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El Género Yucca L. En España

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El Género Yucca L. En España Monografías de la revista Bouteloua, 2 El género Yucca L. en España Daniel Guillot Ortiz & Piet Van der Meer El género Yucca L. en España Autores: Daniel GUILLOT ORTIZ & Piet VAN DER MEER Monografías de la revista Bouteloua, nº 2, 124 pp. Disponible en: www.floramontiberica.org [email protected] En portada “The tree Yucca, Yucca arborescens”, tomada de la obra de Dodge (1897), Useful fiber plants of the world.. Edición ebook: José Luis Benito Alonso (Jolube Consultor Botánico y Editor. www.jolube.es) Jaca (Huesca), septiembre de 2009. ISBN ebook: 978-84-937291-8-9 Derechos de copia y reproducción gestionados por el Centro Español de Derechos reprográficos. Monografías de la revista Bouteloua, 2 El género Yucca L. en España Daniel Guillot Ortiz & Piet Van der Meer Valencia, 2008 Monografías de la revista Bouteloua “Las yucas, por la belleza, forma y disposición del follaje, les hace muy proclives para decorar las partes accidentadas ó pintorescas de los jardines modernos”. Balbino Cortés (1885) 4 El género Yucca L. en España ÍNDICE Introducción ….............................................................. 7 Etimología …................................................................. 7 Corología y hábitat …..................................................... 7 Morfología del género …................................................. 8 Multiplicación …............................................................ 8 Taxonomía …............................................................... 10 Cultivares e hibridación …........................................... 14 Etnobotánica …............................................................ 16 Claves …...................................................................... 18 Especies cultivadas en España …................................. 20 5 Monografías de la revista Bouteloua Monografía disponible en www.floramontiberica.org 6 El género Yucca L. en España Introducción Presentamos en este trabajo un estudio sobre el género Yucca L. en España. Las yucas constituyen uno de los géneros de plantas ornamentales más arraigados en nuestro país, formando parte de nuestro paisaje. Se trata de un grupo complejo taxonómicamente, en el que ha jugado un papel destacable la hibridación hortícola. En este estudio se incluyen gran número de especies, junto a numerosos taxones infraespecíficos, tanto de carácter ornamental como hortícola. Durante el período 2001-2007, Piet Van der Meer, ha conformado la mayor colección del género en nuestro país, partiendo, de un amplio trabajo de campo, por un lado con numerosas visitas a jardines botánicos y viveros españoles, y la introducción de especies y cultivares nuevos en España, por otro, con la visita a numerosos jardines botánicos históricos y colecciones del resto de Europa, y diversas campañas botánicas en diversos países de centro y sudamérica, principalmente México, Colombia y Perú, y el sur de los Estados Unidos, visitando las principales colecciones y jardines botánicos de esta zona geográfica. Fruto de este trabajo es la presente obra, que está estructurada en una serie de apartados de carácter general sobre el género (etimología, corología y hábitat, morfología, multiplicación, taxonomía, cultivares e hibridación, etnobotánica), unas claves para las especies, y una serie de fichas para cada una, donde se incluyen distintos apartados como la etimología, nombre común, sinónimos (extraídos de las principales revisiones del género), iconografía, corología, mapas de distribución, descripción, periodo de floración, historia, multiplicación y condiciones de cultivo, variedades, etnobotánica, taxonomía y número cromosómico, junto a claves infraespecíficas, donde se incluyen tanto los taxones de origen natural, como los hortícolas y las formas híbridas, siguiendo para éstos de la misma manera el esquema indicado para las especies. Etimología Irish & Irish (2000) indican que deriva de “yuca”, el nombre indio para Manihot esculenta Crantz, que fue atribuido a este género por una confusión en los primeros envíos de plantas. Corología y hábitat El género Yucca cuenta con cerca de 35-40 especies, distribuidas en los Estados Unidos, México y Centroamérica (Hess & Robbins, in Morin & al., 2006). Todas las especies del género son plantas de tipo xerófito; puede observarse que aún las especies que viven en zonas más o menos lluviosas se desarrollan mejor en los sustratos menos húmedos, como es el caso de Y. lacandonica Gómez & Valdés (epífita) (Matuda & Piña, 1979). Trelease y Webber coinciden en que las especies con fruto carnoso (baya) derivan filogenéticamente de las especies con fruto capsular. Esto se basa aparentemente en que las semillas de las especies con fruto carnoso, están mejor adaptadas a las condiciones de aridez. Por otra parte las especies de fruto carnoso poseen raíces fibrosas, más adaptadas a las condiciones de sequía, en cambio las especies de fruto capsular poseen rizomas, que son más propios de regiones húmedas (Matuda & Piña, 1979). Se tiene la impresión de que en épocas pasadas la distribución geográfica del género fue muy amplia, pero se fue restringiendo paulatinamente a las regiones desérticas, en donde la competencia con otros vegetales es menor. Sin embargo hay indicios de una tendencia regresiva de estas plantas hacia el mesofitismo (Matuda & Piña, 1979). Rzedowski, siguiendo a Trelease y a otros autores, señala que el centro de dispersión del género se localiza en la Altiplanicie Mexicana, pero su área actual de distribución se extiende desde la gran curvatura del Río Missouri en los Estados Unidos, cerca de la frontera con Canadá, hasta Centroamérica, las Islas Bermudas y las Antillas (Matuda & Piña, 1979). Las 7 Monografías de la revista Bouteloua especies de fruto seco predominan en la parte norte del área de distribución del género, desde Dakota del Norte hasta Durango y desde la costa del Atlántico hasta Nevada, con excepción de la región de los Grandes Lagos. Las especies con fruto carnoso se extienden desde el sur de las Montañas Rocallosas, hasta la Península de California, el Altiplano Mexicano y Centroamérica (Matuda & Piña, 1979). La gran mayoría de las especies del género se localizan en las zonas áridas y semiáridas de los Estados Unidos y de México, caracterizando el “Matorral Desértico Rosetófilo” o “izotal”. Y. aloifolia L., Y. elephantipes Regel y Y. lacandonica, viven en zonas húmedas, las dos primeras especies pueden formar parte del “Bosque Tropical Caducifolio”, mientras que Y. lacandonica (epífita) solo se encuentra en el “Bosque Tropical Perennifolio” (Matuda & Piña, 1979). Morfología del género Desde un punto de vista morfológico, se trata de plantas perennes, suculentas, acaulescentes, arbustivas o arborescentes, de hojas ascendentes, en general, agrupadas hacia los extremos de los tallos, más o menos rígidas, planas o convexas, amarillo-verdosas, verdes o glaucas, algunas veces estriadas, márgenes lisos, dentados o fibrosos; ápice agudo. Inflorescencia en panicula, erecta o pendular, de flores campanuladas o globosas, con seis tépalos curvados, libres o ligeramente unidos en su base, de color blanco-cremoso, algunas veces con tintes rosáceos o morados, seis estambres libres, insertados en la base de los segmentos, ovario súpero, trilocular, óvulos numerosos, y placentación axial, polen monocolpado, tectado, prolato o subprolato, algunas veces esferoidal. El fruto puede ser indehiscente, tanto carnoso (baya) como seco y esponjoso, o deshiscente (cápsula) y la semilla plana, lisa o rugosa, brillante u opaca, de color negro cuando madura, con o sin ala marginal. Multiplicación Las Yucas se reproducen tanto sexualmente es decir, por semilla, como vegetativamente o sea por brotes o retoños. En su medio natural, desde su descubrimiento en 1872 por George Engelmann, la asociación entre las especies de Yucca y su polinizador coevolutivo y parásito de sus semillas, la mariposa de la yuca (Tegeticula spp.) ha fascinado a los biólogos (Dodd & Linhart, 1994). Aunque la simbiosis fue incialmente descrita por Engelmann, en 1872 y 1873, fue C. V. Riley (fig. 1), entomólogo del estado de Missouri (Estados Unidos), quien condujo la observación más extensa y sumarizó los años de investigación en su monografía publicada en 1892. Este autor repetidamente indicó las relaciones como un mutualismo obligado en el cual ambos Tegeticula y Yucca son dependientes cada uno del otro para la reproducción (Dodd & Linhart, 1994). Semejante mutualismo obligado es raro, presumiblemente porque: 1. Ambas especies pueden extinguirse si uno de los dos falla. 2. La extensión geográfica de una de las especies está limitada por la otra. Sin embargo, a despecho de las limitaciones de su sistema de polinización, varias especies de Yucca habitan en una amplia variedad de ecosistemas (Dodd & Linhart, 1994). Massey & Hamrick (1998) señalan como polinizadores a Tegeticula y Parategeticula, presentando un patrón específico de comportamiento que da como resultado la polinización de los ejemplares del género Yucca (Engelmann, 1872; Riley, 1872). Matuda & Piña (1979) indican como polinizadores para las especies mexicanas del género a Tegeticula yuccasella, Tegeticula maculata y Tegeticula mexicana. Verhoek (in Kubitzki, 1998) indica que dos especies son polinizadas por mariposas nocturnas, con especies únicas para ellas, Y. whipplei Torr. por T. maculata and Y. brevifolia Schott ex Torr. por T. paradoxa, todas las otras son polinizadas por T. yuccasella (Verhoek, in Kubitzki, 1998). Otros autores indican que han sido descritas dieciséis
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