Date: July, 2018 Place: Ohrid, Macedonia
Knowledge FOr Resilient soCiEty
EARTHQUAKE PROTECTION OF HISTORIC BUILDINGS AND MONUMENTS IN REPUBLIC OF MACEDONIA
Dr. Veronika SHENDOVA University Ss. Cyril and Methodius in Skopje
The European Commission support for the production of this publication does not constitute an endorsement of the contents which reflects the views only of the authors, and the Commission cannot be held responsible for any use which may be made of the information contained University Ss. Cyril and Methodius in Skopje Institute of Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Seismology, UKIM-IZIIS - Skopje
EARTHQUAKE PROTECTION OF HISTORIC BUILDINGS AND MONUMENTS IN REPUBLIC OF MACEDONIA
IZIIS’ EXPERIANCE
University Ss. Cyril and Methodius in Skopje Dr. Veronika SHENDOVA Institute of Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Seismology HEAD OF DEPARTMENT: UKIM-IZIIS - Skopje BUILDING STRUCTURES AND MATRIALS: DESIGN, ANALYSIS AND TESTING Cultural Heritage
IMPORTANCE:
key element for the history and the identity of the society, contributing to its economic and other well-being only remnant of human existence, creation and achievements in the past deserve special attention due to their individual historic, architectonic, documentary, economic, social and even political or spiritual value
PROTECTION:
multidisciplinary approach: team of experts from different profiles one of the main tasks and problems: how far we should go as to the level of safety and the extent of the intervention a moral and legal obligation and the duty of present civilization
Seismic Protection of Cultural Heritage Veronika SHENDOVA, UKIM-IZIIS (Skopje) KAntalya,-FORCE, 31 Oct Ohrid – 1Nov,, July 2011 2018 [email protected] Cultural Heritage in Republic of Macedonia
• Archeological heritage
STOBI
HERACLEA LYCHNIDOS
Seismic Protection of Cultural Heritage Veronika SHENDOVA, UKIM-IZIIS (Skopje) KAntalya,-FORCE, 31 Oct Ohrid – 1Nov,, July 2011 2018 [email protected] Cultural Heritage in Republic of Macedonia
• Medieval Heritage
St. Panteleymon, Nerezi, XII St. Marry Perivleptos, XIII St. Andreas, Matka, XIV
Seismic Protection of Cultural Heritage Veronika SHENDOVA, UKIM-IZIIS (Skopje) KAntalya,-FORCE, 31 Oct Ohrid – 1Nov,, July 2011 2018 [email protected] Cultural Heritage in Republic of Macedonia
• Ottoman Heritage
Daut Pasha Hammam
Mustafa Pasha Mosque
Kurshumli Inn
Seismic Protection of Cultural Heritage Veronika SHENDOVA, UKIM-IZIIS (Skopje) KAntalya,-FORCE, 31 Oct Ohrid – 1Nov,, July 2011 2018 [email protected] 1963 Skopje Earthquake: M=6.1 1070 deaths 3300 injured
Post office Old adobe Residential building building Residential
• Brick wall structures - the most damaged • Mixed construction - considerably damaged RC • Old adobe structures (timber bracing) - some damage • RC frame - slightly damaged Damage degree Residential Other Housing Percent of buildings buildings area population Destroyed 11.3 9.2 7.0 8.5 Heavily damaged 44.1 33.0 29.9 36.4 Damaged 22.0 32.9 39.9 30.6 Slightly damaged 16.5 20.1 19.8 20.3 Undamaged 6.1 4.8 3.4 4.2
Veronika SHENDOVA, UKIM-IZIIS (Skopje) K-FORCE, Ohrid, July 2018 [email protected] 1963 Earthquake effect on Architectural Heritage
• entire monument fund was more or less damaged • failure of individual parts of the structures • large cracks Chifte Hammam • inclination and deformations of structural elements • part of it was completely destroyed Mustafa Pasha mosque Army Club
Suli Inn
Kurshumli Inn
Veronika SHENDOVA, UKIM-IZIIS (Skopje) K-FORCE, Ohrid, July 2018 [email protected] Post-earthquake Repair and Seismic Strengthening
• immediate structural consolidation • repair & strengthening during renovation process, • involving RC bearing elements, columns and belt courses incorporated into the existing masonry
Ishak Bay Mosque Sulli Inn Mustafa Pasha Mosque St. Panteleymon Church
Veronika SHENDOVA, UKIM-IZIIS (Skopje) K-FORCE, Ohrid, July 2018 [email protected] Effects of Post-earthquake Protection of Monuments
• adverse affect of cement – Skopje recommendation 1988 – unite efforts of architects, engineers, conservators, restaurateurs, material scientists…. • extensive research 1990 – 2000 (IZIIS & National conservations center) • experimental verification of different retrofitting techniques (ties and injection, seismic base isolation, composite (CFRP) materials
Veronika SHENDOVA, UKIM-IZIIS (Skopje) K-FORCE, Ohrid, July 2018 [email protected] Protection of Cultural Heritage – new approach
"Code for Historical Buildings and Monuments"
"Guide", "Recommendations", "Resolutions", "Charters" and Scientifically based methodology for earthquake protection of historic buildings and monuments during their protection
Veronika SHENDOVA, UKIM-IZIIS (Skopje) K-FORCE, Ohrid, July 2018 [email protected] Earthquake Protection of Monuments – IZIIS approach
Minimum interventions – Maximum protection
Definition of expected seismic hazard, investigation of soil conditions Investigation of the characteristics of built-in materials
Investigation of the dynamic characteristic by AVT Determination ofSoil structural Profile No. 1 - Layer characteristics, 5 bearing and deformation capacity 4 Normalized PSA for 10% Definition of criteria and concept for repairdamping and/or - ELCENTRO strengthening
strengthening = demand Normalized– existing PSA for 10% damping - ALBATROS 3 Selection of structural methods, techniques and materials Normalized PSA for 10% Response analysis of repaired and/or strengtheneddamping - PETROVAC structure
Normalized PSA for 10% Definition of field works, execution and inspectiondamping - Robic 2
Normalized PSA for 10%
damping - PARKFIELD Spectral Acceleration / PGA 1
0 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0
Period (sec)
Veronika SHENDOVA, UKIM-IZIIS (Skopje) K-FORCE, Ohrid, July 2018 [email protected] Methodology for Seismic Strengthening of Byzantine Churches Traditional Technology vs. New Technology Typology Existing state
Interventions
Authenticity
St. Marry, Matejche
research research projects
- scientific St. Nikita, Banjani St. Marry Zahumska St. Nicolas, Psacha
Veronika SHENDOVA, UKIM-IZIIS (Skopje) K-FORCE, Ohrid, July 2018 [email protected] scientific-research projects ExperimentalInvestigations Model of the K - FORCE, FORCE, • • • • • Ohrid verificationof the proposed strengthening concept OBJECTIVES Design of the church model Experimentaltesting of wallelements Investigationof the model materials Selection of the geometrical scale , , July 2018
Investigationresistance ofseismic and
Veronika SHENDOVA [email protected]
, UKIM
- IZIIS Lr
( Skopje = 1:2.75 )
scientific-research projects Conceptfor Repair Strengthening and K - Selected method for strengthening: Design Criteria FORCE, FORCE,
incorporation of vertical steel ties systematic injection of elements incorporation of horizontal steel ties Level III Level II Level I: Ohrid , , July 2018 :
without damage, :
linear
deep nonlinearity
:
behaviour ,limited nonlinear deformations, tp -
= not disturbed stability,
100
Veronika SHENDOVA [email protected] years
, UKIM
-
traditional - IZIIS tp
(
Skopje = 1000 tp )
= 200
years
years
Experimental verification of methodology
research research projects -
amax=0.19g amax=0.43g scientific lower damage level even under higher level of input excitation
Seismic Protection of Cultural Heritage Veronika SHENDOVA, UKIM-IZIIS (Skopje) KAntalya,-FORCE, 31 Oct Ohrid – 1Nov,, July 2011 2018 [email protected] Earthquake Protection using Seismic Isolation - new
1
3 2
research research projects element 1: Laminated rubber bearing element - element 2: Steel plate damper (hysteretic behavior)
element 3: Stopper element (limited displacement) scientific
Seismic Protection of Cultural Heritage Veronika SHENDOVA, UKIM-IZIIS (Skopje) KAntalya,-FORCE, 31 Oct Ohrid – 1Nov,, July 2011 2018 [email protected] scientific-research projects Shaking tableShaking testing of base K - FORCE, FORCE, Steelstructure Isolatorsand Ohrid , , July 2018
Veronika SHENDOVA [email protected] - isolatedmodel Isolator actionin , UKIM
- IZIIS
( Skopje
)
Traditional Technology vs. New Technology
research research projects
- scientific
Seismic ProtectionRole of research of Cultural infrastructures Heritage in seismic rehabilitation Veronika SHENDOVA, UKIM-IZIIS (Skopje) Antalya, 31 OctIstanbul, – 1Nov, February 2011 8-9 2012 [email protected] Implementation…….. In reconstruction 1 K - FORCE, FORCE,
of the the of the StructureConsolidation and Reconstruction of Ohrid , , July 2018 St.Pantelymon
P.Gavrilovic
Church in Veronika SHENDOVA [email protected] , , G.N.Cvetanovska Plaoshnik , UKIM
- IZIIS
, R. R. , ( Skopje Apostolska )
, Ohrid
(2001)
Implementation…….. In reconstruction 1 Concept for Consolidation and Rebuilding K - FORCE, FORCE,
Ohrid Constructionof theas massive church and masonry stone bricklime in Reinforcedconcreteslab floorathickness with 20 of cm level0.00 Strengtheningandthe consolidation of the existingfoundationwallsup to Contactthebetween existingand the rebuiltwalls Injectionof the walls: mortar withincorporated , , July 2018 Wallsbelowthe floorcement levelwith emulsion Wallsover the floorof byuselime
horizontalandverticalties steel Veronika SHENDOVA [email protected] St.Pantelymon - based emulsionsbased
, UKIM
Church in in Church -
IZIIS
( Skopje
Plaoshnik )
, , Ohrid
Implementation…….. In reconstruction 1 K -
FORCE, FORCE,
Ohrid , , July 2018 foundation horizontal & vertical steel ties
Veronika SHENDOVA [email protected] St.Pantelymon , UKIM
Church in in Church - IZIIS
( Skopje Plaoshnik )
, , Ohrid
Implementation…….. In reconstruction 1 K - FORCE, FORCE,
Ohrid plan of the structure at thelevelplan of of , , July 2018
Veronika SHENDOVA [email protected] St.Pantelymon - 0.22m , UKIM
Church in in Church - IZIIS
( Skopje Plaoshnik )
, , Ohrid
Implementation…….. In reconstruction 1 K - FORCE, FORCE,
Ohrid cross section of the structure cross section of , , July 2018
St.Pantelymon Veronika SHENDOVA [email protected]
Church in in Church , UKIM
- IZIIS
( Skopje Plaoshnik )
, , Ohrid
1 St.Pantelymon Church in Plaoshnik, Ohrid
Realization 2001 - 2002
Seismic Protection of Cultural Heritage Antalya, 31 Oct – 1Nov, 2011 Implementation…….. In reconstruction 2 K - FORCE, FORCE,
Ohrid , , July 2018 Reconstruction, Seismic Strengthening and Repair
of Athanasius the St.Church in of V, V, Shendova Veronika SHENDOVA [email protected] August, 2001 conflictc in RM Armed , B. B. , August, 2001 August, Stojanoski , UKIM
- IZIIS Leshok
( Skopje , , P.Gavrilovic )
, ,
(2004)
Implementation…….. In reconstruction 2 K - FORCE, FORCE, 3. 2. 1. Conceptfor Repair, Strengthening and Reconstruction
Ohrid Dilatationstructural the cm) between3 than less (not units leveldesign of material structuralplus lime in mortar strengthening for the elements selected reconstruction Complete by maximum possibleof use safetyfor the seismic Repairstructural and strengthening level design to the up of , , July 2018
damaged existing part existing damaged seiemic
safetyfor the Veronika SHENDOVA [email protected] St. Athanasius Church in in Church Athanasius St.
demolished part demolished , UKIM
- IZIIS
( Skopje
)
Leshok
, , (2004)
Implementation…….. In reconstruction 2 K - FORCE, FORCE,
Level+1.90 m Ohrid , , July 2018 Cross sectionCross 1
- 1
Veronika SHENDOVA [email protected] St. Athanasius Church in in Church Athanasius St. , UKIM
- IZIIS
( Skopje )
Leshok , , (2004)
Implementation…….. In reconstruction 2 Other investigationsOther analysis Chemical Archeologicalinvestigations Urgent preventivemeasures identification upand Cleaning Providing architecturaldocumentation
St. Athanasius Church in in Church Athanasius St.
August, 2001 August,
Leshok , , (2004)
St. Athanasius Church in Leshok, (2004)
2 Experimental verification of Input Design Strength of Lime Mortar • Job mix formula for lime mortar M = 1 (slaked lime) : 1 (broken half-backed brick) : 1 (sand) • Building of wall elements • Testing of elements under axial pressure • Testing of elements under diagonal pressure
Age of Cross-section Maximal force Compressive
Wall element element A Pmax strength 2 (months) (m ) (kN) sc= Pmax/A (kPa) W1-1 4 0.243 372 1530 W1-2 4 0.243 355 1460
W1-3 4 0.243 292 1200 Implementation…….. In reconstruction reconstruction In Implementation……..
Veronika SHENDOVA, UKIM-IZIIS (Skopje) K-FORCE, Ohrid, July 2018 [email protected] Implementation…….. In reconstruction 2
Realization2003 St. Athanasius Church in in Church Athanasius St. -
2005
Leshok , , (2004)
Implementation…….. In reconstruction 3 K - FORCE, FORCE,
Ohrid , , July 2018 Reconstruction and Seismic Strengthening of the Reconstruction and Seismic Strengtheningof Blown Up Church of Trinitythe Holy in Blown Up Church of
V. V. Shendova Veronika SHENDOVA [email protected] 1992 , Z. Z. , - Bozinovski
, 2005 UKIM
- IZIIS
( Skopje , M. Garevski Garevski M. , Mostar )
(2010)
Implementation…….. In reconstruction 3 K - FORCE, FORCE, 2. 1. Conceptfor Strengthening and Reconstruction
Ohrid (3) strengthenedstructure bystrengthening horizontal steel & vertical (2) strengthenedstructure by (HS) element horizontal steel (PS); masonry stone plain (1) structuralsystem of Threegeneral states have analyzed: been preservedmaterial minimum and interventionadditional existing the Full reconstruction maximum with possibleof use , , July 2018 elements elements
- confined (HVS) masonry confined Church of the Holy Trinity in in Trinity Holy the of Church Veronika SHENDOVA [email protected]
, UKIM
- IZIIS
( Skopje
)
Mostar
, , (2010)
Implementation…….. In reconstruction 3 K - FORCE, FORCE,
Ohrid P (kN) 10000 15000 20000 25000 30000 35000 5000 , , July 2018 0 0
1 2 Different strength of mortar strengthDifferentof 3
Plain Masonry Plain 4 Church of the Holy Trinity in in Trinity Holy the of Church Veronika SHENDOVA [email protected] δ δ ( cm)
5
6 , UKIM
- IZIIS
7
( Skopje ) V3-80 V2-40 V1-20
8 Mostar S S S S 9 475 1000 475 1000 , , (2010)
PIOVS
EC8 PIOVS
EC8
Implementation…….. In reconstruction 3 K - FORCE, FORCE,
Ohrid , , July 2018
P (kN) 10000 15000 20000 25000 30000 35000 40000 45000 5000 0 0 1 Strengthening with horizontal 2 strengthening elements 3 Church of the Holy Trinity in in Trinity Holy the of Church Veronika SHENDOVA [email protected] 4 δ δ ( cm)
5 6 , UKIM
- IZIIS 7
( Skopje HS PS 8 )
Mostar 9 , , S S S S (2010) 475 1000 475 1000
PIOVS EC8
PIOVS EC8
Implementation…….. In reconstruction 3 K - FORCE, FORCE,
Ohrid , , July 2018
P (kN) 100000 120000 140000 20000 40000 60000 80000
0 0 1 2 Strengthening horizontalwith and vertical strengtheningvertical elements 3 4 Church of the Holy Trinity in in Trinity Holy the of Church Veronika SHENDOVA [email protected] δ δ ( cm)
5 6 , UKIM
7 - IZIIS HVS HS PS
8 ( Skopje )
9
Mostar S S 1000 1000 , , (2010)
PIOVS EC8
Implementation…….. In reconstruction 3 K - FORCE, FORCE,
Ohrid Realization 2011- 2017 , , July 2018
Church of the Holy Trinity in in Trinity Holy the of Church Veronika SHENDOVA [email protected] , UKIM
- IZIIS
( Skopje )
Mostar , , (2010)
Implementation…….. In Seismic Upgrading 4 K - FORCE, FORCE, Seismic Upgrading of Mustafa PashaMosque, SeismicUpgrading Skopje of
Ohrid - - -
, , July 2018 Todayimportance extraordinaryof historic monument cultural represents Damaged by Skopje earthquake in 1963 (domes, east facade, minaret) facade, east 1963(domes, in earthquake Skopje by Damaged and Balkan Skopje in monuments Ottoman preserved andbest biggest the of One
Veronika SHENDOVA [email protected] V. V. Shendova,P , UKIM
- IZIIS
( Skopje . Gavrilovic Gavrilovic . )
(2011)
Implementation…….. In Strengthening 4 K - FORCE, FORCE,
Ohrid YILDIZ Technical University & IZIIS IZIIS & University Technical YILDIZ In - , , July 2018 situ investigation
f 1 - 1 =3.0Hz f =3.0Hz 2 - 2 =3.2Hz f =3.2Hz
m =1.04Hz Veronika SHENDOVA [email protected] Mustafa Pasha Mosque, Skopje Skopje Mosque, Pasha Mustafa
Quasi
stone: - static testing
, UKIM F E
stone cube cube - IZIIS = 19.6 =
= 15467
( Skopje Mpa )
MPa
(2011)
Implementation…….. In Strengthening 4 K - FORCE, FORCE,
Ohrid , , July 2018 Shaking table testing of the mosque model (2006 Shaking table testing of FP6 EU
–
PROHITECH Project (2004 (2004 Project PROHITECH
original state original
Veronika SHENDOVA [email protected] Mustafa Pasha Mosque, Skopje Skopje Mosque, Pasha Mustafa
, UKIM
–
2007) - IZIIS
( Skopje
)
CFRP& wrap bars strengthened by strengthened - 2007 (2011) )
Mustafa Pasha Mosque, Skopje (2011)
4
DOME Structure (A) Concept for Seismic Strengthening CFRP wrap in a layer of epoxy glue within a width of 2.9m 1. Definition of design criteria BEARING WALLS 2. Incorporation of CFRP strengthening elements(B,C,D,E,G,H)
CFRP bars in an epoxy mortar layer FOUNDATION (F) RC wall on the external side bellow the terrain and down to the foundation level
Implementation…….. In Strengthening Strengthening In Implementation……..
Veronika SHENDOVA, UKIM-IZIIS (Skopje) K-FORCE, Ohrid, July 2018 [email protected] Mustafa Pasha Mosque, Skopje (2011)
4
Repair of minaret Implementation…….. In Strengthening Strengthening In Implementation……..
Veronika SHENDOVA, UKIM-IZIIS (Skopje) K-FORCE, Ohrid, July 2018 [email protected] Mustafa Pasha Mosque, Skopje (2011)
4 Strengthening of bearing walls Cleaning of all joints on the outside with a depth of max 7-8 cm Placement of CFRP bars (d=1cm) in an epoxy mortar layer
Filling of the joints with pointing lime mortar Implementation…….. In Strengthening Strengthening In Implementation……..
Veronika SHENDOVA, UKIM-IZIIS (Skopje) K-FORCE, Ohrid, July 2018 [email protected] Implementation…….. In Strengthening 4 K - FORCE, FORCE,
Ohrid , , July 2018
Veronika SHENDOVA [email protected] Mustafa Pasha Mosque, Skopje Skopje Mosque, Pasha Mustafa , UKIM
- Strengthening of Strengthening of IZIIS mortarlime a protectivewith layer of of 3m width the the perimeterwithalong a layerin of epoxy glue mortarlime on based mixtureinjectionwithring mortarlayer central dome
( Coatingof entire dome CFRPPlacement wrapof Coatingof existing RC Removalthe cement of Skopje )
(2011)
In Seismic Performance Evaluation 5 K - FORCE, FORCE,
Seismic Safety and Stability of Existing Structure of ExistingStructure of SeismicSafety and Stabilityof Ohrid , , July 2018 St. Mary
Peribleptos V. V. Shendova,V Veronika SHENDOVA [email protected] • • • • • • •
Church in
strengthening1986 conservation 1950 A2 porch, c. XIX c. XIV small chapels, A1, church,1295 monuments most among importantmedieval crossdeveloped inscribed single dome, Sheshov , UKIM
, L. Krstevska Krstevska L. , - IZIIS
Ohrid ( Skopje
)
(2015...)
5 St. Marry Peribleptos, Ohrid (2015…) • repairing of cracks INCORRECT ! • inserting of steel ties in central area • historical respect for building authencity • placing of RC slab over the vaults • actual capacity to prevent leaks • placing of RC rings in the tambour base • due to construction errors, unsuitable • covering of the dome with cement layer materials and lack of maintenance
CURREN SITUATION • structure – in stable condition • appropriately incorporated ties • no new cracks • visible damage to fresco paintings • direct causes – technical solution, damage to facade joints, nonexistence of drainage system • although free standing, RC plates cannot be removed without vibration 5 St. Marry Peribleptos, Ohrid (2015…) Investigation on the site an structure:
• seismic potential of site
• dynamic characteristics • Laboratory testing of 3 specimens by AVT Ductility of built-Weightin mortar Capacity taken from the Level capacity foundationG [kN walls] : Qy [kN] m dy du • built-in material testing [ / ] Grain size distribution,x-direction 3 4 bulk 555mass. : 1.78 240. – 1 .87 g/cm1.33 • relevant structural 3 water 1532. saturation 684.: 10.4 – 202.54.6 analysis shows sufficient 2 % 3126. 1178. 1.14 Serviceability1 period 10980. Seismic risk3379. level Maximum2.48 bearing capacity, but non- Mode compressiveFrequency (Hz) strengthDamping: ration (%) of the structure∑ 16193. (%)20.8 acceleration sufficient deformation Mode 1 – transversal1-4b min =2.99 5.08MPa ; bsr=4.333.80; y-direction a max (g) capacity Mode 2 – longitudinal max 306.45 0.282.20 100 4 MPa 555; b . =5.67 254. MPa 1.10 Mode 3 – torsion 107.60 0.311.80 Mode 4 – lateral portico3 1532. 8.80 583. 2.452.30 Mode 5 - torsion 2 3126. 10.91485. 1.881.30 1 10980. 2973. 1.94
∑1-4 16193. 18.3 5 St. Marry Peribleptos, Ohrid (2015…) • Proposed seismic upgrading: • to convert the negative solution of placing the RC elements into a positive one by: cleaning the openings and space between the plates and masonry to provide ventilation using the RC plates for providing structural integrity by way of hinged connections of the plates with the bearing walls, thus preventing uncontrolled displacement of the reinforced concrete plates and enabling activation of all the bearing walls and behaviour of the structure as a whole; IZIIS’ on going projects (2016...)
• St. George, Kurbinovo, XII Century • Treskavets Monastery, Prilep, XIII Century • Kurshumli An, Skopje, XVI Century
Veronika SHENDOVA, UKIM-IZIIS (Skopje) K-FORCE, Ohrid, July 2018 [email protected] Instead of Conclusion……….
Proving the effectiveness of the selected strengthening could be successfully overcome by using “design by testing” methodology.
It is very powerful tool, especially when the object of design is a complex structure, which is difficult and unsafe to analyze by using traditional methods.
Veronika SHENDOVA, UKIM-IZIIS (Skopje) K-FORCE, Ohrid, July 2018 [email protected]