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Analysis of Red Light Violation Data Collected from Intersections Equipped with Red Light Photo Enforcement Cameras

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Analysis of Red Light Violation Data Collected from Intersections Equipped with Red Light Photo Enforcement Cameras DOT HS 810 580 March 2006 Analysis of Red Light Violation Data Collected from Intersections Equipped with Red Light Photo Enforcement Cameras Research and Innovative Technology Administration Volpe National Transportation Systems Center, Cambridge, MA 02142-1093 This document is available to the public through the National Technical Information Service, Springfield, VA 22161 NOTICE This document is disseminated under the sponsorship of the Department of Transportation in the interest of information exchange. The United States Government assumes no liability for its contents or use thereof. ii Form Approved REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE OMB No. 0704-0188 Public reporting burden for this collection of information is estimated to average one hour per response, including the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing the collection of information. Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this collection of information, including suggestions for reducing this burden, to Washington Headquarters Services, Directorate for Information Operations and Reports, 1215 Jefferson Davis Highway, Suite 1204, Arlington, VA 22202-4302, and to the Office of Management and Budget, Paperwork Reduction Project (0704-0188), Washington, DC 20503. 1. AGENCY USE ONLY (Leave blank) 2. REPORT DATE 3. REPORT TYPE AND DATES COVERED March 2006 Project Memorandum October 2003 – October 2005 shes 4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE 5. FUNDING NUMBERS Analysis of Red Light Violation Data Collected from Intersections Equipped with Red Light Photo Enforcement Cameras PPA # HS-19 6. AUTHOR(S) C. Y. David Yang and Wassim G. Najm . 7. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) 8.PERFORMING ORGANIZATION U.S. Department of Transportation REPORT NUMBER Research and Innovative Technology Administration John A. Volpe National Transportation Systems Center DOT-VNTSC-NHTSA-05-01 Cambridge, MA 02142 9. SPONSORING/MONITORING AGENCY NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) 10. SPONSORING/MONITORING U.S. Department of Transportation AGENCY REPORT NUMBER National Highway Traffic Safety Administration 400 7th Street SW. DOT HS 810 580 Washington, DC 20590 11. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES 12a. DISTRIBUTION/AVAILABILITY STATEMENT 12b. DISTRIBUTION CODE This document is available to the public through the National Technical Information Service, Springfield, Virginia 22161. 13. ABSTRACT (Maximum 200 words) This report presents results from an analysis of about 47,000 red light violation records collected from 11 intersections in the City of Sacramento, California, by red light photo enforcement cameras between May 1999 and June 2003. The goal of this analysis is to understand the correlation between red light violations and various driver, intersection, and environmental factors. Descriptive statistics suggest that younger drivers under 30 years of age are more likely to run red lights than drivers in other age groups. About 56 percent of the violators were traveling at or below the posted speed limit. Moreover, 94 percent of the violations occurred within 2 seconds after the onset of red light, and only 3 percent of the violations were recorded 5 seconds after the onset of red light. Approximately 4 percent of the violators were repeat offenders. Logistic regression modeling shows that the predicted odds of a younger driver running a red light at speeds greater than the speed limit is about 1.5 times the odds of a middle-aged driver. In addition, older drivers have a higher probability of running a red light when the elapsed time since the onset of red light is more than 2 seconds compared to younger drivers. Finally, red light violations rates are estimated between 6 and 29 violations per 100,000 intersection-crossing vehicles. 14. SUBJECT TERMS 15. NUMBER OF PAGES Red light violations, signalized intersections, Intelligent Vehicle Initiative, red light photo 70 enforcement cameras, cooperative signal violation warning system 16. PRICE CODE 17. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION 18. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION 19. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION 20. LIMITATION OF ABSTRACT OF REPORT OF THIS PAGE OF ABSTRACT Unclassified Unclassified Unclassified NSN 7540-01-280-5500 Standard Form 298 (Rev. 2-89) Prescribed by ANSI Std. 239-18 298-102 PREFACE The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA), in conjunction with the Research and Innovative Technology Administration’s Volpe National Transportation Systems Center (Volpe Center), conducted a preparatory analysis for a potential field operational test of a vehicle-intersection cooperative signal violation warning system that addresses crossing path crashes at signalized intersections. This analysis supports the Intelligent Vehicle Initiative (IVI) of the U.S. Department of Transportation. The IVI accelerates the development and deployment of vehicle-based and vehicle-infrastructure cooperative crash countermeasures using advanced technologies over several problem areas: rear-end, roadway departure, lane change, crossing paths, driver impairment, reduced visibility, vehicle instability, pedestrian, and pedalcyclist crashes. This report presents the results obtained from the data analysis of about 47,000 red light violation records collected by the City of Sacramento, California, using red light photo enforcement cameras at 11 intersections during the time period between May 1999 and June 2003. The authors of this report are C. Y. David Yang and Wassim G. Najm of the Volpe Center. The authors acknowledge the technical contribution of Dr. David L. Smith and Kerrin Bressant of NHTSA. Special thanks are extended to Robert Ferlis of the Federal Highway Administration and Matthew T. Schmitz at the California Division of the Federal Highway Administration for recommending and contacting the City of Sacramento regarding the red light violation data used for this study. The authors also want to thank Police Chief Albert Najera and Sergeant Eric Poerio of the Sacramento Police Department for their willingness to share the red light violation data with the Volpe Center. Moreover, Angie Louie Fong and her staff from the Sacramento Department of Public Works’ Traffic Engineering Services were very helpful in providing useful traffic and infrastructure information regarding the City of Sacramento’s signalized intersections. Finally, the authors would like to acknowledge John Flynn, Lon B. Ecklund, and their staff at Affiliated Computer Services, Inc. (ACS) for their diligent efforts in organizing and sanitizing Sacramento’s red light violation records so they could be used for this study. (Note: Sacramento Police Department hired ACS to handle and process its red light violation data.) METRIC/ENGLISH CONVERSION FACTORS ENGLISH TO METRIC METRIC TO ENGLISH LENGTH (APPROXIMATE) LENGTH (APPROXIMATE) 1 inch (in) = 2.5 centimeters (cm) 1 millimeter (mm) = 0.04 inch (in) 1 foot (ft) = 30 centimeters (cm) 1 centimeter (cm) = 0.4 inch (in) 1 yard (yd) = 0.9 meter (m) 1 meter (m) = 3.3 feet (ft) 1 mile (mi) = 1.6 kilometers (km) 1 meter (m) = 1.1 yards (yd) 1 kilometer (km) = 0.6 mile (mi) AREA (APPROXIMATE) AREA (APPROXIMATE) 1 square inch (sq in, in2) = 6.5 square centimeters (cm2) 1 square centimeter (cm2) = 0.16 square inch (sq in, in2) 1 square foot (sq ft, ft2) = 0.09 square meter (m2) 1 square meter (m2) = 1.2 square yards (sq yd, yd2) 1 square yard (sq yd, yd2) = 0.8 square meter (m2) 1 square kilometer (km2) = 0.4 square mile (sq mi, mi2) 1 square mile (sq mi, mi2) = 2.6 square kilometers (km2) 10,000 square meters (m2) = 1 hectare (ha) = 2.5 acres 1 acre = 0.4 hectare (he) = 4,000 square meters (m2) MASS - WEIGHT (APPROXIMATE) MASS - WEIGHT (APPROXIMATE) 1 ounce (oz) = 28 grams (gm) 1 gram (gm) = 0.036 ounce (oz) 1 pound (lb) = 0.45 kilogram (kg) 1 kilogram (kg) = 2.2 pounds (lb) 1 short ton = 2,000 pounds (lb) = 0.9 tonne (t) 1 tonne (t) = 1,000 kilograms (kg) = 1.1 short tons VOLUME (APPROXIMATE) VOLUME (APPROXIMATE) 1 teaspoon (tsp) = 5 milliliters (ml) 1 milliliter (ml) = 0.03 fluid ounce (fl oz) 1 tablespoon (tbsp) = 15 milliliters (ml) 1 liter (l) = 2.1 pints (pt) 1 fluid ounce (fl oz) = 30 milliliters (ml) 1 liter (l) = 1.06 quarts (qt) 1 cup (c) = 0.24 liter (l) 1 liter (l) = 0.26 gallon (gal) 1 pint (pt) = 0.47 liter (l) 1 quart (qt) = 0.96 liter (l) 1 gallon (gal) = 3.8 liters (l) 1 cubic foot (cu ft, ft3) = 0.03 cubic meter (m3) 1 cubic meter (m3) = 36 cubic feet (cu ft, ft3) 1 cubic yard (cu yd, yd3) = 0.76 cubic meter (m3) 1 cubic meter (m3) = 1.3 cubic yards (cu yd, yd3) TEMPERATURE (EXACT) TEMPERATURE (EXACT) [(x-32)(5/9)] °F = y °C [(9/5) y + 32] °C = x °F QUICK INCH - CENTIMETER LENGTH CONVERSION 0 1 2345 Inches Centimeters 0126 3 4 5 7138 9 10 1112 QUICK FAHRENHEIT - CELSIUS TEMPERATURE CONVERSION °F -40° -22° -4° 14° 32° 50° 68° 86° 104° 122° 140° 158° 176° 194° 212° °C -40° -30° -20° -10° 0° 10° 20° 30° 40° 50° 60° 70° 80° 90° 100° For more exact and or other conversion factors, see NIST Miscellaneous Publication 286, Units of Weights and Measures. Price $2.50 SD Catalog No. C13 10286. Updated 6/17/98 ii TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ....................................................................................... vii 1. INTRODUCTION..................................................................................................... 1 1.1. Background ............................................................................................................ 1 1.2. Report Outline.......................................................................................................
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