Townsville, Queensland, Australia, April 13–17, 2010 Contents
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Australia PROCEEDINGS OF THE NAI INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE Townsville, Queensland, Australia, April 13–17, 2010 Contents 4 Community-based Interpretation and 69 Interpreting connections, continuity and change Archaeological Heritage in the Sultanate of Oman Gil Field Ya’qoob Salim Al-Busaidi 75 Presenting the Archaeology on The Big Dig 11 Development of Nature Interpretation Centre: Alison Frappell Initiative to Conserve the Forests of Bangladesh Mahbub Alam 82 Design As An Interpretation Tool Susan Freeman 17 Good Understandings Promote Good Practices Lyn Beasley 88 Creating interpretation that retains cultural heritage integrity while being provocative, engaging, 23 Cultural Connections: Interpretive Techniques of memorable and commercially viable the Smithsonian Folklife Festival Jenny Gardner Betty J. Belanus 93 Whole Community Interpretation - Together We 28 Wearing four hats: interpretation’s effectiveness in are Stronger achieving multiple goals Corlaine Gardner Gregory M. Benton 98 From Interpretation to Protection: Is There a 33 Interpreting significant vegetation associations in Theoretical Basis? a regional context: A case study of the Victorian Sam H. Ham Box-Ironbark Forests Rosemary Black, Rik Thwaites 107 Wonderland Or Wander-Land? An Integrated Approach To Evaluation 39 Do this, don’t do that: finding a framework for Imogen Gunn, Sarah-Jane Harknett effective interpretive writing Jennifer Blunden 113 Sustainability: Our Future Penny Irons 45 Graphic Design Basics for Heritage Interpreters Paul Caputo 117 Is Big Brother watching you? Why interpretation is a strategic priority 48 The Effects of Noise and Crowding on Visitors’ Jane James Forming Interpretive Connections at an Indoor Site—Study Results 124 Using Interpretation in Geoparks to Promote Linda A. Chandler Education for Sustainability Patrick R James 55 Put Yourself in Their Shoes: Connecting Visitors to Controversial Issues 128 Children are visitors too: Listening to children Aimee (AJ) Chlebnik to improve the effectiveness of interpretative programs. 58 The Visitor Center and Nature Center Movement David Kopelke with Climate Change Kye joong Cho 135 Tourism and hospitality training for foreign cultures — case studies from Lao PDR 64 Use and Care of the Voice for Guides and Jodie Kurpershoek Interpreters Miriam Cooper 140 Designing Effective Food Demonstrations Lucy Long NAI International Conference | Townsville, Queensland, Australia | April 13–17, 2010 2 144 If The Port Could Talk – Innovative Interpretation 208 Reef Videoconferencing: connecting continents and in Port Adelaide communities to the Great Barrier Reef Jane Marr Julie Spencer, Duncan Forster 146 Location-Based Technology: A Must for Your 210 Exploring the Challenge of Designing Effective Interpretive Repertoire Interpretation for Family Group Visitors in Catherine McCarthy Museums and Galleries Pat Sterry 151 Interpreting Social Justice Jodi Morris, Spirit Trickey 216 Selling a Wine Tourism Story – The Discovery of Your Own Business 157 Changing People’s Lives Through Interpretation: Katherine Sutcliffe, Jane James Lessons from social marketing initiatives Mark Orams 222 Interpretation Link: The Granddaddy of All Linkers in the Tourism System 163 “Though this be madness, yet there is method in’t”: Gail A. Vander Stoep Interpretation and research Jonathon Spring, Mark Orams 229 A new (interpreted) life for an old home Annette Welkamp 165 The POWER of presentations - Hook, Line and Sinker 235 Keeping Current with Mobile Heritage Tours Scott Killeen, John Pastorelli Willie Smyth 173 Sharing Interpretation messages globally: effective 236 From Once Upon a Time to Happily Ever strategies for multicultural communication After – Using the Power of Storytelling to Create Gail Richard Memorable Tourism Experiences Claire Savage 175 Online Heritage: Accommodating Interpretation of a Living Aboriginal Heritage Site 240 Learning Theory for Interpreters: An Introduction Anne Ross, Sean Ulm Ian Signer 181 Sharing the layers of cultural stories through a 246 How to Utilize Interpreters for Eco-villages of Jiri- diversity of techniques Mt. Zone in Korea Lisa Scott, Sue Olsson Chung-Ho Seo 187 Using Drums and other Musical Instruments to 247 Environmental Education & Interpretation Bring your Interpretive Programs to Life! Programs of Korea National Arboretum (KNA) Ilan Shamir Yeon-Jin Lim 189 Is meaningful interpretation essential in the 252 Interpretive Exhibit Planning Essentials conservation of built heritage? Duane Fast Leonie Smallwood 254 Create Extraordinary Merchandise that Carries 197 Creative Heritage Interpretation in a Regional Your Core Interpretive Messages! Community Ilan Shamir Lyn Leader-Elliott, Melinda Rankin 256 Connecting Communities through Interactive 203 Connecting to Nature: Engaging Urban Children Interpretation and Youth Phil Douglass Juan-Carlos Solis, Brother Yusuf Burgess NAI International Conference | Townsville, Queensland, Australia | April 13–17, 2010 3 Community-based Interpretation and Archaeological Heritage in the Sultanate of Oman Dr. Ya'qoob Salim Al-Busaidi (BA, MA, PhD) Assistant Professor at Sultan Qaboos University Dept. of Tourism, College of Arts 123 Al-Khoud P.O.Box: 42 The Sultanate of Oman Mobile Phone: 00-968- 97015320 Fax : 00968- 24413212 E-mail: [email protected] / [email protected] Abstract There is an increasing interest in community-based interpretation at archaeological sites where members of community are practically involved in planning, managing, operating, communicating, monitoring and evaluating interpretation. In the Sultanate of Oman, this is one of the major obstacles facing those who are in charge of these sites. This gap between local communities and administrators has raised sensitive issues such as who should interpret the sites?; local socio-economic values; cross-cultural negative interactions and interpretation sustainability. This paper sheds light on such issues with a special reference to some major archaeological sites from the Sultanate of Oman. Keywords community-based interpretation, community-based tourism, archaeological heritage, archaeotourism, sustainable interpretation, socio-cultural context. Introduction The importance of community-based interpretation (CBI) for archaeological attractions has not been researched adequately, in particular in developing countries. Accordingly, this paper describes the various relating aspects to CBI and how a particular community can become an active stakeholder in interpreting archaeological heritage (AH) within its vicinity. The term local community here means those people who live in the vicinity of a particular archaeological landscape and its surroundings and who are directly affecting and affected by interpretation provision, physically and psychologically. The Sultanate of Oman is currently in the initial process of building up its heritage tourism industry, so public awareness and local community involvement as key stakeholders is crucial. Giving practical meanings for AH within the contemporary life of communities is a basic demand. However, in Oman there is a public apathy about AH because the role of both local authorities and local communities in promoting sustainable archaeological tourism (archaeotourism) has not yet been adequately activated. In Oman, a vast proportion of the general public knows precious little about archaeology as a profession, archaeology of Oman and the result of archaeological works and much less how it might apply to their own lives. For instance, the economic value of AH resources via public interpretation is underdeveloped with no promotional guiding books, thematic maps and trails, souvenirs, local guides, fund raising activities and programs, special events and the like. Also, utilizing archaeological sites in formal and informal education is understated in Oman, although the teaching of national history is one of the major subjects at the public schools and modern teaching methods call for the use of first-hand experience in teaching history via archaeological evidence (Stone and Molyneaux 1994). NAI International Conference | Townsville, Queensland, Australia | April 13–17, 2010 4 Archaeological Heritage Interpretation and Local Community Public interpretation of AH has the potential to ‘play a significant role in the construction of a sense of heritage for local members of any community’ (Levine et al. 2005: 408) and to sustain ‘a sense of place’, especially in the increasingly globalized world (Shackel 2005: 33). Interpretation may serve to enhance a person’s sense of historical or place identity, as well as it may instill gender, ethnic, class or generation identity (Uzzell 1996, 1998). For instance, site reconstruction, which is an interpretive tool, is an invaluable way of reaching and inspiring different sections of the community; it is a powerful tool that needs to be used with integrity and imagination that could act as a catalyst for community pride and sustainable tourism (Blockley 1999). Opening archaeological sites and research to the public view and critique, especially the local community, could add multiple voices and dimensions to archaeological interpretation. Archaeological interpretation is no longer the unquestioned field of the archaeologists. Also, public interpretation is ‘a cooperative activity involving many others’ (Goodey 1996: 304). Hodder (2003: 2) pointed out that there has been increased acceptance of the need to collaborate with non-academic or ‘fringe archaeologists’ and multivalent alternative