SHADE COMPONENT OF THE COFFEE AGROFORESTRY SYSTEMS 52 4.B. COFFEE SMALLHOLDER’S PERCEPTION AND PREFERENCES OF ECOSYSTEM SERVICES AND SHADE TREE SPECIES 57 4.B.1 SMALLHOLDER’S PERCEPTION OF THE ECOSYSTEM SERVICES AND DISSERVICES PROVIDED BY SHADE TREES 57 4.B.2 FARMER’S KNOWLEDGE ABOUT SHADE TREES’ PROVISION OF ECOSYSTEM SERVICES 61 4.B.3 FARMER’S PREFERENCES OF SHADE TREE SPECIES 64 4.B.4. THE INFLUENCE OF GENDER IN SPECIES PREFERENCES 67 4.C. IDENTIFICATION OF THE FACTORS INFLUENCING SHADE TREE SPECIES COMPOSITION IN THE COFFEE AGROFORESTRY SYSTEMS 71 4.C.1 CURRENT USE OF SHADE TREES’ PRODUCTS AND RELATED CONSTRAINTS 71 4.C.2. ANALYSIS OF THE FACTORS INFLUENCING SPECIES DIVERSITY 73 4.C.3. THE INFLUENCE OF FARMERS’ PREFERENCES ON SPECIES ADOPTION 76 CHAPTER V: DISCUSSION 77 5.A. SMALLHOLDER’S PERCEPTION AND PREFERENCES OF THE ECOSYSTEM SERVICES PROVIDED BY SHADE TREES 77 5.A.1. COMMON PATTERNS IN ECOSYSTEM SERVICES PREFERENCES 77 5.A.2. HOW THE LOCAL MICRO-CLIMATE INFLUENCE FARMER’S PREFERENCES OF ECOSYTEM SERVICES 78 5.A.3. GENDERED DIFFERENCES 79 5.B. COFFEE SMALLHOLDER’S PREFERENCES OF SHADE TREE SPECIES 79 5.B.1. A TASTE FOR BANANAS 79 5.B.2. THE INFLUENCE OF LOCAL INSTITUTIONS AND ORGANIZATIONS ON LOCAL ECOLOGICAL KNOWLEDGE: THE EXAMPLE OF INGA SPECIES 80 5.B.3. GENDER ASPECTS 81 5.C. FACTORS INFLUENCING SMALLHOLDER’S ADOPTION OF SHADE TREE SPECIES 81 5.C.1. DIVERSIFIED SHADE CANOPIES 81 5.C.2. COMPARING FARM DIVERSITY AND SMALLHOLDER’S PREFERENCES 82 5.C.3. FRUIT TREE SPECIES 83 5.C.4. TIMBER 84 5.D. LIMITATIONS 85 5.E. RECOMMENDATIONS 86 5.E.1. TEMPORARY SHADE 86 5.E.2. SERVICE
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